Textbooks write English correctly_09 ppt

lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax
-212-
THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION
Sadly enough, the party was a great failure.
Fortunately enough, our team won the play off match.
Our team, fortunately enough, won
5. SINGLE WORDS USED AS TRANSITIONAL
AND / OR / BUT / NOR / FOR / SO (no comma)
BESIDES / MOREOVER / HOWEVER
ALSO
SIMILARLY / SPECIALLY
CONTRAWISE / LIKEWISE
CONSEQUENTLY
B. PHRASES AS ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION
1. THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE USED ABSOLUTELY
In this case, the phrase functions as absolute adverb and nor-
mally governs the idea of the whole statement in which it
appears: IN SHORT / AFTER ALL / IN GENERAL / ON THE
WHOLE / IN FACT etc.
In fact, he’s really a good man.
In short, you don’t love me a bit; you love yourself only.
After all, he’s your son.
Noi cho cung, con ngươi ta sinh ra tay trăng va rö̀i chḯt ₫i cung trăng
tay.
After all, men are born with empty hands and then die also with
empty hands.
Life is neither kind nor mean to anybody. Infact, it is fair to every-
body.
The phrase also functions as trasitional adverbs: ON THE
CONTRARY, IN THE SAME WAY, IN CONTRAST, IN
ADDITION, ON ONE HAND, ON THE OTHER HAND, AS

lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax
-213-
THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION
THE RESULT, AS THE CONSEQUENCE, IN OTHER
WORDS etc.
2. THE INFINITIVE PHRASE USED ABSOLUTELY
In this case, the phrase usually expresses the writer’s or the
speaker’s attitude towards what is being spoken or written: TO
BE FRANK, TO TELL THE TRUTH, TO COME TO THE
POINT, TO SUM UP, TO CONCLUDE, TO BE CONSERVA-
TIVE, TO SAY AT LEAST etc.
My house, to be sure, can not compare with yours.
Đi thăng vao vến ₫ï̀, anh muö́n gò?
To come to the point, just what do you want?
Noi tom lai, cö ếy rết thöng minh.
To sum up, she is very clever.
Thăng thăn ma noi, anh hònh như khöng biḯt mònh muö́n gò nưa.
To be frank, you don’t seem to know what you want.
Thanh thưc ma noi, töi hoan toan thết vong vï̀ anh.
To be honest/sincere, I am quite disapointed with you.
To be conservative, our losses have come up to nearly 1 million dol-
lars.
His conduct, to say at least, is a bit perculiar.
To tell the truth, you don’t seem to know your own mind at all.
3. THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE PHRASE
In the initial position, NAP is normally ‘cause’ and the rest is
normally is ‘result’ in relationship.
In middle and final position, NAP is in posessive case.
His father having died, he is now the bread-winner of his family.
Autumn getting late, leaves are beginning to drop.

The old man, his only son killed in the war, now feels so lonely and
helpless.
lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax
-214-
THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION
Hearing the bell, she hastily made her way to the door, her body
trembling with excitement.
C. CLAUSES USED ABSOLUTELY
Clauses, main or subordinate, may be used absolutely. These
clauses are inserted parenthically into sentences in which they
have no grammatical function at all. In other words, they can be
omitted without changing the grammatical nature of these sen-
tences in which they appear. As absolute construction, they nor-
mally express the writer’s or speaker’s attitude towards that is
being spoken or writen.
1. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE USED AS ABSOLUTELY
Subordinate clauses which are adverbial in appearance are very
commonyly used.
• WHETHER YOU LIKE IT OR NOT
• WHETHER YOU BELIEVE IT OR NOT
Anh thñch hay khöng, ngay mai măt trơi vễn lïn.
Whether you like it or not, the sun will rise tomorrow.
The sun, whether you like it or not, will rise tomorrow.
Du thñch hay khöng, ₫öi chung ta ₫a bị bai trong giai GL vưa rö̀i.
Our team, whether you like it or not, was defeated in the last GL
Cup.
Mưa hay khöng mưa, chu nhêt nay töi cung chơi bong ₫a.
Whether it rains or not, I will be playing football this Sunday.
Chung ta, du ban co tin hay kh6ong, la sinh vêt yḯu ₫uö̀i nhết vï̀
măt vêt ly.

