Textbooks write English correctly_04 pptx

lesson 5 - The Phrases
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HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND COMPONENT OF A SENTENCE
lesson 5
The Phrases
1 The Prepositional Phrase
2 The Infinitive Phrase
3 The Participle Phrase
4 The Gerund Phrase
5 The Nominative Absolute Phrase
lesson 5 - The Phrases
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
WHAT IS A PHRASE?
A phrase is syntactic unit consisting of a group of related words
which does not contain a subject and a predicate and which
functions as a part of speech.
How many phrases are there?
There are five kinds of phrases:
1. The Prepositional Phrase
2. The Infinitive Phrase
3. The Participle Phrase
4. The Gerund Phrase
5. The Nominative Absolute Phrase
I. THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
A. THE PREPOSITION
1. WHAT IS A PREPOSITION?
The preposition is an expression that governs a noun, a pronoun
or a noun equivalent in the objective case and joins it to some
other elements in the sentence in which it appears. This noun,
pronoun noun equivalent is called the OBJECT OF THE PREP-

OSITION.
2. HOW MANY KINDS OF PREPOSITION ARE THERE?
There are two kinds of preposition:
(1) SIMPLE PREPOSITION
(2) COMPOUND/PHRASAL PREPOSITION
A simple preposition consists of only one word: AT, ALONG,
ACROSS, AMONG, AGAINST, BESIDE, BETWEEN, FOR,
FROM, INTO, TO, OF, UNDER, WITH, WITHIN, WITHOUT
etc.
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
A compound preposition consists at least two words:
APART FROM, AT BACK OF, AS TO, BECAUSE OF, BY
MEANS OF, BY WAYS OF, DUE TO, IN FRONT OF,
INSTEAD OF, IN VIEW OF, NEXT TO, ON ACCOUNT OF,
REGARDED OF, THANK TO, WITH RESPECT TO, WITH
REGARD TO, etc.
3. WHAT OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH MAY BE USED AS PREP-
OSITION?
(a) A few conjunction, chiefly conjunction of time, may
be used as prepositions: SINCE, UNTIL, BEFORE,
AFTER, WHILE, WHEN
Cö ta ơ vơi ba dò tư ngay me cö ta mết.
X She has lived with her aunt since her mother died.
Chung töi la hai ngươi ban thên tư thơi trung hoc.
X We have been close friends since high school.
Ho ra ₫i vao thang 4 năm 75, va tư ₫o ₫ḯn nay chung töi khöng con
nghe tin gò cua ho ca.
X They left in April 1975, and since then we haven’t heard of/

from them again.
Tư sang tơi giơ töi chưa co gò trong bung hḯt.
X I haven’t had nothing in my stomach since early morning.
Töi ơ lai vơi ho cho ₫ḯn sau giang sinh.
X I stayed with them until after Christmas.
Em se chơ cho ₫ḯn khi anh vï̀.
X I will wait until you are back
Töi chơ cö ta cho ₫ḯn nưa ₫ïm.
X I waited for her until midnight.
(b) ADVERBIAL PARTICLES may be used as preposi-
tions: ON/OFF, UP/DOWN, IN/OUT, ABOUT,
AROUND, THROUGH, OVER
Bo giay ra.
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
X Take your shoes off.
Take off your shoes.
X Take them off.
Anh ta nga ngưa va bị gay cö̉.
X He fell off the horse and broke his neck.
Lam ơn tăt hḯt ₫en va quat trươc khi rơi phong.
X Please switch off the lights and fans before leaving the room.
Viïn phến tư tư rơi khoi ban.
X The chalk ran slowly off the desk.
Bo tay anh ra khoi vai töi.
X Take your hand off my shoulder!
(c) A few PARTICIPLES, chiefly present participles,
may be used as prepositions: ACCORDING TO,
REGARDING, CONCERNING, CONSIDERING,

