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ssrtm
Itl
PART
6
possible
thxt rbcsc
l\ro di$lrjcrs
:rrc
rol rcl)rcrcnr; ilc
of lhc stnrc s school
disrricrs
ovcrrll. Sccond.
lhc surve) invotved
or)tr mxrh ind
scicnci rc.chcrs.
't.l
thc rtcrkcr
dr.rNs i
brord rcconrmcndirion
for il rcichcrs
b:rsco on rDC
sun'cY s results.
ln rddnion.
(h(
sperkcrs
rccommcnclxrion
rctics
on
rhc assumDrion
rhar rlrc rnounr

of
homcrvork
assigoed ro srudents
js
$e oflt)
possiblr
reasor Ior rhe
compirarive ic:rdemic performancc
bcrwccn srudents in thc
rwo disrricrs.
llowcver,
jn:rlt
tikclihood,
rhis is
sjmply nor !he casc.
pcrhirps
Sanlcc rc:rchc6
ara srricrcr:rndcrs
!ben lt rrlcc reachcrs.
Or
perhaps
S:rnlcc
tcach.rs are
less effcctive
rhan
Marlec reachcrs, and ihcretorc,
S4nlcc
studcn6
vould
pcrform

morc poorl).
rcgardless
of homcwork schcdulc. Or
pcrhxps
fcwcr
Srnl€c srudenls
rtran
Ma.lcc srudcnrs rcrur.Ilv do rhcir
assigncd
hor'rework_
In shon, in
order to
propc.ly
corcludc rhat
fcs,er
homcwork assignmcnrs
resulE
in bcfter academjc performancc,
rhc
spcakcr
must ffsr
rulc our all
orhcr fcisibte
cxptanalions for rhc disparjq.
il]
acadcmic pcdofmancc
bclwccn the rwo
disrricls.
Finaly,
dre survcy

results a5
rcponed
by.the spc:-kcr
irc roo vaSuc
ro
'
suppolr any finn
conclusion.
Tbe speaker .cporu
rhar Sxilee scudcnls
rcccive lowcr.Sndcs
and rrc
morc til{ely
to repcat a
schoot
ycar
rhcn
}t2rlcc
srudenls.
Yc( thc spcakcr
docs
nor indjca(e
whcrhcr
this
fad
lpplics
to
Sadcc and
M2rlce srudcnls
Scncnlt)

or
jusr
to marh and scicnce
stuocnls.
Thc.pcd<cr's.ecodrmcndalion
for aI hjgh school
sixdenrs miShr b€
dcfcnsiblc,in rhe
formcr case
bur not
in t)c la(ct case.
ln
conclusion, rhc
rccommendxrion
tha( aI hjfh
school srudcnLs bc
1ssisncd
honrcwork
once
pcr veek
ar most
is irdcfcnsibt€ bajcd
on
thc
cvidcncc- To sl.cngrhcn
rJ)c orgumcnt,
rti.
spcakcr musr sbow that thr
rcponcd
corr€hrion ir rhc

ar€as
of math ard scicncc is also found among
most oticr academic
subjccrs.
Thc sp€*cr musr
dso rule out othd facors
rhrr mj8ht dcterminc.hc
students,gmdcs
and thcir Likclibood of rcpcaring a
ycar.
Fjrally.ro
bcncr asscss
rhc ar8umcnr, wc
would
necd ro knoq,
whcthcr
rhc rcporrcd
d'spariqv
m ac?dcmjc perforDancc
bcrwcco Sailec and Mrrlcc
s$denrs invoh,ed
onh' math
mcl scicncc
sruclcnrs
or
all srudenrs.
Anour*e r.n
No. 96
llave.Forst'the
Citizens Adopted

Hea-lthier
Lifestl,les?
-ln
rhjs.allumcnr,
rhc spskcr
toncludcs rharrFo6tthc
citiz€ns havc
''
.adop!ed
hc.althjer
liJesrylcC.
To
jusrjJir
lhis
conclusion,.t}lc speakcr ctcs a
Tcccntiurvc]'
of Forsvlhc cirizens
,sugScsring
thar
$ci.r carrn8 habirs nos,
conJorm morc
closciy io
govemm.nr
nurrirional rccommcndations than rhq
did tcn
ycr$
ago. Thc
speakcr also points
our thar sdcs of
kiraq

a
subsbncc
kiown to !€ducc
cholcsrc.ol.
havc incrc$ed
fourfotd,
whn€
salcs of sulir,
'which
fce
of Forsl1hc s
healltricsr cirizcns
car regdllty. havc bcc,
dcclinjnS.
Tnis
arSumenr
is unpcrsuasile
for sevcnt
reasons.
wtrtihg
Shttb
lor
tbc
GRE/GIUT TesB
utupe'60B.coh
L
un)1suoeatd
ntntnl
*fi**f*Ntr*f
ids**ffiru,u$'ffi+ffi#x

r[*q*'gg***
x*r;ffi#*frx*ffi
*#*m,**$*Nffi
-**$**.*,t;*,rffi
rqt
.'.rl
snthc
;',,,,, . .
tttal
.Iva't

-,
,_/ia
a
,,uo\
slNlt{n9uv
lu9
tvt3tijo
oz
tioj
S VSSI
t]d,,vvs
utl
PAQ'I 6
AqcuMrNr
No.
I 05
A Ne$'
P.esidcnt
for

the
Ianc]'
To)'
Companl'
ln lhis mcmo, a mxnrlrtr at Frncl Tov ConP:rn\'
rccomnlcnds
rcplxcinS
Prt S:rl!o,
thc comprnJ's currcnr
prcsidcnt.
s'ith Rosl
winniogs,
s4ro
is
cuncntlt
Presidcnl
of Slrrli8lrt
Jeweln
To suppon
llris
rtcommenditioo.
thc
rDxDr!€r
poinq'
out thxl Fanc\"s
profils
hrvr
dcciincd
durinli
rl)c hsl

thre€
quancrs
undcr Prt s
lcrdcrship. whilc SlarlrCrt's
profiE havc
bccn
hcrcrsing
dramxricall\'. Thc
mxnagcr's argumcol is
uncon\'incitS
for scveral
reltons
Fjrsr.
thc managcr's rccommcndation
relics
Partll
on the
assumPt'on
thir Pal
was
thc
cause
of
Fancl' To,v s dcclijuns
Profils-
Howevcr,
this
need
not be
rhc casc. Pcrh2Ps the

