Textbooks write English correctly_05 ppsx

lesson 5 - The Phrases
-105-
THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
V ALLOW; ASK; GIVE; TEACH; TELL
[P3]
Bao thăng ₫o ₫ưng vac măt ₫ḯn ₫êy nưa.
Tell that boy not to come here again!
Me a, day cho con lam thḯ nao ₫ï̉ chiï̀u möt ngươi ₫an öng.
Mother, show me how to please a man.
Cha me luön day chung töi ₫ưng kiḯm sö́ng băng lương gat.
Our parents always teach us not to make a living by fraud.
Cö ta yïu cều töi giư bñ mêt vï̀ chuyïn nay.
She asked me to keep this a secret.
Cö ta bao töi ₫ưng chơ anh.
She told me not to wait for you.
[P4]
Töi thếy bươc vao möt căn phong ₫ềy ngươi la möt cưc hònh.
I find it an ordeal to walk into a room full of people.
Töi cho co cha me dï̃ thương la ₫iï̀u ₫ai hanh.
I think it a blessing to have nice parents.
Töi cho răng sö́ng ơ möt thị trến nho la möt ₫iï̀u phñ hoai.
I think it a waste to live in a small town.
Töi thếy bo möt thoi quen xếu rết kho.
I find it very hard to give up a bad habit.
Chung töi tết ca ₫ï̀u cho viïc chḯt cho ly tương cöng san la möt vinh
dư.
We all believe it an honor to die for communist cause.
(c) As an SC
Ươc muö́n cuö́i cung cua bö́ töi la ₫ươc chön cết bïn canh me töi.
My father’s last wish is to be buried by my mother.

ASK SB (NOT) TO DO ST
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-106-
THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
Y ₫ịnh cua töi la ₫ươc tiḯp tuc viïc hoc ơ nươc ngoai.
My intention is to continue my studies abroad.
Quyḯt ₫ịnh cua chung töi la chơ chỉ dễn tiḯp theo.
Our decision is to wait for further instructions.
Hoai bao hiïn giơ cua hăn la trơ thanh möt nha văn nö̉i tiḯng.
His dream/vision at present is to become a well known writer.
Hoai bao cua ₫ưa con trai ut ho la trơ thanh möt phi hanh gia.
Their youngest son’s dream is to become an astronaut.
Kḯ hoach cua chung töi la chơ ₫ḯn tuền sau.
Our plan is to wait until next week.
Kḯ hoach cua töi la chơ ho ₫ḯn sau tḯt.
Our plan is to wait for them until after Tet.
Mö
t thết bai thöng thương la hanh ₫öng thiḯu suy nghĩ.
A common failing is to act without thinking.
(d) As an Object of a Preposition
Töi khöng con cach nao khac la cươi trư ma thöi.
I had no choice but to laugh away.
I could not choose but laugh it away.
Luc ₫o hăn khöng con lưa chon nao khac ngoai tư chưc.
He then had no choice but to resign.
He could not choose but resign.
Chung töi khöng lam gò khac ngoai tro chuyïn ra.
We did nothing but talk to each other.

HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO DO ST

CAN DO NOTHING BUT DO ST
CAN NOT CHOOSE BUT DO ST
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-107-
THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
BUT TO DO ST is a prepositional phrase func-
tions as an adjective which modifies such nouns
as: CHOICE, OPTION , ALTERNATIVE etc.
Honey, I don’t know why. But I prefer to dine out rather than
stay home tonight.
Höm nay töi thñch ơ nha chư khöng muö́n ₫i xem xi nï.
I prefer to stay home rather than go to the cinema tonight.
Chung töi lam moi biïn phap ngoai trư dung vu lưc.
We have done any measure except use force.
(e) As an Appositive
Tư trươc giơ no chỉ co möt muc ₫ñch trong ₫ơi: lam cang nhiï̀u tiï̀n
cang tö́t.
He has had only one objective in life: to make as much money
as possible.
Y ₫ịnh cua chung töi khiḯn ho trơ lai lam ban ₫a thết bai.
Our intention, to make them friends again, has been misunder-
stood/failed.
Kḯ hoach cua chñnh phu, xêy dưng möt ₫ương hềm qua söng giưa
Saigon va Thu Thiïm, hònh như găp nhiï̀u chö́ng ₫ö́i.
The plan of the city government, to build a tunnel between SG
and Thu Thiem, seems to have met with a lot of opposition.
Töi ₫a thết bai trong viïc thưc hiïn hoai bao duy nhết cua mònh: trơ
thanh nha văn chuyïn nghiï
p.
I’ve failed to achieve my only ambition in life: to become a pro-

fessional writer.

