correct-writing

lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-1-
lesson 1
The Parts of Speech
1 Nouns
2 Pronouns
3 Adjectives
4 Verbs
5 Adverbs
6 Prepositions
7 Conjunctions
8 Absolute Expressions
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-2-
NOUNS
The sentence is the basic unit of discourse - either written or
spoken. Sentences are made up of words, and words have dif-
ferent functions to perform. And on the basis of the different
functions to perform, words are grouped into different parts of
speech. In other words, words in a sentence do not come
together in a haphazard way or manner, in fact, they are
arranged together according to certain syntactic rules. It then
follows that a good knowledge of different parts of speech and
different functions they perform will help us to produce correct
sentences, either written or spoken.
On the basis of the various functions they perform, words are
separated into 8 parts of speech as follows:
(1) nouns
(2) pronouns
(3) adjectives
(4) verbs

(5) adverbs
(6) prepositions
(7) conjunctions
(8) absolute expressions
I. N
OUNS
A noun is a word that names a person, a thing or a place.
A. C
OMMON
N
OUNS

AND
P
ROPER
N
OUNS
Nouns generally fall into two general classifications: common
nouns and proper nouns
A common noun names any one of a class of people, things or
place.
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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NOUNS
A doctor
A house
A park
A proper noun (always capitalized) names a particular person,
thing or place.
Washington DC * United Kingdom * J.F. Kennedy

B. C
ONCRETE
N
OUNS
A
ND
A
BSTRACT
N
OUNS
Nouns are further divided into concrete nouns and abstract
nouns. A concrete noun names an object normally found in nat-
ural world.
The jar of fruits and vegetables are stored in the cupboard.
An abstract noun names an idea, a quality or an action.
Happiness, democracy, loneliness, heaven, hell, patience, kind-
ness, skiing, learning English etc.
Tư do va cöng băng la nhưng cơ sơ ₫ï̉ xêy dưng nï̀n dên chu.
X
Freedom and equality are the bases on which a democracy is
built.
Tònh ban cua chung töi băt ₫ều tư thơi trung hoc.
X
Our friendship began in high school.
Tiḯng chim hot lam töi thưc giếc.
X
The singing of a bird in the garden woke me up.
C. C
OLLECTIVE
N

OUNS
A collective noun names a group of collection of people or
things regarded as a single unit.
Family / committee / team / jury / crowd / assembly / meeting /
crew / faculty etc.
Gia ₫ònh chung töi dư ₫ịnh don ₫i Đa lat.
X
Our family is planning to move to Dalat.
Uy ban hop măt ba lền möt tuền.
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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NOUNS
X
The district committee meets three times a week.
Đöi banh cua chung ta tö́i nay bay vï̀ nươc.
X
Our team is flying home tonight.
Bö̀i thểm ₫oan cho răng bị cao co töi.
X
The jury has declared/found the defendant guilty.
NOTE
D. S
INGULAR
N
OUNS
A
ND
P
LURAL
N

OUNS
Nouns may be singular or plural in number
Cat - cats
Man - men
Child - Children
Woman - women
E. N
OMINATIVE
- O
BJECTIVE
- P
OSSESSIVE
C
ASE

Nouns may be in nominative case, objective case or possessive
case.
Her mother's worries
The mother's worries
The child's mother
The children' mother(s)
Mary and John's car (Marry and John share the same car)
Mary's and John's car
When refer to a group as a single unit, verbs used with them
must be singular in number.
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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PRONOUNS
II. P
RONOUNS

WHAT IS A PRONOUN?
Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. The noun for
which a pronoun is used is called the antecedent of the pronoun.
X
In the winter of wet years, the streams ran full-freshet, and
they

swelled the river until sometimes
it
raged and boiled... (John
Steinbeck, East of Eden)
X
The Salinas Valley is in South California.
It
is a long narrow
swale between two ranges of mountains, and the Salinas River
winds and twists up the center until
it
falls at last into Monterey
Bay.
On the basis of the forms and functions, pronouns are classified
as:
(1) Personal Pronoun
(2) Relative Pronoun
(3) Interrogative Pronoun
(4) Demonstrative Pronoun
(5) Emphasizing Pronoun
(6) Reflexive Pronoun
(7) Reciprocal Pronoun
(8) Indefinite Pronoun