toy
busjness
is scasond,
and thc
coming
quattcr
is
zlwa)'s thc mosr
ptonlable
one. Or
PerhaPs
thc
cosl of
materials or libor
havc incteascd.
ar)d PaI has had no conttol
over ihcsc
incrcascs
'l(/itlour
rll<iiS into account such
Possibilil;cs,
$c mlni8ct simpl-v
cannot.easonabl)
concludc
tlat
Pat
is responsible for Fanq"s
declining
profits and tli!
rcplacrnE Pir

will thcrc[ore en],)]ncc ltnq
s
profits.
Similarl)',
thc managcr's rccommcndition
assumcs
lhat
i! is Rosa
who
has
bc€n
pliharii)' responsible for StxrliShfs
profitabiliq'. Howcvcr'
tlc
maniS€r
p.ovidcs
no cvidence to
2lfirm this assutiption.
h
is cntircll
possib)c
that all
icsclq'
businesscs
hav€
prospcrcd teccntl),
rcS,rdlcss
of
thc abilili€s of the mxna8ers. Or
perhaPs the costs of

precious
mctais
and
othcr materirls hxvc
deciined in rccent
ycars,
thcrcb)'lcading
to incrcficd
profi6
for Starlight. Ilotcover,
Perhnps
Rosr has
onl)'served
as
prcsid€nt or
Sl-arlight
for a shon while,
xnd it
was
hcr
prcdeccssor
who is lo
crcdk fot
surtiSlhr's
profitabiliq'.
-wilirouMkin8
into
account
these
possibilitics' lhc

mamgcr ca.nnoi
dcfcnd thc conclusion that
h is nosa
s'ho
is
relPonslblc
for
srarlit*rt s
jncrcasinS
prolirabilit-1'.
Fi.ndly,
thc
manager's
rccommendation
lo replace
Paa
wit}l Rosa rcs!5
on
tJre
poor
issumption
thac thc two busincsscs
ltc sufiicicnd)'
similar
tbat
i
Rosz s cxpcricnceand
skili in onc busitcss
will
transfer

to
thc o$cr. Evcn
if
S!2rlighfs
incrcasing
protrtbilry
is
attribuBblc
to Rosx
s lcadcrshiP,
shc
might ncvcfthclcss be
unsucccsstul_lezdiJ)g
a lo)'compxn),
dcPending
on
hos'
much experiens€ it the
toy
business
is
rcquired
to successtully
lcao
'sucn
I
comPily.
In conclusion, thc"argument is
irnconvi.ncinf
as n st,Jlds. To strcn$hcn

''ir,
tbe'm2neger rnust
shoi'that Par, and
not some
othcr
factor bcyond
PafJ
conEol, is lcsponsibLc
for Farcy's dcclr.nin8
ProfiE
Similatl)"
thc rd2na8cr
mus! shos'dral i!
is
Rosa
who is
Primariiy
responsiblc
for SErlighl
t
profiLlbiliry
ind thrt Rosx's
xbiliries will
tl sfct lo rhe
tol' busincss.
lo
otdct
ro
bencr
elalure tlre argumcnt,

vc vould necd
more itlornation
aboul
how
long Pat and Rosa bavc sen'cd
as
prcsidenls of
their
rcspcctir'c
compmics
zlrd
vhar dlcir io.S-tergl
t€as<l-!s
Jor].eadilC
rhcir
rcsp€cnw
companies
Io
profi L:rbilitl.
P drcn s
t rvtt ;R
Sk
tt
lor
tb!
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t'UT
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Hil
PARI
6
othcr !jxblc nrciln:
of boosLjnA
irs

Drofits
is
:r!rilibtr lo ,{ffrch:rif. To
bc{cr
cvrlu
(
rh( irt '))cnt, \v( \1'uld
nccd infonurrio

!rrxhtrn! us ro conrpirrr
lhc
llrrsron storc
s clcnr(t( xDd
con)pclirion
wirh
rhxl
of ortrcr rnlcluir
srofcs.
Wc
pould
ilso
necd more
informalion ebour
Mrrsron s
proliiabitiq.
bcforc and.ncr ir implcrr(nrcd
dre nes,
policics.
Anou,ueNr No. Ii3
A Fitness-Gym Fianchise

Opportunity
Ttxs
brochure for Powcr-Li,rr
c.vm
ctaims
lhrr by ioyesdn8 io a
powcr.
Lifr franchise, an
irvesior \vilt
crm a quick profir.
To suppon dris claim,
l}re
brochure cires a varicry
of
slarislics abour
*rc cuncnr
popularit\,
of
ph-vsical
fitncss ind
ofPowcr-UIi
cyms in
panicular.
Howevcr, carcful
scmriry ofthjs
cvidcncc rcveals
thar ir lcnds
no crcdiblc
suppon !o tlc ctaim.
Or€

problem
\vith
the
brochurc's claim irvolvcs i$
relirnce on t}lc
barc facl r}Iat rcacnu€
from
lasr
ycar's
salcs
of hcalrh books ?l1d maFxzinq
roraled
$50 nillion. Thii
sr.?ristic in
iBclf
provcs
norhing. Hertrh magazincs
do oot all focus
on
wcjghdifiin8
or cvcn
physical
fitncssr ir
js
possiblc
tlar
v€rv
few salcs werc
of those thar
do.