EXCLUDING, INCLUDING, EXCEPTING, FOL-
LOWING (as), OWING TO, WANTING (without)
etc.
Thiḯu sư chên thêt thò khöng co tònh ban thưc sư.
X Wanting honesty true friendship is impossible.
Theo sau quyḯt ₫ịnh cua toa an, bao ₫öng ₫a xay ra nhiï̀u nơi ơ tiï̉u
bang California.
X Following the decision of the court, violence erupted/broke out
in many places in California.
Thanh cöng cua hăn la nhơ ơ may măn hơn la kha năng thưc sư.
X His success is owing to his good luck rather than his ability.
Gia cua TV la 400 ₫ö, kï̉ ca gia trị gia tăng.
X The TV set costs $400, including VAT.
B. THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
1. WHAT IS A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE?
The prepositional phrase is a syntactic unit consisting of a prep-
osition followed by a noun, a pronoun or a noun equivalent as
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
its object and functioning as a noun, as an adjective, an adverb
or sometimes as an absolute expression.
The object of the preposition may be a:
a. Preposition (simple or compound)
b. Conjunction used as preposition
c. Present participle (simple or compound)
d. Adverbial particle
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A PREPOSITION
O of a Preposition = N
Anh chang ₫ưng canh cưa sö̉ la ban trai mơi cua cö ta.

X The boy standing by the window is her new boyfriend.
Mon qua nay danh cho ngươi ₫an ba ₫a cung töi chia xe ngot bui
trong cuöc ₫ơi khö́n nan nay.
X This (gift) is for the woman who has shared with me both joy
and sorrow in this damn life.
O of a Preposition = proN
Đa co nhiï̀u mết mat giưa töi va cö ta.
X There are so many things lost between her and me.
Hònh như ₫a co chut hiï̉u lềm giưa chung ta.
X There seems to have been some misunderstanding between us.
Con nïn nghĩ ₫ḯn ngươi khac nhiï̀u hơn; con nghĩ ₫ḯn mònh nhiï̀u
qua.
You should start thinking more of others; you have been think-
ing too muchof
yourself.
O of a Preposition = N-Equi

Preposition

The O of the Preposition
M
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Chung töi chưa găp lai nhau tư sau ₫ö Giang Sinh.
X We haven’t met again since after Christmas.
Cö ta bo ₫i ma khöng tư gia chung töi.
X She left without saying goodbye to us.
Hăn thñch trïu choc ngươi khac.
X He’s fond of teasing people.

Vến ₫ï̀ lam thḯ nao ₫ï̉ gêy quy cho dư an se ₫ươc thao luên chiï̀u
nay.
X The question of how to raise enough fund for the project will be
discussedthis afternoon.
Em sơ ₫iï̀u anh sơ va em thñch ₫iï̀u anh thñch.
X I’m afraid of what you are afraid of, and I’m interested in what
you are interested in.
a. What Other Part of Speech May Function as the Object of a
Preposition?
(a) In as much as an adjective may function as a noun, it
may function as object of preposition.
Me Teresa suö́t ₫ơi la ban cua nhưng ngươi cung cưc va ngươi ₫au
khö̉.
X Mother Teresa was a friend of the needies and the miserables
all her life.
Mưa rơi ₫ï̀u trïn nhưng ngươi ngheo cung như ngươi giau.
X Rain falls upon the poor and the rich alike.
Hö́ sêu giưa ngươi giau va ngươi ngheo hònh như ngay cang sêu.
X The gap between the rich and the poor seems to be getting
wider and wider.
Chung ta nïn hö̃ trơ ngươi neo ₫ơn.
We should extend our help to
the helpless.
(b) In as much as an adverb may function as a noun, it
may function as object of preposition.
Bêy giơ dươi ếy la mua găt phai khöng?
It is harvest time down
there, isn’t it?
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Đêy ₫i Đa lat bao xa?
X How far is it from here to Dalat?
Tư ₫êy ₫i Đa lat khoang 6 tiḯng ₫i xe.
X It is about 6 hours driving from here to Dalat.
Ho ra ₫i vao thang 4 năm 75.
X They left in April 1975, and since then we haven’t heard of
them again.
Trong nay trơi nong như ₫iïn, ơ ngoai ếy thò sao?
X It’s hot like hell down here. what is it like up there?
Ngoai kia năng lïn rưc rơ; tai sao em ngö̀i trong nay khoc than?
X The sun is shinning out there; why are you sitting in here
weeping like that?
(c) A noun in the possessive case can be used as object
of preposition.
Ho cươi nhau ơ nha thơ St. Domain.
X They were married at St. Domain’s.
Töi găp hăn ta lền ₫ều ơ nha hang Maxim.
X I first met him at Maxim’s.
Töi mua cai vñ nay ơ P&T.
X I bought this purse at P&T’s.
2. THE DIFFERENT USES OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
As a syntactic unit, the prepositional phrase usually functions as
an adjective, as an adverb or as a noun. It also sometimes used
as an absolute expression.
a. The Prepositional Phrase Used as a Noun
(a) As the Subject of a Sentence.
Sau giơ lam viïc thò thuên tiïn cho moi ngươi.
X After work is convenient for everyone.
Tư thư hai ₫ḯn thư sau la möt sư chơ ₫ơi kha dai.

