lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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lesson 1
The Parts of Speech
1 Nouns
2 Pronouns
3 Adjectives
4 Verbs
5 Adverbs
6 Prepositions
7 Conjunctions
8 Absolute Expressions
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NOUNS
The sentence is the basic unit of discourse - either written or
spoken. Sentences are made up of words, and words have dif-
ferent functions to perform. And on the basis of the different
functions to perform, words are grouped into different parts of
speech. In other words, words in a sentence do not come
together in a haphazard way or manner, in fact, they are
arranged together according to certain syntactic rules. It then
follows that a good knowledge of different parts of speech and
different functions they perform will help us to produce correct
sentences, either written or spoken.
On the basis of the various functions they perform, words are
separated into 8 parts of speech as follows:
(1) nouns
(2) pronouns
(3) adjectives
(4) verbs
(5) adverbs
(6) prepositions
(7) conjunctions
(8) absolute expressions
I. NOUNS
A noun is a word that names a person, a thing or a place.
A. COMMON NOUNS AND PROPER NOUNS
Nouns generally fall into two general classifications: common
nouns and proper nouns
A common noun names any one of a class of people, things or
place.
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NOUNS
A doctor
A house
A park
A proper noun (always capitalized) names a particular person,
thing or place.
Washington DC * United Kingdom * J.F. Kennedy
B. CONCRETE NOUNS AND ABSTRACT NOUNS
Nouns are further divided into concrete nouns and abstract
nouns. A concrete noun names an object normally found in nat-
ural world.
The jar of fruits and vegetables are stored in the cupboard.
An abstract noun names an idea, a quality or an action.
Happiness, democracy, loneliness, heaven, hell, patience, kind-
ness, skiing, learning English etc.
Tư do va cöng băng la nhưng cơ sơ ₫ï̉ xêy dưng nï̀n dên chu.
X Freedom and equality are the bases on which a democracy is
built.
Tònh ban cua chung töi băt ₫ều tư thơi trung hoc.
X Our friendship began in high school.
Tiḯng chim hot lam töi thưc giếc.
X The singing of a bird in the garden woke me up.
C. COLLECTIVE NOUNS
A collective noun names a group of collection of people or
things regarded as a single unit.
Family / committee / team / jury / crowd / assembly / meeting /
crew / faculty etc.
Gia ₫ònh chung töi dư ₫ịnh don ₫i Đa lat.
X Our family is planning to move to Dalat.
Uy ban hop măt ba lền möt tuền.
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NOUNS
X The district committee meets three times a week.
Đöi banh cua chung ta tö́i nay bay vï̀ nươc.
X Our team is flying home tonight.
Bö̀i thểm ₫oan cho răng bị cao co töi.
X The jury has declared/found the defendant guilty.
NOTE
D. SINGULAR NOUNS AND PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns may be singular or plural in number
Cat - cats
Man - men
Child - Children
Woman - women
E. NOMINATIVE - OBJECTIVE - POSSESSIVE CASE
Nouns may be in nominative case, objective case or possessive
case.
Her mother's worries
The mother's worries
The child's mother
The children' mother(s)
Mary and John's car (Marry and John share the same car)
Mary's and John's car
When refer to a group as a single unit, verbs used with them
must be singular in number.
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PRONOUNS
II. PRONOUNS
WHAT IS A PRONOUN?
Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. The noun for
which a pronoun is used is called the antecedent of the pronoun.
X In the winter of wet years, the streams ran full-freshet, and they
swelled the river until sometimes
it raged and boiled (John
Steinbeck, East of Eden)
X The Salinas Valley is in South California. It is a long narrow
swale between two ranges of mountains, and the Salinas River
winds and twists up the center until
it falls at last into Monterey
Bay.