Bcsidcs, ir
js
cntire\,
possiblc
thar in
prcvious yea.s,
.oLd sates wcrc
cvcn
hiShc!
ard
tha! sates arc acruallr
dcdil1ing. Either
sccnario, iI rruc. would
scrvc to
wcrkcn
rhe
brochurc,s
cl2ifi rarhcr rh]n
suppon ir.
.
Arorh€r
problcm
wjLh
the
brocburc's claim involves the
fact
ihat
morc
lnd morc consuliers
arc

purch3sinS
homc
8yrns.
lr is
cnrircb'
possiblc
that
coosumcrs arc
using homc
gYms
a-s a
subfcirurc for conunercial
gyms
and
rh2r rbc numbcr
of PoNcr-Lift
mcmberships will
dcclirc
as a
rcsulr.
Wir}rolr
rulinS our L\is
possibiliq,
rhe
brochurc
cannot conYincc mc t})at a ncs,
?orvcr-lifr fi'anchisc would
ba
Dlofilrblc.

third problcm
wi*r
rhe brochurc's
clajm involvcs its reLiancc
on
rhc
fact rhat
500
Pos€r,Lif!
flfuchis€s
arc
noB' i,
cxisrcncc.
tr is erlrkcb
possiblc
rhar
rhc markct
has bccomc
sarurarcd and rhat addirionat
powcr-Lifr
I'ms
will
no! be as successful
ri
currcnt on€s. Morcovc!. it is
possiblc
that
thc
nrrmbcr of compering

gyms
hri dso incrcascd ill rridem
with
thc
8en€ml
inrerest
ir hcalth ,nd
firness. lvithoul
addressing $js suppl)"and.
demand issuc, tbc
brochure
caffor
jusi4.
i6
conclusion rhar a
nes.
Pos'cr-Lifi
fnnchisc would
be a
sound invcslrncfll.
ln conclusion.
t}c
brochurc is inpcrsuasivc alir
sraods. To srfcngt})co
its cl m t}lar a
naw Powci.Un
franchisc would
bc
profitablc,
thc brochurc

.hodd
providc
suongcr cvidcncc
thar rhe
gcne.al
inrclcsr
ir
ph.vsical6rnc$,
and weightliftklg
in
p:niculrr,
will
conrinue
umbarcd
in the forcsecablc
tutur€.
Thc brochu:c
must also provide
cvidcncc rhar home
Syms
arc nor
scrving as
subsriNrcs
for commcrcial
gyms.
FiJulb
!o bcrr€r cvaluarc *r€
?rgumcnt,
'wc
would

nced
more ioform{ion abour thc cxrerr ro which tltc
.fitrcss'gym mriker
has becomc
szrurf,lcd, nol oril b) Powcr-Lift fnnchisc5
but bI compcting
gl'ms
as
s'cll-
PcLcrsoh
s
,
lvdtnlq
Skilslor
tlte
GRE/GLUT
T.sB
lwu.Per*ons.@
utur ti'oenD4innt.tl
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SAVSSI
ltdlr'{vs
PART
6
idcnlifying
and
$eigbing suclr :rltcrnativrs. lh(;ruthor
c:rnnol
d€fend
lhc
conclusion
r)r1t
votcrs
should approvc
thc cxprcssw:r)
Projcc!.
ln conclusion. lhc
!rgumcnl

js
unconlincins
as iI sunds. To
strcngrl)cn
jr,
rhc author must
provide
slrong evidencc
lhat
rhc cxPrcsseal
would
hclp
allFviarc shoru8€s of supplr
aod
matcrials
rmong
downrown busincsscs
atd
mmuhcturers.
Thc nuthor musr also sbos'thal
dre
exPrcss\\':r]
would
in
fscr
result in
a nel
influ.\ of
vorkcrs
vho

would changc
iobs
bccausc of
thc
availability of the exprcsswx\'. Firdlt,
to bcllcr c\aluxr€
the
rr8umcnt,
wc
would nced morc informrtion
about
possiblc ll(cmatilcs to
rhe
Propos:l
and wherher:rn!'such
altcmativc &ouid bc morc
cffccdve in
Promoiing
$c
heal$ of Lhc
downrown econom).
utu
petc^o$.@n
| 1921
Pet6or's
t
'':t/tingSkILt
Ior
Lbl
GIU/GMAT

Tefi
1Lt '
shuyat4J,r4t,r
r.!t
rol
tTttlS
EutruAl
stsal
JVWS/rt>
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::j;l:H;.,H.,il,:f
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H"i
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j.tff
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r
!(rs
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uod
savsstr
g-Idr,{vs
E r,tpd
PART
7
lll
lssur No.
Fersonal
'tI
tl
Faililgs of Gre:rt Achicvc.s
AJc ihe pcrsonil
frili'rFs
of
Fre!r
achicrcrs
Scncmll!
unimpo(:rnr
comp:rrcd
to drc individu:rl s
schiclemcnrs.
xs rhc spcrkcr contends? ln
sonrc crs€s,
perhaps
so. Ho\\'c!cr. in
ma
vic\'. rhis conrcnrion :rmounrs to irn
untair
Scncmlizntion.

Thr
spcakcr
o\'erlooks
rhar
prr:on;1l
fiilin8s oft(n
pl:rl
an inrcgral role in the
process
of achieving
grear
rhings-cidrer as a caril]'sl
for it or xs
pa.l
of rhc
process.
Somc
pcrsonal
fiilings can scwc
as cr&lvsls
for
Frert
achicvcment. ,{
pcrsonal
failinS
can
rcst tbe s'ould-bc
,chievcr's merrlc; il mighr
posc
r

chailcosc-DccessaD'resisrxnce
thar
drives
rhc
individu:rl
ro achicve dcspirc
ihe shoncoming. For cxample, poof
acadcmic or
job
perfoimancc
can
propcl
a
gi-fted
enlrcprcn€ur ro sran a
business,
Nhich
ulrimare\' becomcs
the dominant
plrycr
in irs irdusrD.
Or se.ious illness or
inju.j' can spur rn
athlclc on .o a(ajn
worid<lass
sEndins in a
panicular
sporl.
Ot})er
pelsonal

feilirgs arc
s.ymbiorjcalh' connccred
*'irh achicvemcnr;
thxt is, a
pcrsonal
friling migh! bc r nccessarv ingred'enr o. inree.^l
pan
ol
thc achicvcmcnr proc.ss
ilself. lor
inslancc,
a.risls md musiciais oflcn
p.oducc
ttrcir most crcative
works
during
p€riods
of dcpression,
addictjon,
or other distr.sq
irdccd,
in
anvork's
Frcalncss
oftcn li€s
in how ii rcflccu
and
revca]s the ffdsfs
own
fiilir8s

aod foibles. And in thc rc.lms ofbusirc5!
.lrd poUlics,
nrscnsirivir), ro rhe
buman cosls of success,
whjch
I considcr ro
b. a
pcrsonal
failirg, ha5 brcd many
gmnd
3chjcvcmcnrs. HisroD'is rcplerc
s'i!h
cx2mplcs-from thc use
of
-cxpendablc'
slaves b]
t}Ic ancicnr
cmp€rors in rcalizin8
our
sorld's
grcarcjr
monumenrs ro rhc
guesrionablc
labor
praclices
of Amcrica's
grcat
lale ninerccnrh,ccnrun indusEialisrs.
__
Evcn

