summary of agricultural doctoral thesis studying the growth, development capacities and technical measures to increase yields, qualities of some exotic orchid cultivars (cattleya, dendrobium, oncidium) for nort

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

HOANG XUAN LAM

STUDYING THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT CAPACITIES AND
TECHNICAL MEASURES TO INCREASE YIELDS, QUALITIES OF
SOME EXOTIC ORCHID CULTIVARS (CATTLEYA, DENDROBIUM,
ONCIDIUM) FOR NORTHERN VIETNAM

Branch of study: Crop science
Code

: 62 62 01 10

SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL DOCTORAL THESIS

HANOI - 2014


Project completed at:
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Scientific supervisors: 1. Ass. Prof .Dr. Nguyen Thi Kim Ly
2. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Xuan Linh

Critic 1:

Critic 2:

Critic 3:

The thesis is defended at Council for Thesis Assessment at University/
Institutional level, held at:
Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
At

hours, day

month

year

This thesis can be referred to at:
- Vietnam National Labrary
- The Libray of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences


1
INTRODUCTION
1. Urgency of research topic
Of all popularly planted types of flowers, orchids are known as a flower not
only beautiful, fragrant, multi – colorful, but also are of high economic value. So far,
mankinds have learned on more than 750 orchid branches with 35000 wild orchids
species and 75000 orchid cultivars as a result of selection and breeding [33].
In Vietnam, there are about 1003 species of orchids available [ 33 ]. These
are very abundant plant resources to serve the creatation and breeding of new

varieties of orchids. However, most of these orchids can only be exploited and
cultivated in natural conditions, technical measures have not yet been applied, so
their yields and qualities are not high that can not meet the requirements of
consumers. Whereas the exotic orchids have their advantages as having good
growth and healthy development, high yields , good quality of flowers: big flowers,
beautiful colors, various diversified, durable and long -lasting flowers and that their
flower blooming time can be controlled for the occasions of Holidays or Lunar
New Year Celebration, that has brought about high economic efficiency to growers.
Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium are pretty orchids species popularly
esteemed by the markets. It is attractive to consumers with diversified colors,
beguiling aroma and especially, commercial producers are attracted by the
durability of flowers. However, the actual production of these orchids in Vietnam
still faces many difficulties. Lan Cattleya, Dendrobium , Oncidium orchids are very
suitable the climate in Southern areas as of its all - year-round warm weather, great
sun radiation and long appropriate sunlight for plant to grow and develop, whereas
the climatic condition in the North is not favorable due to high summer
temperatures (33 - 380C), high humidity and high sunlight intensity that causes a
negative impact to the growth of the plants, making the plants susceptible to leaf
blight, high percentage to rotten disease prevalence. In Winter, the temperatures is
too low, weak sunlight intensity, short sunlight during the days are also not
favorable for plant growth , development and giving flowers. On the other hand, as
for lack of good seeds, technical inconsistency and inappropriate caring process ...
the production cuold not bring about high efficiency, quantity and quality of
orchids still can not meet consumer requirements, while the demand for the above
mentioned orchids is very high. In order to overcome this limitation, enabling plant
orchids in general and Cattleya, Dendrobium and Oncidium orchids in particular to


2
develop to be effective, the research subject " Studying the growth, development

and technical measures to increase productivity, quality of exotic orchid varieties
(Cattleya , Dendrobium , Oncidium ) for Northern Vietnam . "
2. The purpose and requirements of the subject
2.1. Purpose
- The purpose of this research subject is to study the growth, development of
some exotic hybrid orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium in order to
select new promising hybrid orchid cultivars, consistent with the Northern Delta
region and the nearby region with similar ecological conditions.
- To determine the impact of growing conditions and technical factors to the
growth, development, flowering of some exotic hybrid orchid genera as Cattleya,
Dendrobium, Oncidium and to propose appropriate technical measures, applying
effectively to production that contribute to the development of growing orchids in
the Northern Delta.
2.2. Requirements of the research subject:
- To evaluate the adaptability of exotic orchids belonging to 3 branches of
Catlleya, Dendrobium and Oncidium (survival, growth and development
capabilities) in the period of nursery and in production gardens in order to select
some new promising orchid cultivars adaptable to ecological conditions of the
Northern Delta region.
- To study the effect of growing conditions (substrate, fertilizers, shading
system, flowering control) to the growth and development of selected hybrid
orchids in order to identify appropriate technical measures that help reaching high
yield, high quality of flowers for these orchids.
3. Scientific and practical significances:
3.1. Scientific significance
- The results of the study subjects have provided the scientific data on
basical criteria for an orchid to reach high yield, good quality as well as the
influence of growing conditions (temperature, light, substrate, fertilizer, ...) to the
growth, development and the formation of flowers and flower quality of the
Cattleya orchid, Dendrobium, Oncidium in Northern Delta conditions.

- The study results are also references of great value for teaching, research
and production of orchid plants in general as well as Cattleya, Dendrobium,
Oncidium in particular.


3
3.2. Practical significance
- Having introduced to production 8 exortic hybrid orchids belonging to 3
branches of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium adapted to the ecological conditions
of the northern delta region with good stability, growth and development that meet
the requirements of selecting new orchid cultivars for production.
- Have proposed farming techniques to increase the capabilities for the
growth, development and the proportion of bearing flowers for these newly
selected orchid cultivars. These technical measures are of high feasibility, high
application capability to mass production that bring about highly practical
effectiveness for growers.
3.3 The Novelty of the thesis
- Having fully and systematically studied the morphological characteristics ,
growth and development for an orchid to gain high yield and quality. On that basis,
3 hybrid orchid cultivars of Cattleya, Dendrobium , Oncidium with good prospects
for growth, development, good flowering in the condition of Winter - Spring
season in the Northern Delta region, have been selected for the production of
hybrid orchids.
- Having studied systematically the growing conditions and technical
measures for eachcrop season for 3 orchid genera of Cattleya orchid, Dendrobium,
Oncidium, in order to increase survival rate of seedling and to reduce the incidence
of soft rotten disease in nursery stage in hot and humid summer climate condition.
At the same time, it helped to increase the rate of flowering of the plants as well as
flower quality blooming in cold winter conditions of the Northern Delta region .
4. The structure of the thesis

The main contents of the thesis are presented in 139 pages (excluding
references and appendices). Introduction: 4 pages; Chapter 1: Overview document:
40 pages, Chapter 2: Materials, research content and methodology: 17 pages;
Chapter 3: Research Results and Discussion: 76 pages; Conclusion and proposals: 2
pages. The dissertation consists of 37 tables, 19 form, 50 Vietnamese documents,
72 documents in English. The appendix includes photos of selected orchids in the
experiments, statistical analysis results and experimental data processing and
contents related to the thesis.