PREFER TO DO ST RATHER THAN DO ST ELSE
TO DO ANYTHING EXCEPT DO ST ELSE

AIM/OBJECTIVE/PLAN/INTENTION , IP
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-108-
THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
Töi biḯt töi ₫ang lam gò; töi khöng cền ₫ươc bao phai lam gò.
I know what I’m doing; I don’t need to be told what to do.
Chung töi ₫ươc day dö̃ khöng bao giơ ăn căp thư gò cua ai.
We are often taught to earn our living by working hard.
Chung töi ₫ươc chỉ cach vên hanh chiḯc may nay.
We were shown how to operate this machine.
Cö ta ₫ươc yïu cều hat bai hat.
She was asked to start/begin the song.
b. The Use of IP as an Adjective
(a) As the Modifier of a Noun
Möt ban gai ₫ï̉ ₫i chơi khöng phai la möt cö gai ₫ï̉ cươi.
A girl to go out with is not a girl to marry.
Tònh yïu la thư khöng thï̉ ₫ua giơn.
Love is something not to toy with.
Đêy khöng phai nơi ₫ï̉ sö́ng.
This is not a place to live in.
Töi khöng co gò ₫ï̉ noi.
I have nothing to say.
Töi cền phai mua săm trươc khi ₫i.
I have some shopping to do before I leave.
Töi co vai viïc phai giai quyḯt trươc khi ₫i.

I have a few things to settle before I leave.
TO TELL SB
TO ASK SB
TO TEACH SB
TO SHOW SB
TO ALLOW SB
(NOT/NEVER) TO DO ST (AGAIN)
WHAT TO DO / HOW TO DO ST
ST / TO DO ST
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-109-
THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
Chung ta phai cö́ găng lam thḯ giơi nay tö́t hơn ₫ï̉ ma sö́ng.
We must try to make this world a better place to live in.
Cuöc ₫ơi la möt dong söng khöng phai ₫ï̉ ngăm nhòn, ma ₫ï̉ bơi löi
trong ₫o.
Life is a river not to watch, but to swim in.
Nhưng thư ₫ang ₫ươc tranh ₫ếu ₫ï̉ danh lếy thò phai ₫ang.
Things to fight for worth fighting for.
Co möt thơi ₫ï̉ yïu va co möt thơi ₫ï̉ nhơ.
There are times to love and there are times to remember.
Em phai ₫anh may 3 bư
c thư nưa.
I’ve got 3 more letters to type.
Răng cai chuyïn anh lưa töi ₫a ro như ban ngay, anh con gò ₫ï̉ noi
khöng.
That you cheated me is as broad as daylight, have you got any-
thing else to say?
Ngay mai anh co lam gò khöng?
Have you got something to do tomorrow?

Khöng cền bên têm vï̀ chuyïn ₫o.
There is no need to worry about that.
Vến ₫ï̀ ₫a ₫ươc ban cai khöng liïn quan gò ₫ḯn anh.
The issue discussed has nothing to do with you.
Vến ₫ï̀ ₫ang ₫ươc ban cai khöng liïn quan gò ₫ḯn anh.
The issue under discussion has nothing to do with you.
Vến ₫ï̀ se ₫ươc ban cai khöng liïn quan gò ₫ḯn anh.
The issue to be discussed has nothing to do with you.
Anh ta ₫i ngu ma khöng co gò pha
i bên têm.
He went to bed without anything to worry.
(b) As the Modifier of a SC [P3 & P10]
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-110-
THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
V SEE, HEAR, WATCH, MAKE
Töi thếy ₫ưa be nay vao cưa tiïm nay 3 lền höm nay.
I’ve seen this boy entered this shop 3 times today.
Ngươi ta thếy ₫ưa be nay vao cưa tiïm nay 3 lền höm nay.
This boy was seen to enter this shop 3 times today.
Ngươi ta thếy khoi bö́c lïn tư phña sau tram xăng.
Smoke was seen to rise from behind the gas station.
Hăn ta bị ngươi ta thếy ₫ang ăn căp tui cua töi.
He was seen to stealing my purse.
Ngươi ta nghe anh phan nan rết nhiï̀u vï̀ töi. Anh phan vï̀ töi
chuyïn gò?
You have been heard to complain about me. What do you want
to complain about at all?
Ngươi ta nghe hăn dñnh dang tơi vu xò căng ₫an.
He was heard to involve in the scandal.

