Lý thuyết ô tô part 7 potx
Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (309.59 KB, 15 trang )
c
f
≈Y0g÷0Y'
q
k)33D:E()E,I=
8/3+Dyu
g
kQ)0()Q1>+
c%_$
g
≈Y0'
c
g
≈0gY÷0gY'
<3y1QC
i3@2/
€$ˆ)
1>+E
[A1%_(
@1n'
>+O
k†+3:3@2/
>96'Fz
k †+Q - 9K8 3
"\uYR.02/>-]$
%\t0g1
k †+Q - 9K8 3
" V uY R.0 2/ > -
]$%Vt0g1
t0
w0g
g0u
g0Y
q0
R 2/ ) 3 3 M
g
>+ Q F <$ˆ
)O,
IQ<$9M
e
ƒ
ƒ
f
ƒ
q
ƒ
g
yfq
I93
:
0():A1%_"X>+
R++%J33M
g
>+QFM<$ˆ
)O,06<$9M)J>A87$3>2/
%Jd>L3%93
e
ƒ
ƒ
f
ƒ
q
.:A=<$ˆ)(J>2/@))>2/%Jd
-'(Q1:A93
ϕ
δ
(
&
+=
yfg
>
'
k7'7$<$ˆ)082!"X(71
:E2/%$! >
'
e0÷0
:E2/Q02/> >
'
e0q÷0s
I93<$9M1:7>937)"!1;0'7
:]MK0%3]$S>+z13<$ˆ)-#BEY
÷gZ'3:E9!"_$]$Sz
GX(@T6*
F )_96 ˆ E 7$ )_ ) 1 1F =8) # B 7$ <$Q
)%3Q1δ
I9398),="!>O79$=](I$=
6r-`98)>)++>+_1F=8)A1-`
98)#++$=#A1%_S_Q167$$,):32=
I98) )++ 1>+ 1F= 8)= K )%a 0
8%a>++$=#96<$ˆ9->QB"!7"60++
$=#96 z:E%9,%]$-93,$)>O"!
-09):1)"!1;
I9398))++>+1F=8)%3867$8$,)
:32=9,6"2/z-'W-:9;;
"3 19*>$?$:>"!0%3-1'
93'W@39'DQ:)*613()F"2/
R)>+1F=8)0(Q%31'-E8:E(<$
0%39*>$?$$=#A1%_
i(Q%31'93-%*13++$=#A1
%_:E!)3>1F=8)c9Mh"X(9398)=
-#:'$
c
)
ƒc
l
ƒc
ω
ƒc
ƒc
1'
ƒc
1'
kc
‚
eY yfs
c
1'
k(1'F938<$=%T:]"2/
c
1'
k(1'F9379$=](8<$=%T:]
"2/
!&
!&
η
=
5
1'
k1+1/1'>)
k?'9$=]79$=](
η
)
k7$'$,9$=](>)
!&
!&
!&
+
=η
.
%
1'
0.
1'
k+'$,6$331'F93:79$=](
>)
5_z-#1+1/1'Fq>j
5
1'
eY0u)y
)k)'$,P,>9$"M
yk#+2=
k'2=
c
1'
k(1'9379$=](I9398)1:7
>+Q0(="3 1(6$33>$,=%_$c
1'
:(6$33
$=#P"0"9B0PŠc
1'
c
1'
ec
1'
ƒc
1'
IJ)9Myfs-#2!8$=#A1%_
++'$
!&
!&
+++++
=
ω
δ
yft
δp
k7'>#QF>8$=#<$=93
:7'9$=](>)1>+1F=8)
.:A=>)++1>+1F=8)01$7$<$Q)'3
:E98)1F=8)M_3Q1ˆ]$>7‚p
)
V‚
)
!&
!&
!&
δ
δ
ωω
++++
>
+++++
yfu
yA=1$K1)D)18){0)-=1F=
8)0_z{)_(Q>++$=#c
l
0c
ω
0c
0c
%
1'
0c
1'
0c
)
0
δp
0δ
h$OQ3$A,,
)(\&+&
2(w@n":.&+5(^\z(
6(QS=3(
LDM!"$ W(
wf
AFC&+&O[O9'!!I"& .&
>3&>W/&C: 3I %I(((
Y9C
)(<[O9'\(
(J!!39(
.(J!!:1 d+9(
2(<[O9'(
(<>W[1&(
.(7539ZI %[O!"-(
(<>W+5"- %39UZ[O(
9(<>W+5 %[OUI!"->3
f"(
yINR'( !
8NRM'( !
