Textbooks write English correctly_03 doc

lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
SC AKWARD, CLUMSY, CRUEL, EVIL, CONSIDER-
ATE, INCONSIDERATE, FOOLISH, STUPID,
INTELLIGENT, KIND, UNKIND, NICE, MEAN,
POLITE, IMPOLITE, SILLY, SENSIBLE, SENSE-
LESS, TACTFUL, TACTLESS, WISE, UNWISE,
THOUGHTFUL, THOUGHTLESS etc.
TRUE S TO DO SOMETHING
X It was kind of you to let me come.
Chị ₫iïn mơi nhên lơi cều hön cua hăn.
X It would be silly of you to accept that guy's proposal.
Anh thưc tư tḯ ₫a giup töi thḯ nay.
X It's very kind of you to help me.
Chị thưc tḯ nhị ₫a khöng nhăc ₫ḯn vu ly dị cua ho.
X It was very tactful of you not to mention their divorce.
V verbs of report in the passive voice are usually used in
this contruction: ACKNOWLEDGE, ADMIT,
BELIEVE, CLAIM, DENY, ESTIMATE, EXPECT,
HOPE, KNOW, OBSERVE, PREDICT, PROJECT,
PROVE, REPORT, REJECT, RUMOUR, SAY, SUG-
GEST, SURPRISE, THINK etc.
Hều như ơ ₫êu ngươi ta cung chếp nhên răng thanh thêt la phương
sach tö́t nhết.
X It's universally acknowledged that honesty is the best policy.
Ngươi ta tiïn ₫oan răng TQ se la möt trong nhưng cương quö́c trïn
thḯ giơi vao giưa thḯ ky nay.
X It is predicted that China will be one of the most powerful coun-
tries in the world by the middle of this century.
Ngươi ta thương noi răng tònh yïu la mu quang.

X It is often said that love is blind.

IT IS passiveV THAT CLAUSE
lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
Ngươi ta thương noi răng ₫ưng nui nay thò hay tröng nui no.
X It is often said that the grass is always greener beyond the hill.
… răng duc tö́c bết ₫at.
X … that haste makes waste.
răng tö́t danh hơn lanh ao.
X … that a good name is better than riches.
răng möt con en khöng lam nö̉i mua xuên.
X … that a swallow never makes a summer.
NOTE
TIME
Möt buö̉i chiï̀u xuên, möt buö̉i chiï̀u ïm ₫ï̀m va ếm ap.
X It was a spring afternoon, a warm and peace afternoon.
Bao lêu nưa thò con mơi hiï̉u răng tiï̀n bac khöng phai la tết ca trïn
₫ơi nay?
X How long will it be before you get to know that money is not
everything in this life?
Kï̉ tư khi chung ta găp nhau lền ₫ều ₫ḯn nay la 20 năm rö̀i nhỉ.
X It has been about 20 years since we last met, hasn't it?
DISTANCE
Tư ₫êy ₫i Thu Đưc bao xa?
X How far is it from here to TD?
Tư ₫êy ₫ḯn ₫o khoang 20 phut ₫i bö.
X It's about 10 minutes to walk from here to there.
Tư ₫êy ₫i Thu Đưc mết 20 phut ₫i băng xe bus.

X It's about 10 minutes to ThuDuc by bus.
Tư Bangkok ₫i Tyoky khoang 4 tiḯng băng may bay.
X It's about four hours flight from BKK to Tokyo by plane.
WEATHER
* Do not mistake the dummy subject IT for the impersonal
IT, which refers to TIME, DISTANCE, WEATHER, or
LIFE CIRCUMSTANCES in general.
lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
Vao mua nay SG nong như ₫iïn.
X It's usually hot like hell in here/in SG at this time of the year.
Trong nay trơi nong như ₫iïn, ngoai ₫o thḯ nao?
X It's baking hot in here, how is it out there?
Thơi tiḯt ₫a lat mat me quanh năm.
X It is usually cool in DL all year round.
LIFE CIRCUMSTANCE
Sai gon thay ₫ö̉i nhiï̀u lăm tư khi anh ₫i.
X It has changed a lot in SG since you left.
Tònh hònh Trung Đöng ngay cang căng thăng.
X It has been increasingly tense in the Middle East recently.
Dao nay tònh hònh du lịch ngay cang canh tranh.
X It's getting very competitive in tourism.
NOTE
X The Salinas Valley is in Northern California. It is a long narrow
swale between two ranges of mountains, and the Salinas River
winds and twists up the center until it falls at last into Monter-
ery Bay.
X The river tore the edges of the farm lands and washed whole
acres down; it toppled barns and houses into itself, to go float-