We are, whether you like it or not, physicaly the weakest animal on
the earth.
• IF I MAY BE SO BOLD
• IF I MAY BE SO BOLD AS TO MAKE/OFFER THE
SUGGESTION
Your girlfriend, if I may be so bold, is somewhat portly.
Your boyfriend, if I may be so bold, is a bit talkative/show off.
lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax
-215-
THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION
We may delay the meeting to next Friday, if I may be so bold to
make the suggestin.
•AS
• AS I SAID/MENTIONED ABOVE/BEFORE
As I said before, my house is not to compare with yours.
As I mentioned above, this is one the the major problems facing the
government.
• WHEN
• WHEN ALL IS DONE AND SAID
Rö́t rao ma noi, öng ta la möt nha ngư văn hơn la möt nha hoa hoc.
He is, when all is done and said, a philologist rather than a chemist.
Rö́t rao ma noi, ba ta la möt nha văn thanh cöng hơn la möt cö giao.
She is successful, when all is done and said, a novelist rather than a
teacher.
2. MAIN CLAUSES USED ABSOLUTELY
Main clauses are normally set off by the dashes or by the paren-
thes [( )]. The use of parenthes is more formal than the use of
the dashes; of courses, they can be set off by the comma.
Văn chương va nghï thuêt ,/- töi hoan toan tin tương như vêy ,/ - se
giup sư hiïn sinh cua con ngươi tươi ₫ep hơn.

Literuture and art ,/- I’m totally convinced ,/- will help enhance
humans’ existence.
John - chị co bao giơ thếy möt ngươi ₫an öng như vêy chưa? khöng
bao giơ dưng chên ma lươm cai gò ca.
John, did you every see such a man? - never stop to pick up any-
thing
• - LET’S SAY -
•, SAY,
Sao ta khöng ơ lai ₫êy thïm chut nưa, chăng han như, 10 ngay nưa.
Why not stay here a while longer, say, 10 more days.
Sao ta khöng hop măt ngay nao ₫o tuền tơi, chăng han như, vao trưa
thư bay.
lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax
-216-
THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION
Why not get together some time next week, say, on Saturday after-
noon.
Tö̉ng thö́ng NZ se la tö̉ng tö́ng Angeria ₫ều tiïn tư bo chñnh quyï̀n
möt cach tư nguyïn va sơm hơn dư ₫ịnh.
President NZ will be the first Angeria President to give up willingly
and earlier than expect.
We found - we may just as will be frank about it - no satisfaction
solution to the problem.
Moi viïc, theo töi, rö̀i se ö̉n thöi.
Everything, I think/believe/ will come to a good end.
3. THE OR-EPLEXTIVE
Dalat, or the city of cherry flowers, is cool all the year round.
It weighs a kilo, or just over 2 pounds.
Chicago, or the Windy city, is in the state of Illinois.
Samuel Clemens, or Mark Twain, wrote a lot about Mississipie river.

lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-217-
THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION
lesson 7
Review of the Dependent Clause
1 The Nominal Clause
2 The Adjectival Clause
3 The Adverbial Clause
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-218-
THE NOMINAL CLAUSE
WHAT IS A DEPENDENT CLAUSE?
A dependent clause is a group of words which has the Subject
and the Predicate of its own, but it functions as a grammatical
unit in the sentence only. In other words, a dependent clause can
not stand by itself as an independent sentence, it must depend
on an IC for its existence and is usually introduced by a connec-
tive of some kinds. Based on its use, DC’s are devided roughly
into 3 kinds:
DC’s used as N’s called NOMICAL CLAUSES
DC’s used as ADJ’s called ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES
DC’s used as ADV’s ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
I. THE NOMINAL CLAUSE
A nominal clause is used as a Noun. Unlike a dependent clause
used as an adjective or as an adverb, a nominal clause is used as
an essential part of an independent clause. In other words, if the
nominal clause is taken away, the independent clause would
also be destroyed.
What you said yesterday is untrue.
(what you said = N = S)

He said that he meant to do better.
(that he meant to do better = N = O)
Take care not to use a dependent clause as an adverb in place of
a noun clause.
A famine is when there is a great shortage of food.
Wrong! unacceptable in written English when an adverb is used
as a noun clause.
A famine is a great shortage of food.
The reason (why) he could not finish college because he was
drafted.
1.
2
.
3.
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-219-
THE NOMINAL CLAUSE
Wrong! we must use the pronoun ‘THAT’ to introduce a noun
clause which functions as a subjective complement (appositive)
and can not be contracted.
The reason he could not finish college was that he was drafted.
That he was drafted was the reason he could not finish college.
DRAFT = CONSCRIPT: to make sb join the armed forces
Democracy is where the government power is retained by the peo-
ple.
Wrong! ‘where the government ’ is an adverbial clause, not a
noun clause so that it can not function as subjective complement
(appositive) to ‘democracy’ at all. The sentence therefore must
be recast as follows:
Democracy is government in which power is retained by the people.