A. P
ERSONAL
P
RONOUNS
A personal pronoun is a direct substitute for a noun. It usually
indicates a person, a thing, or a place.
PERSON NOMINATIVE
CASE
POSSESSIVE
CASE
OBJECTIVE
CASE
1st I My Me
SINGULAR
2nd You Yours You
3rd He/She/It His/Hers/Its Him/Her/It
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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PRONOUNS
Giưa töi va cö ta khöng con gò nưa.
X
There is nothing left between
her
and
me
.
B. R
ELATIVE
P
RONOUNS

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a dependent
clause which normally functions as an adjective. The most com-
mon relative pronouns are: WHO, WHOM, WHICH and
THAT.
We need to learn also the emphatic form: WHOEVER,
WHOMEVER, WHICHEVER, and WHATEVER.
Ngươi yïu töi bêy giơ cach xa ngan dăm.
X
The woman/man (whom) I love is now a thousand miles away.
X
The man who loves me is now a thousand miles away.
Ba töi, ngươi töi ₫a thương yïu va kñnh phuc suö́t ₫ơi, nay ₫a gền 60
tuö̉i.
X
My father, whom I have loved and admired all my life, is now
almost 60.
Bết cư ₫öi nao bị ₫a bai trong bết cư vong nao trư vong chung kḯt
phai vï̀ nươc trong vong 24 giơ.
X
Any team which is defeated in any round except the finals is to
leave for home in 24 hours.
NOTE
PLURAL
1st We Our Us
2nd You Yours You
3rd They Their Them
* When a clause functions as an adjective, it may be
defining or non-defining.
* THAT is used to refer to both people and thing and
is never used in non-defining clause.

* WHOM, WHICH and THAT can be omitted when
they functions as object in defining clause only.
* WHICH is usually used to stand for a collective
noun.
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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PRONOUNS
C. I
NTERROGATIVE
P
RONOUNS
An interrogative pronoun is used to introduce a question or a
dependent clause. The most common interrogative pronouns are
WHO, WHOM, WHAT and WHICH. The emphatic forms are
WHOEVER, WHATEVER and WHICHEVER.
Who was the first to explore the Lang Biang highlands?
X
Doctor Yersin was.
Who was the first to set foot on the moon?
X
Louis Armstrong was.
What are you going to do after leaving college?
X
I will start my own business.
Whom should I marry?
X
Marry which of them who loves you the most.
What did you do it with?
X
I did it with a knife.

What time is it?
X
It’s half past nine.
What is there in your hand?
X
My future.
D. D
EMONSTRATIVE
P
RONOUNS
A demonstrative pronoun points out or identifies a place, a per-
son or a thing. The common demonstrative pronouns are THIS,
THAT, THESE and THOSE.
Đêy la nhưng ngươi hang xom cua töi.
X
These
are our neighbors.
Đêy chñnh la cai töi muö́n.
X
This
is exactly what I need/want/wish for.
Đêy chñnh la vến ₫ï̀ kho khăn cua töi hiïn nay.
X
That
is my problem at present.
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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PRONOUNS
NOTE
Nhưng ngươi nay vưa mơi don ₫ḯn.

X
These
people have just moved in.
Töi muö́n cai nay.
X
I want
this
one.
Chung ta nïn cö́ găng giai quyḯt vến ₫ï̀ ₫o.
X
We should try to solve

that
problem
Khi co thơi gian, töi se ban vơi anh vï̀ vến ₫ï̀ nay.
X
When there is time, then I will discuss
this
issue with you.
E. E
MPHASIZING
(I
NTENSIVE
) P
RONOUNS
An emphasizing pronoun is used to give emphasis to a noun or
another pronoun.
NOTE
Myself / Himself / Herself / Itself / Yourself / Ourselves / Them-
selves / Yourselves