ing and bobbing away. It trapped cows and pigs and sheep and
drowned them in its muddy brown water and carried them to
the sea.
X The wind blew down the valley, picking up dust and straws,
and grew stronger and harsher as it went south. It stopped in
the evening.
X You must name a thing before you can note it on your hand-
drawn map. (John Steinbeck, East of Eden)
Töi co möt căn nha nho trong möt hem cut trong möt xom lao ₫öng
ngheo.
X I have a small house; it is in a blind alley in a slum neighbor-
hood.
NOTE THE IT EXPLETIVE AS AN EMPHASIZER
Also do not mistake the dummy S IT for the pronoun IT.
lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
The IT expletive as the emphasizer of the subject of a sentence
The IT expletive as the emphasizer of the object of a sentence.
The IT expletive as the emphasizer of the object of a verb
The IT expletive as the emphasizer of an adverbial expression
(*** see further details in Lesson 6, Interesting Matters of
English Syntax, The It Emphasizer)
7. PATTERN 7 - THE PATTERN WITH THE THERE-EXPLETIVE
BE exist
M may be a single word, a phrase or a clause, which is
a that clause (appositive)
Co bao nhiïu cöng ty ngoai quö́c ơ viït nam?
X How many foreign companies are there in Vietnam?
Co gò trong höp vêy?

X What is there in the box?
Co gò trong trai tim em vêy?
X What is there in your heart?
Ơ ₫êu co möt ngươi ₫an öng như vêy hơ me?
X Where is there such a man, mother?
Töñ nay TV co gò hay khöng?
X Is there any thing interesting on TV tonight?
Hay liït kï nhưng thư nguy hiï̉m co trong nha.
X List the kinds of danger that there are in the house.
Co möt anh chang ₫ang chơ ngoai cö̉ng.
X There is a boy waiting for you at the gate.
Ngay mai co nhiï̀u viïc lăm.
X There are many things to do tomorrow.
Luön co nhiï̀u ngươi lương gat ₫ï̉ kiḯm sö́ng.
X There are always people who cheat for a living.

P: BE
trueS
THERE
M
lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
Co tin ₫ö̀n răng chị săp lêp gia ₫ònh vao tuền tơi, co thêt vêy khöng?
X There is a rumor that you are getting married next week, is that
true.
Co cêu noi răng ₫ưng nui nay thò hay tröng nui no.
There is a saying that the grass is always greener beyond the hill.
Co tin ₫ö̀n răng chñnh phu săp pha gia tiï̀n khoang 10%
X There is a rumor that the government is going to devalue the

DONG about 10%.
a. Pattern 7A
V APPEAR; HAPPEN; SEEM; USED + TO BE
CAN/COULD; MAY/MIGH/HAVE TO; OUGHT TO;
SHOULD + BE
M single word, phrase, or a clause, which is a THAT
CLAUSE (appositive)
H̀ònh như co chut hiï̉u lềm giưa anh va cö ta.
X There seems to be some misunderstanding b/w you and her.
Trươc kia trong tim cö ếy khöng co nhiï̀u hên thu như thḯ.
X There didn't use to be so much hatred in her heart.
Cền phai co nhưng ₫ao luêt tö́t hơn ₫ï̉ thu hut nhưng nha ₫ều tư
nươc ngoai.
X There must be better laws to attract foreign investors.
Phai co nhưng tiïn ñch tö́t hơn ₫ï̉ thu hut moi ngươi.
X There must be better facilites to attract people.
Hònh như khöng co ai săn long giup ₫ơ.
X There seems to be nobody willing to help me.

SEEM TO BE
trueS
CAN/COULD BE
THERE
M
lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
b. Pattern 7B
V ARISE, ARRIVE, COME, LIVE, GO, etc.
Se tơi möt luc ma con hiï̉u răng tiï̀n bac khöng phai la moi thư trïn

₫ơi.
X There comes a time when you get to know that money is not
everything in this life.
Ngay xưa ngay xưa co möt öng lao ₫anh ca ngheo sö́ng vơi ₫ưa con
gai ₫öc nhết bïn canh möt dong söng.
X Once upon a time, there lived a poor fisherman with his only
daughter by a river.
Đa co möt vến ₫ï̉ nay sinh trong cuöc thao luên cua chung töi.
X There arised a new problem during our discussion.
Cö dêu tơi kòa.
X There comes the bride.