Albert Einstein ₫ươc chon la nhên vêt cua thḯ ky 20.
Albert Einstein was chosen to be the person of 20
th
century.
Cö ta hònh như ₫a thay ₫ö̉i y ₫ịnh cua mònh.
She seems to have changed her mind.

TO SEE SOMEBODY DO ST / DOING ST
SB [BE] SEEN TO DO ST / DOING ST
* TO INFI refers to the completion of the action
* INFI w/o TO refers to the continuity of the action

TO BE TO DO ST
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-111-
THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
This construction shows an arrangement or a hope in the future.
You are to be interviewed from 9:00 to 9:30 tomorrow.
Töi phai găp öng giam ₫ö́c luc 10 giơ sang mai.
I am to see my Manager about 10:00 am tomorrow.
The next flight to Hongkong is to take off at 10:55.
You are to be transferred to another department.
(c) As the Modifier of an OC [P4]
Lao chu băt chung töi lam viïc vö cung cưc nhoc.
The boss makes us work very hard.
Töi thếy anh ta rết dï̃ băt chuyïn.
I found him quite easy to talk to.
Töi nghĩ hoc săn săng hơp tac vơi chung ta.
I think them quite ready to cooperate with us.
Töi thếy tònh thḯ rết kho ₫ö́i pho.

We found the situation hard to cope with.
c. The Use of IP as an Adverb
(a) As the Modifier of an ADJECTIVE
In this case, the IP usually functions as the ADVERB OF PUR-
POSE.
A person anxious to achieve his or her purpose is likely to use any
mean, fair or foul.
Möt ngươi săn sang thết bai se dï̃ dang thanh cöng.
A person willing to lose is likely to win
Nhưng thư dï̃ ₫ḯn ₫ï̀u ₫ï̃ ₫i.
Things easy to come are easy to go.
ADJECTIVE IP (= adverbial expression)
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-112-
THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
Cưng a me anh kho tñnh qua.
Honey, your mother is hard to please.
Vến ₫ï̀ nay kho giai quyḯt qua.
This problem is hard to solve.
Möt ngươi co thï̉ vươt lïn chñnh mònh se co thï̉ vươt lïn trïn ngươi
khac.
A person able to rise above himself is able to rise above the
others.
Möt ke khöng thï̉ tï̀ gia thò khöng thï̉ trị quö́c.
A person unable to run his family is unable to run his country
Ai cung ₫au buö̀n khi thếy thơi thanh xuên cua mònh ra ₫i.
Everybody is unhappy to see his youth going away.
Long tö́t thưc sư thơi nay rết kho kiḯm.
True kindness of hear is hard to find these days.
Em băng long sö́ng vơi anh va chăm soc anh cho ₫ḯn khi anh qua

₫ơi.
I’m content to live with and take care of you until you die.
Langdon cam thếy ngươi chu nha nay khöng phai la ke
dï̃ dai.
Langdon sensed his host was a hard man to please.
(D.Brown, The Davinci Code)
(b) As the Modifier of a VERB, or rather a PREDICATE
As the modifier of the Predicate, the IP usually functions as an
ADVERB of PURPOSE.