A. THE INTRODUCERS OF THE NOMINAL CLAUSE
1. SIMPLE SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
These simple subordinate conjunctions have only one function,
and it is to introduce the nominal clause: THAT, IF,
WHETHER.
Chuyïn ma anh phai long cö ta ro rang qua rö̀i.
It’s quite obvious that you have fallen in love with her.
That you have fallen in love with her is quite obvious.
Khöng con nghi ngơ gò nưa la moi thư ₫ang trơ nïn tö̀i tï.
There is no doubt that things are getting worse.
Em ₫i hay ơ ₫ö́i vơi töi cung chăng quan trong gò nưa.
It doesn’t matter to me whether you leave or stay.
Töi mơ cưa sö̉ co phiï̀n anh khöng?
Do you mind if I open the window?
Chị chơ ơ ₫êy möt chut co phiï̀n gò khöng?
Do you mind if I wait here?
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-220-
THE NOMINAL CLAUSE
2. FUNCTIONING SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
a. Interrogative Pronouns, Interrotive Adjective, Interrogive
Adverbs
Interrogative Pronouns
• WHO, WHICH, WHOM, WHAT
Interrogative Adjectives
• WHICH, WHAT, WHOSE
Interrogative Adverbs
• WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW
Töi muö́n biḯt ai ₫a ₫ö̀n tin ₫o.
I wish to know who spread the rumor.

‘WHO’ introduces a DC which functions as the O of ‘know’
Töi muö́n biḯt töi phai re lö́i nao.
I want to know which way should I take.
‘WHICH’ is an interrogative adjective, modifying ‘WAY’
Chung ta co thï̉ găp nhau ơ ₫êu la cêu hoi kḯ tiḯp.
Where can we meet is the next question.
‘WHERE’ is an interrogative adverb.
Hoi anh ta töi nïn ₫i ₫êu ₫ï̉ nhơ giup ₫ơ.
Ask him where I should go to for help.
‘WHERE’ is an interrogative adverb
b. Indefinite Relative Pronouns / Adjectives / Adverbs
Indefinite Relative Pronouns
• WHAT, WHATEVER, WHICH, WHICHEVER, WHO,
WHOEVER, etc.
Indefinite Relative Adjectives
• WHICH, WHICHEVER
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-221-
THE NOMINAL CLAUSE
Indefinite Relative Adverbs
•WHERE
This is not what I want.
(indefinite relative pronoun)
Leave this package at whichever office is handiest.
(indefinite relative adjective)
I know where we can have good coffee.
(indefinite relative adverb)
I know a place where we can have good coffee.
(adjectival clause which modifies ‘place’)
B. THE USE OF THE NOMINAL CLAUSE

1. AS THE S OF A SENTENCE
Cai gò co la co; cai gò khöng co la khöng co.
Whatever is, is; whatever is not, is not.
Điï̀u anh noi höm qua la khöng ₫ung.
What you said yesterday is untrue.
What you were saying yesterday is untrue.
(progressive tense shows that you still remember what was told
in details)
Tai sao MM tư tư ₫ḯn bêy giơ vễn con la möt bñ mêt.
Why MM commited suicide has been a mystery.
Chung ta nïn tiḯn hanh như thḯ nao mơi la vến ₫ï̀.
How we should proceed is the question.
Chuyïn anh phai long cö ta thò ₫a ro.
That you have fallen for her is obvious.
Viïc Manchester United co thï̉ giư chưc vö ₫ịch khöng khöng thï̉
chăc chăn.
Whether or not M.U. can retain its championship is uncertain.
Điï̀u ma chung ta thương chia xe khöng con nưa.
What we use to enjoy together is now gone.
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-222-
THE NOMINAL CLAUSE
Điï̀u anh noi höm qua va ₫iï̀u anh noi bêy giơ khöng ₫i ₫öi vơi
nhau.
What you said yesterday and what you are sying now do not match.
Điï̀u anh lam, chư khöng phai ₫iï̀u anh noi la quan trong.
What you do, not what you say is important.
Note that IT is used to give emphasis to the Subject, whichmay
be a single word, a phrase or a whole clause.
It’s quite obvious that you have fallen into her love trap.