NOTE

Đếy la bưc tương töi ₫ang noi tơi.
X There is the statue I was talking about.
No kòa, chỉ cền re trai ơ bưu ₫iïn.
X There it is, just turn to the left of the post office.
Ho tơi kòa!
X There they come!
Cai non bay kòa!
X There goes the hat!
No chay kòa!
X There he goes!

COME/ARISE
trueS
THERE
M
* Take care NEVER mistake the THERE-Expletive

with the adverb THERE in the initial position.
lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
c. Pattern 7C
Cư luön than phiï̀n thò chăng ñch gò.
X There is no use/good in complaining all the time.
Cư tiḯp tuc chơ ₫ơi thḯ nay thò chăng ly gò hḯt.
There is no point in waiting on like this.
Cho ai thư gò mònh khöng cền nưa thò chăng tö́t lanh gò.
X There is no merit in giving away something one no longer need.
d.
1
Pattern 7D
Khöng thï̉ noi ₫ươc cuöc chiḯn ơ Trung Đöng bao giơ se thưc sư
chếm dưt.
X There is no telling when the war in Middle East will actually
come to an end.
Khöng thï̉ tiïn ₫oan ₫ươc tương lai.
X There is no predicting the future.
Khöng thï̉ hiï̉u nö̉i trai tim cua ngươi phu nư.
X There is no understanding a woman's heart.
Khöng thï̉ noi ₫ươc chuyïn gò se xay ra nḯu chung ta cư tiḯp tuc ơ
₫êy.
X There is no telling what will happen if we still hang around.
Khöng thï̉ noi ₫ươc chuyïn gò se xay ra nḯu ho hiï̉u y nghĩ thêt cua
nhau.
X There is no telling what will happen if they know each other’s
true thoughts.

THERE IS NO (GOOD/POINT/USE/MERIT) IN DOING ST
1. THERE IS NO ACCOUNTING FOR TASTE [IDM] She thinks he’s wonderful.
Oh well, there is no accounting for taste!

THERE BE NO DOING ST = IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DO ST
lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
Some other verbs can be used with this construction are
BELIEVE, EXPECT, HATE, HOPE, LIKE, PREFER, WANT,
WISH etc.
Bö́ muö́n co sư bònh an trong căn nha khö́n nan nay.
X I want there to be peace in this poor family.
Bö́ muö́n co thêt nhiï̀u tiï̀n cho con.
I want to have a lot of money to give you enough.
Chung töi mong muö́n co nhiï̀u cai tö̉ hơn ơ Viït Nam trong năm tơi.
X We expect there to be more reforms in VN next year.
X We hope there to be enough ponies for all of us, for it would not
be safe to hang around here any longer.
(Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings)
B. THE PATTERNS THAT PRODUCE SIMPLE OR COMPLEX
SENTENCES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE.
X Football is played a lot in S.A.
X His son was killed in the war.
X My school, the tallest building in the neighborhood, was built in
1890.
X Cuttings of red geraniums and rosebushes were planted in the
dooryard. (J.S, East of Eden)

THERE TO BE + SOMETHING

THERE existence ; HAVE possestion
* Active sentences and passive sentences are two different
kinds of sentences. It means that we use an active sen-
tence when we need one; and we use a passive sentence
when we need one. It means also that you should review
the cases the passive voice is used.
* About 20% of English sentences are written in the Pas-
sive voice.
lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
X My car has been stolen!
1. PATTERN 8
Use Pattern 8 when
(1) The doer of the action is not mentioned.
X He was killed in WWII.
X The plan had been changed when we got there.
X How long ago was this school built?
(2) The doer of the action is not necessary or is not known.
X Paper is made into many products.
X We are often taught never to steal anything.
X We are often taught that a swallow never makes summer.
2. PATTERN 9
TO TEACH SOMEBODY SOMETHING
TO TELL SOMEBODY (NOT ) TO DO SOMETHING
TO ALLOW SOMEBODY (NOT) TO DO SOMETHING