)*8NRMb*
i>QB++k1=>L3>+"!A398>D=696
%/3]$%K
(J!!39(
I96' -
34GSJLO+,))%"#T<)U&O''VT
DAT"
α
5
l
ω
['
α
|
[
"
[3'
α
|
•
•
c
)
[k9K8++@9Kh12/}3++D96%6[
8)_
['αE/3%
[3'αE:$+-:E1
|
0|
k8)()Q(%*6"2/9E:'$
|
ƒ|
e[3'α
5
l
k1+1/QB
c
)
k()#);J++982$%
RαB%_63E1z1"2/9E>O10M
z-|
eY:2/'W"!A<$#1Y
#2!8-%αE@12/
"!AP>D<$=_$6%0A))9M1+1/,Q(
:E#1Y
:E]$>7|
eY
["3'α
i
k[
'α
i
eY y
=α y
α
i
k-%E@2/"!A>D<$=_$6%
.(J!!:1 d+9(
r1(960,=1+1/:E#1Y
:|
eY0-
=
α yf
α•
i
k-%E@2/"!A>D<$=_$2$%
c
)
α
•
['
α
|
[
"
[3'
α
•
•
5
l
|
34GWJLO+,))%"#T<)U&O''-T
DA*"
z{
kI93<$9M3F)_96ˆ"O<$>+1+1/5
l
X1B61P!•2/
k€$"#$Dy0yf,=9X-%E@#2/"!AP•
S)*$:33@9Kh12/
9!α
i
:α•
i
X193>3Q'$h=
ƒv/%$!02/:AQ>+1Q α
i
eα•
i
esY
Y
ƒv/:AQ01=>L3"_=Q α
i
efg÷qY
Y
oα•
i
≥sY
Y
ƒv/"/(P α
i
eY÷fg
Y
oα•
i
VsY
Y
b(1,P!%K•++k1=>L3>+S%3'(AP%K1;
%3'(98F96%%3>+()3%3"1>+`"2/:E
1I9398)=#932/>+"!98B2$%)Q"
9)F,Q"2/R()E,@E@"12/-#"!
982$%R--%E@>2/"!9882!/3"#$D
'$
c
)12
e['α
eϕ|
yq
c
)12
k()E,F"2/'$
ϕk7'"1"2/:E1
|
k8)()Q(d-J1%*6"2/'$
α
α
+
=
I=9!|
:3yq9 9zK2!8-%E@>2/
D96%"!98
kv/<$=_$696
ϕ
ϕα
−
= yg
kR2/<$=_$2$0"X(2!8-%E@
>"!98
ϕ
ϕα
+
=
ys
α
0α•
k-%E@"!98>2/D96%<$=_$696:2/
D96%<$=_$2$%E
:E++M,$)8"9F,Q"2/0%3-()
(@
c
)12
eϕ[3'α
X2!(96A8]$>7#2/D96
%"!98'$
α
eα•
eϕ yt
#Q1"Q33>2/D96%0#]$>72/"!989E
>2/"!AP]$-82!"X"#$D'$
α
\α
i
yu
=
<
<
−
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
yw
.:A=A,=9X-%E@>++01=>L3D96%"!
98 3 "! A S )* $ :3 3@ 9K h1 z : , 8 1
/*8NRM*
R++01=>L3$=#96%-#"!1,P!0-•
-#"!A09896%%E%*(=1+1/3r
-#"!AP>$=#96"X:E3
(<>W[1&(
vL++01=>L3$=#96%-
0"0
k3@9Kh12/
ω
k>3QJ#1(Q>+>c
ω
1I93
3#Q-#3
ω
≈
1
k>3QJ#1(>L313-c
1
1
[k9K83"2/
34GXJLO+,))%"#T<)U&O''FT"
ω
['
α
|
[
"
5
l
5
‚
[3'
α
c
‚
|
5
l
c
l
5
R
5
‚
c
l
c
1
c
•
1
α
:
c
k(Q6%c
e['α
c
1
k(Q13->L3c
1
e[
1
l3'α±'α
|•
0|•
k8)()Q(d-%*J16
"2/9E:"2/'$
5
l
05
l
k1+1/QBF"2/9E:'$
5
‚
05
‚
k1+1/Q<$0(1+1/=<$O6>
3-#"O<$
c
‚
k(<$>8>2/$=#>+P!
[
1
k9K83"13->L3
R:)9M1+1/,Q3@(:E#1Y
2
!88)()Q(d-%*6"2/9E|
b$>
=9!:9zK8
!!
−
+
+
−
−
=
ω
α
α
y)9M1+1/:E#1Y
=:3:9zK89!
8)()Q(d-"2/'$
!!