pcrsonal
failngs rhat arc
unconnecrcd
n'ith
ccnain
achievcmcotj
lic
ar
lhc hca( of othcr, uninrended
ones. Considcr, for exxmple, r$o
modcm Amedcan presidcnts:
Nixon and Clinton. N'xon s
pannoia,
ehich
hislorians
Scncrally
agrcc was
his fatrl flap, rcsuhcd
in ihc
Watergire
scanclal-a
warefihcd
cvcnt ir Amcricx.
polirics,
nd more rcccnd,r,
Clitton s marilal indiscrctions 2nd
subsequenr irnpexchment
prompred
1
nationai

rcexamjnadon of the rcquisites
tor
lcgitinarc
political
lcadcrship.
Vcrc
thc
personal
failings of Nixon nnd
Clinron
lcss
"imponxnt"
thnn drcir
rclLicvcmenu
as sBresman md
social .eformer, rcspccrivcl)
? Pcrhips not,
dmincdl)',
sonc
q?cs
of parsqn2l
failtags
t
c in impor(,Jlcc to tI.
bdilidual
s
actiicvcmcnts.
lor cximpl€,
lhc
peoplc

who wc
considcr
gr€:r
irdsrs,
aclors, and nrusiciirns arc
ofrcn nororious for thcir
poor
financial and
busrncss
judgmen!.
Ye!,
jn
our hear6 and ininds._*ris son of faililrg onll
clc\ares thcm in
S.catness.
lUoreovcr. othcr
q?€s
of
pcrsonal failitSs arc, in
m)
\'icw, parcntlv
more
jnpon1nr
dlan a.y
acN€vcmcnr.
Ior
insancc, aor
a male spol1s hero h:rs Iound his
nemc
on a ncwspapcr's

poiice
b)o.rer
aicr
commiftirg
a violcnl
crimc. li mv vies', the imponancc ofrnt
violenl crirn(
ou8veichs
thrr
of
trnr
sooni rccord.
wrlti'1q SkttL
Io,
tbl
GlWGiuT T6n
1o!\,.letc6ots.con
ukt.1sIoen,aU
atntol
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r,,1
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S VSS:3,td,1vs
lll
lssur No.
I,ocation:
cmpiricxl
cvidcn.c to
suppon lhis nrFUnrcnt.
s4rich
in anr
cvenl is
r|ncon\'incing
in li8ht of
nror(
n€rsu:rsile
rrgurnenrs
rhxt

govcmnrenl
should
plry
no
prn in
cilhcr supponinS or rcstricrin!
thc ins.
Firsr. subsidizinF rh( rns is
nci(hcr
r
prop(r
nor ncccssrt
iob
for
Fovcmmcnr.
Altl)ough
pLrbllc
hcalrh
is
tener1llv
v'cwcd xs criticll l(' x
socicn s
ve'-1' sun'ivrl and tbcrcforc rn ,pprop.i r conccrn of
aovcrnnlent.
this conccm shoukl not €xtcnd lenuousl) ro ou. cullural
"hcalth'
o.
welfbcLnF.
A hck of
privirrc

funding mjghr
jusrii
an cxccptioni in m)'
obscnarion.
how€vcr,
philmihrop!
is alile and
wcll
Iodir, cspcciall)
among
!l)c nc\,
lrchnology nnd mcdia nroguls.
Sccondb.
govern.ncnt
crinoi
possiblj'
play
an cvcnhanded tolc
as ans
parron,
lnadequarc resourccs
cxll
for rcsarjctions,
p.joritics,
and
choiccs, k is
unconscionablc
to lclegarc normative decisions as !o
q'hlch
ari ha5

"valuc'
ro
a
Iew icSislators
and
jurists,
vho
ma)'bc un€r iS.htcned
in thcit nodons
about an, Also,
legislarors arc all too likel)' to makc chojc€s in
Iavor of thc
cuftu|ll agefldas of rhosc'lobbyrsrs
wirh
dle mosr mone]'
and kr.0ucncc.
Thirdll, rcsL.rcunE anrsl,c oiprcssion mr) rn somc
cacs cncrorcb
upon
the consrirulional nghl of fre€ cxprcssion. 1o
an] catc,
Sovcmmcntal
rcslrictjon
ma) chill creativit)', thcrcby defeaUns
tbc
veLT purposc
of
subsidizirg
the 1116.
in lhc final analysis,

Sovcmmcnt
crnnot
philosophically
o.
cconomical\'
jusriJy
itJ involvemcDt rn thc ans, cilhcr b,\'subsidy orsanction.
nesponsibiliq
Les
w,rh
mdrviouals ro d€rennine
whr(
art his
vrluc
1n,1 to suppofl
tlat an.
26
Still
the Ke-v to Busiress
Success
ln retail, or
"slorcftont."
busr,.less, locaiion
is
6till
a key inSrcdienl
of
busincrs succcss, Thc cxcnl
ro which
this

will continuc
to
bc
truc,
Sivcn
thc
inexomblc
growt})
of lntemct commerce.
will varl' imong industrics.
ll) more Faditional reuil scctors, such
as clorhin8, cosmetics,
trd homc
'improvcmenr,
alr in-persor
visir
ro
a
reuil srore
is oftcn neccssary-lo
try o'l
clothes for fir, comparc fnfarurces, or browse
among
a
full
selcction of
rextuJes, colo$,
ind
stvlcs. Also,
activities such a5 shoPping

and dining out
arc for maty consu
mcrs
.
enio.ynblc
expcricnccs
il])
themsclv€s
as wcll as
cxcus€s ro
ger
our of the house
?nd
mil1lCe
!r'ith odrcrs,jn
t)cir cofirmuniq
FrDall)'. shippinS
cosls for large
ircms
sucir
as applianccs and
homc'
improvcmcnt.ircms rendcr homc sh€ppin8
impiaclicablc. Thus,
burgconinS
(cchnoloaics
po3c
no scno|us
thrq:r to lllain Sucet,
and locrlion