4
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW
1.1 General Overview of the orchid Cattleya , Dendrobium , Oncidium
Cattleya (Cattleya orchids) includes about 65,000 primitive species and
numerous outvarietal and intervarietal crossed species. They are native to tropical
America, mostly in the mountains with altitude from 600 - 1800 m [46].
Dendrobium (Hoang Thao orchid) is the largest genus in orchid family,
consisting of over 1,600 species whose distribution stretches from Korea, Japan,
Indonesia ... to Australia. In Vietnam, over 200 species of orchid Dendrobium has
been recorded [ 94 ].
Oncidium (dancing lady) consists of about 400-600 species originating from
the America and subtropical regions. They can be found from Florida to the
Bahamas, Caribbean Islands and southern Mexico, Central and South America to
Argentina [122].
By studying botanical characteristics and for external requirements for
Cattleyas, Dendrobium, Oncidium, it is shown that climatic condition of Vietnam
can absolutely be suitable for the culture of this species, particularly in the
provinces of the Southern region. However, because of the cold weather in the
northern provinces, the plants are less developed and grown. To develop this orchid

in production, it is necessary to pay special attention to the uses of substrates,
fertilizers, growth regulators, flowering stimulants and flowering control measures
on the occasions of Tet and Holidays.
1.2 The status on production and consumption of Cattleya, Dendrobium,
Oncidium orchids in the world and in Vietnam:
Export markets of orchids on the world are ever-expandin. European Union
(EU), North America and Japan are still biggist areas to consume most cut- orchids,
although China is also becoming an important market. Only 25 countries of the EU
on average have spent 13.7 billion USD/year (CBI, 2007) for consumer cutorchids, mainly Dendrobium and Oncidium, accounting for over 50% of total
orchid consumption. Of which, Germany topped with the expendicture of about 3
billion euros per year. The folowing 5 countries with high demand are the UK (2.82
billion ), France (1.85 billions), Italy (1.62 billions), Spain (0.99 billions) and the
Netherlands (0.89 billion ) [ 118 ]. Japanese consumer demand by 5.4 million/year


5
on cut orchid, U.S: $ 5.5 billion [119]. It can be said that orchid production has
brought about very highly profits for developed and developing countries. Besides,
Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium account up for the bulk of total production and
consumption of orchids in the world. This proves that these flowers bring high
economic efficiency to growers and preferred by consumers.
Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium are common orchids genera which bring
high economic efficiency for the orchid production branches of orchid growing
countries over the world. In recent years, thanks to the expansion of production
and development of these orchids, significant economic benefits have been brought
about to countries such as Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, China ... With similar
climatic conditions to these countries and experienced growers, the Cattleya,
Dendrobium, Oncidium orchid genera can be grown and fully developed in
Vietnam .
Orchid growing area in Vietnam is t at modes level, only accounting for 10

% of the flowers growing areas [23]. Production of orchids in Vietnam concentrates
in 2 main directions :
- Production of newly bred or selected orchid species or or imported ones in
industrial scales (industrial orchids).
- Exploiting and cultivating native orchids species (wild orchids). Thus, the
production, trading of orchids in Vietnam so far still remains in the form of
potentiality. Meanwhile, the competitiveness on the world market is very huge. The
trading activities and export in recent years are only at launching stage that leads
to a promising future for development of these flowers basing on the existing
favorable conditions for the development of orchid growing branch.
1.3 Status of research on Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium orchids in
the world and in Vietnam:
1.3.1 Status of research on Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium orchids in
the world
For many years, due to high economic and aesthetic values of orchid plants,
that developed countries in the world have used traditional techniques and modern
methods for breeding and selecting flowers in general and for orchids in particular
and have achieved very satisfactory results, especially on some industrial orchids
as Dancing lady (Oncidium), Hoang Thao (Dendrobium), Cat (Cattleya) and some
other orchids and these have brought about big financial resources for orchids
producing branches in countries as Netherlands, China, Taiwan, Thailand ...


6
The above results show that the world has had a lot of research work on
orchid plants, in general and on the genera of Cattleyas, Dendrobium and
Oncidium, in particular. The study focused on a number of areas such as plant
breeding and seed multiplication, technical planting measures and measures for
pests and diseases preventions, ...
1.3.2 Status of research on Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium orchids in

Vietnam
In Vietnam, there have been many studies on collectioconservation the genetic
resources of native orchids and exotic cultivars as well as evaluation and selection
of promising orchid varieties for production and concentrate to study technical
measures on substrates, fertilizers, flowering control techniques, pest prevention ...
The research results that have been applied in production have initially brought
about positive effectiveness in the development of orchid cultivation in Vietnam.
However, new researches have just been carried out on some objects and technical
process for planting, taking adequate care of the orchids, especially Cattleya,
Dendrobium and Oncidium, have not been completed.
From the results of the study, it is shown that Cattleya, Dendrobium and
Oncidium can fully grow and develop well in Vietnam, especially in the southern
region due to the warm climate all the year round. In the northern delta regions, due
to cold winter temperature, the plants can not grow and develop well, and very
often there are virtually no flowering in winter time. To develop and grow the
orchid genus Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium in condition of Northern Delta
region, it is necessary to deeply study the growth, development and flowering
characteristics of these cultivars. At the same time, research on technical planting
measures to increase survival rate, to reduce the incidence of soft rotten disease of
seedlings in summer time and increase flowering rate, flower quality of mature
plants in winter time for the introduced hybrid orchids belonging to the 3 above mentioned orchid genera.
Chapter 2
RESEARCH MATERIALS, CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Materials
2.1.1 Varieties:


7
- 5 Oncidium orchid cultivars, imported from Thailand, as seedlings after the
stage of tissue culture, with height: 6-8 cm, number of leaves: 3-4 leaves/plant,

number of roots: 5-7 roots/plant and one Oncidium cultivar which is widely planted
in production as the controls (cntrl).
5 Dendrobium orchid cultivars, imported from Thailand, as seedling, after
the stage of tissue culture with height: 6-8 cm, number of leaves: 2-3 leaves / plant,
number of roots: 4-6 roots/plant and one Dendrobium cultivar which is widely
planted outside in production is used as the controls (cntrl).
- 6 one leaf Cattleya orchid cultivars imported from Thailand were used as
seedling after the stage of tissue culture with height: 5-7 cm, number of leaves: 2-3
leaves/plant, number of roots: 3-5 roots/plant and 1 cattleyas which is widely
planted in production outside was used as the control (cntrl).
2.1.2 Substrates:
The experiments included 5 types of substrates formula of differen mixing ratios.
- Coal (charcoal), pine barks, light stones, volcano foaming slag, Seaweed
2.1.3. Leaf Foliars:
- Including 5 types of fertilizers: Growmore, Hidrophos, Multi K fertilizers,
Striving buffalo, Milo-3 Distribution
2.1.4. Substances capable of regulating the growth(growth regulator):
- DD 1.8 Atonik, ProGibb 10 SP, Dekamon 22.43L
2.1.5. Substance capable of stimulating flowering:
- Asco Gold, RB, AT preparations
2.1.6. Other materials:
- Slow release root fertilizer N: P: K = 14:14:14, wires, Compax bulbs 75W
and 100W, incandescent bulbs 75W and 100W, clamps ruler, tape-measure,
electronic balance, light intensity meter, moisture meter ...
2.2 Research contents:
2.2.1 To evaluate the growth, development capacities and select some
exotic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to 3 orchid genera of Cattleya,
Dendrobium, Oncidium adaptable to the North Delta area
2..2.2 Study some technical measures in the nursery stage for some
selected exortic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to 3 orchid genera of Cattleya,

Dendrobium, Oncidium.
2.2.3 Study some technical measures at the stage of production garden for
some selected exortic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to 3 orchid genera of
Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium.


8
2.2.4 Study some measures to control flowering time for some selected
exortic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to 3 orchid genera of Cattleya,
Dendrobium, Oncidium.
2.3 Research Methodology and experimental design
* Methods of experimental design
- The experiments were designed in a randomized complete block design
(RCBD) [33] with three replicates. At nursery stage, each treatment consisted of
150 plants; at the garden production stage, each treatments consisted of 75 plants.
The observation, subscription and measurment on the growth and development
criteria of the plants were conducted on30 plants/ treatment.
2.3.1 Methods to evaluate the growth, development capacities and select
some exotic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to 3 orchid genera of Cattleya,
Dendrobium, Oncidium..
- Experiment 1: Study the growth at the nursery stage of the exotic hybrid
orchid cultivars belonging to 3 orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium..
- Experiment 2: Study the growth, development and flowering capacity at
the garden production stage of the exotic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to 3
orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium.
2.3.2 Experiments on technical measures at the nursery stage
- Experiment 3: Effect of the seasonal planting time to the growth of the
seedlings at nursery stage.
- Experiment 4: Effect of the type of substrates to the growth of seedlings at
the nursery stage.

- Experiment 5: Effect of some foliar fertilizer to the growth of the seedlings
at nursery stage.
- Experiment 6: Effect of some growth regulators to the growth of the
seedlings at nursery stage.
2.3.3 The experiments on technical measures in the garden production
stage for the exotic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to 3 orchid genera of
Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium.
- Experiment 7: Effects of shading system to the growth and development of
selected orchid cultivar Den5.
- Experiment 8: Effect of different types of substrates to the growth and
development of selected orchid cultivar On1.
- Experiment 9: Effect of some foliar fertilizers to the growth and
development of selected orchid cultivar Cat6.


9
2.3.4 Experimental study on some technical measures to control flowering
time for the selected exotic hybrid orchid cultivars of 3 orchid genera of
Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium.
- Experiment 10: To study the effect of types of additional lightings to
flowering and flower quality of orchid cultivars Den5 and On1.
- Experiment 11: To study the effect of additional lighting time to flowering
of orchid cultivars Den5 and On1.
- Experiment 12: To study the effect of additional lighting time combining
with plastic coverage to the ability of flowering to orchid cultivars Den5 and On1
- Experiment 13: To study the effect of flowering stimulants to flowering
capacity of selected cultivar Cat6.
2.4 The observation criteria
2.5 The conditions and equipment applied in experiments
2.6 Data processing

The study results are processed by biostatistics methods by computer
software Excel and IRRISTAT software version 5.0.
2.7 Locations and time of trials
- Experiments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12 were carried out in the conditions
of Rhichel House at Van Giang Biological Experimental Camp, Agricultural
Genetics Institute.
- Experiments 8, 9, 13 were implemented in the conditions of seedling
nursery nethouse in Phu Thuong Team - Management Board of Ba Dinh Square,
Hanoi.
- Trial time: 2006-2012.
Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Assessment of growth and development and selection of some exotic
hybrid orchid cultivars of 3 orchid genera Cattleya , Dendrobium, Oncidium.
3.1.1 Some growth characteristics of exotic hybrid orchids at nursery stage
At the nursery stage , Oncidium and Dendrobium orchid have relatively high
survival rate (48.7 to 72.2 %), the Cattleya orchid has lower survival rate (39.5 to
52.8 %). However, in the hot, humid summer conditions of the Northern Delta