On the basis of the forms and functions, pronouns are classified
as:
(1) Personal Pronoun
(2) Relative Pronoun
(3) Interrogative Pronoun
(4) Demonstrative Pronoun
(5) Emphasizing Pronoun
(6) Reflexive Pronoun
(7) Reciprocal Pronoun
(8) Indefinite Pronoun
A. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A personal pronoun is a direct substitute for a noun. It usually
indicates a person, a thing, or a place.
PERSON NOMINATIVE
CASE
POSSESSIVE
CASE
OBJECTIVE
CASE
1st I My Me
SINGULAR
2nd You Yours You
3rd He/She/It His/Hers/Its Him/Her/It
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PRONOUNS
Giưa töi va cö ta khöng con gò nưa.
X There is nothing left between her and me.
B. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a dependent
clause which normally functions as an adjective. The most com-
mon relative pronouns are: WHO, WHOM, WHICH and
THAT.
We need to learn also the emphatic form: WHOEVER,
WHOMEVER, WHICHEVER, and WHATEVER.
Ngươi yïu töi bêy giơ cach xa ngan dăm.
X The woman/man (whom) I love is now a thousand miles away.
X The man who loves me is now a thousand miles away.
Ba töi, ngươi töi ₫a thương yïu va kñnh phuc suö́t ₫ơi, nay ₫a gền 60
tuö̉i.
X My father, whom I have loved and admired all my life, is now
almost 60.
Bết cư ₫öi nao bị ₫a bai trong bết cư vong nao trư vong chung kḯt
phai vï̀ nươc trong vong 24 giơ.
X Any team which is defeated in any round except the finals is to
leave for home in 24 hours.
NOTE
PLURAL
1st We Our Us
2nd You Yours You
3rd They Their Them
* When a clause functions as an adjective, it may be
defining or non-defining.
* THAT is used to refer to both people and thing and
is never used in non-defining clause.
* WHOM, WHICH and THAT can be omitted when
they functions as object in defining clause only.
* WHICH is usually used to stand for a collective
noun.
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PRONOUNS
C. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
An interrogative pronoun is used to introduce a question or a
dependent clause. The most common interrogative pronouns are
WHO, WHOM, WHAT and WHICH. The emphatic forms are
WHOEVER, WHATEVER and WHICHEVER.
Who was the first to explore the Lang Biang highlands?
X Doctor Yersin was.
Who was the first to set foot on the moon?
X Louis Armstrong was.
What are you going to do after leaving college?
X I will start my own business.
Whom should I marry?
X Marry which of them who loves you the most.
What did you do it with?
X I did it with a knife.
What time is it?
X It’s half past nine.
What is there in your hand?
X My future.
D. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
A demonstrative pronoun points out or identifies a place, a per-
son or a thing. The common demonstrative pronouns are THIS,
THAT, THESE and THOSE.
Đêy la nhưng ngươi hang xom cua töi.
X These are our neighbors.
Đêy chñnh la cai töi muö́n.
X This is exactly what I need/want/wish for.
Đêy chñnh la vến ₫ï̀ kho khăn cua töi hiïn nay.
X That is my problem at present.
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PRONOUNS
NOTE
Nhưng ngươi nay vưa mơi don ₫ḯn.
X These people have just moved in.
Töi muö́n cai nay.
X I want this one.
Chung ta nïn cö́ găng giai quyḯt vến ₫ï̀ ₫o.
X We should try to solve that problem
Khi co thơi gian, töi se ban vơi anh vï̀ vến ₫ï̀ nay.
X When there is time, then I will discuss this issue with you.
E. EMPHASIZING (INTENSIVE) PRONOUNS
An emphasizing pronoun is used to give emphasis to a noun or
another pronoun.
NOTE
Myself / Himself / Herself / Itself / Yourself / Ourselves / Them-
selves / Yourselves
Chñnh töi ₫a viḯt thư nay cho cö ta.
X I myself wrote her this letter.
Chñnh öng thềy ₫ang trach trong viïc nay.
X The teacher himself is to blame in this case.