wiu
conrinuc ro
play r pivoal rolc
jn
rhe
flte
of rn&y rclail busincsscs.
Ncvcnh.lcss. rcchnologv-rclatcd indusl rcs
3Jc suc
to movc
rway from
physicrl stor€fronis
to viJtual
oncs-
Ploducti
lhat
cm
be rcduccd
lo diSit2l
'birs
ud bncs." sucb :ls books and mag^zocs.
recordlnss,
and sofrvarc
appucarjons, ffc mo.c
efficicolly disriburcd clccuor}]cau)'.
Compulcr
hards'arc
will
nor
disaPpexr from lt'l3.in Slicet

quite
so
quicldt, thougr'
sincc
vrnnlg
Skllk.for
tb.
GIU/G|\UT
Tcst
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tuto1suoe.1t).l
a'n
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tVt3ElO
0Z
alol
SAVSgt,ldri:j
lill
Admiltcdl).
hisro4
his hclPccl
us
Ic:lm
thc
aPproPrirtcness
of
add.cssing
ccnain
issucs.
P:rnicul:rrlr
moml
orrcs,
on
I socictal
lcvcl-
,\rrcmDts
ro

lcgislirc
momlil
invx.ixbh
f:ril.
xs illustr:ttcd
br l'rohibiLion
in
(11c
1910\:rnd.
morr
rcccn(lr'
lirlcd
I(denrl
l(Aishrion
r" rtFUhrc
xccct'
r"
rdull marcrirl
'rJ
thc
lnrcmcr
\\/c
rrc slosl\
lcrminF
tlri\
lcsson
ir'
llr(
rcccnl
trend

toq:rro
IcFaliLrrton
of
nlxniuini
tor
nrcdic'n
'l
ptrrPoscs
rnd tlrr
rcco8nirion
of
cqual riShls
for
samc_scx
Pxnncrs
both
dcmonsu-rt€
HoNcvcr. !bt
ovcridios
lcsson from
histot _l
iboul socill
ills
;s
d1nt drc'r'
are
b€re
ro stnl. Crimc
lnd
violcncc,

for exxmtlc,
halc
troubled
irlmos(
evcq,
socicn,
,{ll mantcr
of
rcform,
Prevcntion.
rnd
Punishmcnt
hivc
becn
rried.
Todat,
&e
lrend
appears
to
be
lwa)
ftom
rcfom
ioward
a
"tou8h-on-crunc'
aPproach
ls this
b€crusc

hislon
mxkes
clear
rnal
purushmenr i5
th€ most
cffcctjvc
mcats
of
eliminatitg
crirnc?
No;
lathcr'
tirc
trcnd
mcrell'
r€flccb
culrcnl
mofcs,
attirudcs,
fnd
Political
climatc'
Anothcr
examPlejnvolves
how
wc
dcalwith
thc mcntau)''ill
scgmcnl

of
rhc
population.
Histot-1
tcvclls
ihlt
ncithcr
qult-lntine' treatmcnt'
nor
accotrllr]odatioo
solves
rhe
problcm. onl'
thrt
cach
aPPtoach
comcs
wlth ils
os,n
rrade'offs. Also
undcnnining
the
15senion
thlt ltsloq'hclps
us
ro
solvc
social
problcms
is dlc

fict t})rr.
desPirt
d)c
civilrighls
cfJoru
of Mrnin
Luthcr
KitS
aod hrs
Pto8cnics,
the cuitucd
8xP
todi\' bcrwccn
lftican
AmcricaJls
and
vhitc Amcricans
sccms
lo bc
q'idcninS
l! scems
that .aci:tl
prciudrcc
is a
(!melc's
Phenomenon
To sum
up,
s'hilc hisroD
cao

Ieach
us )cssons
abour our
socrar
problems, more
ofrcn
than
not. thc )esson
is that
ihcre
are no
Panaceas
or
prescrif,uon' tor
solr,nF
lhesc
problem'-onlr
xlremrrc
Nrvs
of
copinS
with thcm.
lssuE nlo.
40
Bureauctac;ts
Impact
i'I Business
and Govern-ment
Conrary
to thc siatcmcnt

s
Prcmise,
my
vicq' is
rhat businesscs
arc
lcss
likelt
than
Sdvcmmcnt
to csBblish
large
bureaucncics'
becausc
b\rsitrcsscs
'
kJ)oq'
thai
thcy are
morc
vuln€mble than
Sovcmmcnt
to damagc
rcsultitg
ftom
burcaucradc
inefficiencics.
My
Posiriofl
js

sell suPpofted
bJ'
common
scnse
and bl observation
Firs!,
Public
idminist!2tors
hck
rI( finaocixl
bccntivcs
to
avoro
burcaucntjc
wasle. Ill
con!!25!,'inemciencics
ij)
2
Privatc
corporatio'
vil
rcducc
profis: iniictinS.
dima+
',,1
thc
forrrl
of
job
cuts

diminishing
corll,'non's.ock
\-nlue, ano reduc;g
cmPloycc
compcnsltion
Thcsc
Itc
amPIc itccntivcs
for thc
private
hrm
to
mirimizc
bureaucr-rlc
w?stc
Sccondlr.
rhcre
is
alnos!
no
accounlabiliq'
amonS
govcmmcnt
burcruclals
Thc
clccro!"re
s
volin8
powcr is
roo indirecr

lo motir?rc
midlevcl
administntors
whosc sahics
"nd
jobs
rarcl)'
dcpcnd
on
PoUtiol
cl€ctions
ljr
conllast,
private cor-porations
rnust
p:]Y
stricr
attcnlion
t0
.;l/rnir!
Skt!lsfor
lht
GR:t/Gl+t+"
+"4'
uae.pcta60B.can,
E
r t t
u.'
\- u
otl n