Chuyïn ho khöng co con la möt ₫iï̀u ₫au buö̀n.
It was a great sadness to them that they never had children.
Se rết kho cho anh thuyḯt phuc cö ta thay ₫ö̉i y kiḯn.
It’s going to be hard for you to persuade her to change her mind.
Đï̉ con gai chung töi tiḯp tuc viïc hoc ơ My la ươc nguyïn cua chung
töi.
For our daughter to continue her studies in the US has been our
wish.
Khöng chăc la hăn co tơi khöng nưa.
It’s uncertain wheter he will come.
Chuyïn ma chung ta mết phương hương la chăc rö̀i.
It’s certain that we have become lost.
Điï̀u cac ban ₫ịnh lam thêt thu vị.
It’s interesting what you intend to do.
Ngươi ta thương noi tö́t gö̃ hơn tö́t nươc sơn.
It often says that a good name is better than riches.
Ơ khăp nơi ngươi ta tin răng thanh thưc la phương sach tö́t nhết.
It is universally believed that honesty is the best policy.
Đḯn bêy giơ cung chưa biḯt co bao nhiïu ngươi chḯt trong tai nan
₫o.
It is still unknown yet how many people got killed in the accident.

M

SC

trueS
IT [BE]
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-223-

THE NOMINAL CLAUSE
2. AS THE DO OF A VERB [P2-P3]
Töi biḯt töi ₫ang lam gò.
I know what I’m doing.
Töi biḯt chăc ₫ơi la ₫ịa nguc; tuy nhiïn, töi vễn yïu ₫ơi ₫iïn dai.
I know for sure that life is Hell; however, I love it madly.
Tre con cền phai ₫ươc day phên biït phai trai.
Children must be taught what is wrong and what is right.
Noi cho töi nghe ban ₫ịnh lam gò.
Tell me what you intend to do.
Anh se mua cho em cai em cền khi anh lanh lương.
I will buy you what you need when I get paid.
Alice kï̉ töi nghe nhưng gò cö nghe ₫ươc.
Alice told me what she had heard.
Töi se lam cho viïc anh thuyïn chuyï̉n sang bö phên khac dï̃ dang.
I’ll make it easier for you to transfer to another department.
Dịch vu ₫öng lanh ₫a lam cho cac cöng ty thưc phểm co thï̉ ₫ưa
nhanh hai san vao ₫ết liï̀n.
Chilled service makes it possible for food companies to speed up
fresh sea fodd to inland places.
Töi nghĩ se
rết kho cho nha nươc khöng thay ₫ö̉i trong chñnh sach
ngoai giao.
I think it very hard for the government not to make a few changes in
the foreign policy.

M
P: V O
M
s

M
S
M
P2
P3
P: V O1 O2
M
S
M
P: V IT OC
trueO
P4
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-224-
THE NOMINAL CLAUSE
Ho ₫a lam ro ra răng ho khöng con quan têm ₫ḯn dư an ₫o nưa.
They’ve made it clear that they are no longer interested in the
project.
Hay phat cho bết cư ai co măt möt mễu san phểm nay.
Give whoever is present a copy/piece of this material.
Chỉ cho bết cư ai co măt cach sư dung may nay.
Show whoever is present how to operate the machine.
3. AS THE OC
Tinh thền cua ngươi Nhêt Ban ₫a lam Nhêt Ban như ngay nay.
The spirit of Japnese has made Japan what it is today.
4. AS THE SC
Ươc muö́n cua chung töi la ₫ï̉ cho bö́ töi ₫ươc chön cết canh me töi.
Our wish is for our father to be buried beside our mother.
‘FOR’ is an expletive which introduces an IP functioning as a
nominal clause = SC

Vến ₫ï̀ la chung ta khöng biḯt ₫ịa chỉ cua cö ta.
The trouble is that we don’t know her address.
Vến ₫ï̀ lơn nhết cua ban trai chị la hăn ta khöng ₫u tham vong.
Your boyfriend’s greatest trouble is that he is not ambitious enough.
Sư thưc la chung ta ₫a bị lương gat.
The truth is that we had been deceived.
Nö̃i bết bònh ₫ều tiïn cua töi la chị năng thanh kiḯn.
My first objection is that you are prejudice.
Măc anh noi gò ₫i nưa thò töi cung vễn la töi.
No matter what you may say, I am what I am.
Đêy la chö̃ anh sai
This is where you are mistaken.
Đêy chñnh xac la cai töi cền.
This is exact what I want.
Co phai tai vêy anh vï̀ sơm?
Is that why you left early?
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-225-
THE NOMINAL CLAUSE
Vến ₫ï̀ la lam sao chung ta co thï̉ gom möt sö́ tiï̀n măt lơn như thḯ
trong möt thơi gian ngăn như thḯ.
The problem is that how we can collect such a big amount of cash in
such a short time.
Đêy chñnh la ₫iï̀u ma töi sö́ng chḯt.
This has been I lived for.
Vến ₫ï̀ la chung ta ₫a thua möt cach ₫ang buö̀n.
The fact is that had we sadly faild.
Tương lai cua ₫ết nươc nay la ₫iï̀u ma chung ta phai luön ghi nhơ
trong long.
The future of this country is what we must keep in mind.