X From Monday to Friday is a long wait.
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Dươi bong cêy nay thương la nơi chung töi chơi ₫ua vơi nhau.
X Under this tree used to be the place where we would play
together.
Bïn canh dong suö́i thương la nơi căm trai ly tương.
X By the stream is an ideal place for camping.
Khoang giưa thang năm la thơi gian tö́t nhết ₫ï̉ trö̀ng băp
X About the middle of May is the best time to plant corn.
(b) As the Object of a Verb
In this case, it normally appears in pattern 4.
X I consider at lunch convenient for everyone.
(c) As the Object of a Preposition
Chung töi chưa găp lai nhau tư sau tḯt tơi nay.
X We haven’t met since after Tet.
Măt trăng tư tư nhö lïn sau răng tre.
X The moon is rising slowly from behind the bamboos.
Töi ₫ơi cö ta cho ₫ḯn sau nưa ₫ïm.
X I waited for her until after midnight.
Tiḯng cho sua vu vơ vong lai tư bïn kia söng.
X The vague barking of a dog came from across the river.
Cu gia keo möt chiḯc rương nho ra tư giương.
X The old man pulled out a small box from under the bed.
Töi thếy khoi bö́c lïn tư sau tram xăng.
X I saw smoke rising from behind the gas station.
Tiḯng ₫öng văng lai tư sau nha.
The noise came from
behind the house.

Töi lăng nghe tiḯng noi tư bïn trong töi.
I listened to that voice from
within me.
(d) As the Subjective Complement (SC)
X The best time to plant corn is about the middle of May.
X The time that is convenient for everyone is at lunch.
X An ideal place for camping is by a stream.
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
(e) As an Appositive
Thơi gian ₫ươc chon, vao bưa com trưa thò khöng thuên tiïn cho moi
ngươi.
X The chosen time, at lunch, is convenient for everyone.
Co möt nơi ma hên thu rết dï̃ phat sinh: trong möt qua tim trö́ng
văng sư hiï̉u biet va thöng cam.
X There is one place where hatred is likely to arise: in a heart
void of U & S.
b. The Use of the Prepositional Phrase as an Adverb
An adverb is a word that usually modifies (a) an adjective (b)
a verb (c) another adverb
(a) Modifier of an Adjective
Möt qua tim trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt va thöng cam thò khöng khac gò
möt căn nguc ₫en tö́i
X A heart vacant of U & S is only a dark prison cell.
Trai tim cua cö ta, trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt thöng cam, thò chỉ la möt
căn nguc ₫en tö́i.
X Her heart, empty of U & S, is only a dark prison cell.
Möt ngươi thñch tiï̀n se ₫au khö̉ vò tiï̀n.
X A person interested in money is likely to suffer because of