D
4,
r,
t t. t t
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r;*r:
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n.q,
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o,
'^J:H:H:
j;Tj.X;,T,
Hi
:]fi.F:
slnsst1vN9
tvt:)tijo
0z
uci
s^r6[a
in rys
ffi[
!l
:
.Lrolo.tct60B.con1
P^1.
/
hcihh care
ir.rccessibt(
ro thc vcn-indn.jduats
vho

nccd
jl
nrosr. Thcsc
uscr-unf.icndh.
featurcs
can
be detercrious
on
:r socicLLt
scalc as
welt.
/i
unhcrlth! populicc
is xr)
unp.oducrivc
onc. Also. incrcrsccj
hcrlrh_carc cosr!
placc
in unduc
burdrn oD
brcxd-\r,innin8
adutrs
\r,ho
Jcct the squcczc
oi
c:rnns for rgins
prrenrs
rnd
for chitdrcn.
Finath., rhcse fearurcs

losrer I
pcF.asilc
dislr'ust
of
Sovcmmcnr.
bic busincss, xnd
burcaucmcl
ln
sum. roda\-s
-poircrnd-cljck"
parrdigm
inaccunretl
poftmys
tlrc
acrutrl
tunctionalin
of manv
sl,stcms.
inctudin8
our herl(h<arc dclivcN
.
s)stcm. \\'hich
is s,clt<nrrenched
in
sclf-jnrcrcsr and inscnsitjljw
ro rhc
nccds of irs
uscrs.
lssue
No. 54

Comroercial Success
of FiJms
and
Television
piogr.aEs
Ctcar\', mosr popula.
filJns and
tclclision
sho*,s arc supcrfici2t
and/o!
includc
a cernh amounr
of
violence
or
obsccnill
Jusr
a! cleirl)., poputarilr.
leads ro
commcrcixl
succcss.
Bur
can
vc
conclude
tbar t}lcsc
producrions
arc ovcrll'
irltlucnced
bv comnlcrc,rl

rnicrcsrs?
perh:rDs
no,.
,lrla.
"urn.
populxr
fiL.ns lnd
rcl.visioD
shows
ar. ncirhcr
s\jpcrltcjal,
obsccnc, nor
violcnr.
Closcr
scruri.).
hovcvc.,
rcvcrls rbxr
most such
producrions
acruittv
suppo.r.
nor disp.ovc,
thc rhcsis
thar conrmcrcisj
inrcrcsrs
o,cur.
movi. and
rclcvision
conrcnr.
.

One
soutd-be
rhrcar
ro rhe
rhcsjs car
be fo,rnd in lowcr-budger
tndepcndcnr
frlns, vhich
rcnd
ro focus
morc ofi characrer
dcvelopment
and
ropicil
soci:rl
issucs rhin
on sensrlionalism.
R€ccnlty. i fe(,such
fliJns
hrvc
supplbtcd
Hollvwood
s major srudjo producrions
xs
rop
box-omcc
n[s.
__
Docs rhis
mcan

thar
profir
porcnriil
no lor8cr dicBlcs
rhe conrenr
of fdms?-
No, ir
simplr
su8ges6 rhxr
rhe rastes
and
preferences
of d)e
movic,gour!
public.arc
shi.fiing.


second
os(ensiblc
rhrcal
ro rbc thcsjs
resides in
comprnics
slch as
Disnc)', *'hose
producrions
conlirue
ro achicve
grear

populariq,ard
cornrnercid
success, wjdtour
rcson
(o
ar appcal
ro baser
int€rcsrs.
yc!
lr $
bccause
lhcsc productions
arc conuncrcially
successful thri
they
prolifemte.
A
third, and
rhe only
cogcnr,
chillengc ro thc
rhesisjs fou.od
in
pcrcnnirl
relevision
fivoriles
such is
Nova, e public
rctcl,ision
shor/ thft

is
ncrucr
commcrciilv
supioncd
no!
iD.Iuenccd.
Howcvcr, such
shows arc
morc in
thc
narurc of
cducation
ihan cnrc_rir.inmenr,
aro
?or c,cn.
onc
proErrm
liJ,c
Nova.
rhcrc rrc
scvcnl'cqlally pop!
ar-and hjg.bJy
supcrficirl-prosr-rJru.
'Wi$
few
c-\ccptions,
rhcn,
commcrci3j sircccss
of ccrrain
filrs lnd

rclc\'ision
shows is no accidenral
b),p.oducr
of
populzrjqt
ir is ttc
intcnuonal
resulr
of
produccrs
efforu ro
m.Jiimrz€ profirl.
lvritirg
Sk Lt
fol
t)x
CRL/GIUT T.tk
u t
ot
-t'
t
oet
t
a
4.nt
n,
r I
t.tt
lof
sltrtr

sruuat
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Drrp
rso'
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;;-;,fil.,T;:":;,.ril:"*;:"*.
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glrctr
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r^nrJno.
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nucLrD^lo^ul
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fspos
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stnsst
.lvr,,J9
tvlJljio
oz
uoj
S VSSI
ftc,.,!vs
:iT;

IIII
,llll
Aicr aU,
an 2pplicanr
cnn
casitr.conccal
personat
irifomurion
Gai
rugtrr
advcrscl!
affccr
job
performrnce,
rhcrcbr
dama8inA
rbc
ernptovcr
in rcrms
of
toR
producrivin.xn(t
higb
rumovcr.
Morcovcr,
rn rppticrnr
mi8br
pos(
r
porcntl:lt

sccufit\,rhfc:ll.
in Lcnns
of rhc
con)pan\,,s
rcrd(
sccrc(s
or cvc
tllr
physicll
srJcn,of
rtrc Ii.m
s emptoyces.
A rhorou8h
chcck
of rhc
aDDt,c:rnr
s
pcrsonrt
backAround
miFhr
rcvc:rt
a
porcn
rt
rirear.
Duriog
cmploym€nr,
howcvcr.
lhc
cmployec.s

iotcrcsrs
arc
lar,norc
compclina
dran rhosc
ofrtrc
cmplover,
for thrce
rcisons.
Firsr, rhc
cmproycr
has cvcq,
oppordnin,
(o
moniror
ongoirg
job
pc.formancc
and
.o rcplacc
workcrs
who
fail ro
n]ccr
standxrds.
rcgardtcss
o, rbc
rca-son
for rhxr
Ixilurc.