S
P: V O
S

passive verb
P2
P8
M
M
M

S
P: V O1 O2
S
passiveV RO
P3
P9
M
M
M
M
lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
X I was told not to wait for you here.
X I was told that we are going to have a new boss.
X If children are allowed to do whatever they please, they are
likely to go wrong.
3. PATTERN 10
Ngươi ta thếy khoi bö́c lïn tư phña sau tram xăng.
X Smoke was seen rising from behind the gas station.
Ngươi ta thếy thăng be vao tiïm nay 3 lền höm nay.
X The boy was seen
1

to enter this shop 3 times today.
Ngươi ta thếy cö ta năm ngết xỉu gền cö̉ng.
X She has been found lying unconscious by the gate.
Cö ta ₫ươc chon la ngươi mễu trong năm.
X She has been chosen to be the Fashion Model of the year.
Öng ta ₫ươc ₫ưa lïn ngöi vao năm 1053.
X He was made King in 1503.
1. TO INFINITIVE trong mễu 10 ₫ong vai tro cua möt OC, ngoai
ra con hỉ sư hoan tết cua hanh ₫öng.

S
P: V O OC
S
passiveV

SC
P4
P10
M
M
M
M
lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns
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BASIC PATTERNS
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
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BASIC PATTERNS
lesson 4
Compound Expressions

1 How to Write a Compound Sentence
2 How to Write Compound Components of a
Sentence
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
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HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND SENTENCES
I. HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND SENTENCES
In other words, in this session you will find the different ways
to write compound sentences consisting of two IC's, with or
without DC's.
A. WAY 1 - THE USE OF THE COORDINATORS AND, OR, BUT, NOR,
FOR, AND SO.
AND adds two piece of information together
OR shows a choice between two situations of equal
importance
BUT shows an opposite piece of information or situation
NOR rejects both piece of information
FOR links an effect to a cause
SO links a cause to an effect
AND
Töi yïu cö ta thưc long, va töi muö́n cươi cö ta lam vơ.
X I love her truly, and I want to marry her.
AND + the adverb 'either'
Khöng thï̉ nao nai nỉ tònh yïu, cung khöng thï̉ nao cương bach ₫ươc
tònh yïu.
X It's impossible to plead for love, and it is impossible to plead for
it, either.
AND + the adverb 'neither' + inversion
X It's impossible to plead for love, and neither is it possible to
plead for it.

OR
Cho töi tư do, hoăc cho töi cai chḯt.

IC1 , COORDINATOR IC2
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
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HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND SENTENCES
X Give me liberty, or give me death.
BUT
Töi yïu cö ta, nhưng töi se khöng cều hön cö ta vò töi cam thếy cö ta
chưa yïu töi ₫u.
X I love her truly, but I am not going to propose to her because I
don't feel she loves me enough.
NOR + inversion in the second clause if S1=S2
Thiïn ₫ương khöng gền, ma thiïn ₫ương cung chăng xa.
X Heaven is neither near, nor is it far.
FOR
Hay giư cho tre con bên rön, vò nhan cư vi bết thiïn.
X Keep the children's hands busy, for Devil has work for idle
hands.
SO
Nhan cư vi bết thiïn, vò thḯ hay giư cho tre con bên rön.
X Devil has work for idle hands, so keep the children's hands
busy.
B. WAY 2 - THE USE OF THE COORDINATORS IN PAIRS
These pairs are called the pairs of coordinating conjunctions
and used when emphasis is needed.
EITHER …, OR show a choice
NOT ONLY …, BUT (ALSO)add information
NEITHER …, NOR reject both choices