money.
Töi sung sương vơi nhưng gò töi ₫ang co.
X I’m happy with what I have.
Töi man nguyïn vï̀ cac con cua töi.
X I’m happy about my children.
Öng chu rết bưc böi vï̀ chuyïn xay ra.
X The boss is very unhappy about what has happened.
Töi mưng cho chị.
X I’m happy for you.
Dĩ nhiïn, em yïu nhưng gò anh yïu, va em sơ nhưng gò anh sơ.
X Of course, I’m interested in what you are interested in, and I’m
afraid of what you are afraid of.
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
(b) Modifier of a Verb or a Predicate
Modifier may be a phrase or a clause.
• Phrase: GP/IP/PP
• Clause: that cls/how cls/Wh cls
Cö ếy lai xe ₫i lam khi chö̀ng bị bïnh.
X She drives to work when her husband is ill.
Chung töi chưa găp lai nhau tư năm 75 ₫ḯn nay,
X We haven’t met since 1975.
Sai gon ₫a thay ₫ö̉i nhiï̀u lăm trong 10 năm qua.
X SG has changed a lot in the past 10 years.
Cö ếy lai xe ₫ưa con ₫i hoc khi chö̀ng ö́m
X She drives the children to school when her husband is ill.
Chung töi mua căn nha nay tư năm 1982.
X We bought this house in 1982.
Chung töi tö́t nghiïp ₫ai hoc vao thang 4 năm 98.

We finished college in April, 1998.
Hăn noi băng möt giong buö̀n ba răng hăn phai tư bo y ₫ịnh hoc lïn
₫ai hoc.
X We said in gloomy voice that he had to give up the idea of
going to college.
Con gai töi ₫a phan nan töi vï̀ viïc ₫a khöng cöng băng vơi no.
My daughter has blamed me for not being fair to her.
Cam ơn anh ₫a cết cöng giup ₫ơ con gai töi.

S
P: V
M
M
P1

S
P: V O
M
M
P2
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
X Thank you so much for having taken (time) trouble to help my
daughter.
Con gai töi cho töi möt cai höp thuö́c va möt cai höp quet vao ngay
sinh nhêt thư 56 cua töi.
X My daughter gave me a cigarette case and a lighter for my 56th
birthday.
Ngay xưa ngay xưa, co möt lao ngư öng sö́ng vơi ₫ưa con gai ₫öc

nhết bïn canh dong söng.
X Once upon a time, there lived an old fisherman with his daugh-
ter by the river.
Bö́ cua hăn bị chḯt trong WWII.
X His father was killed in the WWII [P8]
(c) Modifier of Another Adverb
Cö ta khöng yïu töi ₫u ₫ï̉ töi cươi cö ta
X She doesn’t love me enough for me to marry her.
Cö ta ₫a phến ₫ếu ₫u ₫ï̉ tăng lương cho cö ta.
X She has been working hard enough for us to give her promo-
tion.
Me a, öng ta qua gia ₫ï̉ con lếy öng ta.
Mother, he’s too
old for me to marry.
Qua nong ₫ï̉ chung ta co thï̉ lam viïc trong ₫o.
It’s too hot
for us to work in.
Cö ta qua ₫ep ₫ï̉ hăn co thï̉ quïn ₫i.
She is too
beautiful for him to forget.
Hăn qua ngao man ₫ï̉ ho co thï̉ tha thư