PREDICATE IP (= adverbial expression)
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-113-
THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
Hăn co ve như ₫ang buöng tröi moi viïc.
He seems to let things go.
Cö ta co ve như ₫a hiï̉u lềm sư quan têm cua töi
She seemed to have mistaken my attention
Co ve như töi ₫a ₫ăt sai tònh yïu thương cua mònh.
I seemed to have misplaced my affection.
Hăn lếy cö ta ₫ï̉ lam vui long ba me hăn.
He married her to please his mother.
Ho phai ban nha ₫ï̉ tra nơ.
They had to sell their house to pay their debt.
Töi phai ₫ö̉i viïc ₫ï̉ lam vui long ba ma töi.
I had to change my job to please my parents
Chung ta phai hoc tö́t vơi chñnh mònh ₫ï̉ tö́t vơi ngươi khac.
We must learn to be kind to ourselves in order to be really kind
to others.
Chung ta phai ca

i tiḯn ca ky thuêt lễn thiḯt kḯ san phểm ₫ï̉ ban
chay hơn.
We must improve both the quality and the design of our prod-
ucts to sell them well.
Töi ₫a phai lam viïc vết va ₫ï̉ kiḯm sö́ng.
I have been working very hard to earn my living.
Đï̉ ban chay hơn, chung töi phai ha gia xuö́ng.
* The expression ‘IN ORDER TO DO ST’ is used when
emphasis is given to the ADVERB OF PURPOSE.
When both the purpose and result of the purpose is
emphasized, the expresion ‘SO AS TO DO ST’ or ‘SO
AS NOT TO DO ST’ is used; in other words, ‘NOT TO
DO ST’ is used when it functions as an adjective or as a
noun. When the sentence is long, the IP of purpose
occupies initial position.
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-114-
THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
To sell them well, we must try to lower our prices.
Đï̉ sö́ng hanh phuc, ngươi ta phai hiï̉u mònh la ai va mònh muö́n gò.
To live happily, one must understand that one really is and
what one really wishes for.
Cuö́i cung hăn cung ₫a co tiï̀n, quyï̀n lưc va danh tiḯng chỉ ₫ï̉ thếy
gia ₫ònh tan nat.
He finally achieve money, power and fame to find his family
shattered.
Ba muö́n sö́ng ₫ï̉ nhòn thếy cac con thanh gia thết va ö̉ng ₫ịnh trươc
khi ba nhăm măt.
I will live to see you married and settled before I die.
(c) As the Modifier of an ADVERB

I don’t love her enough to marry her.
She has been working hard enough to be given a rise.
Don’t worry too much about her. She is old enough to take care of
herself / to decide for her self / to stand on her own feet.
She is experienced enough to deal with this situation.
She is too young to decide for herself.
I am too old to marry again.
The distance is too far to walk.
Honey, your mother is too difficult to please.
The IP is sometimes used as an ADVERB of
RESULT, especially with the use of the infinitives
SEE or FIND.
TOO / ENOUGH IP
TOO + ADV / ADJ / UN’s / CN’s + IP
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-115-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
He left too quickly to obtain a clear view of the situation.
He is too young to be entrusted with the post.
We are too tired to go any further.
Your mistake is too obvious to overlook.
We were not close enough to identify them.
I think I don’t love her enough to suffer.
d. The Use of IP as ABSOLUTE
In this case, the IP functions as an absolute expression and has
no grammatical function in the statement in which it appears. In
other words, it does not modify any word at all. Instead, it gov-
erns the whole idea or statement, and normally expresses the
speaker’s or the writer’s attitude towards what is being spoken
or what is being written and usually occupies the initial posi-

tion. Sometimes, it occupies in middle position, normally after
the subject of the sentence. TO BE HONEST, TO BE FAIR, TO
BE FRANK, TO BE SURE, TO TELL THE TRUTH, TO SUM
UP, TO SAY THE LEAST etc.
To be frank, I don’t like your boyfriend at all; he’s a bit talkative.
He has been, to be fair, of great help to us.
To sum up, she doesn’t love me enough for me to marry her.
My house, to be sure, can not compare with yours.
Life, to be fair, neither mean to any one nor kind to any one.
III. THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
A. THE PARTICIPLE
1. WHAT IS A PARTICIPLE?
The Participle is a verb form that may be used as an adjective to
modify a noun, a pronoun or a noun equivalent. There are two
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-116-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
forms of the participle: the present participle and the past parti-
ciple.
The Present Participle is formed by adding ING to a verb.
BE BEING
DO DOING
The Past Participle is formed in various ways:
STUDY STUDIED
HEAR HEARD
FEEL FELT
KNOW KNOWN
GROW GROWN
The Perfect Participle
HAVING DONE