Chñnh hăn ta quyḯt ₫ịnh khöng lếy cö ta.
X He himself has decided not to marry her.
F. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the sentence in
which it appears: MYSELF ; YOURSELF ; HIMSELF ; HER-
* When they modify nouns, they become adjectives called
demonstrative adjectives.
* These pronouns should be placed right after the noun
or pronoun they emphasize and may be omitted.
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PRONOUNS
SELF ; ITSELF ; OURSELVES; YOURSELVES ; THEM-
SELVES
Em chăng yïu anh ty nao; em chỉ yïu em ma thöi.
X You don't love me at all; you love yourself only.
Chung ta phai yïu chñnh chung ta ₫ï̉ co thï̉ thưc sư yïu thương
ngươi khac.
X We must learn to be kind to ourselves to be really kind to oth-
ers.
Cö ta nhòn mònh trong gương va mĩm cươi.
X She looked at herself in the mirror and smiled.
Dong söng tan pha ₫ết ₫ai cua cac nöng trai ven bơ, cươp ₫i ca hecta
₫ết; giêt nga nha cưa, chuö̀ng trai rö̀i cuö́n chung ₫i, nhếp nhö xa tñt
X The river tore the edges of the farm lands and washed whole
acres down; it toppled barns and houses into
itself, to go float-
ing and bobbing away. (John Steinbeck, East of Eden)
Hăn thò thềm vơi chñnh mònh băng möt giong khan khan
X He whispered hoarsely to himself
“Ta co cai gò trong tui vêy?” Bilbo buöt miïng thö́t lïn. Thêt ra, hăn
₫ang noi vơi chñnh hăn, nhưng Gollum lai cho ₫o la möt cêu ₫ö́
X ‘What I have in my pocket?’ Bilbo said aloud. He was talking to
himself, but Gollum thought it was a riddle
(Tolkien, The Hobbit)
NOTE
G.
1
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, a place or a thing gen-
erally rather than specifically.
ANYTHING, ANYONE, ANYBODY, ANY PLACE, EVERY
THING, EVERY ONE, EVERYBODY, EVERY PLACE,
* Reflexive pronouns are used as the object of a verb
or the object of a preposition and can not be omitted
1. INDEFINITE /in&def InBt /
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ADJECTIVE
SOMETHING, SOMEONE, SOMEBODY, SOME PLACE,
NOBODY, NOTHING, ALL, MANY, FEW, SEVERAL,
BOTH, EACH, EITHER, NEITHER
Ca hai ưng viïn ₫ï̉u ₫u tiïu chuển.
X Either of the applicants is qualified for the job.
Ca hai ưng viïn ₫ï̀u khöng ₫u tiïu chuển.
X Neither of the applicants is qualified for the job.
Ca hai giai phap ₫ï̀u tö́t.
X Either of the solutions is satisfactory.
Ca hai giai phap ₫ï̀u khöng tö́t.
X Neither of the solutions is satisfactory.
As demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns can be used as
adjectives which modify nouns.
Chuyḯn ₫i co thï̉ mết tư 5-7 ngay.
X The trip may take several days.
H.
1
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
In formal writing EACH OTHER refers to two persons, and
ONE ANOTHER refers to more than two persons. But there is a
tendency in modern English to use EACH OTHER for both
cases.
Töi va Marry biḯt nhau suö́t ₫ơi.
X Mary and I have known each other all our lives.
Cac con a, cö́ găng yïu thương va săn soc lễn nhau sau khi bö́ chḯt
₫i.
X Children, try to love and take care of one another after I die.
III. ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word that modifies or adds to the meaning of a
noun or pronoun.
1. RECIPROCAL /rI&sIprBkl/
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ADJECTIVE
A. COMMON - PROPER ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are commonly categorized as common adjectives
and proper adjectives. A common adjective modifies or adds to
the meaning of common noun. A proper adjective modifies or
adds to the meaning of proper noun.