S
P: V O1 O2
M
M
P3

ADJ + ENOUGH/TOO FOR SB TO DO ST
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
He is too arrogant for them to forgive.
c. The Use of Prepositional Phrase as an Adjective
(a) Modifier of a N
M phrase: PP, IP, GP
clause: that/wh/how
Möt cuöc sö́ng khöng muc ₫ñch la möt con thuyï̀n khöng bḯn ₫êu.
X A life without a purpose is a boat without a landing place.
Möt ngay khöng hoc la möt ngay mết ₫i.
X A day without learning is a day lost.
Nhưng tơ bao thơi trang ơ sg ₫a chon cö ta la ngươi mễu trong năm.
X The fashion magazines in Sai Gon has chosen her as the model
of the year.
Töi se khöng lếy möt ngươi ₫an öng khöng co cao vong.
I will never marry a man without ambition.
Cö̉ng thiïn ₫ang ơ ₫êu?
Where is the gate
of Heaven?
Khöng co ai ơ gền, cö ta cam thếy kho ma ₫ö́i pho vơi tònh thḯ nay.
X Without anyone within reach, she found it hard to cope with
this situation.
(b) Subject Complement (SC)
Điïn thoai bị hư.

N
prepositional phrase
P: V SC
M
s

M
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
X The telephone is out of order.
Căn nha con tö́t, tuy nhiïn gia hơi chut.
X The house is in good condition; however, the rent is a bit too
high.
Hoa hö̀ng nao lai chăng co gai.
X No roses are without thorns.
Khöng co gò trïn ₫ơi nay ma khöng co gia cua no ca.
X There is nothing on this earth that is without a price.
Cai tui nay băng da thêt.
X This bag is of genuine leather.
Cai ₫ö̀ng hö̀ băng vang.
X This watch is of pure gold.
Viïn kim cương ₫ang gia hơn anh nghĩ.
X The diamond is of greater value than you think.
Đanh bac ơ Viït Nam la pham phap.
X It’s against the law to gamble in VN.
Tư ₫o ₫ḯn giơ töi luön ung hö nư quyï̀n.
X I have been in favor of feminism.
Vến ₫ï̀ nay quan trong hơn chung ta nghĩ nhiï̀u.
X This problem is of greater importance than we thought.
Bêy giơ nang như möt chiḯc la trong cơn gio manh.
X She is now like a leaf in a strong wind.
Nhên vö thêp toan.
X No one is without defects.
Tö́i nay em trưc.
X I’m on duty tonight.

Con khöng bao giơ nïn bo rơi möt ngươi ban ₫ang găp kho khăn.
X You should never abandon a friend who is in trouble.
Chương trònh ₫ang ₫ươc tiḯn hanh.
The program is in progress.
Chung ta nïn cö́ găng giup ₫ơ nhưng ngươi neo ₫ơn.
lesson 5 - The Phrases
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THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
X We should try to help those who are in need.
Lơi khuyïn cua anh rết co ñch cho töi.
X Your advice is of great help to me.
Sinh nhêt cua töi la vao ngay thư 6 tuền sau.
My birthday is on next Friday.
(c) Object Complement (OC)
Töi cho răng vến ₫ï̀ nay quan trong hơn chung ta nghĩ.
X I consider this matter of greater importance than we thought.
Töi nghĩ cuö́n sach nay rết gia trị ₫ö́i vơi anh.
X I think this book of great value to you.
Töi nghĩ lơi khai cua hăn khöng anh hương gò ca.
X I think his testimony is of no consequence.
Töi nghĩ ₫êy la möt ₫iï̉m hếp dễn du khach trong cung như ngoai
nươc.
X I think this spot is, among others, of great interest to both
domestice and foreign tourists.
d. The Prepsositional Phrase Used Absolutely (or as an Abso-
lute Expression)
In this case, the phrase has no grammatical functions in the sen-
tence in which it appears. In other words, it doesn’t modify any
particular words in a sentence. In fact, it either governs the idea
of a whole sentence or effects transition of some sort.

Dễu sao ₫i nưa no vễn la con anh.
X After all, he’s your son.
Chung chung, chung töi khöng co gò phan nan.
X On the whole, we have nothing to complain about.
Băng moi gia, hay cho chung töi moi dư kiïn.