5. AS THE RO [P3-P9]
Chung töi khöng ₫ươc thöng bao la nïn ₫i ₫ương nao.
We were not told which route we should take.
Chung töi thương ₫ươc day la duc tö́c bết ₫at.
We used to taught that haste makes waste.
6. AS THE O OF A PREPOSITION
Em thñch ₫iï̀u anh thñch; va em sơ ₫iï̀u anh sơ.
I’m intersted in what you are interested in; and I am afraid of what
you are afraid of.
Chơ nïn than phiï̀n vï̀ cai ban ₫ang co hoăc ₫ang lam nưa.
Stop complaining about what you have or what you do.
Öng chu rết bưc mònh vï̀ chuyïn ₫ang xay ra trong văn phong.
The boss is very unhappy about what has happened in the office.
Töi khöng bao giơ ganh ty vơi cai ban co.
I’ve never been envious with what you have.
Möt ngươi vơ phai hoc quan têm nhưng gò chö̀ng mònh quan têm.
A wife should learn to be interested in what her husband is inter-
ested in.
7. AS AN APPOSITIVE
Chưa thếy dếu hiïu cho thếy doanh sö́ cua chung ta tăng lïn.
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-226-
THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
There is no sign that our sales have increased.
Co cêu noi răng khöng co lưa sao co khoi.
There’s a saying that there is no smoke without fire.
Co tin ₫ö̀n răng thu tương săp sưa cai tö̉ nöi cac.
There is a rumour that the prime minister is going to reshuffle the
cabinet.
Chuyïn ma lưa chay thò ai cung biḯt.

The fact that fire burns is known to all.
Khöng thï̉ chö́i cai ₫ươc răng chung ta dung phền lơn thơi gian ₫ï̉
chăm soc thên thï̉.
There’s no denying the fact that we use the most of our time to take
care of our bodies.
Chung ta ky vong răng Liïn Hiïp Quö́c se thanh cöng trong viïc
ngăn chăn möt cuöc chiḯn bung nö̉.
We have great hope that the UN will succeed in preventing a war
from happening.
II. THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
A. THE DEFINING & NON-DEFINING ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
1. DEFINITION
Adjectival Clause are classified into defining and non-defining,
restrictive or non-restrictive, essential or non-essential.
a. What is a Defining Adjective Clause?
A defining adjective clause functions as an attributive adjective.
In other words, a defining adjective clause narrows or restricts
the meaning of the noun it modifies. Take it a way and the
meaning of the sentence will be destroyed , and as an adjective
it never set off with comma. Remember that the pronoun THAT
functions as an O may be omitted by ellipses in this kind of
clause.
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-227-
THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
b. What is a Non-Defining Adjective Adjective?
A non-defining adjective clause functions as an oppositive
adjective. In other words, a non-defining adjective clause only
adds more information to the noun it refers to without restrict-
ing or narrowing the meaning of the noun in any way. Take it

away and the meaning of the sentence is still good. As it is, it
must be set off with comma. Remember that the pronoun THAT
never be used in this kind of clause, and that pronoun as object
can never be omitted.
A test intended to help deciding whether a clause of this kind is
defining or non-defining: Leave out the clause and see whether
the omission changes the meaning of the sentence or not. If
omission changes the meaning of the sentence, the clause is
defining; if not, non-defining.
Airplane, which are now manufactured in great number, were very
necessary during war.
Airplane which are not carefully inspected should not be flown.
We should have taken the other route.
The other route is much shorter.
We should have take taken the other route, which is much shorter.
The other route, which we should have taken, is much shorter.
Bö́ töi, ngươi ma töi yïu thương nhết ₫ơi, săp phai rơi xa töi.
My father, whom I’ve loved all my life, already has one foot in the
grave.
Time is a precious gift from nature.
Time should not be wasted.
Time. which is a precious gift from nature, should not be wasted.
Time, which should not be wasted, is a precious gift from nature.
You have wasted a precious amount of time.
This amount of time could have made a man rich.
The precious amount of time you have wasted could have made a
man rich.
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-228-
THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE

2. THE USE OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
The Adjective Clause modifies or gives more information to a
noun or a pronoun.
a. As the Modifier of the S of a Sentence
Ngươi khön ngoan thò noi ñt.
The man who is wise speaks little.
Ta phai hoc thñch ₫iï̀u ma ta lam.
We should learn to grow/develop the liking in what we do.
Töi, ngươi khöng co cai gò ₫ï̉ mết, se ₫i noi chuyïn vơi hăn ta.
I, who have nothimg to lose, will go to talk with him (formal)
I, who have nothing to lose, will go and talk to him. (informal)
Nhưng ngay thang chung töi vui ve bïn nhau khöng con nưa.
The days when we were happy together are now long gone.
Xa rö̀i nhưng ngay thang chung ta vui ve bïn nhau.
Long gone are the days when we were happy together. (inversion)
Möt ngươi noi möt ₫ang lam möt neo thò khöng ₫ang tin.
A person who says one thing and means another is untrust worthy.
Untrustworthy is the person who says one thing and means another.
Luön co ngươi phai lam lung vết va ₫ï̉ kiḯm sö́ng.
There are always people who have to work hard all their lives for a
living.
b. As the Modifier of a DO
Töi se kï̉ anh nghe cêu chuyïn töi nghe höm qua.
I will tell you the story (that./which) I heard yesterday.
Chung töi leo lïn ₫ỉnh thap, tư ₫ỉnh thap chung töi co thï̉ thếy xa
nhiï̀u dăm.
We climbed the tower, from the top of which we could see for many
miles.
(Use non-defining adjective clause because we all know the
tower being talked about or there is only one tower around)

We climbed the tower from the top of which we could see for many
miles.
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-229-
THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
(Use defining adjective clause because there are probably other
towers around)
Töi ₫ang ₫oc cuö́n ‘Ngư Öng va Biï̉n ca’, möt thơi la cuö́n sach ban
chay nhết.
I am reading ‘The Old Man and the Sea’, which was once a best
seller.
c. As the Modifier of a SC
Cö ta la cö gai ma le ra UB ₫a nïn chon.
She is the girl (whom/that) the committee should have chosen.
B. THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
The adjectival clause is a SC that functions as an adjective.
1. THE INTRODUCERS OF THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
a. As the Introducers of Adjectival Clauses: WHO, WHOM,
THAT, WHICH.
Ngươi ban trong luc cền thiḯt la ngươi ban thưc sư.
A friend who helps us in time of need is a real friend.
= a friend in need is a friend in deed.
Luön co ngươi phai lam viïc ₫ï̉ kiḯm sö́ng.
There always people who have to work hard for a living all their
lives.
Ngươi yïu töi bêy giơ cach ₫êy ca van dăm.
The man I love is now a thousand miles away.
b. Relative Pronoun THAT
THAT is used especially after ALL, NOTHING, NOBODY
or a SUPERATIVE

or is used to express an idea.
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-230-
THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
Nhưng gò lếp lanh ₫ï̀u khöng phai la vang.
All that is glitters is not gold.
Êy la tiï̀n tai, quyï̀n lưc va danh vong lam con ngươi khö́n khö̉ bao
₫ơi nay.
It’s money, power and fame that have made mankind suffered for
ages now.
It’s knowledge, not rolling years, that mattures one.
Cam nay khöng giö́ng cam luc sang töi mua.
These oranges are not such as I bought this morning = I bought as
this morning.
Hăn co nu cươi giö́ng hït cha hăn.
He has the same grine as his father has (grin).
Cö ta khöng con la ngươi phu nư ma anh tưng biḯt.
She is no longer the same woman as he used to know.
(we know as the woman )
There is no central authority of education in the US such as exists in
many other countries.
Thung lung ₫o khöng con la cai thung lung ma chung töi thương
lang thang.
It’s no longer the same valley as we used to roam in.
There is nothing in this life but has a price = that is without a price.
BUT + affirmative V is normally used together with NOBODY.
Khöng ai khöng ngương mö bac Hö̀.
There is nobody but admire Uncle Ho.