10
region, soft rotten disease prevalence is relatively high, thus it has significantly
reduced the proportion of seedlings ready for planting. Therefore, in the nursery
stage, applying technical measures (substrates, fertilizers, growth stimulants ...) to
reduce the incidence of soft rotten disease in seedlings is a critical necessity for
production .
Table 3.1 . Growth characteristics of exotic hybrid orchids at nursery
stage (November, 2006 - Van Giang , Hung Yen, 8 -month-old seedlings)
Criteria
Survival

rate
(%)
Cultivars
Cat1
Cat2
Cat3
Cat4
Cat5
Cat6
Cat7(cntrl)
CV%
LSD0,05
Den1
Den2
Den3
Den4
Den5
Den6(cntrl)
CV%
LSD0,05
On1
On2
On3
On4
On5
On6(cntrl)
CV%
LSD0,05

Plant

hight
(cm)

No of
stems/
plant
(stems)

51.3
43.3
50.7
39.5
48.3
52.8
50.3

16.2
13.7
15.4
14.1
13.3
16.5
13.3
2.4
0.6
21.1
22.3
20.5
22.8
22.6

20.3
6.8
2.6
14.1
16.8
16.3
17.5
16.6
12.0
6.2
1.7

4.3
3.6
4.2
3.0
3.8
4.4
3.7
6.8
0.5
3.4
2.1
2.7
2.6
3.9
2.0
8.9
0.4
3.2

3.7
3.0
3.3
3.8
3.0
8.3
0.5

61.5
48.7
52.1
63.7
65.6
56.3

72.2
68.6
53.3
59.1
67.5
65.0

No of
leaves
/plant
(leaves)

Leaf
length
(cm)

Leaf
width
(cm)

4.3
3.6
4.2
3.0
3.8
4.4
3.7
6.8
0.5
10.5
9.3
9.2
8.1
10.4
8.9
5.0
0.8
4.6
4.8
4.2
4.7
5.4
4.4
7.7
0.6

10.2
8.6
9.4
8.1
8.7
10.6
8.5
4.1
0.7
12.4
10.7
11.5
12.2
13.6
10.3
6.0
1.3
11.5
14.1
14.3
13.7
12.8
9.5
6.6
1.5

3.3
3.0
3.2

3.0
3.4
3.5
3.0
7.2
0.4
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.1
11.1
0.5
1.2
1.5
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.1
13.5
0.4

Soft
rotten
disease
severity
(%)
7.3
18.5

9.0
36.3
3.0
8.7
9.5

4.7
16.5
2.3
7.0
8.0
9.6

9.3
22.5
17.3
8.7
9.3
9.7


11
Seedlings at the nursery stage of the study, orchids grow well, have high
tillering ability to facilitate growth and development in the future. This proves that
the imported seedlings at the nursery stage perfectly adapted to the ecological
conditions of the Northern Delta area .
3.1.2 Some growth characteristics of exotic hybrid orchid at garden
production stage
Table 3.2. Growth characteristics of exotic hybrid orchids at garden
production stage (December, 2009 - Van Giang, Hung Yen)

Criteria
Plant
height
(cm)

Diameter
(cm)

Number
of stems /
plant
(stems)

Cultivars
Cat1
35.5
2.3
Cat2
30.3
1.8
Cat3
34.7
2.3
Cat4
33.7
2.1
Cat5
31.7
1.9
Cat6

36.1
2.5
Cat7
32.5
1.8
CV%
5.1
11.8
3.0
0.4
LSD0,05
Den1
39.1
1.7
Den2
36.4
1.8
Den3
37.2
1.9
Den4
42.5
1.9
Den5
42.8
1.9
Den6
33.6
1.4
CV%

5.3
10.3
3.7
0.3
LSD0,05
On1
36.2
3.0
On2
40.2
3.5
On3
38.9
4.5
On4
39.6
4.2
On5
39.6
4.2
On6
32.3
2.7
CV%
5.0
6.5
3.3
0.4
LSD0,05
The evaluation on the growth of

Number of
leaves
/plant
(leaves)

10.5
7.1
10.6
9.6
8.3
11.7
8.6
6.7
1.1
5.9
5.2
5.3
6.1
6.2
4.3
7.3
0.7
4.2
5.3
6.2
5.5
5.6
4.4
6.8

0.6
exotic orchids

Leaf
length
(cm)

Leaf
width
(cm)

10.5
20.5
5.0
7.1
17.1
3.7
10.6
20.5
4.9
9.6
19.3
4.5
8.3
18.2
3.8
11.7
21.5
5.5
8.6

20.5
5.1
4.2
8.2
9.6
0.7
2.8
0.8
28.4
15.4
3.9
27.0
15.6
4.1
27.2
1.2
4.5
29.8
15.0
4.4
29.3
16.8
4.0
26.0
14.7
4.0
5.1
6.6
8.3
2.5

1.8
0.6
10.6
28.7
2.4
15.9
31.2
3.0
18.8
30.1
4.3
16.3
31.5
4.1
16.6
31.7
4.1
12.5
22.2
2.2
7.6
5.9
7.8
2.1
3.1
0.5
at mature stage showed that

cultivars Cat6, On1 and Den5 have the best growth indicators.