NOT …, BUT
Hoăc la ngươi chö̀ng co lö̃i, hoăc la ngươi vơ co lö̃i.
X Either the husband is at fault, or his wife is.
NOT ONLY …, BUT … (ALSO) (+ inversion in the first clause
if S1=S2)
Khöng nhưng sư ghen tuöng nho nhăt cua cö ta ₫a giḯt chḯt tònh yïu
cua hăn danh cho cö ta, ma chung con giḯt chḯt tònh yïu cuöc sö́ng
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
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HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND SENTENCES
cua cö ta nưa.
X Not only have her petty jealousies killed his love for her, but
they also have killed her love of life.
Cö ta khöng nhưng ghet töi, ma cö ta con muö́n thếy töi chḯt nưa.
X Not only does she hates me, but also she wants to see me dead.
NEITHER …, NOR (+ inversion in both clauses if S1=S2)
Thiïn ₫ương khöng gền, thiïn ₫ương cung cha xa.
X Neither is Heaven near, nor is it far.
Cuöc ₫ơi khöng phai la tham hö̀ng, cuöc ₫ơi cung chăng phai la möt
₫am gai.
X Neither is life a bed of roses, nor is it a mass of thorns.
C. WAY 3 - THE USE OF THE CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS
These conjunctive adverbial expressions are usually single
words or phrases and may be roughly divided into 8 groups as
follows:
GROUP 1 Consists of words and phrases that add information:
ALSO, ADDITIONALLY, BESIDES, FURTHERMORE, IN
ADDITION, MOREOVER etc.
GROUP 2 Consists of words and phrases that give examples or illustrate a
point: FOR INSTANCE, FOR EXAMPLE, IN PARTICULAR,

SPECIALLY, TO ILLUSTRATE etc.
GROUP 3 Consists of words and phrases that show a contrast: CON-
VERSELY, HOWEVER, IN CONTRAST, IN STEAD, ON
THE CONTRARY, ON THE OTHER HAND, OTHERWISE,
STIL etc.
GROUP 4 Consists of words and phrases that show a concession:
ADMITTEDLY, EVEN SO, NEVERTHELESS etc.
GROUP 5 Consists of words and phrases that show a similarity: IN A
SIMILAR WAY, IN THE SAME WAY, LIKEWISE, SIMI-
LARLY etc.
GROUP 6 Consists of words and phrases that show result: ACCORD-
INGLY, AS A RESULT, AS A CONSEQUENCE, CONSE-
QUENTLY, THEREFORE, THUS etc.
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
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HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND SENTENCES
GROUP 7 Consists of words and phrases that establish a time or an order
relationship: FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, NEXT, AFTER-
WARD, FINALLY, THEN, MEANWHILE, PREVIOUSLY,
SUBSEQUENTLY, IN CONCLUSION, SUM UP etc.
GROUP 8 Consists of words and phrases that explains or emphasizes
something previously stated: ACTUALLY, IN FACT, IN
OTHER WORDS, NAMELY, THAT IS (TO SAY) etc.
Cuöc ₫ơi khöng tö́t vơi ai, tuy nhiïn, cuöc ₫ơi cung cha xếu vơi ai.
X Life is not kind to any one; life, however, is not mean to any
one, either.
Alice biḯt tiḯng Phap va tiḯng Hoa; thïm vao ₫o, co ta lai con biḯt tö́c
ky nưa.
X Alice knows French and Chinese; in addition, she knows short-
hand.

Hăn ta co ñt khuyḯt ₫iï̉m nhưng lai la khuyḯt ₫iï̉m khöng thï̉ tha thư
₫ươc; thñ du như, hăn mươn tiï̀n cua ban ma quïn tra lai.
X He has a few weakness which are unforgivable; for instance, he
borrows money from his friends without remembering to return
it.
Töi yïu anh ta thưc long; tuy vêy, töi se khöng nhên lơi cều hön cua
anh ta vò anh ta qua tham vong.
X I love him truly; however, I will not accept his offer of marriage
because he is too ambitious.
Chung ta ₫a ha gia xuö́ng; tuy vêy, khöng co dếu hiïu la thương sö́
se tăng.
We've lowered our prices; however/nevertheless, there is no
signs that our sales have increased at all.
Leo xuö́ng möt ngon ₫ö̀i bao giơ cung kho hơn leo lïn; cung vêy,
sö́ng tuö̉i gia bao giơ cung kho hơn sö́ng tuö̉i tre.
It's always harder to climb downhill and to climb uphill; like-
wise, it's harder to live one's old agethan to live one's youth.
Bö́ cö ta thònh lònh chḯt ₫i; vò thḯ, cö ta phai bo y ₫ịnh hoc lïn ₫ai
hoc.