HAVING TALKED TO SOMEBODY
HAVING BEEN THERE SEVERAL TIMES
HAVING BEEN DECIDED BY SOMEBODY
2. WHAT IS THE USE OF PARTICIPLE?
The participle is used as an adjective. Many present participles
and past participles are used as attributive adjectives or apposi-
tive adjectives. Only a number of them can be used as predica-
tive adjectives.
As an adjective, the present participle is normally active in
meaning and the past participle is passive in meaning.
a. The Use of the Participle as an Attributive Adjective
In this case, the participle normally comes before the noun it
modifies.
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-117-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Chung ta la möt nươc ₫ang phat triï̉n.
We are a developing country.
Cho sua thò khöng căn.
Barking dogs wont bite.
Nha nươc ₫ang cö́ găng tòm ra giai phap ₫ï̉ xư ly sư cach biït ngay
cang lơn giưa ngươi giau va ngheo.
The government is trying to find a solution/measure to cope with
the widening gap between the rich and the poor.
Nan thết nghiïp co thï̉ la nguyïn nhên cua tònh trang töi pham gia
tăng.
Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate.
Cö ta co möt nu cươi lam say ₫ăm long ngươi.
She has a charming/winning smile.

Đêy la möt trong nhưng cuö́n sach hay nhết vï̀ ₫ï̀ tai nay.
This is one of the most interesting book on this subject.
Thơi trang ₫ang thay
₫ö̉i vơi tö́c ₫ö chong măt.
Fashion are changing with bewildering/confusing rapidity.
Nang nem cho töi möt cai nhòn cö̉ vu.
She gave me an encouraging/discouraging look.
Nươc chay thò bao giơ cung trong.
Running water is always clear.
Trong ngươi töi như co lưa thiïu ₫ö́t.
It was like a burning fire in my bone.
Chu nhêt tơi la sinh nhêt cua cö ếy.
This coming Sunday is her birthday.
PAST PARTICIPLE
Sö́ du khach bị băt coc ₫a ₫ươc tra tư do ngay höm qua.
The kidnapped tourists were set free yesterday.
Chung ta phai cö́ găng ₫ï̉ bu vao thơi gian ₫a mết.
We must try to make up for the lost time.
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-118-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
Thơi gian bu thïm la 2 phut.
The added time is 2 minutes.
Thơi gian cho phep la 2 giơ.
The time allowed is half an hour.
The allowed time…
Cö ta hònh như ₫ang cö́ găng băt lai thơi tuö̉i tre ₫a mết ₫i.
She seems to be trying to recapture her lost youth.
Thưc sư chung ta ₫ang ₫anh möt trên ma chung ta ₫a thua.
In fact, we are fighting a lost fight.

Dư an nay nhăm giup ₫ơ nhưng gia ₫ònh co thu nhêp thếp.
This project is intended to help families with limited incomes.
Nḯu nhưng giếc mơ chḯt ₫i thò cuöc ₫ơi se chỉ la nhưng con chim co
₫öi canh gay.
If dreams die, life is only a bird with broken wings.
Töi thê
́y mònh ₫ang lang thang trïn bai biï̉n ₫a văng ngươi.
I found myself wandering about on the almost deserted beach.
Chung töi găp nhau ₫ung giơ ₫a ₫ịnh.
We met at the appointed time.
Đêy la gia trị ₫uơc nhiï̀u ngươi ưa thñch.
This is what to be valued.
Sư tö́t bung thưc sư khöng con la möt gia trị ma ngươi ta ưa thñch
nưa.
True kindness of heart seems no longer to be valued.
Quyï̀n lơi cua giai cếp thö́ng trị va giai cếp bị thö́ng trị luön xung
khăc nhau. Va ₫êy la möt chên ly.
The interest of the governing class and the governed class are
always in a conflict. And this is a truth.
Nhưng ngươ
i bị thương bị bo chay mau cho ₫ḯn chḯt.
The wounded people were left bleeding to death.
Trïn gương măt ba me co ve tuyït vong.
There was a disappointed look on his mothers face.
Chị la möt ₫ưa con ₫ươc bö́ me thương yïu: con muö́n gò nưa.
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-119-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
You are a loved daughter: what else do you want.
Ve be bang hiïn ra trïn gương măt gềy go cua hăn.