S P: V O OC
M
M
lesson 5 - The Phrases
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THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
By any means, let us have all the facts
II. THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
A. THE INFINITIVE
1. WHAT IS AN INFINITIVE?
The infinitive is a basic form of a verb, and it may be with TO
or without TO. There are four basic forms of a verb:
(a) The Infinitive with to: TO WRITE
without to: WRITE
(b) The Past : WROTE
(c) The Past Participle : WRITTEN
(d) The Present Participle : WRITING
B. INFINITIVE PHRASE
1. WHAT IS AN IP?
The infinitive phrase is a syntactic unit which consists of an
infinitive and any complements or modifiers it may take.
lesson 5 - The Phrases
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THE INFINITIVE PHRASE

a. The Basic Forms of the IP
There are 7 basic forms of them:
1. The SIMPLE PRESENT INFINITIVE in the active
voice:
TO DO ST
2. The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE INFINITIVE in the
active voice
TO BE DOING ST
3. THE SIMPLE PRESENT INFINITIVE in passive
voice
TO BE DONE
4. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE INFINITIVE in
passive voice
TO BEING DONE
5. THE SIMPLE PERFECT INFINITIVE in the active
voice
TO HAVE DONE
6. THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE INFINITIVE in the
active voice
TO HAVE BEEN DOING
7. THE PERFECT INFINITIVE in the passive voice
TO HAVE BEEN DONE
Hiïn thơi cö ta dương như rết bên
She seems to be very busy at present.

PRESENT
simple
progressive
simple
progressive

simple
progressive
simple
progressive
PERFECT
active
active
passive
passive
to do
to be doing
to be done
to being done
to have done
to have been doing
to have been done
lesson 5 - The Phrases
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THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
Cö ta dương như ₫a thay ₫ö̉i y ₫ịnh.
She seems to have changed her mind.
Hònh như ₫a co vai thay ₫ö̉i trong chương trònh.
There seems to have been some changes in the program.
Chung ta hònh như ₫a bị hiï̉u lềm.
We seem to have been misunderstood.
b. How to Make an IP Negative?
• The Use of the Adverb NOT in initial position
Thònh thoang rết kho ma khöng noi lao.
X It’s hard not to tell lies sometimes.
Hăn quyḯt ₫ịnh khöng lếy cö ta.

X He decided not to marry her.
Ho bao töi khöng ₫uơc chơ anh ơ ₫êy.
X They told me not to wait for you here.
Hăn chưa quyḯt la co lếy nang khöng.
X He hasn’t decided to marry her yet.
• The Use of the Adverb NEVER
Bö́ me töi thương day töi khöng bao giơ ăn căp cai gò cua ai.
X My parents often teach me never to steal anything from any-
body.
Nang quyḯt ₫ịnh khöng bao giơ găp hăn nưa.
X She decided never to see him again.
Chung töi ₫ươc day dö̃ ₫ưng bao giơ kiḯm sö́ng băng cach lương gat
ngươi khac.
X are always taught never to earn a living by fraud.

NOT TO DO ST
NEVER TO DO SOMETHING (AGAIN)
lesson 5 - The Phrases
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THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
2. THE DIFFERENT USE OF IP
The infinitive phrase used as a noun, as an adjective or as an
adverb; it is sometimes used absolutely or as an absolute
expression.
a. IP Used as a Noun
(a) As the Subject of a Sentence [P6A]
Đöi luc thêt kho ma khöng noi dö́i.
X It’s hard not to tell lies sometimes.
Thơi buö̉i nay ma giư mònh thăng thăn rết kho.
X It’s hard to keep oneself upright these days.

Co cha me dï̃ thương la möt ₫iï̀u ₫ai hanh.
X It’s a blessing to have nice parents.
Cền möt tïn tröm ₫ï̉ băt möt tïn tröm.
X It takes a thief to catch a thief.
Thếy phu nư bị phên biït giơi tñnh lam töi bưc mònh.
X It annoys me to see woman being discriminated.
Thếy ngươi khac vui ve la töi vui ve.
X It always gives me pleasure to see others happy.
Sö́ng la tranh ₫ếu.
X To live is to struggle.
Yïu em la yïu cai em la.
X To love me is to love what I am.
Chiḯm ₫ươc trai tim cua ngươi phu nư dï̃ hơn giư trai tim ếy.
X It’s easier to win a woman’s heart than to keep it.
Đưng bên têm vï̀ qua khư hay tương lai la ₫iï̀u khön ngoan.
It’s a wise thing not to worry about past or future.