−
+
+
−
+
=
ω
α
α
R-αB%_@19!E@3-M2/'W"!AP<$
Y
z-|
eY0•"2/9E"4_$>O1X(
7(>6D$FP!•2!8-%E@1
2/"!AP>2/$=#6%32$%I9398)Q0+
+31=>L3>+>L3/313-0$=#P!6%32$%0
>--c
‚
eY0c
1
eY:2/1-%>+E3'α≈08
-%E@112/"!AP
ω
α −
−
=
yY
.(7539ZI %[O!"-(
I93998)=-c
‚
eY0c
ω
eY0c
1
eY0c
l
≈Y}3--#2
!-E@>2/"!AP
R6%
=α y
R2$%
=
α y
]$>7#2/9896%(>L3"2/@E@
]$>7"1I9!'(>L382!'$
c
R12
ec
ϕ
eϕ|
e['α
ϕ
yf
c
ϕ
eϕ|
e
ϕϕ
α
α
ϕ
+
yq
b$>9zK+Dyf0yq8-%E@12/"!
98
ϕ
ϕ
α
ϕ
−
= yg
c
R12
k(>L3)$=E,"2/
c
ϕ
k("1"2/
ϕk7'"1"2/:E1
α
ϕ
k-%E@D:Ez2/"!98>+;("1
˜#32/3M-%E@/3]$>7"1O
-%E@>2/"!Aα
ϕ
\α
oα
ϕ
\α
^=
<
−
ϕ
ϕ
(<>W+5"- %39UZ[O(
R=-c
‚
eY0c
l
eY0c
ω
eY:-#2Q=9`>QB'$
ƒ!AP<$#1)2z"2/'$2/>L3:E1
ƒ!98%K>(>L3)$=F"2/@9!E@
"1
r"X)))2!9M"=F96-#2!8
-%E@132/"!982$%.$"O<$)_QB
13-:=c
1
e[
1
'αM-+D-%E@'$
!!
ϕϕ
ϕ
α
ϕ
−+−
= ys
[
1
k9K83"13->L3
9(<>W+5 %[OUI!"->3
f"(
R++%$!02/$0$=#:E:A9,30z-#"!
AP%3%*(Q>+>c
ω
h=9R9!(c
ω
B1
E@3-M2/'W"!A<$#1Y
F#12/"4_$"!A"2/
9E>O10z-|
eY˜#2!8:AE@12/"!
AP0:)9M1+1/)))ˆ9M"=F96
I93)9M1+1/,=0()_"82!
96'F)9Mh"X1+1/3)9MM$
ω
−
−
=
I35
l
eY:M9!'-9,O'3:Ec
ω
I=9!
)
=
ω
:3
"#$D96:9zK-:A$=#112/"!AP
)
-
=
1n'
=
)
-
=
>1n yt
IJ+D96,='(1,P!%K++01=>L3">
$=#=D=696%)*$:3˜˜˜9Kh12/:
13->L30:!913->L3:7'"10yM:A=#BP!%K
2/>><$h1@,)9Kh12/
K8Z&UC
)(J&"[O9'\(
2([O9'\!!39(
6([O9'\!!:1 d+9(
L(J&"[O9'(
N(<>W[1&(
P(7539ZI %[O!"-(
e(<>W+5"- %39UZ[O(
`(<>W+5 %[OUI!"->3
f"(
34GYJZ"#T'F
&
5
R
5
l
|
[
c
ω
5
l
|
•
c
l
c
l
•
c
R
"
:
Y
AF C [ O ! !I "& .&
%9>33(
Y9C
)(<[O!!D"& %>33
5(
2(<[O!!D"& .& %1 0
>33(
(<5U[(
.(<5.O>W.3(
YINR('( !
8 N R ( '( ! D - #$
!6#(*
[Q9X:"2/9E:"2/'$9a$:9K
h12/X1931)d2D%K)_(:1+1/%*
6++k1=>L3 1
kI9K8++k1=>L3[8)h)_/3-
6['β:[3'β
k5+1/(<$)$=5
‚
%*931)d
>2/$=#>+P!
k)Q(d-J%*6"2/9|•:"
2/)Q|••
34G6JLO"#T<)U&O''F
T01'T
[
['
β
#
[3'
β
|••
β
5
‚
^
|•
#
k)Q(%*6"2/9Ž•:"2/)QŽ••
}E%*(:1+1/0>-βB%_:@E9!