IC1 ; CAE, IC2
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
-76-
HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND SENTENCES
X Her father died unexpectedly; therefore, she had to abandone
her idea of going to college.
Cuöc ₫ơi khöng phai la möt tham hö̀ng ma cung khöng phai la möt
₫am gai; noi möt cach khac, cuöc ₫ơi khöng xếu vơi ai ma cung cha
xếu vơi ai.
X Life is not a bed of roses or a mass of thorns; in other words, life

is not kind or mean to anybody.
D. WAY 4 - THE USE OF THE SEMICOLON
Use semicolon to introduce another IC that satisfies one of the
following cases:
CASE 1 The semicolon introduces another clause that develops the point
of view already established in the previous clause. It means that,
the two clauses develop the same point of view.
Töi ₫a gac bo qua khư lai ₫ang sau; töi quyḯt ₫ịnh băt ₫ều möt cuöc
sö́ng mơi.
X I've decided to leave the past behind; I've decided to start a
new life.
Tònh yïu la lưa; thư khöng thï̉ ₫ua giơn ₫ươc.
X Love is fire; something not to toy with.
Hanh phuc la möt chu chim nho rut re; chu chim thương vut canh
bay ₫i khi ngươi ta ₫ḯn gền.
X Love is a shy little bird; it normally sets to its wings as one
approaches it.
Văn chương giup lam phong phu ₫ơi ngươi; văn chương giup ngươi
ta hiï̉u mònh hơn.
X Literature helps enrich one's life; it helps one to have a better
understanding of oneself.
Thay ₫ö̉i la cai ly cua van vêt; van vêt thay ₫ö̉i va thay ₫ö̉i luön luön.
X Change is the truth of everything; everything changes and
changes all the time.
Khöng chiḯc la nao giö́ng chiḯc la nao; mö̃i möt chiḯc la la möt hiïn
sinh ₫öc ₫ao.

IC1 ; IC2
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
-77-

HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND SENTENCES
X No two leaves are alike; each leaf if a unique existence.
Thơi gian khöng hiïn hưu thưc sư; thơi gian chỉ la san phểm cua sư
tương tương cua con ngươi ma thöi.
X Time has no real existence; it is but a product of the human
mind.
CASE 2 The semicolon introduces another clause that develops a con-
trast point of view.
Đoan kḯt thò sö́ng; chia re thò chḯt.
X United we stand; devided we fall.
Yïu ai la möt chuyïn; cươi hoi ngươi ta lai la chuyïn khac.
X To love somebody is one thing; to marry him or her is another
thing.
Lềm lễn la con ngươi; tha thư la thanh thền.
X To err is human; to forgive is divine.
Đương lïn thiïn ₫ang xa xöi va trăc trơ; ₫ương xuö́ng ₫ịa nguc gền
gui va dï̃ dang.
X The way up to Heaven is long and hard; the way down to Hell
is short and easy.
Anh ₫i ₫ương anh; em ₫i ₫ương em. Tònh nghĩa ₫öi ta co thḯ thöi.
X You go your way; I, mine. Between us, there is nothing left.
CASE 3 The semicolon introduces another clause that expresses another
detail or another aspect of a picture or situation the writer
wishes to convey.
Hai chuc năm trươc, nơi nay chỉ la möt ngöi lang ₫anh ca nho; bêy
giơ no trơ thanh möt thanh phö́ nghỉ mat nö̉i tiḯng ca nươc.
X Two decades ago, this place was only a small fishing village; at
present, it is a resortcity known all over the country.
Öng cha ta dưng nươc; bac chau ta giư nươc.
X Our ancestors founded the country; you and I

1
safeguard it.
1. SAFEGUARD STH/SB (AGAINST/FR ST) to protect sb/sth from
loss, harm or damage * the new card will safeguard the
company against fraud * the leaflet explains how to safe-
guard against dangers in the home.
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
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HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND SENTENCES
Hai tuền trươc cuöc tến cöng cua NATO, ₫a co möt cöng ₫ö̀ng ngươi
Albania ơ Kosovo, 4 tuền lï̃ sau ₫o cöng ₫ö̀ng nay ₫a tư tan khăp
nơi.
X Two weeks before NATO's attack there was a community of
Albanians in Kosovo; 4 weeks later this community was scat-
tered in all directions.
Co möt thơi ₫ơi töi la möt cơn lu; va töi la möt chiḯc la bị tröi theo
dong.
X My life was once a mountain torrent; I was a leaf constantly
swept along its current.
Höm nay chung ta yïu nhưng gò ma ngay mai chung ta ghet; höm
nay chung ta tòm kiḯm nhưng gò ma ngay mai chung ta ne tranh;
höm nay chung ta them khat nhưng gò ngay mai chung ta sơ.
X Today we love what we tomorrow hate; today we seek what
we tomorrow shun; today we desire what we tomorrow fear.
E. WAY 5 - THE USE OF THE COLON
The colon introduces a clause that gives a reason or an explana-
tion. In this case the colon means almost the same as
BECAUSE or FOR.
(1) We must let John go.
(2) We can not afford John such a high salary.