M
P: V SC
trueS
P: V SC
trueS
IT
lesson 5 - The Phrases
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THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
Leo xuö́ng möt ngon ₫ö̀i kho hơn leo lïn; cung vêy, sö́ng tuö̉i gia kho
hơn sö́ng tuoi tre.
It’s harder to climb downhill and to climb uphill; likewise, it’s
harder to live one old age than to live one’s youth.

Cền sư thöng cam, hiï̉u biḯt va tha thư ₫ï̉ xêy dưng möt cuöc hön
nhên thanh cöng.
It takes U, S and F to build a happy marriage.
Tranh hiï̉u lềm ke khac dï̃ hơn tranh bị ngươi khac hiï̉u lềm.
It’s easier to avoid misunderstanding the others than to avoid
being misunderstood.
(b) As the O of a V, normally a DO [P2, P3]
V CHOOSE; DECIDE; EXPECT; INTEND/HOPE;
LEARN; PLAN; TRY; WANT; WISH
Töi muö́n cươi nang cang sơm cang tö́t.
I wish to marry her as soon as possible.
Cö ta chon ơ lai khi gia ₫ònh cö ta ra ₫i.
She choose to stay when her family left.
Chị phai cö́ găng ₫ưng pham lö̃i nưa.
You should try not to repeat this mistake in the future.
Chung ta phai cö́ hoc tư tḯ vơi chñnh mònh ₫ï̉ tư tḯ vơi ngươi khac.
We should learn to be kind to ourselves in order to be ready
kind to others.
Chung ta phai hoc kiïn nhễn.
We must learn to be patient.
Con gai a, hay cö́ găng ₫ưng xếu vơi chñnh mònh.
Daughter, try not to be mean to yourself.
Con trai chung töi muö́n thếy căn nha mơi cua chung töi cang sơm
cang tö́t.

CHOOSE TO DO SOMETHING
lesson 5 - The Phrases
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THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
Our son wants to see our new house asap.

Töi luön cö́ găng lam vưa long me töi.
I’ve always tried to please my mom.
Bö́ töi muö́n ₫ươc chön cết bïn canh me töi.
My father wishes to be buried besides my mother.
[P2]
Bêy giơ töi khöng biḯt phai lam gò nưa.
I don’t know what to do now.
Me a, me co biḯt tòm möt ngươi ₫an öng như vêy ơ ₫êu khöng?
Mother, do you know where to find such a man?
Cö ta chưa quyḯt ₫ịnh la co nhên lơi cều hön cua hăn hay khöng.
She hasn’t decided whether to accept his offer of marriage or
not.
Ban quan trị ₫ang thao luên phai xêy nha may mơi hay nêng cếp
nha may cu.
The board of directors are discussing whether to build a new
factory or to upgrade the old one.
Hoi me con ₫ï̉ bònh hoa ơ ₫êu.
Ask your mother where to put this flower pot.
Vến ₫ï̀ la ₫ều tư vao dư
an nay bao nhiïu tiï̀n?
The question is how much to invest in the project.
Vến ₫ï̀ la phai lam gò bêy giơ.
The point is what to do now.
Vến ₫ï̀ la lam sao huy ₫öng ₫ươc möt sö́ tiï̀n măt lơn như vêy trong
möt thơi gian ngăn như vêy.
The problem is how to collect that much cash in such a short
time.
A connective must be used before an IP when neces-
sary. In other word, an IP can be introduced by a
question word such as HOW, WHEN, WHERE,

WHY etc.