A humiliated look came over his bony face.
GERUND
A fishing village
Trading Center
Dining room.
Meeting room
But
PARTICIPLE
The rising sun
the sun that is rising (participle)
Cai hö̀ la möt tuyït tac trong buö̉i chiï̀u ta.
The lake was a vision in the setting sun.
PARTICIPLE
The waiting bus is about 100 km away.
The bus that is waiting
We are waiting for the bus.
(progressive tense)
GERUND
The waiting room is about 300m2 in area.
Don’t ever mistake a present participle for a gerund
which also functions as an adjective. A gerund
normally refers to the use or activity of the thing
indicated by the noun it modifies.
1
The Present Participle is also used for forming pro-
gressive tense.
2
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-120-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE

Simple Past Tense
I lost my heart to San Francisco.
Present Perfect Tense
You have fallen for her.
b. As a Predicative Adjective
SC Present Participle or Past Participle
Đơi sö́ng ơ tỉnh nho thêt la buö̀n chan.
Life in a small town is normally boring.
Thònh lònh, khöng khñ trong gia ₫ònh trơ nïn ngöt ngat.
Suddenly, the atmosphere in the family came suffocating/stiffing.
Kḯt qua bều cư rết phến khơi.
The results of the election are quite delighting.
Khöng khñ biï̉n thương sang khoai.
The sea air is normally refreshing.
Sư thanh cöng cua ₫öi chung ta rết ₫ang ngac nhiïn.
The success of our teams is surprising.
Sư thết bai cua chung ta thêt ₫ang xếu hö̉.
Our defeat is quite humiliating.
Tin tưc lam ngươi ta nan chñ.
The news is quite discouraging/ disheartening.
Past participle = ADJ=SC
Sao tröng anh chan nan thḯ?
Why do you look so bored?
The Past Participle is also used to form various
verb tenses.
3

P: V SC
M
M

s
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-121-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
Cö ta rết bưc mònh vò khöng ₫ươc chon.
She was very disappointed not to have been chosen.
Cö ta cam thếy bị tö̉n thương vò khöng ₫ươc mơi.
She felt hurted not have been invited.
Töi ₫a chan ngếy lö́i sö́ng nay rö̀i.
I’m bored to death with this way of living.
Nhưng ngay thang ma ta hanh phuc bïn nhau nay khöng con nưa.
The days we enjoyed being together are now gone.
Xḯp tröng rết bưc mònh.
The boss looks very annoyed.
Giếc mơ cua hăn tan tanh.
His dream was shattered.
c. As an OC
OC Present Participle or Past Participle
Töi thếy ban trai cua chị ₫ang chan.
To be frank, I find your boyfriend so boring.
Nhiï̀u ngươi nghĩ cuöc sö́ng ơ xư sơ nay ₫ang chan.
Many people think life in this country very boring.
Sau cung hăn thếy moi hy vong ₫ï̀u tan biḯn mết.
Finally, he found his hopes gone.
Sau cung hăn nhên thếy moi niï̀m tin cua nang ₫ăt nơi hăn ₫a tan
biḯn.
Finally, he found her faith in him gone.
Möt ngay nao ₫o chị se thếy mònh bị vơ möng.
Some day you will find yourself disillusioned.
Pattern 4A

S
P: V O OC
M
M
P4
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-122-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
Töi nghĩ ngay nao cung lam möt thư chuyïn thò chan chḯt.
I think it boring to do the same thing dayafter day.
Töi nghĩ sö́ng möt cuöc sö́ng ₫a dang thêt thu vị.
I think it interesting to live a life full of variety.
Töi thếy sö́ng möt cuöc sö́ng khöng muc ₫ñch thò ₫ang xếu hö̉.
I think it humiliating to live a life without purpose.
NOTE There are only a number of verbs the present participle and the
past participle of which can be used both attributively and pred-
icatively such as: AMAZE, ANNOY, ASTONISH, DELIGHT,
DISAPPOINT, DISCOURAGE, DISHEARTEN, DISTURB,
BEWITCH, BORE, ENCHARM, ENCOURAGE, EXCITE,
FASCINATE, FRIGHTEN, HORRIFY, HUMILIATE, INVIG-
ORATE, INVITE, IRRIITATE, INTEREST, PLEASE, PUZ-
ZLE, REFRESH, STIFFLE,SUFFOCATE, SURPRISE,
TERRIFY.
Many participles are made adverbs by adding ‘LY’ to them.
Remember that they are active in meaning.
Lơi ₫ï̀ nghị cua ho thêt hếp dễn.
Their offer is very inviting.
Khöng khñ buö̉i sang thương mat me möt cach ₫ềy sang khoai.
The morning air is normally refreshingly cool.
Thoat ₫ều ban co thï̉ thếy cuöc sö́ng nơi ₫êy mơi la möt cach ₫ềy