12
3.1.3 Studying flowering ability of exotic orchids
Table 3.3. Ability of flowering of researched orchids
(December, 2009 - Van Giang, Hung Yen)
Criteria
Cultivar
Cat1
Cat2
Cat3
Cat4
Cat5
Cat6
Cat7
CV%
LSD0.05
Den1
Den2
Den3
Den4
Den5
Den6
CV%
LSD0.05
On1
On2
On3
On4
On5
On6

CV%
LSD0.05

Flowering
ratio (%)

No of flowers /
plant (flowers)

No of buds /
plant ( buds)

36.3
20.6
38.1
33.8
17.5
56.7
21.0

1.4
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
9.5
0.2
1.3

1.1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.1
9.4
0.2
3.5
2.3
5.6
2.9
3.4
2.0
7.6
0.4

3.2
2.7
3.4
2.4
2.9
3.3
2.4
6.6
0.3
10.7
7.2
8.6
9.4
11.8

5.4
4.1
0.6
117.1
78.7
52.4
84.6
109.3
83.7
7.8
12.2

72.9
61.4
56.0
72.3
76.2
70.7

56.7
51.3
43.7
52.0
54.3
51.3

No of effective
flowers / plant
( flowers )
3.0

2.3
3.2
2.1
2.6
3.2
2.1
6.6
0.3
10.1
6.6
7.1
9.0
11.3
5.0
4.3
0.6
101.1
60.8
44.2
75.6
97.3
72.2
8.5
11.4

Thus, all orchid cultivars in the orchid group of the research are well capable
of flowering. Depending on the cultivars, number of flowers differs. The number of
effective flowers in Cattleya was from 2.1 to 3.2 flowers/plant , Dendrobium from
5 to 11.3 flowers/plant, Oncidium: from 44.2 to 101.1 flowers/plant.

13
3.1.4 Research on quality characteristics of the imported orchid cultivars
Table 3.4 . Some quality characteristics of the orchid flower in the study
(December, 2009 - Van Giang , Hung Yen )
Criteria

Cultivars
Cat1
Cat2

Length
of
Flower Natural
Flower diamet Durabili
stem er (cm) ty (days)
(cm)
14.5
13.0
17.7
10.7
12.4
14.7

Cat3

12.0

13.2

17.7

Cat4
Cat5

8.3
9.6

9.6
8.4

15.3
13.3

Cat6

14.8

13.7

18.7

Cat7
CV%
LSD0.05
Den1
Den2
Den3
Den4
Den5

Den6
CV%
LSD0.05
On1
On2

8.4
3.1
0.6
31.1
26.3
27.9
30.7
32.4
22.0
6.7
3.4
32.2
50.0

8.2
3.0
0.6
8.0
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.3
6.7
3.9

0.6
3.63
3.25

9.0
2.7
0.7
41.7
37.3
41.0
43.7
54.7
34.7
5.5
4.1
36.3
31.3

On3

42.0

4.57

24.3

On4
On5
On6
CV%

LSD0.05

47.0
48.0
27.0
4.8
3.5

5.12
5.16
3.03
4.7
0.4

33.3
33.7
27.3
6.8
3.7

Color
Fragrance
Orange
Whitr, purple lip
Lemon gold,
purple lip
Light pink
Light violet
Yellow, dark
purple

White Purple

light fragrant
light fragrant
Very fragrant
light fragrance
No smell
Very fragrant
No smell

Whitish
Bright pink
Whitish purple
White, red lip
Red
Whitish

Non- aromatic
Non- aromatic
Non- aromatic
Non- aromatic
Non- aromatic
Non- aromatic

Dark yellow
Dark yellow
Spotted
Chocolate
Spotted white
Fasciated yellow

Dark yellow

Non- aromatic
Non- aromatic
Very fragrant
fragrant
Very fragrant
Non- aromatic

From the results of the studies on the quality of flowers, it showed that, of
all Cattleya orchids in the research, Cat6 has the best characteristics of flower
quality, such as flower length (14.8 cm), large flower diameter (13, 7 cm), flower
long-lasting durability (18.7 days) and fragrant flowers. In the varietal study on
Dendrobium and Oncidium varieties, cultivars On1 and Den5 have the best criteria


14
on flower quality. This is the basis for the selection of promising varieties for
production
.
Thus, the testing results showed that the majority of the imported Cattleya
orchid, Dendrobium and Oncidium are of good growth and development, strong
tillering ability and uniformity. The studied varieties proved their suitability for the
climatic conditions of the northern delta region, have good flowering, various and
beautiful flower colors, high natural durability, representing the color characteristic
of the varieties. These varieties are well resistant to pests and diseases, harmful
insects.
3.2 Research on technical measures for the exotic hybrid orchid
cultivars belonging to 3 selected orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium,
Oncidium at the nursery stage

3.2.1 Influence of the seasonal growing time to the growth of selected
orchids at nursery stage
Table 3:11 . Influence of the seasonal growing time to the growth
of selected orchids at nursery stage (November, 2006 - Van Giang , Hung Yen)
Cultivar Treatment
CT1
CT2
CT3
Cat6
CT4
CV%
LSD0,05
CT1
CT2
CT3
Den5
CT4
CV%
LSD0,05
CT1
CT2
CT3
On1
CT4
CV%
LSD0,05
Note: CT1: March
CT3: April

Survival

rate (%)
52.7
74.6
66.3
70.2
65.7
84.0
73.5
79.3
72.3
83.0
78.7
83.3

Plant
No of
hight
stem/plant
(cm)
(stems)
13.3
3.5
16.5
4.4
14.1
3.8
15.2
4.1
2.0
4.9

0.6
0.4
17.9
2.4
22.6
3.9
19.1
3.0
20.7
3.3
1.5
6.8
0.6
0.4
13.5
2.7
15.6
3.4
13.8
3.0
14.1
3.2
1.8
6.3
0.5
0.4
CT3: May
CT4: June

No of

leaves/plant
(leaves)
3.5
4.4
3.8
4.1
4.9
0.4
8.0
10.4
8.2
9.6
3.2
0.6
4.1
4.6
4.2
4.6
4.4
0.4


15
Tỷ lệ sống (%)

93,7
91,0
89,3

90,0

89,0

88,0

86,5
84,3

83,8

CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4

CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4

81,0
78,2

77,6
74,5

70,0
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4
Cat6

Den5

On1

Figure 3.4. The influences of substrates to survival rate and growth
capacity of selected orchid cultivars at nursery stage