X We must let John go: we can not afford him such a high salary.
Bai lam va cac cêu tra lơi cua anh khöng thoa ₫ang: cêu cua anh
thiḯu suy nghĩ va lö́i viḯt cua anh qua tï.
X Your work is unsatisfactory: your answers are thoughtless and
your writing is awful.
Anh co thưa mưa thư ma töi khöng co: anh co thưa mưa tiï̀n bac, thư
ma thơi nay hều như mua gò cung ₫ươc.
X You have in abundance what I don’t have: you have money in
abundance, which can buy almost anything now.


IC1 : IC2

IC1 ; THAT IS TO SAY, IC2
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
-79-
HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND COMPONENT OF A SENTENCE
II. HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND COMPONENT OF A
S
ENTENCE
There are three different ways to write the compound compo-
nent of a sentence:
1. WAY 1 - THE USE OF THE COORDINATOR AND, OR, BUT
(YET)
Töi va John cung yïu cö ta.
X John and I love her.
Vao buö̉i cơm trưa hay sau giơ lam viïc thò thuên tiïn cho moi ngươi.
X At lunch or after work is convenient for everybody.
Yïu ai va cươi hoi ngươi ta la hai chuyïn khac nhau.
X Loving somebody and marrying him or her are two different

things.

M
M
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
4
5. Subject: compound or simple
6. Predicate: compound or simple
7. Verb phrase or V
8. DO (P2); IO (P3), RO (P9); O of a preposition (sin-
gle word, phrase or clause)
9. OC: compound or simple (sw, phrs or cls)
10. SC: compound or simple (sw, phrs or cls)
11. Modifier of the S or P: compound or simple
12. Abosolute Expression: compound or simple
SENTENCE
Expression
Absolute
S
P: V (O) (OC) (SC)
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
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HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND COMPONENT OF A SENTENCE
Điï̀u ban noi höm qua va ₫iï̀u ban noi höm nay khöng khơp nhau.

X What you said yesterday and what you are saying do not agree.
Töi chưa bao giơ quïn va se khöng bao giơ quïn dong söng ếy, thiïn
₫ương thơi thơ ếu cua töi.
X I have never forgotten and will never forget that river, the para-
dise of my childhood years.
Cö ta thöng minh va chăm chỉ.
X She is intelligent and hard working.
Cuöc ₫ơi sao gền qua nhưng sao cung xa qua.
X Life is so near yet so far.
Hoăc hăn rết ngu hoăc rết khön ngoan.
X He is very intelligent or very stupid.
Töi ₫ang ₫ơi möt ngươi ₫an öng yïu töi thưc long, nhưng ngươi ₫o
cung săn sang phï bònh töi khi cền hiḯt.
X I’m waiting for a man who loves me truly, but who is ready to
criticize me when necessary.
2. WAY 2 - THE USE OF THE PAIRS OF CORRELATIVE CON-
JUNCTIONS
These pairs are used when emphasis is needed.
Cö ta thöng minh va chăm chỉ.
X She is intelligent and hardworking (W1)
Cö ta khöng nhưng thöng minh ma con chăm chỉ nưa.
X She is both intelligent and hardworking. (W2)
verbs used in these pairs are affirmative
Hăn khöng nhưng ghet töi ma con muö́n thếy töi chḯt nưa.