hếp dễn; nhưng sau möt thơi gian ban se thếy no buö̀n chan như
moi nơi khac.
At first, you may find life here fascinating novel; but afterwards you
may find it as boring as any where else.
Khoa hoc ky thuêt ₫a co nhưng tiḯn bö vươt bưc trong thḯ ky 20.
The Science and Technology made amazingly quick progress in the
20th century.
S
M
P: V IT OC
trueO
M
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-123-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
Nươc trong hö̀ tröng mat me möt cach ₫ềy mơi moc.
The water in the lake looks so invitingly cool.
Đöi möi nang ₫o mong möt cach ₫ềy mơi moc.
Her lips are invitingly rose.
d. As an Appositive Adjective
In this case, the participle only gives more information to the
word it refers to. In other words, it is non-defining and must be
set off. It usually gives more information to the Subject of the
sentence.
(a) The Subject of a Sentence is a Noun
In this case, the participle may follow or precede the subject on
the following conditions:
1. There must be at least two single participles combined
together.
2. or a single participle must be modified by an adver-

bial phrase or clause.
Initial Position
Thanh thêt va tö́t bung, bö́ töi co möt sö́ ban tö́t trong ₫ơi.
Honest and kindhearted, my father had a few good friends in life.
Đươc cö̉ vu bơi thềy giao cua no, Bob ₫a mau chong ₫at ₫ươc ₫iï̉m
tö́t.
Encouraged by his teacher, Bob soon made good grades.
Bị vươt tröi vï̀ cach chơi, ₫öi cua chung ta thua ₫êm.
Outweighted and outplayed, our team lost a big score.
Tềm voc thếp va khoe manh, Jacob la möt ngươi hương nöi, toan bö
têm hö̀n anh ta ₫ươc cö́ng hiḯn cho viïc nghiïn cưu sach vơ.
Short and sturdy, Jacob was by temperament an introvert, his whole
ADJECTIVE + ADVERBIAL EXRESSION
ADJECTIVE 1 + ADJECTIVE 2
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-124-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
being dedicated to bookish research.
Middle position
Bö́ töi, thanh thêt va tö́t bung, co möt sö́ ban tö́t trong ₫ơi.
My father, honest and kindhearted, had a few good friends in life.
Bob, ₫ươc cö̉ vu bơi giao viïn cua no, ₫a mau chong ₫at ₫ươc ₫iï̉m
tö́t.
Bob, encouraged by his teacher, soon made good grades.
Jacob, tềm voc thếp va khoe manh, la möt ngươi hương nöi, toan bö
têm hö̀n anh ₫ươc cö́ng hiḯn vao viïc nghiïn cưu sach vơ.
Jacob, short and sturdy, was an introvert by temperament, his whole
being dedicated to bookish research.
Chiḯc ao khoac, bac mau va ta tơi , la vêt sơ hưu duy nhết cua ga.
The coat, faded and torn, was his only possesion.

(b) The Subject of a Sentence is a Pronoun
In this case, the combined or single participle modified by an
adverbial phrase or clause always comes before the subject of
the sentence.
Encouraged by his teacher, he, soon made good grades.
B. THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
1. WHAT IS A PARTICIPLE PHRASE?
A participle phrase is a syntactic unit which consists of a parti-
ciple and any compliment(s) or modifier(s) it may take. A parti-
ciple phrase always functions as an adjective. In other words, a
participle phrase, like a single adjective, can be defining or non-
defining.
ADJECTIVE + adverbial exression
ADJECTIVE 1 + ADJECTIVE 2
S = N ,
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-125-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
C. WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON PARTICIPLE PHRASE?
The boy standing by the window is her new boyfriend.
(pp= attributive adjective, present, active)
The question being discussed has nothing to do with you.
(pp= attributive adjective, present, passive)
Having looked carefully in every direction, the old woman ventured
to cross the street.
(pp= appositive adjective, present perfect, active)
Having been warned, the man was sent on the journey.
(pp= appositive adjective, present perfect, active)
1. WHAT ARE THE USES OF THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE?
a. The Use of the Participle Phrase as a Defining Adjective