Sccond, allowjng
frcc:rcccss
ro
pcrsonat
informrrion
xbout
employecs
nxSur
opcn |h€
ltoodgxres
ro
discriminrroD,
promolions
and
sxlan; rdjusrmcnts.
Current
fedeml
laws protccring
cmployccs
from
unfair
rrcarment
basc<l
on
gendcrt
racc, and
mari!.al
cmproycr,s
sc,rchins
r",

i'l'"":.:il
i::":'.'.ff
'Hi.lirlffi;l
'Ihitd,
acccss
ro
pclsonal
inJormarion
wirhou!
conscnt
niscs
sirious
pnvag,
conccms,
csp€ciat),wherc
muldptc
irdividuals
hlvc ,
io
*.
irJormadon.
Hcighre[ing
dxs
coDccm
js
rhe
casc
of acccss
ro
inJoffnalon

lnat our
burgeorling
clccrronjc
Intrire6
ma_kc
possiblc.
ln
sum, rcad),
acccss
ro
ceft.1ln
pcrsonal
inlormrLion
abour
prospccrive
cmployces
15
n€ccssaD,
!o
prorcc!
brjinessg.
Hoeevcr,
oncc hirco,
rl1
cmployce
s inrcrcsr
i, cquiEble
Ucauhcnr
and
prillacl

,ar
ourweighs
uc
cmplo.vcr.s
irrc.csr
in
cnsuring
n
producrivc
znd
smblc wo.kto.ce.
lssur
No.
63
Govern.mellt
Bureauclacy
At flrst glancc,
ir would
sccm
thar
increased
burcauc.ig.
crcares-
obsmclcs
bcrwccn
rhc
citizcns
2nd
thosc
wno

govem.
Ine two groups.
Clos€r
cxarojradon
rcveals.
holecvcr,
govcrnmcnt
bucauc.rc],
acnlally
brid8es
*rs
gap,
"nd
gics
now illow
lor wx),s
around
rhc
Frp.
Mrny
govcdmcnt
burcaucracics
arc
csrablishcd
a.s r
rcsponsc
to thc
needs
of thc
cirizcnn.,

ln :r
scns€,
thcv_
manifcst
a
nexus
bersccn
cilizcns
ano
Fovemmcnt,
providinS
a
means
.of
communicarion
and
redrcss
for
ErjcEnccs
rhat would
not
o*tefivise
bc ivailable.
For cxampjc,
docs rhc
P1
o]
""*.
of irs
cnsurinr

thc
sr{cry
of our rood}and
orugs.
scpa_tc
us
rfom
tnc
Sowmmcnri
Or
docs
l}lr
FH^
bI
halping
(o
ma-kc
homc
oEnc.ship
morc
vjrbl€
ro
brdinafy
cjdzcns.
thcrEbl,
inc.carc
thc gap
bcwccD
citizcns
lnd

rhc
govcmmcnr?
No, tlcsc
zgcncics
scFc
our
intcrJsrj
aJld
crlancc
the
acccssibiliry
of
Sovcrrrrocnr
rcsources
ro
cjLizens.
Admjtlcd\,,
agcrcics
such
as
rhcsc
are
neccssrn,
proxics
,or dirccr
paflrctpauon
n
Fovcmmcnr,
sincc
ou,

socieral
probtcms
alc roo
targc
and
complcx
for
indjviduats
ro solve.
Howcvcr,
.cchnototry
is
coming
forward ro
bridgc
somc
of
rh. largcr
8aps.
For
cxamplc.
communjcarc
thcrcb,v
scparating
that
in
man] wats.
tlar
ncw rechnolo
vritids

StJttk
for
)c
CRUGIIAT
Testt
utuPct6at am
I
t
a tlr
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n,1
t
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@
:tlcr, Ys
Itl
lssur No.
74
Rulc-Brcakcrs: Thc
Mosl
Memoiablc
peoplc
lssue No.
79
-Social
Skills.a-s PLrrchasable
CoD-Eodities

I srrontlr xsrc(
rbli
rulebrc:rk<rs
arc rl)! n)os( mcnrorablc
p(oplc.
Ur.
d€pxninS frofi
dlc sLlrus
quo.
iconoci;rsts
ci)l
arlcnlion ro
rhemsclves. somr
providrn8
conspicuous
nritrors
for socicrl.
orbcrs
scn,inS as
our
primnn.
qtxl),sts
for prb8ics\.
-
ln
polirics,
for
exnmple.
rulc,brcikcrs
^1a)lllrma Gandhi and

trlanin
Lu(hcr King
sccurcd
promineor
pinccs
in hisror_-\'by chaUcngin8
rhc smrus
guo
throuSb
cii'il disobcdience.
RencS:rdcs
such:rs Ghcngus
Khan, S!a[n,
and
llussein broke rU
thc human-d8h(s
"rulcs."
(hcrcby
leavin8 indcliblc
mffkl
in thc hisrorical
record.
Ard tulurc
gen€ralions will probab!,
rcmcmbcr Nixon and
Kenncdy
morc cle ly rhan
Cancr or Rcigan, by wrt
oI their rulc-brcakinS activiries-spccitcxl\.,
Nixon's

\Varcrsarc
dcbaclc and
Kcnncdr's
cxua,rnariral rrysls,
Ln
thc aftr,
mavcricks
such a5
Dati, Picasso, arld
Warhol,
who
brcek
cstablishcd
mles of composirion,
ulrirnarely
cmcrgc a5 rhc
gr€atcsr
anis6,
while
thc
names of anis6 s,ith
supcrior
tcchricat skilts arc rclegarcd
ro tic
fooinoies
of
1't-hisro.J'
lcxtbooks.
Our most hjlucntial
popular

muslciars
are rhe
fla8r'Jnr rule-break€rs-for
cxamplc, bcbop musicians such as
Charlc
Parkcr xnd
Thclonius Monli, wbo
broke
xll
$c harmonic rules, and
folk
musician-pocr
Bob Dylan, who
brok. tlc
rutes for lvrics.
Ir rhe
scicnces, iinov:rrion
and
pro8.ess
cnn
ordy result from
chrllen8ing convendon:rl
ticories-i_c.,
b]' brcaking
mles.
Ne.wron and
Einstcin. for cxamplc.
borh refuscd
ro
blindtv

accepr
whrr wcrc pcrceivcd
al
thcit
time as c€rr:rin
'rules'
of
pbJ'sjcs.
A, a rcsulr, borh mcn rcdcfincd
lhose
rulcs. and
bo*r
mcn cmergcd :rs two
of rhe mosr mcmo.ible figurcs
in drc
ficld
of
physrcs.
ln conclusion,
ir appears
rhr! rhe dccpesr
poshivc
and
De8arivc
impressions appcar
on eirher
side of drc sam. iconoclxstic coil1.
Thosc
who
lcave.be