Thus, in the nursery stage, the best substrates for Orchid cultivar On1 is:
light stone + pine bark + seaweed (ratio 2:2:1). With this substrate, the survival rate
of On1 is 91%, the plant is fat, healthy, well-developed, the growth indicators are
higher than other treatments.
3.2.3 The influences of foliar fertilizers on the growth of selected orchids
at nursery stage
Chiều cao cây (cm)

CT1

CT2

30,0

27,2
24,3

25,0
20,0

17,2

18,5

25,6

CT3

CT4

26,0

20,3
18,9

18,4

19,7

16,6

17,3

15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
Cat6

Den5

On1

Figure 3.5. Effect of foliar fertilizers to the height of the selected orchid plants
at the nursery stage
The results of the study showed that foliar fertilizer Growmore 1 (30:10:10)
concentration of 0.1% periodically sprayed 1time/ week/helped selected orchids
Cat6, Den5, On1 to grow and develop best at nursery stage

16
CT1

Tỷ lệ sống (%)

CT2

CT3
97,3

96,7
93,5

93,3

90,0

CT4
94,7

91,7

93,5

91,1

86,3
83,6

84,3

81,2

70,0
Cat6

Den5

On1

Figure 3.6. Effect of growth regulators to the survival rate of the selected
orchids at nursery stage
Thus, in the nursery stage, to increase the growth potential for the selected
orchids Cat6, Den5 and On1, spraying Atonik with dosage of 0.1%, 7 days/time
helped seedlings to grow well, increase survival rate, reduce soft rotten disease
incidence, increase plant height and tillering caapacity of seedlings.
3.3 Research on technical measures for the selected orchids in the
garden production stage
3.3.1 Effect of shading measures to the growth, development and quality
of orchid flower Cultivar Den5
3.3.1.2 Effect of shading measures to the ability of flowering of the orchid
Den5
So, with orchid Den5, shading with 2 layer, reflective mesh: 1 fixed layer,
one semi-automatic control layer (light intensity 18000-22000 lux) is most suitable
for summer conditions in the North Delta area that helps the plant to grow and
develop well, increase the ability to achieve higher flowering to 90.7 %, increase
flower length, flower diameter and increase the durability of the flowers. This
result is quite right to the affirmation of Nguyen Thi Kim Ly (2009), [26] when she
asserted that the suitable intensity of light for Dendrobium orchid was from 1500030000 lux.

17
Table 3.20. Effect of shading measures to flowering capacity of Den5 orchid
(July, 2010 - Van Giang, Hung Yen)
Criteria
Average No of Number of No of Effective
flowering
flowers / plant buds / plant flowers / plant
ratio (%)
(flowers)
(buds)
(flowers)
Treatment
CT 1 (Cntrl)
86.4
1.3
11.9
9.2
CT 2
86.3
1.4
12,4
11.3
CT 3
81.3
1.4
12,7
11.6
CT 4
90.7

1.5
13.5
12.8
CV%
5.9
3.4
2.4
LSD0,05
0.2
0.8
0.5
Note: CT1 : No cover (cntrl)
CT2: Cover by 1 layer, fixed reflective mesh (22.000 – 28.000 lux)
CT3: Cover by 2layer, fixed reflective mesh (15.000 – 18.000 lux)
CT4: Cover by 2 layer reflective mesh: 1 fixed layer, one layer of
semi-automatic control (18.000 - 22.000 lux)
3.3.2 The influence of substrates to the growth, development and quality
of orchid cultivar On1.
3.3.2.2 Influence of substrate to the flowering ability of orchid cultivar On1
Table 3:23. The influence of substrates to the flowering ability of the orchid
cultivar On1 (December, 2010 - Phu Thuong, Tay Ho, Ha Noi)
Criteria

Number of
No of Effective
buds /
flowers / plant
plant
(flowers)
Treatment

(buds)
CT1
56.8
3.5
118.3
103.0
CT2
60.7
4.1
126.9
112.3
CT3
76.3
4.7
163.5
146.7
CT4
70.7
4.2
137.4
116.8
CT5 (Cntrl)
50.0
3.2
130.2
114.5
CV%
9.9
10.0
11.3

LSD0,05
0.7
24.7
24.4
Thus, the treatments using different types of substrate have significant
impact to the quality criteria of flowers such as length of flower stem, flower
diameter, flower durability. The mixture of substrate of pea gravel + tree bark +
seaweed with proportion 2:2:1 is best suited for the growth, development and
Flowering
ability
(%)

Average No of
flower stems /
plant (stem)


18
quality enhancement for On1 orchid flower. The research results are consistent
with the assertion of Tran Van Bao (2001) [1] and Viet Chuong (2001) [5] when
they comfirmed that using tree bark and seaweed (firn) as substrate for growing
orchids was very good. However, with the conditions in the North Delta area, for
On1 orchid cultivar, it is necessary to add pea gravel. This is a very important
component to mix as substrate for Oncidium orchids.
3.3.3 Influence of foliar fertilizer to the growth, development and flower
quality of orchid cultivar Cat6.
3.3.3.2 Influence of foliar fertilizers on the flowering ability of orchid
cultivar Cat6
Table 3:26. Effect of some foliar fertilizers to flowering ability of orchid Cat6
(December, 2010 - Phu Thuong, Tay Ho, Ha Noi)

Criteria
Number of
No of Effective
Flowering Average No of
buds /
flowers / plant
ability
flower stems /
Treatment
plant
(%)
plant (stem)
(flowers)
(buds)
CT1 (Cntrl)
56.7
1.4
3.3
3.2
CT2
58.6
1.5
3.4
3.2
CT3
57.1
1.5
3.5
3.4
CT4