(Attributive Adjective)
In this case, a participle phrase always follows the noun or pro-
noun it modifies and must not be set off. In other words, if the
phrase is removed, the meaning of the noun or pronoun it modi-
fies will be destroyed.
Besides, it should be remembered that when the phrase is
present participle, the action expressed by it is at the same time
as or immediately
before or after the action expressed by the
governing verbs. And when the phrase is past participle, the
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE

Active
Passive
Perfect
PresentPerfect
Present
doing
reading
Having read
Having done
Being done
Being read Having been read
Having been done
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-126-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
action expressed by it is always completed before the action
expressed by the governing verb.
Töi thếy ₫ưa be ₫ang ₫ưng ơ cö̉ng khi töi vï̀.

I saw the child standing at the gate when I left.
Cuö́n sach cua hăn ₫ï̀ cêp tơi möt sö́ vến ₫ï̀ lơn ma chñnh phu hiïn
₫ang phai ₫ö́i ₫ều.
His book covers a number of major problems facing our government
at present.
Bết ky ₫öi bong nao thua trong bết ky vong nao trư vong chung kḯt
se phai vï̀ nươc trong vong 24 tiḯng.
b. The Use of the Participle Phrase as Non-Defining Adjective
(Appositive Adjective)
In this case, a participle phrase only gives more information to
the noun or pronoun it refers to. The phrase must be set off. In
other words, it may be omitted without any destruction to the
grammar/syntax of the sentence in which it appears.
When the phrase refers to the subject of a sentence, it may
occupy different positions depend on the subject is a noun a or a
pronoun and depend on the logic of each situation.
2. HOW TO MAKE THE PHRASE NEGATIVE?
A participle phrase is made negative by using NOT infront.
Pay attention to the following construction.
Sunlight came streaming through the window.
the rest of the sentence.
PP, S
+
the rest of the sentence.
S, PP
,
the rest of the sentence
, PP.
S
+

lesson 5 - The Phrases
-127-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
Khöng nhên thếy Alice ₫a nö̉i giên, chang trai tiḯp tuc leo ₫eo theo
sau nang trïn phö́.
Not realizing how angry Alice was becoming, the young man contin-
ued following her along in the street.
Chưa ₫oc cuö́n sach ma anh ₫ang noi tơi, töi sơ mònh khöng thï̉ ₫ưa
ra y kiḯn nao ca.
Not having read the book you are talking about, I’m afraid that I’m
unable to give any opinion about it.
Chưa nhòn ky moi hương, ba gia ₫a băng qua ₫ương.
Not having looked every direction, the old lady ventured to cross the
street.
The boy standing at the gate is my son.
(attributive)
Living in Saigon, we must sometimes miss a vast expanse of open
country.
(appositive)
The gentleman looking out at the windows is his father.
NOT
+
participle phrase
The PP always functions as an adjective. It may be
defining (attritbutive) or non-defining (appositive).
When functions as an attributive adjective, it defies or
limits the noun it refers to; when it functions as
appositive adjective, it only gives more information to
the noun it refers to.
1

Attributive PP must follow the noun or the pronoun
they modified or qualified, and they must not be set
off.
2
lesson 5 - The Phrases
-128-
THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE
(attributive)
The girl talking with Mary is John’s new girl friend.
(attributive)
Nala, talking with my mother, is John’s friend.
(appositive)
3. THE DIFFERENT USES OF THE PP
a. The Use of PP as SC
The children come running into the house.
The dog came running to meet me.
Sunlight came streaming through the window.
When the phrase functions as an appositive modifier, it may
have different positions:
(a) Subject is a Noun
Depend on the context, there are three positions as below:
(i) The Initial Position
Standing at the corner of the street, the detective watches the
woman moving in her bed room.
(ii) The Middle Position
Appositive PP may occupy different positions, depend-
ing on each context, and it must be set off. In other
words, it may be omitted without any serious damage
done to the grammaticial construction of the sentence
in which it appears.

3
PP,
S (noun) + the rest of the sentence