America - American
Vietnam - Vietnamese
B. DESCRIPTIVE - LIMITING ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are also classified as descriptive adjectives and lim-
iting adjectives. A descriptive adjective describes a person, a
place or a thing.
Clean / sad / cheerful / mean / lazy /large/small
A limiting adjective points out or specifies a person, a place or a
thing.
(1) a, an, the
(2) my / yours (possessive adjective)
(3) John's mother / my mother's (noun possessive case)
(4) cardinal number: 1,2,3…
(5) ordinal number: first, second, third…
Gia sinh hoat hiïn thơi cao hơn khoang 2% so vơi 6 thang ₫ều năm.
X The cost of living is about 2% higher at present than in the first
six months of the years.
Trong hai thêp niïn ₫ều cua thḯ ky
X During / In the first 2 decades of the century…
Hai vến ₫ï̀ ₫ều tiïn quan trong cua töi la
X My first two important problems are…
Trong 10 cêu hoi sau ₫êy …
X In the 10 following questions…
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ADJECTIVE
C. ATTRIBUTIVE - APPOSITIVE - PREDICATIVE
On the basis of their functions, adjectives are classified as
attributive (defining) adjectives, appositive (non-defining)
adjectives and predicative adjectives.
1. ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES
An attributive adjective represents an attribute (that is special
quality or a typical quality) of a noun or pronoun. In other
words, an attributive adjective limits or restricts the meaning of
noun or pronoun and is therefore not set off.
An honest father
An honest and hard-working father
CONDITION 1 A: There was some people who want to see you this morning.
B: Anybody
special?
A: No, sir. Nobody
special sir.
Tö́i nay TV co gò hay khöng?
X Is there anything interesting on TV tonight?
Töi co ₫iï̀u mơi cho anh ₫êy.
X I’ve got something new for you.
Anh co chuyïn vêy?
X Is there anything wrong with you?
X No, nothing wrong.
* Attributive adjectives normally precede the nouns or
pronouns they modify.
An attributive adjective may follows the word it modi-
fies with a few conditions:
1. The word it modifies is an indefinite pronoun.
2. It is modified by an adverbial expression, which is nor-
mally a phrase.
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ADJECTIVE
CONDITION 2 A life
An empty life
Möt cuöc sö́ng trö́ng rö̃ng khöng muc ₫ñch thò khöng ₫ang sö́ng.
X A life empty of a purpose is not worth living.
Möt ngươi hăm hơ lam vưa long ngươi khac thò khöng ₫ang tin cêy.
X A person anxious to please others is untrustworthy.
Möt ngươi dï̃ hai long thò dï̃ băt chuyïn.
X A person easy to please is easy to talk to.
Möt trai tim trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt, thöng cam va tha thư thò chỉ la
möt căn nguc tu tö́i tăm.
X A heart void/vacant of understanding, sympathy and forgive-
ness is only a dark prison cell.
Möt ngươi kho tñnh thò kho cam thếy sung sương.
A person
hard to please is unlikely to feel happy.
2. APPOSITIVE ADJECTIVES
An appositive adjective represents only an appositive idea; that
is to say, it represents only an after thought or something added.
In other words, an appositive adjective only gives more infor-
mation to the noun or pronoun it refers to; it doesn't narrow or
restrict the meaning of the noun at all. Appositive adjectives are
normally set off when they follows a noun or pronoun they refer
to.
Qua tim cua cö ta, trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt va thöng cam, chỉ la möt
căn nguc tu tö́i tăm.
X Her heart, void of understanding and sympathy, is only a dark,
prison cell.
* An appositive adjective must be modified by an adverbial
expression when it follows the noun it modifies.
N
Appositive Adjective + Adverbial Expression
,,
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ADJECTIVE
Bö́ töi, rết dï̃ băt chuyïn, co nhiï̀u ban tö́t.
X My father, easy to talk to, has many good friends.
