Lý thuyết ô tô part 10 pps
Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (259.83 KB, 12 trang )
}3-_$931)dD:1)d-6<$
$5<$7=/37$D3<$="2/ )*$:3:A
$=#2/:K)
RB:A2/01<$7=rB6
/*e(!'(+d#B*
_$%TE7%36>6-1>
/3$>j=1T$6'W2$,7%3Š"D6
%3Š"D)*$"6%3>0'(<$_
'>_':%396:9!4%_937
R + + $=# 0 %3 " 2/ %T E - # ' 9 %3
>+"X)d:>+h"X),)+'
9%3dD"2/0)*$:3]$>7$=#:
+'79/3++}3=QFE<$=:;
:P!2/.--#h=9%3-"2/%TE
931)d0>z2$,7'W12,$%TE:P
!2/
}3-"2/%TE-#2$,7>-%3d
D_$%TE%3'(2$,7)Q()$=:%3>+
K79/3:%T
R"2/B961,)1+0)Q(‹"!71-α:E)
dD
&
%
=α
<k"6%@,)+1
'N<$ˆ"2/B8
α
!
α
?]eN(MQ&9F3.&+51UQ
‹)h|:v
ve|α
I)_dD| 1)_(•"X)Q(96
"X:)_(K∆|9"F%3dD"2/
|e|
I
ƒ∆|
&
%
&
%
∆+=
∆|:
&
%
=P6vr=P
I96>+"X)d0%3"2/%TE;2$,7
$167>L):E>889/3<$):%T>+
D
y%*R$=#>889/3:>+8
9/30#11<$=:E;>L3%K%3/3$••/3K
): $=#/3$0">"X]$%;>L3%K
^$••:13"2/%TE<$=<$9*<$=D>
$=#%!$=#:E>889/32/}3:A=>
>_Kh1%3)_:E,$
}3Š"D"2/%TE%3'(>+h"X)
>+h"X%T'('$,7($>j0=P:E_'"X:A
-v:"6?7:E"M):A2/
5+1/<$=E,%3>+h"XE)>>8>+h
"X"2/8$
}3 "2/ %T E %3 >+ h "X 'W 9, 1@ R + +
$=#:E:AE0:A-"2/_:E_'%396
?]eP(R!S@
'9v&
>5
"2/%TE931)d]$>7=-F2/%$!
-">"2/O:-_'%396_$%TE,)
h$OQ3$A
yW' ::)9M%3++>)_Q
9379/3
#17(Kk_$%TE
f}3"2/%TE
?]ee(; 8"c.&+5!8.f
gf
AFC
&=3&&3!!I>]
33!!I3!! %[O
3!! %![O(
Y9F%C
2`(K&=3&&3!!
2a(M>]33!!
6b(*3!! %[O(
6)(<3!! %![O
)(x&>]D,>!! %![O(
2(;W33>1&>],!!(
6(;W33>1&>],>(
L(*O":33(
v85<'(
uC95<'(
I>$++8"X/3:!'8
:A$=#:<$ˆ:A$=#,k>10>k>10P
$=6F++)*$:3>,$++0M9@>U$A++0
867$6$*0]$>7:]$>7>A$>'C
%*++0]9Q3F93=S2/12L>
67$2/
I>67$++8"X1D6$367$
96<$ˆYY>131D6$367$31,k>1
5D6$367$31:!<$ˆ@=<
++82
!/3"#$D'$h=
&
(
2
%
=
!
v
€k86$367$"X>2/@=<$ˆb–
b
–
k<$ˆ@=8++0>1
5D6$367$31:!<$ˆ2/@=/3+
Dv>+>#>831++:A$=#801%a++
$=6F3M867$6$*'WE>>+F
336_>67$++/3:!:A$=#
y%*:E++:AQ1D6$367$31:!3<
8/3"#$D'$h=
(
2
%
ρ
=
>n>1 v
[
>83:A$=#8"X,
b
<$ˆ$=6F++>-3>1
ρ
?9K67$>n
wX#-Y(!<'(
R++$=#0>67$-)*$:3>
67$96++:'(6$3+'$,#>4)*(Q
$=#R7196"7C'W2!81D6$3
67$/3>n:+'$,)9.
/
>m
R-1D6$367$/382!/3"#$D'$h=
2
ρ
=
vf
1:7
#>67$%a1@
8'$,6$367$-
2
ρ
==
3
vq
.