S

who/that
IT [BE]

SUCH AS
THE SAME AS

BUT =
THAT NOT + AFFIRMATIVE VERB
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-231-
THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
c. Relative Pronoun WHOSE and OF WHICH
Cêu be ma ba me bị chḯt trong tai nan ₫o la ban Tom.
The boy whose mother died in the accident is one of Tom’s closest
friend.
Căn nha ma canh cưa mau xanh ₫o la nha cua nang.
The house the gate of which is blue is hers.
d. As Definite Relative Adverbs
WHEN, WHERE, WHY, THAT etc.
Co nhiï̀u luc sư khöi hai khöng thï̉ chếp nhên ₫ươc.
There are times when joking are not permittable.
Văng măt khöng ₫ươc phep.
Absence is not permittable.
Töi biḯt möt nơi ma ta co thï̉ co ca phï ngon va nhac hay.
I know a place where we can have good coffee and nice music .
Co nhiï̀u luc tiï̀n bac khöng quan trong.
There are times when money does not count = to be of important.
COUNT (FOR ST): to be important
Viïc cö ta se xin lö̃i chăng quan trong gò ₫ö́i vơi hăn.

The fact that she’d apologize counted for nothing with him.
Nơi töi sinh ra la möt ngöi lang nho khoang 30km vï̀ phña ₫öng băc
Đa Lat.
The place where I was born is a small village about 30km North-
East of Dalat.
Co nơi nao ma khöng co sư ₫au khö̉ khöng nhỉ?
Is there a place where there is no suffering?
We found the reason why the light went out.
The reason (why) she killed him is that she ran away with another
guy.

N (PERSON)

WHOSE
N (THING)

OF WHICH
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-232-
THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
Töi chưa bao giơ quïn cai năm ma me töi mết.
I’ve never forgotten the year (that) my mother died.
= my mother died in that year. (‘that’=O of ‘died’)
Me töi ₫i bươc nưa năm töi lïn 10.
My mother married again the year (that) I got 10.
= I got 10 the year my mother
Töi khöng thñch cai cach anh nhòn tònh ban.
I don’t like the way you look at friendship.
(you look at friend ship the way )
Töi khöng thñch cai cach anh ₫ö́i xư vơi vơ anh.

I don’t like the way you treat your wife.
THAT can not be omitted when emphasis
Chỉ ₫ḯn luc ₫o töi mơi nhên ra giưa chung ta khöng con gò nưa.
It was only then that I realized there is nothing left between us.
e. As the Modifier of the O of a Preposition
Mon qua nay danh cho ngươi ₫an ba ₫a cung töi chia ngot se bui
trong ₫ơi.
This is for the woman who has shared with me both joys and sor-
rows in this life.
Chung ta khöng thï̉ quy trach nhiïm cho lanh ₫ao vï̀ nhưng ₫iï̀u
kiïn ma ho khöng tao ra.
We can not
1
hold our leader responsible for the condition they had

THE YEAR

THAT
THE DAY

THAT
noun functions as adverb

IT [BE] ADVERBIAL EXPRESSION


that
1. HOLD [v-adj] hold responsible for sth * Parents will be held
responsible for their children’ s behaviour. * He is mentally
ill, he can not be held responsible for what he has done.

lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-233-
THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
not created.
Ngay luc ma chung töi nghĩ moi viïc ₫ï̀u ö̉n thoa thò John lai bo qua
phña bïn kia.
At the moment when we thought we had everything in order, Johm
went over to the other side.
Cuöc sö́ng nay chỉ sưa soan cho möt cuöc sö́ng khac vĩnh cưu hơn.
This life is a preparation for an eternal one, entrance to the happi-
ness of which is only possible by following certain rules of con-
duct.
Bưc thư la cua con trai töi, hiïn ₫ang sö́ng ơ My.
The letter is from my son, who is now living in the US.
The letter is from my son who is now living in the US.
Bưc tranh hiïn giơ ₫ang ơ phong bïn kia, nơi töi ra ₫ơi.
The painting is now in the other room, where I was born.
f. As the Modifier of the O of an Appositive
Chung töi chưa bao giơ quïn va se khöng bao giơ quïn mua ₫öng
năm ₫o, mua ₫öng ma chung töi phai ăn rï̃ cêy ₫ï̀ sö́ng.
We have never forgotten and will never forget that winter, the win-
ter when we had to eat plant roots to survive.
Anh co thưa mưa thư ma töi khöng co: tiï̀n bac, thư ma bêy giơ mua
cai gò cung ₫ươc kï̉ ca danh dư va phểm gia.
You have in abundance what I don’t have: money, which can buy
almost anything now, including honor and dignity.
Hên thu rết dï̃ phat sinh trong qua tim trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt va
thöng cam.
Hatred is very likely to arise in a heart which is empty of U&S.