Bilbo, nong long thoat hiï̉m, chếp nhên lơi ₫ï̀ nghị ngay lêp tưc.
X Bilbo, anxious to escape, accepted the suggestion at once.
NOTE
Ba töi, thanh thêt va tö́t bung, co nhiï̀u ban tö́t trong ₫ơi.
X My father, honest and kind-hearted, has many good friends in his
life.
Nhưng sinh viïn ₫ang lam viïc vơi töi, thöng minh va chăm chỉ, se
₫êu ky thi nay.
X The students working with me, intelligent and hard working, are
certain to pass the exam.
Nhưng ₫ưa tre, nghịch ngơm va ö̀n ao, ua ra.
X The children, boisterous and noisy, rushed out.
Roland thếy sư khön ngoan cua lơi khuyïn nïn ₫a ₫ö̀ng y ma khöng
bao giơ biḯt ₫ươc răng Flag, quy quyït va ₫öc ac, hiï̉u qua ro bñ mêt
thềm kñn cua öng.
X Roland saw the wisdom of the advice and agreed, never know-
ing that Flag,
cunning and wicked, understood his deepest
secret. (Stephen King, The Eyes of the Dragon)
No nhòn thếy bong mònh trong gương, mơi ₫ều xanh xao va hoang
hö́t. Nhưng tñch tăc sau cai bong mĩm cươi vơi no.
X He saw his reflection, pale and scared-looking at first. But a
moment later the reflection smiled at him. (J.K Rowling, The
Socerer’s Stone)
* If an appositive adjective is not modified by an adverbial
expression, it must be coordinated with another adjec-
tive.
N
Appositive ADJ1 + Appositive ADJ2
,,
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ADJECTIVE
NOTE
My father, happy with his active years, is now living his old age in
Dalat.
X Happy with his active years, my father is now living his old age
in Dalat.
The young Queen
, beautiful and gracious, was loved by her subjects.
X Beautiful and gracious, the young Queen was loved by her sub-
jects.
3. PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
A predicate adjective modifies a subject or an object. When it
modifies a subject, it is called SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT;
when it modifies an object it is called OBJECTIVE COMPLE-
MENT. And it is more often than not, predicative adjectives are
used after linking verb.
Adjectives may be natural; it means that, these adjectives have
existed in English since the beginning of the language.
sad / happy / dark / beautiful / ugly / gracious / young
Adjectives may be derived:
(a) from Present Participles and Past Participles
(b) through suffixes and prefixes
Interest > Interesting / Interesed (a)
Delight
> Delighting / Delighted (a)
Love (v)
> Lovable / Loved (a)
* An appositive adjective with a modifier or a co-
ordinated adjective may follow or precede the sub-
ject of a sentence when the subject is a noun.
Appositive Adj,
S,
Appositive Adj
,
S
S=N
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VERBS
Love (n) > Lovely (a)
IV. VERBS
WHAT IS A VERB?
A verb is a word used to assert something or ask something and
usually indicates an action or state of being.
A. PRINCIPLE PARTS OF A VERB
There are four principle parts of a verb:
a. The present
b. The past
c. The past participle
d. The present participle
B. VERB CLASSIFICATION
Verbs are normally classified as intransitive verbs (vi) and tran-
sitive verbs (vt)
1. INTRANSITIVE VERBS (VI)
An intransitive verb is complete in meaning by itself. In other
words, it does not need any thing to complete its meaning, and
it does not pass any action to any noun or pronoun at all.
The ship sank slowly.
A crowd
collected at the scene of the accident.
Birds
fly to the South for warmer climate.
The Baggines
have lived in the neighborhood of the Hill for time out
of mind. (Tolkien, The Hobbit)
He only
sleeps for four hours a night.
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VERBS
2. TRANSITIVE VERBS (VT)
A transitive verb is not complete in meaning by itself. It is usu-
ally followed by a noun, a pronoun, noun equivalent or some
other element that completes its meaning. This noun or pronoun
or noun equivalent also receives the action passed to it by the
verb.