67.3
1.5
3.5
3.4
CT5
69.5
1.5
3.5
3.5
CT6
73.2
1.6
3.7
3.7
CV%
6.3
5.8
5.6
LSD0.05
0.2
0.4
0.3
Thus, it can be seen that foliar fertilizers affected the ability of flowering of
orchids Cat6. Fertilizer Hydrophos (CT6) with dose of 0.1%, spraying 1 time/week
would help orchid cultivar Cat6 strongly bear flowers, more stems (1.6 stems/
plant) and the high rate of effective flowers blooming (73.2%). This result is quite
right to the assertation of Nguyen Cong Nghiep (2000) [29] when said that when
applying fertilizers to Cattleyas, in addition to maintaining the growth and
development, it was also aiming to control the flowering of these orchids. The
study results also found out that Hydrophos fertilizer (Treatment 6) is of high of P

and K which gave best performance on Cat6 orchid. This is also consistent with
findings of Pham Thi Lien (2010) [20] while studying the effects of foliar fertilizers
to flowering and flower quality of Dendrobium.
3.4 Research some techniques to control of flowering for selected orchid
cultivars of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium
3.4.1 Influence of the types of additional lighting lamps to the flowering
capabilities and flower quality of orchid cultivars Den5 and On1.


19
3.4.1.1 Influence of the types of additional lighting lamps to the flowering
capabilities of orchid cultivars Den5 and On1.
Table 3.28. The influence of the types of additional lighting lamps to the
flowering capabilities of orchid cultivars Den5 and On1.
(March, 2011 - Van Giang, Hung Yen)
Criteria
Number
No of Effective
Flowering Average No of
of buds /
flowers / plant
ability
flower stems /
plant
(%)
plant (stems)
(flowers)
Treatment
(buds)
CT1

1.3
16.2
10.7
9,5
(Cntrl)
CT2
33.3
1.3
11.3
10,3
Den5
CT3
40.5
1.3
11.7
10,7
CT4
58.5
1.4
12.5
12,0
CT5
59.3
1.4
13.0
12,5
CV%
0.8
1.0
1.0

LSD0.05
0.2
0.2
0.2
CT1
3.8
23.0
136.0
119,5
(Cntrl)
CT2
43.7
3.9
140.7
129.3
On1
CT3
49.3
4.0
151.7
136,3
CT4
61.0
4.3
160.5
145.7
CT5
63.5
4.4
167.3

151.0
CV%
0.8
3.7
3.4
LSD0.05
0.6
10.3
8.3
Note: CT 1 : No additional lighting (cntrl)
CT 2 : additional lighting by 75W Compax lamp ( from 18h - 22h)
CT 3 : additional lighting by 100w Compax lamp ( from 18h - 22h)
CT 4 : Additional Lightingby 75W incandescent ( from 18h - 22h)
CT 5 : additional lighting by 100w incandescent lamp ( from 18h - 22h)
From the research results in Table 3:28 and 3:29, it is shown that different
types of additional lighting lamps have significantly influenced the flowering rate
of Den5 and On1. Light of incandescent bulbs (red light, long wavelength)
increases the flowering rate of the above 2 orchid cultivars. Research results are
fully consistent with the scientific basis of the additional lighting. This study also
reflects exactly right to the findings of Pham Thi Lien (2010) [20] when the authors
suggested that the additional lighting in winter conditions of the North Delta area
would help to increase flowering and quality of Dendrobium orchids. However, the
use of incandescent light bulbs is more efficient as compared with Compax bulbs.


20
3.4.2 Effect of additional lighting time on the growth, development of
Den5 and On1.
3.4.2.2 Influence of additional lighting time to flowering ability of orchids
Den5 and On1.

Additional lighting time from 45-60 days, 4 hours per day (18 - 22h) with
75W incandescent lamp, density of 1 lamp/ 4m2 in winter conditions of the North
Delta area would help orchid Den5 and On1 to grow and develop better, improve
flowering ability, bud formation and promote the ability to bloom effective,
particularly increases flower quality, flower long lasting durability.
Table 3:31. The influences of additional lighting time to flowering capability of
orchid cultivars Den5 and On1 (March, 2011 - Van Giang, Hung Yen)
Criteria

Average
Flowering
number of
ratio (%) flower stems/
Treatment
plant (stems)
CT1 (cntrl)
16.3
1.3
CT2
51.5
1.3
CT3
58.7
1.4
Den5
CT4
54.8
1.4
CV%
4.0

LSD0.05
0.1
CT1 (cntrl)
23.7
3.8
CT2
56.3
3.8
CT3
61.5
4.3
On1
CT4
57.0
4.0
CV%
4.2
LSD0.05
0.3

Number
of buds /
plant
(buds)
10.5
11.2
12.6
11.7
3.1
0.7

136.7
149.5
161.7
153.4
3.9
11.1

Number of
effective
flowers / plant
(flowers)
9,7
10,6
12,1
11,0
3.0
0.6
120,3
134,0
145,5
136,7
4.0
10.0

3.4.3 To study the effect of additional lighting time combining with plastic
cover to the flowering abilities of Den5 and On1 cultivars.
Thus, the application of additional lighting for 45 days, 4 hours per day
(from 18 - 22 pm with a 75W incandescent lamp, density 1 bulb/4m2) in
combination with plastic cover in the northern winter conditions of our country has
made positive effect on the ability to flower and orchid flower quality of On1 and

Den5 cultivars, markedly increases the rate of flowering plants, increasing the
number of buds, number of flowers, the indicators of quality, flower durability.
Especially to cultivar On1, all indicators in flower quality increased significantly in
treatment of additional lighting plus plastic cover.