1. BOTH AND an addition
2. NOT ONLY BUT (ALSO) an addition, but stronger
3. EITHER OR a choice
4. NEITHER NOR a rejection of both choices
5. NOT , BUT a contrast

lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
-81-
HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND COMPONENT OF A SENTENCE
X He not only hates me but also wants to see me dead.
Ba nïn nhơ luc xưa töi cươi ba khöng phai vò tiï̀n ma vò tònh yïu töi
danh cho ba.
X I married you not because of money, but because of my love for
you.
Cö ta khöng muö́n lếy chö̀ng ma cung chăng muö́n ₫i hoc.
X She neither wants to get married nor wants to go to college.
The elements joined should be made to be paralleled both in
form and in function. When they can not be made to be paral-
leled both in form and in function, they must be made to be par-
alleled at least in form.
Chung töi vưa mït va ₫oi
X We were both tired and hungry.
Sư ghen tuöng nho nhăt cua cö ta khöng chỉ ₫a giḯt chḯt tònh yïu
cua anh danh cho cö ma ca tònh yïu cuöc sö́ng cua cö ta nưa.
X Her petty jealousies have killed not only his love for her but also
her love of life.
San phểm cua chung ta ban chay khöng nhưng ơ Chêu A ma con ơ
Chêu my nưa.
X Our products was sold well not only in Europe but also in Amer-
ica.
Em băng long ₫i vơi anh luc vui cung như luc buö̀n.
X I’m willing to go with you both in joy and in sorrow.
Töi khöng phai la ban cua anh ma cung khöng phai ke thu cua anh.
X I am neither your friend nor your enemy.
3. WAY 3 - THE USE OF NOT
Cö em, chư khöng phai cö chị, lếy hăn.

X The younger sister, not the elder, married him.

A, NOT B,
A1 OR/AND A2, NOT B
A, NOT B1 OR/AND B2 ,
V (agrees with A)
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
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HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND COMPONENT OF A SENTENCE
Điï̀u ban lam, chư khöng phai ₫iï̀u ban noi, la quan trong.
X What you are doing, not what you say, is important.
Thḯ giơi ₫ang chö́ng khung bö́, chư khöng phai hö̀i giao.
X The world is fighting terrorism, not Islam.
Con ngươi sinh ra dươi ₫ịa nguc, chư khöng phai trïn thiïn ₫ương.
X Men are born down in Hell, not up in Heaven.
Sö́ng möt cuöc ₫ơi như thḯ nao, chư khöng phai sö́ng ₫ï̉ lam gò, mơi
quan trong.
X How to live a life, not what to live a life for, is important.
Sư hiï̉u biḯt va thöng cam cua em, chư khöng phai tiï̀n tai va săc
₫ep cua em, mơi quan trong ₫ö́i vơi töi.
X Your understanding and sympathy, not your money or beauty, is
important to me.
EMPHASIS
Chñnh kiḯn thưc, chư khöng phai năm thang tröi qua, lam ngươi ta
trương thanh.
X It is knowledge, not rolling years, that matures one.
Chñnh la ơ dươi ₫ịa nguc, chư khöng phai trïn thiïn ₫ang, ma chung
ta ₫ươc sinh ra.
X It is down in Hell, not up in Heaven, that men are born.
Chñnh la sö́ng möt cuöc ₫ơi như thḯ nao, chư khöng sö́ng ₫ï̉ lam gò,

mơi quan trong
X It is how to live a life, not what to live a life for, is important.
Chñnh khöng phai năm thang tröi qua, ma kiḯn thưc mơi lam ngươi
ta trương thanh.
X It is not rolling years, but knowledge that matures one.
Chñnh khöng phai tiï̀n tai hoăc nhan săc cua em, ma la sư hiï̉u biḯt
va thöng cam cua em mơi thưc sư quan trong ₫ö́i vơi töi.
X It is not your money or beauty, but your understanding and
sympathy is reallyimportant to me.

IT BE A, NOT B,
who/that

IT BE NOT A, BUT B,
who/that
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
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HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND COMPONENT OF A SENTENCE
X Money, power and fame have made men suffered for ages and
ages.
X I want to finish college, to have a good job and to be on my
own.
(a,b and c)
X It is a fact that our economy has stagnated, that many investors
have left, and that there must be better laws to woo them back.
X The music was wonderful, the food was delicious, and the
sweetness of the host and hostess added to our enjoyment.
(a,b, and c)
* The punctuation that governs series is used to punc-
tuate expressions containing more than two items.

A, B and C : 3 single words or 3 short phrases
A, B, and C : 3 long phrases or 3 clauses
(*** see further details in Effective Writing, The
Problem of Punctuation, Part I-How to use the
Comma)
lesson 4 - Compound Expressions
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HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND COMPONENT OF A SENTENCE