Regular verb: Wait - Waited - Waited - Waiting
Irregular verb: Grow - Grew - Grown- Growing
X He clapped his hands once, and the ropes binding Harry fell off.
X ‘Come here,’ Quirrell repeated. ‘ Look in the mirror and tell me
what you see.’
X ‘I must lie’, he thought desperately, ‘I must look and lie about
what I
see, that’s all.’
X He saw his relfection, pale and scared-looking at first. But a
moment later, the reflection
smiled at him. It puts its hand into
its pocket and
pulled out a blood-red stone. It winked and put
the stone back in its pocket - and as it
did so, Harry felt some-
thing heavy drop into his real pocket (J.K. Rowling, The
Socerer’s Stone)
X Suddenly the great beast beat its hideous wings, and the wind
of them was foul. Again it
leaped into the air, and then swiftly
fell down upon Eowyn, shrieking, striking with beak and claw.
X Still she did not blench: maiden of the Rohirrim, child of kings,
slender but as a steel-blade, fair yet terrible. A swift stroke she
dealt, skilled and deadly. The outstretched neck she clove asun-
der, and the hewn head
fell like a stone. Backward she sprang
as the huge shape crashed to ruin, vast wings
outspread, crum-
pled on the earth; and with its fall the shadow
passed away. A
light
fell about her, and her hair shone in the sunrise. (J.R.R.
Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings)
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VERBS
NOTE
C. VOICE AND MOOD
1. VOICE
Voice is the distinction in the form of a verb to indicate whether
the subject performs or receives the action expressed by the
verb.
Only transitive verbs have voice. There are only 2 voices: the
active and the passive.
China and South Korea regard Yakusuni shrine as a symbol of
Japan’s past militarism.
(Active Voice)
Yakusuni shrine is regarded as a symbol of Japan’s past militarism.
(Passive Voice)
2. MOOD
The mood shows the manner in which the speaker or writer
thinks of an action. There are 3 moods:
a. The Indicative Mood
A verb in the indicative mood states a fact or describe an action.
Ba ta ₫oc möt bai diï̃n thuyḯt rết thu vị.
* Linking verb is intransitive verb which links or
joins a subject with the rest of the sentence.
X He was on me by that time, trying to find out how
far I’d got (J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter)
* Many, many verbs are intransitive in one sense
and transitive in another
X I ran as fast as I could.
X Her boyfriend is running a hotel in Dalat.
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VERBS
X She gave a very interesting speech.
Ngay xưa, ơ möt vương quö́c no, co möt vị vua co hai ngươi con trai.
X Once, in a kingdom, there was a King with two sons.
Roland tö́t bung khöng phai la möt öng vua tai ba nhết cung khöng
phai möt öng vua tö̀i nhết.
X Roland the Good was neither the best nor the worse King.
b. The Imperative Mood
A verb in the imperative mood expresses an order or request.
Sit down, please. (request)
Sit down. (order)
Come here!
Be quiet!
Be calm!
Be happy!
Don’t worry!
c. The Subjunctive Mood
A verb in the subjunctive mood expresses a wish or a condition
or supposition which is contrary to the fact.
Ươc gò töi 20 tuö̉i trơ lai.
X I wish I were 20 years old again.
Gia sư trai ₫ết nö̉ tung trong vong 15 phut, ban se lam gò trong thơi
gian ₫o?
X If the earth were to explode in 15 minutes; what would you do
in the meantime?
Nḯu co măt ơ ₫o, töi se tat cho no möt cai vao giưa măt.
X If I had been there I would have slapped him in the face.
D. ASPECTS
There are 3 aspects:
a. The aspect of time
b. The perfective aspect
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ADVERBS
c. The continuous aspect
These aspects combine together to produce 12 tenses in
English.