/
+'$,->m
I+<$710302h=%(8 !<$7`.
/
:
/
:E':;<$=
.
/
el
/
/
el
/
IJ+Dv:vq-#9z98"#$D#2!1D
6$367$'$
(
%
ρ
ρ
&
==
!
vg
(
&
= k:A$=#++o>1n R
++$=#0+'$,)9_#>4)*(Q
$=#:8"#$!/3)9Mh"X+'$,'$
(
)
η
ψω
±
+
=
>m vs
c
ω
0c
Ψ
0c
‚
k(Q$=#++.
:k:A$=#++01n'
.:A=1D6$*67$++'W)*$'$G6$367$
-:+'$,6$3#>4)*(Q$=#
%
ρη
ψω
±
+
=
!
vt
c9MvtK)9M1D6$367$>+
+$=#>+P!
R++$=#P!M1D6$367$82!
'$
%
ρη
ψω
+
=
!
vu
IJ)9Mvt0vu-A2L'$h=
ƒ5D6$367$961:!<$ˆ:A$=#'WQ1>
Q1'$,6$367$-]$=2Q=9>->
,$:<$9M1:737
ƒIM9@1:779$=](>+'W1Q17$'$,
79$=](0B1D6$367$961<$ˆ@=
ƒR++B0r>(Q$=#BM1D6$3
67$<
B
fYk"#$%<'(DNR*
bC%*)9Mvu#)h:31D6$367$
'W)]$>->B:M9!''$,6$367$-
/
)*
$:3':;<$=9*>$?$
/
:1D'C%*+'$,
Ž
.
yM:A=)QQ<$=:,]="X)))2h=
%( 6$3 67$ ++# 2! 8
67$++>$=#P!(7/3"E'$h=
–}(:3<$9M7196"7C#A) !'$,6$
367$-/31D'C%*+'$,
/
e
lŽ
.
D:E':;<$=>$
/
.A2L
5D'C%*+'$,B:':;<$=9*>$?$
Q1M1D6$367$Q1yM>+'$,'C%*
$0:%*@#1Ž
.
M'$,6$367$-F':;<$=
•••
/
'WO
/
D:E••
/
:•
/
–vh=%( !h"X+'$,++>$=#P!:E
7'QΨ3@1>$#M181D'C%*+
'$,>$Ž
.
I2h=%(+'$,.
/
el:3
1?'9$=]3-79$=](
}(:3)9Mh"X+'$,>$=#P!#2!
7'D
kyW3+'$,0'$-2$,)J3=
2 ! )%E -0 3"#$ ! +'$, 6$3 3( Q
>+>-z{P,9379$=](
'
ηη
ω
==
b$-:W"#$%&+'$,Q1D:E7
'Q>$
=
η
ψ
:-z{P,9379$=](
η
ψ
η
ω
=
k}(:3 !h"X+'$,++-#2!81D'C
%*+'$,Ž
.
D:E1':;<$=
/
3-D
D:E:3-++F'9$=]39E:1']$>72
39E
[Q'C++$=#F:
#3++$=#:E1:A
=9613@-7'Qψ
_)Q-+'$,82!"X
P3@:I93>-+'$,)9P
3@ : " IJ - 2 ! 8 1D 'C %* + 2$,
$
+
+
=
?]P2C*SOQ>'
!!
.$Ž
.
/3)_9B1-
''
$
+
+
=
vw
.:A=$%(:3 !h"X+'$,2!89!'Ž
.
D
:E:0ψ39E0rD:E:A::'9$=]ˆ302!'
:;<$=
/
D
π
=
:n)
–IJ9!'
Ž
.
0
/
ˆM180%(:3 !:]Q9K
-#2!9!'6$367$
–b$>389!'c
ψ
0c
ϖ
:=9!ˆM18
/
0
c
ψ
0c
ϖ
:3)9Mvu'W2!89!'1D6$367$:
J-2!831D6$367$++>$=#P
!
?]P6(*SO8.f
!#@!!:
&#Q&
"
•
"
l
/
%
:
€
'
ψ
ψ
ψ
:
>
<p
%1
?]PL(*SO
33!!
%[O
"
.
.
/
.
/
•
:
:
η
ω
η
ψ
.
/
!=8K !6$367$++>$=#
P! !3)L)2!1D6$367$>"9!'ψ
::
.A2L !
