English Grammar Course - part 9 potx

E_English Grammar Course
E_English Grammar Course
Chapter VIII
Coordination, Ellipsis, & Apposition

1. Coordination
+ Phrasal
+ Clausal
2. Ellipsis
+ Ellipsis in coordinated clauses
3. Apposition
+ Non-restrictive
+ Restrictive
Issues
Issues

Coordination
1.1
Coordination
Coordination
= the combination of two or more equal units,
namely, phrases or clauses
E.g.: My friend and I went there together.
We went there and returned immediately.
I told him this, but he didn't believe me.
1/1
See more in 9.7 - 9.8

Coordination
1.1

Coordination
Coordination
= can be referred to by some grammarians as syndetic
(with the presence of coordinators) and asyndetic
(with the absence of coordinators)
E.g.: Slowly and stealthily, he crept towards his victim. (syndetic)
Slowly, stealthily, he crept towards his victim. (asyndetic)
2/1

Coordination
1.1
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
= coordination of phrase of equal status
= coordination of clause of equal status
3/1

Phrasal Coordination
1.2
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
•

including:
+ coordinated NPs (in different syntactic functions)
E.g.: Peter and Tom were here.
She is afraid of snakes and cockroaches.
Old and young men were invited.
He has secretaries from Ireland and auditors from
France here.
These and those chairs are wooden.
4/1
See more in 9.31 - 9.43

Phrasal Coordination
1.2
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
•
including:
+ coordinated Adverbial phrases (with dependent
clauses)
E.g.: You can wash it manually or by using a machine.
They can call this week or whenever they wish.
I want to know by whom and for whom it was
ordered.
5/1

Phrasal Coordination

1.2
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
•
including:
+ coordinated Adjective phrases
E.g.: She is young and beautiful.
His clear and forceful delivery impressed the
audience.
These jewels were very cheap and gaudy.
6/1

Phrasal Coordination
1.2
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
•
including:
+ coordinated Prepositional phrases
E.g.: The attacks in June and in July failed
He climbed up the wall and over the wall.
John complained to Mary and to Peter.

7/1

Phrasal Coordination
1.2
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
•
including:
+ coordination of identical items
E.g.: He felt more and more bored.
They talked on and on and on.
There are teachers and teachers.
8/1

Phrasal Coordination
1.2
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
•
Order in phrasal coordination:
+ a tendency for the shorter word to come first
E.g.: big and ugly

cup and saucer
+ in virtually irreversible order
E.g.: bread and butter
law and order
knife, folk, and spoon
by hook or by crook
9/1

Phrasal Coordination
1.2
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
•
can be segregatory (possibly paraphrased into 2 or
more coordinated clauses)
E.g.: John and Mary have a cold
(John has a cold and Mary has a cold.)
•
can be combinatory (impossibly paraphrased into
coordinated clauses)
E.g.: John and Mary make a good couple
(no analogous paraphrase)
He painted his car black and white.
(a combined process)
10/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal
Phrasal
Clausal
Clausal
•
including:
+ coordinated independent clauses
E.g.: She didn't want their help, but she had to accept it.
+ coordinated subordinate clauses
E.g.: I want to know for whom it was ordered and by
whom (it was ordered)
She desired to know where he had gone but not
why he had gone.
11/1
See more in 9.9 - 9.20

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction

Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
12/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
E.g.: John plays the guitar, and his sister plays the piano.
13/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Syntactic features of Coordinators

Syntactic features of Coordinators
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
E.g.: They are living in England, or they are spending a vacation there.
14/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinators: precede conjunctions
Coordinators: precede conjunctions
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses

Coordinators: link more than two clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
E.g.: He was unhappy about it, and yet he did as he was told.
15/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
E.g.: They love him and believe in him.
I may see you tomorrow or may phone later in the day.
16/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position

Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses
E.g.: I wonder whether you should speak to him personally or whether
it is better to write to him.
17/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Syntactic features of Coordinators
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses

Coordinators: link more than two clauses
E.g.: The battery may be disconnected, or the connection may be
loose, or the bulb may be faulty.
18/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Coordinators
Coordinators
AND
AND
OR
OR
BUT
BUT
19/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Semantic implications of “AND”
Semantic implications of “AND”
Addition of consequence or result
Addition of consequence or result
Addition of chronological sequence
Addition of chronological sequence
Contrast
Contrast
2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
1st clause being a condition of the 2nd

1st clause being a condition of the 2nd
2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st
2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st
20/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Semantic implications of “AND”
Semantic implications of “AND”
Addition of consequence or result
Addition of consequence or result
Addition of chronological sequence
Addition of chronological sequence
Contrast
Contrast
2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
1st clause being a condition of the 2nd
1st clause being a condition of the 2nd
2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st
2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st
E.g.: He heard an explosion and he (therefore) phoned the police.

21/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Semantic implications of “AND”
Semantic implications of “AND”
Addition of consequence or result
Addition of consequence or result
Addition of chronological sequence
Addition of chronological sequence
Contrast
Contrast
2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
1st clause being a condition of the 2nd
1st clause being a condition of the 2nd
2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st
2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st
E.g.: I washed the dishes and (then) I dried them.
22/1

Clausal Coordination
1.3
Semantic implications of “AND”
Semantic implications of “AND”
Addition of consequence or result

Addition of consequence or result
Addition of chronological sequence
Addition of chronological sequence
Contrast
Contrast
2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
1st clause being a condition of the 2nd
1st clause being a condition of the 2nd
2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st
2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st
E.g.: Robert is secretive and (in contrast) David is candid.
23/1