V. ADVERBS
A. FUNCTION
An adverb is a word which usually modifies
(1) a verb
(2) an adjective
(3) or an another adverb
An adverb sometimes is used broadly.
He ran fast.
The morning was
delightingly fresh.
He sang
unusually beautifully that night.
Obviously, you've fallen in love with him.
She always drives
carefully.
She drives very
carefully when it rain.
Her answer is terribly annoying.
Sadly, our team was
badly defeated/beaten.
B. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ADVERBS
1. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS
The most common interrogative adverbs WHEN, WHERE,
WHY, HOW
Hi, how are things?
Where is Heaven/Hell?
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ADVERBS
Happiness, where are you?
Dear,
why do you love him so much?
2. RELATIVE ADVERBS WHEN, WHERE, WHY
Nơi töi sinh ra la möt ngöi lang nho khoang 200km vï̀ phña ₫öng Sai
gon.
X I was born in the place where is a small village about 200km
southeast of Saigon.
Cac con a, bö́ muö́n ₫ươc chön cết ơ nơi bö́ ₫ươc sinh ra.
X Children, I want to be buried where I was born.
Töi khöng hiï̉u tai sao hăn lai bết cển ₫ḯn thḯ.
X I don't know the reason why he was so careless.
Năm töi lïn 10, me töi tai gia.
X The year when I got ten, my mother remarried.
Băng möt sư tònh cơ ky la nao ₫o ma vao möt buö̉i sang thêt yïn tĩnh
xa xưa, thuơ con nhiï̀u rưng cêy va ñt tiḯng ö̀n
X By some curious chance one morning long ago in the quiet of
the world,
when there was less noise and more green (Tolk-
ien, The Hobbit)
Khi öng Bilbo Baggins ơ Bag End thöng bao răng chăng lêu nưa öng
se tö̉ chưc möt buö̉i tiïc huy hoang ₫ï̉ mưng sinh nhêt 111 tuö̉i cua
mònh thò ơ Hobbiton ngươi ta khao nhau ềm ĩ vï̀ sư kiïn nay.
X When Mr. Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced that he would
shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with a party of
special magnificence, there was much talk and excitement in
Hobbiton. (Tolkien, The Lords of the Rings)
Peter mơi lïn năm luc me chu qua ₫ơi.
X Peter was five when his mother died. (Stephen King, The Eyes of
the Dragon)
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ADVERBS
3. CORRELATIVE ADVERBS
Töi khöng cao băng anh.
X I'm not as tall as you are
Töi khöng gia băng anh.
X I'm not as old as you are.
Cö ta lam viïc khöng chăm chỉ băng chị.
X She doesn't work so hard as you do.
Coi kòa, töi khöng giau như anh nghĩ ₫êu.
X Come on, I don't have so much money as you think.
Cuöc sö́ng ơ ₫êy khöng dï̃ dang như töi nghĩ.
X Life here is not as easy as I think.
Sang mai rang co măt ơ ₫êy sơm chưng nao hay chưng ếy.
X Try to be here as early as possible.
Điïn thoai cho töi sơm chưng nao hay chưng ₫o.
X Phone me as soon as you can.
Luc ₫o töi chỉ chay thuc mang ma thöi.
X I only ran as fast as I could.
Hay cö́ găng yïu thương ban thên mònh hḯt mưc ₫ï̉ co thï̉ yïu
thương ngươi khac.
X Try to love yourself as much as you can so that you can truly
love others.
main clause sub clause
AS
NOT AS
NOT SO
ADJ
ADV
UN’S/ CN’S
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS POSSIBLE
AS AS ONE COULD
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ADVERBS
Cang ₫i xa anh cang nhơ em.
X The more I’m away from you, the more I miss you.
Nơi ₫êu co tònh yïu thò nơi ₫o co hanh phuc.
X Where there is love, there is happiness
Ơ ₫êu co hoa thò ơ ₫o co bươm.
X Where there are flowers, there are butterflies.