@M2/'W"!A6<$•y)9M1+1/:E#1•:'$
>"P09zK8)_)Q(d-6"2/"6
)Q
=
−−
=
#
#
ββ
yM5
‚
O-#"O<$6>3A5
‚
eYvL9398)
c
1
eY0"X)9M(-#2!8-E@AP>2/
$=#96X16/3)
#
=β
yu
β
k - % E @ 1 2/ "! A P 6 /3 ) X1
R,8"1"2/:E1>L1M2/'W"!9896`
6#2!-E@>2/"!98A))9MM
$(61)d'3'3:E1
['β
ϕ
eŽ•ƒŽ••eϕ
=
|•ƒ|••eϕ
=
[3'β
ϕ
yw
β
)
k-%E@++01=>L3"!98
ϕ
=
k7'"1`"2/:E1
b$>9zK"#$Dyw-
β
)
eϕ
=
yY
]$>7#2/"!989E>AP
β
)
\β
.
#
<ϕ
y
R++k1=>L3D=6966r2!8
-6E@#2/"!AP0"!981,P!•I9398)=
++k1=>L3S!$%*9K8X1()_
962!8-%E@>2/"!AP939@•
#
=β
y
#Q1"Q3]$>7982Q=99E>2/"!AP0)Q-
β
ϕ
\β
=
.
#
<ϕ
yf
8NR'( !DI(
c-#$(
(<5U[(
R2/$=#<$=:;03(%*ˆ9M"=F
)_96M2/;!$%*(=h1c
i
F9Kh12/0(=-
):$+-:EŽkŽ
#7 30 2/1 (>L3 13- c
1
- ) %*/3
)(c
i
:(c
1
]$8)h)_/3
-6βR-6βB%_60 %E%*(=h1
c
i
2/'W"!AP<$1)d<$•
0D:E:AE@3-:>8)
(|••eY
r'C%*+D |•• 960 '$>= 9! ( =h1
"
= :3+D:9zK-+D#:AE@>++0
1=>L3"!AP><$=:;966
+
+−
−
=
!!
#
"
#
#
ββ
ββββ
yq
34GCJLO+,))%"#T<)U&O'
'FD+[T01'T2
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
–.`98)"7
k†+01=>L3>+>L313- c
1
eY
#
"
#
#
"
#
ββ
ββ
ββ
ββ
+
−
=
+
−
=
b$>9zK-+D:AE@
#
"
#
ββ
ββ
+
−
=
=
#
#
"
β
β
+
−
= yg
β
%
k-%E@>2/<$=:;966"!AP
‹k"><$=:;2/
:k:A$=#>2/<$=:;
:
k:AE@2/"!AP><$=:;966
k9K9
.$E6a):E“1<$=:;M:AE@
$=#1D:Ez2/"!AP8'$
#
#
"
β
β
−
−
=
ys
.(<5.O>W.3(
R<$=:;96602/-#"!98"6%E%*
(['β:c
i
3'β%3]$>7"1"2/:E
>+Q1"Q3I(ˆ1F96#2!:AE@0>
2/"!98"60:)9MM$(61"6
c
i
3'βƒ['βeŽ•ƒŽ••eϕ
=
|•ƒ|••eϕ
=
[3'β
ϕ
kc
i
'β
ϕ
b$>=9!'c
i
:9zK2!8:AE@>2/"!
98"6
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕϕ
ϕ
βϕ
βϕ
βϕ
ββϕ
"
"
.
.
.
.
+
−
=
+
−
= yt
ϕ
=
k7'"1/3)
β
ϕ
k-6D:Ez2/"!98/3]$>7"1
R2/<$=:;96X161E6a
)9*<$=:;0M:AE@12/"!98"6
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
βϕ
βϕ
"
.
.
−
+
= yu
I9398)2/<$=:;96X1M:AE@1
2/"!98"6
.
" ϕ
ϕ
=
yw
.A2L
€$+D9M"=F96-#9z9A2L9X-%E@
::A$=#1:
1@-++01=>L3"!AP398"6>$=#
966)*$3@9Kh12/0"><$=:;
‹07'"1ϕ
–I98)++01=>L3$=#!$(>
R++01=>L3$=#;-#"!1,P!%3QF
=$>(-/3)0%31,)1+0%3
)969#6D$"2/>B96!$
(c
=
'C%*' '$h=M
2/B'W!$(:1+1/[
"
05
>
0c
2
0c
=
0c
R
:)Q(|0Ž
I/3' M‹8)((>L3)$=c
R
:(Ž)Q(2$,
7%3%*(c
=
^8)(‹-#1@#1)2z`"
2/:1082!/3+D'$
c
2
c
R
c
=
c
R
Ž
‹
[
"
|
5
R
34SH2LO"#
T*%'\