21
Table 3:33. The influence of additional lighting time in combination with plastic
cover to the ability to flower of Den5 and On1 cultivars
(March, 2011 - Van Giang, Hung Yen)
Criteria
Treatment

Flowering
ratio (%)

Average
number of
flower stems/
plant (stems)

Number of
buds /
plant
(buds)

Number of
effective
flowers /
plant

(flowers)
9,1
11,0
13,7
6.3
1.4
123,0
141,3
176,5
3.8
11.1

CT1 (cntrl)
16.7
1.3
10.5
CT2
1.4
62.4
12.7
Den5
CT3
1.5
69.8
14.6
CV%
5.9
5.7
LSD0.05
0.2

1.4
CT1 (cntrl)
23.7
3.8
138.5
On1
CT2
62.0
4.3
160.8
CT3
71.3
5.1
179.3
CV%
4.4
3.9
LSD0.05
0.4
12.4
Note: CT1 (cntrl): No additional lighting
CT2: 45 days additional lighting by incandescent lamp 75W (from 18h - 22h)
CT3: 45 days additional lighting by incandescent lamp75W (from 18h - 22h)
in combination with plastic cover.
3.4.4. Studying the effect of flowering stimulants to flowering and flower
quality of the cultivar Cat6
For orchid Cat6, using flowering stimulants HVP (Treatment 3) in condition
of the Northen Delta area has increased flowering percentage (88.8%), and
remarkablly increased the indicator of flower quality as increasing flower length,
flower diameter and natural durability of flowers.

Table 3:35. The influence of flowering stimulants to flowering capacity
of orchid cultivar Cat6 (March, 2011 - Phu Thuong, Tay Ho, Ha Noi)
Criteria

Treatment
CT1 (cntrl)
CT2
CT3
CT4
CV%
LSD0.05

Flowering
ratio (%)
73.2
79.1
88.8
84.3

Average
number of
flowering
stems/ plant
(stems)
1.6
1.6
1.9
1.8
6.8
0.2

Number of
buds / plant
(buds)
3.7
3.9
4.1
3.9
4.0
0.3

Number of
effective
flowers /
plant
(flowers)
3.3
3.7
4.1
3.8
4.0
0.3


22
Note: CT1 (cntrl): Spray water
CT2: ASCO GOLD Spray (0.1%)
CT3: Spray HVP (0.1%)
CT4: Spray Preparations AT (0.15%)
Table 3.37. Evaluation of economic value of using technical measures

for orchid cultivars
Price
(VND
/plant)

None
flowering
plant s x
cost

Revenues
(VND)

Total
expenses
(VND)

Profit
(VND)

Efficienc
y (times)

57

160,000

2,580,000

11,700,000

6,250,000

5,450,000

1

100

89

160,000

660,000

14,900,000

6,412,000

8,488,000

1.56

CT1
(cntrl)

100

17

65,000

2,905,000

4,010,000

3,750,000

260,000

CT2

100

70

65,000

1,050,000

5,600,000

3,973,000

1,627,000

CT1
(cntrl)

100

24

75,000

3,040,000

4,840,000

4,250,000

590,000

CT2

100

71

75,000

1,160,000

6,485,000

4,473,000

2,012,000

Cultivar

Treat
ment

Cat6

CT1
(cntrl)
CT2

Den5

On1

No of
plant
(plant)

Flowering
plants
(Plants)

100

Note: For Cat:

CT 1 (cntrl): Growing in natural condition
CT 2 : Using flowering stimulants + foliar spray

For Den5 and On1: CT 1 (cntrl): Growing in natural conditions

CT 2: Using additional lighting by 75 W
incandescent lamp for 45 days + plastic cover
Prices of commercial crops in the market (original price of fingerlings)
Cultivars
No flower
With
(VND)
flowers
(VND)
Cat6
60,000
160,000
Den5
35,000
65,000
On1
40,000
75,000
Time selling the seedlings: Lunar New Year in 2011..
Planting area 10m2/ treatment. The total area of experiments: 60m2.
Total revenue = price x number of flowering plants for sale (flowering plants)
+ x number of not flowering plants x initial price
Total expenditure = price x number of initial plant trees (no flowers) + other costs
(see Appendix 6)
Although the quality of the orchid flowers in all treatment applying technical
measures is higher than the control. However, if only temporarily figuring out that
the selling price of all cultivars is the same, the application of stimulants plus foliar
fertilizer to Cat6 helped to increase economic efficiency up to 1.56 times

1

6.26
1
3.41


23
comparing with the control treatment. With orchid On1and Den5, the economic
efficiency increased significantly when using additional lighting measure
combining with plastic cover, specifically: to orchid Den5, the efficiency increased
by 6.26 times as compared with no additional lighting and plastic cover, to On1 the
efficiency increased by 3.41 times as compared with the control treatment.
Thus, the application of techniques for selected orchids has brought about
remarkable economic efficiency. The results of this study help orchid growers as a
base to apply and invest in developing selected orchid cultivars.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
1. Through the results of survey and evaluation on criteria of growth,
development and quality of some imported orchid flowers of 3 genera of Cattleya ,
Dendrobium and Oncidium at the nursery and garden production stages, 8
promising orchid cultivars have been chosen, adaptable to ecological conditions of
the Northern Delta region: 3 cultivars of the genus Cattleya are Cat1 (Cattleya
ploenpit golden delight), Cat3 (Cattleya netrasiri green) and Cat6 (Cattleya
haadyai delight); 3 cultivars of genus Dendrobium are Den1 (Dendrobium Big
white sanan), Den4 (Dendrobium charming white) and Den5 (Dendrobium cherry
red), 2 varieties of the genus Oncidium are On1 (Oncidium Aloha Iwanaga), On5
(Oncidium (Agnole x Manilatum). The above mentioned cultivars have good
characteristics such as good stability, good growth and development, strong
tillering, high flowering rate, good flower quality, long lasting flower durability
with resistance to pests and diseases harmful insects... These orchi cultivars can
meet the requirements of the breeding new orchid cultivars for production.

2. At the nursery stage, the most appropriate seasonal planting time for 3
orchid cultivars of Cat6, Den5, On1 is in April. The most suitable substrate for
Cat6, Den5 is charcoal + volcano foaming slag + seaweed ( 2:2:1 ), for On1is pea
gravel + pine bark + seaweed ( 2:2:1 ). Foliar fertilizer Growmore 1(N : P : K =
30:10:10) and substances capable of growth regulators Atonik DD 1.8 ( 0.1 % ) are
suitable for the growth and development of all 3 orchid cultivars Den5, On1,