mosr memonble
irlprints in
histor)'
do
so bl' challengirg nolms,
ti:tdirions.
ctrerjsired
v:rlncs,
nncl $e
Sencnl
sutlr5
quo-d1ar
is,
by brcaldns
f,lt
This
ffsr
pan
of rhis
sr2icmc;i'ihcans thar inlc.pcrsonal,
or socid, stllts
can bc rDarkcrcd
ar
prrl
lof
a bundlc
of
asscrj
that onc migh! rour m a
prospcctive

clicn!, customcr,
or cspccialh' cmployer.
P.csumtb\',
ihe
cxrcnr
aid
]?lue
of rhese
skills can
be
gau8ed
by one s
prcvious
cxp.rieocc wio
.clienls
2nd
cusromcrs
or ar
jobs
requiring
a sianfic:fi amount
of
tcamwork
and
coopcmtion among workers-ts
measurcd bt facrors such as
onc's
tcnurc in such x
job
and

l€ftcrs
of refercnce from supc.v'sors.
'vhilc
this
claim scems
plausiblc
b lhc absulcl,
it ignorcs cri
ci) \'
uation
problcms.
-
Feli5an)s
I
w/ttir!
Sk h
for
thc
-
-
CJIAlCAa'af
ta.*-
on
uto,suos4t.ld
thnt
1'
-"t
nlt1t
tultua1
to

spould
p.txdrrDul;un
ro
sarrur&eur:
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tn
SAISS:
ad
vs
unemprormenl.
Borros,in8
crn xtso
bc
prudenr_if
rhe loan
is altordabtc
and
rpplicd
ro$a.d
a
sound tong-rcrm
investmcnr.
Vcrc
si!ing
:rncl
boroNing

Lmircd
!o rhcs(
r),pcs
of sc<nr.jos,
I
woutd
:vcr
th:rr pcoplc
rodi]'salc
and
borrow
rcsponsjbh
Hovcvcr.
rhc
clidcncc
slEgcsrs
orJ)enaisc.
,A-,ncrjcxns
nos,purcharc
on credit
fa, morc
cxpcnsivc
auromobiles,
rclarjvr
ro
incomc,
rhrn
ever
before*vehictes
rh?r a.c

frr mor.
rhan shxl
js
Dcedcd
Io.
safe
kusporurion.
bicess'vc
credir{ard
dcbl
.nothcr
q?e
of unjusriliebte
borro*,ir8,
is a!
record tcvcts,
and
rjsinB,
among
l".nericar
houschold5.
Does rhc
babl,,ooomcrs
curenr
pcnchanr
fol
rerircmcnr
mvcsLins
compcnsatc
lor rhcse

excc55cs?
probrbh.
not.
Th$
lrcnd
rs
tuclcd
b! uffcJisrrc
erpecrrrions
of fuLurc
reruffs.
ir
mrr.
$ercfolc,
csc2.l
e Lo
spccutarion
r,id, aL
rt5
hci8]1r,
wjdesprerd
tcvclzFing_
i-e., bolrowinS.
Such
jpcculation
is
more
suircd
ro highly
sophisricarcd

rnveslors
who
can wetl
afford
!o lose
rhcir
cniirc
irvcsrmcnr
rhar
ro avenrc
,^m.rjc?.rs
rnd
rncr
nclt
c55s.
ln
conclusion,
whilc peopte
sccm ro
be
savirg aSgr.ssiycl],
roda].,
rhcir
jrvesrmenr
choiccs nd
concomir.ur
high
spendirs
and
borrowjnf,

levch
cxll inro q
(s(r^n
drc
rsscflion
rh;lr wc
a,c
mdccd
a
.nirion
of
srvcrs
HflII
lssur
No.
84
I'formirg
Customcrs
About
products
arrd
Services
-
Requidn8
businesscs
io provide
complcrc
product
infoft)atjon
ro

cusromcrs
prornotcs
various
consumc,
intcrests
bur
ar
ihc
sarnc
omc
imposcs
burdens
on businesscs, govcmmcnL,
and raxpaycls.
On
balancc,
utr
burdens
ouwelsh
rhc
bencfits,
at
leas!
in most
cajcs.
-_
4 tlueshold
problem
wirh
disctosure

requiremcnrs
js
thar
ol
dcte.mininS
whar
consrirures
"comp)erc"
irfomation.
Admittcdly,
lcgstr.
rn8
disclosurc
rcquiremcnls
ctarfics
rhc
duties
of business al)d
rhc
dchrs
of
consumers
Ycr dererrrlirur6
whar
lequremcnrs
rre
frr in
aI
ciscs is
problcmalic.

Should
n suflcc
ro
lisr
ingrcdienrs,
insrmctions.
:lld
inrcndcd
uscs,
or shou.ld
customcrs
also
be irfoDocd
of
prccise
spccilicarions,
porcntal
riski,
and
rcsulrs
of rcsrs
measufirg
a
produc!,s
cffecrivcness
''sa-vis
compcling
producLs?
,\ closer)
rclrrcd

problem
is
Lhar dcrcrru,Jn8.nd
cnlorcmt
dsclosurc
srrndar4s
ncccsrdily
jrvolies
governnent
,egutldon,
thereby adding
ro $c
ulltn3rc
cost ro
rne
consumcr
by'iley
of highcllD(cs.
finally,
falure to
compl)
may
rcsulr
rn
rcs rroD.
tnc!.
a cosl
Lhar
mzy crrhcr
havc r

chillinr
c-ffccr
on producr
imor.rtion
or
be
p3sscd
on ro t})c
cusromcrs
rn thc
Iorm oi
ttglcr pnccs.
Eirhc!
rcsull
opentes
to *rc dcrrimcnl
of rhc
consumer,
tl]c
vc4' parq,\vhom
rhc
rcgutilions
irc
designcd
ro
Drorccr.
Thcsc
burdens
musr
be vcighcd

"g.irr".r,.
inlclcsl
in
prolcclilS
consrrlncrs
a8al15r
Iraud.
and
ulduc
hcatrh and
srjcr' hrzards.
To "ssumc
thrt
busiiesscs
will
vojunrari}J,
disclos€
negadvc
producr
info.mation
jgnores
rhe facr
rhzr
busincsses arc
,Dorivared
bt
profi!,
not
bl,
pubtjc

wnnng
SEltLs
for
tti!
GR E/C,IUT
T.su
tuu.percBoN.con
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