I961x3 !-#19"Q,0#1D
,2!1D6$367$O,<
1
R++$=#961
3@-7'Qψ3-:%*<
1
D:Eψ
M:A++@
#1-8K:A>:
RI
#11z$393
86$367$>1:7F3Q#10"00
#1=D:E$=#E,++:
12
z{9X>++$=#:E:
RI
M@8<
1
I$=6]$=
>+-•++$=#F=0:MF:
RI
M$=#+
+ A1 ; O )QB 6 # B B '$, :A $=# : Q1
$93:AQ++yM:A=>K:A$=#8)++
3:7>67$++_z{]$>7>
kI:A$=#k=6$_$O
kQ1"Q33$=#93]$>7ˆ3
kQ1"Q3]$>73:>
fk85<'(DNR
*_-Y(&,-'(DNR*
I93]$>7'C%*(0M9@1$+$+=P%3-
%T:7:ArQ9K++r$+=PyM93(
)_E3@++$=#>+P!0zM$=#
-0>MB9:zM)ˆ1R++$=#BM
-B6:>~1/3B(Q$=#%T1B1D
6$367$I$=6z-:7'C%*+'$,:%3-
%TQ1'$,6$367$-i86$367$
93++$=#BB'3:E>++$=#:E:A
>+P0:M3)_67$6$3#>4)*(Q$=#;
-)_%a#BBB++
.$3++$=#B:A:
3-0'$-3++
$=#B90:AQ1%_3>@9!:
MB
89Q@>++B9M1:7F>+Q0343
3yMF>j=867$6$*9,O0%TE1D6$
367$$8Q1€$9M++$=#B:B9
8K$>jkB9$>j=8))@]$_93<$
9M$=#++
/*#T(!<-!I-Y,&'(*
i86$367$93<$9M=8'$
12 =
> vY
/"
'$,6$367$-9$"M93>3Q:A
:
:
>n>‡
•
P'+6$393<$9MB++->#P,
B83(Q9379$=](
11
1
η
+
=
•
+6$#>4)*(Q>B
•
ec
ψ
ƒc
ϖ
b
‚
b
‚
<$ˆ$=#++>B1
i(QP c
ψ
eψ[o
i(Q>+> c
ω
e‡:
"
yA9$"M++
+
= 1n'
•
%
k+_#BB++>$=#B
1 ωω −+−=
I93-
[k9K8++o
’
"
kP1+1/<$"2/o
k9K9o
ω
"
0ω
"
k-"2/D:E:A:
::
*#T(!<-!I-Y,-*
R++$=#B9$'$1867$6$3[
2
>M'$B9
'3-086$367$>B9€
2 =
> v
IB982!'$
−
=
v
‚
"
k9$"MD:E$=#A1%_>++$=#B
9
δ
ψ
ψ
+
+=
1n'
δ
k7'QF>8$=#<$=
c
22
k(1'9379$=](>1:7F>+
Q$K:]"2/
.$=9!'
Fvk:3vkYM'WA8
-
2
=
R vf
.:A=P86$367$31$>jkB9'W
1
222
−
+=+=
vq
.$-#2!8<$ˆ>++$=#Bb
‚
:>
$=#B9b
M-#2!1D6$367$961:!
<$ˆ@=€
'
'$
&
((
2
2
ρ
=
=
nYY>1 vg
f!1D6$367$
)_96ˆ9M"_=+D:)h1'hQ
F#2 !1D6$367$++I$=693(;9,
]$hQF1D6$367$++y%*<$=9F_$
2/0a2/0>2)%Š30><$)0€$)h+D{$=
>8):E]$>7'C%*(-#'C%*+D'$h=#2!
!1D6$367$3YY>1<$ˆ$=#++
0
(
%
++=
>
!1D6$367$3"Qh++$=#:P,
BnYY>1
b€$ˆ$=#++"X>1
>
^7'!1D6$367$31,3:A$=#93
YY>1nYY>1
c+:A$=#,>1
>
f
!1D6$367$)*31x_<$=9F_$2/0a2/3
1$=:A$=#n_
Hb_<$=9F_$0a0931$=
K8ZQUC
45K&=3&&3!!
65M>]33!!
75*3!! %[O(
85,<3!! %![O
(x&>]D,>!! %![O(
.(;W33>1&>],!!(
(;W33>1&>],>(
9(*O":33C