, N

that
complete statement : N

that
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-234-
THE ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
Ban co cha me dï̃ thương luön chăm soc va lo lăng cho ban, ₫iï̀u la
giếc mơ cua nhiï̀u ngươi.
You have nice parents and they always take good care of you, which
is a dream for so many people.
Hay lam ₫iï̀u ban cho la ₫ung.
Do what you think is right.
Hay cươi ai ma em cam thếy yïu em nhết.
Marry which of them you feel loves you the most.
Hay cươi ngươi ma em cam thếy yïu em yïu nhết.
Marry which of them you feel you love the most.
Cö ta la cö gai ma töi cho la le ra UB ₫a nïn chon.
She’s the girl whom I think the committee should have chosen.
Cö ta la cö gai ma theo töi le ra ₫a nïn ₫ươc chon.
She is the girl who I think should have been chosen.
Đêy la nhưng mang văn hoa ma töi töi la hếp dễn ₫öñ vơi du kha
ch.
Thòs is an area of VN culture which I believe of great interest to for-
eign tourists.
The pronoun WHICH mainly used to refer to the IDEA
previously expressed; in this case, it’s always non-
defining, always functions as S and is always singular

in number.
clause = IDEA, which (S)
INTERPOLATED CLAUSE
These clauses are always defining and they are always
inserted into other clauses. The following verbs are
used in this kind of clause: FEEL, THINK, BELIEVE,
HOPE, EXPECT, SUGGEST, SUPPOSE etc.
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-235-
THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
g. Double Coordinating Relative Clause
Em ₫ang chơ möt ngươi thương em thêt long, nhưng cung săn sang
phï bònh em möt cach thêm tï khi cền.
I’m waiting for a man who really cares for me, but who is ready to
criticize me bitterly when necessary.
Chung ta cền möt ngươi co ₫u tiïu chuển cho cöng viïc va luön ₫ăt
quyï̀n lơi cua cöng ty lïn trïn quyï̀n lơi cua mònh.
We need a man who is qualified for the job and who always puts
the interest of the company before his own.
III. THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
The Adverbial Clause is a DC which functions as an adverb and
is used to modify a predicate, an adjective or an adverb. Some-
times, an Adverbial Clause is used absolutely.
A. THE INTRODUCTION OF THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
1. SIMPLE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Simple subordinating conjunctions introduces clauses of DC
such as ALTHOUGH, IF, UNLESS, BECAUSE, THAT,
1
SO
THAT, AS IF, EVEN IF, EVEN THOUGH etc.

Cha me thương hy sinh nhiï̀u thư ₫ï̉ con cai ₫ươc ₫ềy ₫u.
Parents normally make sacrifices of all sorts so that their children

N

wh / that wh / that
and
or
,
but
1. SO THAT When it expresses a purpose, there is no need
to use a comma; when it expresses a result, there must
be a comma to set it off.
lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause
-236-
THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
may have enough.
Dễu töi ngheo, tuy nhiïn töi vễn kiḯm sö́ng băng mö̀ höi nươc măt
cua chñnh mònh.
Though I’m poor, yet I always earn my living by my sweat and tears.
Vò bö́ cö ta thònh lònh chḯt ₫i, cho nïn cö ta ₫anh phai bo y ₫ịnh tiḯp
tuc ₫i du hoc ơ nươc ngoai.
Since her father died unexpectely, therefore she has to abandone
her idea of studying abroad.
Nḯu tương lai co thï̉ ₫oan ₫ươc, thò se khöng con ₫au khö̉ hay sung
sương gò nưa.
If the future were predictable, then there’d be no more happiness or
suffering.
2. INDEFINITE RELATIVE ADVERB
WHEN, WHENEVER, WHERE, WHEREVER, WHERE

NECESSARY, WHENEVER NECESSARY
Besides their functions of introducing a subordinate clause or
joining a subordinate clause to an indepedent clause, they
always have their own function in the clause or sentence in
which they appear.
Töi ₫ḯn khi nghe cö ta goi.
I came when I heard her call.
Töi se ₫ḯn bết cư luc nao anh cền töi.
I will come whenever you need me.
The PAIRS OF CORRELATIVE Subordinate Conjunc-
tions
DC MC
although , still
though , yet
since , therefore
if , then