Ơ ₫êu co mêt thò ơ ₫o co ruö̀i.
X Where there is honey, there are flies
Khi nao co thơi gian thò töi se ban chuyïn nay vơi anh.
X When there is time, then I will discuss the issue with you.
4. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS (CORRELATIVE ADVERB CON-
JUNCTIONS - CAC)
(See further details in Lesson 4, How to Write a Compound
Sentence)
These adverbs are used to join two independent clauses into a
compound sentence.
The most common conjunctive adverbs are: ACCORDINGLY
CONSEQUENCELY, HENCE, HOWEVER, LIKE WISE,
MOREOVER, NEVERTHELESS, THEREFORE, THUS, etc.
Töi yïu cö ta thưc long; tuy nhiïn, töi se khöng cều hön cö ta.
X I love her truly; however, I will not propose to her.
Leo lïn möt ngon ₫ö̀i thò dï̃ hơn leo xuö́ng; tương tư, sö́ng ₫oi tuö̉i
tre bao giơ cung dï̃ hơn sö́ng tuö̉i gia.
X It’s is easier to climb uphill than downhill; likewise, it is easier
to live one’ youth than one’s old age.
WHEN , THEN
WHERE , THERE
THE , THE
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ADVERBS
5. INDEPENDENT OR ABSOLUTE ADVERBS
These adverbs have little or no grammatical function in the sen-
tences in which they appear. Instead, they govern the whole idea
of the statement.
Buö̀n thay, buö̉i tiïc khöng thanh cöng.
X Sadly enough, the party was not a success.
6. ADVERBS EXPRESS VARIOUS IDEAS
Adverbs express the idea of TIME, CAUSE or REASON,
CONCESSION, DEGREE or EXTEND, RESULT or CONSE-
QUENCE, CONDITION, DEGREE plus RESULT etc.
Hăn con qua tre ₫ï̉ co thï̉ nhên chưc vu ₫o.
X He is too young to be given the job.
Nhưng ngươi khac lai qua găt gong khöng noi chuyïn ₫ươc
X The others were too grumpy to talk. (Tolkien, The Hobbit)
Ho găp nhau lền ₫ều tai lï̃ höi hang năm, khi Peter lïn têm.
X They first met at the annual Festival, when Peter was eight.
(Stephen King, The Eyes of The Dragon)
X ‘I am deeply grateful,’ said Frodo, ‘but I wish you would tell me
plainly what the black riders are. If I take your advice I may not
see Galdalf for a long while, and I ought to know what is the
danger that pursues me.’ (Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings)
ADVERB OF DEGREE plus RESULT
There are three ways to express an idea of degree plus result.
WAY 1
X The storm was so violent that half of the houses in the village
was swept down.
X He drives so carelessly that no one dares to ask for a ride.
so adj/adv that
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PREPOSITIONS
WAY 2
X Such a violent storm that half of the houses in the village was
swept down.
WAY 3: This is the strongest most advanced form to express
the idea.
X The storm was such that more than half the houses in the vil-
lage has been swept down.
Note that the violence of the storm is implied in this sentence.
VI. PREPOSITIONS
A. WHAT IS PREPOSITION?
A preposition is a word used to form a syntactic unit called the
prepositional phrase, which usually functions as a noun, as an
adjective or as an adverb.
After work is convenient for every one.
The man of my dream.
B. PREPOSITION MAY BE SIMPLE OR COMPOUND
A simple preposition consists of one word: ABOVE,
AGAINST, AT, BEHIND, BESIDE, BENEATH, BELOW,
FOR, INTO, WITH, WITHOUT, WITHIN, FROM, TO,
UNDER, OF, etc.
A compound preposition consists of at least two words:
AHEAD OF, APART FROM, AS FAR AS, AS TO, IN FRONT
OF, IN ADDITION TO, BECAUSE OF, BY MEANS OF,
such CN’s/UN that
BE SUCH that