Chñnh töi ₫a viḯt thư nay cho cö ta.
X
I
myself
wrote her this letter.
Chñnh öng thềy ₫ang trach trong viïc nay.
X
The teacher
himself
is to blame in this case.
Chñnh hăn ta quyḯt ₫ịnh khöng lếy cö ta.
X
He
himself
has decided not to marry her.
F. R
EFLEXIVE
P
RONOUNS
A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the sentence in
which it appears: MYSELF ; YOURSELF ; HIMSELF ; HER-
* When they modify nouns, they become adjectives called
demonstrative adjectives.
* These pronouns should be placed right after the noun
or pronoun they emphasize and may be omitted.
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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PRONOUNS
SELF ; ITSELF ; OURSELVES; YOURSELVES ; THEM-
SELVES

Em chăng yïu anh ty nao; em chỉ yïu em ma thöi.
X
You don't love me at all; you love
yourself
only.
Chung ta phai yïu chñnh chung ta ₫ï̉ co thï̉ thưc sư yïu thương
ngươi khac.
X
We must learn to be kind to
ourselves
to be really kind to oth-
ers.
Cö ta nhòn mònh trong gương va mĩm cươi.
X
She looked at
herself
in the mirror and smiled.
Dong söng tan pha ₫ết ₫ai cua cac nöng trai ven bơ, cươp ₫i ca hecta
₫ết; giêt nga nha cưa, chuö̀ng trai rö̀i cuö́n chung ₫i, nhếp nhö xa tñt
...
X
The river tore the edges of the farm lands and washed whole
acres down; it toppled barns and houses into
itself
, to go float-
ing and bobbing away. (John Steinbeck, East of Eden)
Hăn thò thềm vơi chñnh mònh băng möt giong khan khan...
X
He whispered hoarsely to
himself

...
“Ta co cai gò trong tui vêy?” Bilbo buöt miïng thö́t lïn. Thêt ra, hăn
₫ang noi vơi chñnh hăn, nhưng Gollum lai cho ₫o la möt cêu ₫ö́ ..
X
‘What I have in my pocket?’ Bilbo said aloud. He was talking to
himself
, but Gollum thought it was a riddle...
(Tolkien, The Hobbit)
NOTE
G.
1
I
NDEFINITE
P
RONOUNS
An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, a place or a thing gen-
erally rather than specifically.
ANYTHING, ANYONE, ANYBODY, ANY PLACE, EVERY
THING, EVERY ONE, EVERYBODY, EVERY PLACE,
* Reflexive pronouns are used as the object of a verb
or the object of a preposition and can not be omitted
1. INDEFINITE /
in&defInBt
/
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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ADJECTIVE
SOMETHING, SOMEONE, SOMEBODY, SOME PLACE,
NOBODY, NOTHING, ALL, MANY, FEW, SEVERAL,
BOTH, EACH, EITHER, NEITHER

Ca hai ưng viïn ₫ï̉u ₫u tiïu chuển.
X
Either
of the applicants is qualified for the job.
Ca hai ưng viïn ₫ï̀u khöng ₫u tiïu chuển.
X
Neither
of the applicants is qualified for the job.
Ca hai giai phap ₫ï̀u tö́t.
X
Either
of the solutions is satisfactory.
Ca hai giai phap ₫ï̀u khöng tö́t.
X
Neither
of the solutions is satisfactory.
As demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns can be used as
adjectives which modify nouns.
Chuyḯn ₫i co thï̉ mết tư 5-7 ngay.
X
The trip may take
several
days.
H.
1
R
ECIPROCAL
P
RONOUNS
In formal writing EACH OTHER refers to two persons, and

ONE ANOTHER refers to more than two persons. But there is a
tendency in modern English to use EACH OTHER for both
cases.
Töi va Marry biḯt nhau suö́t ₫ơi.
X
Mary and I have known
each other
all our lives.
Cac con a, cö́ găng yïu thương va săn soc lễn nhau sau khi bö́ chḯt
₫i.
X
Children, try to love and take care of
one anothe
r after I die.
III. A
DJECTIVE
An adjective is a word that modifies or adds to the meaning of a
noun or pronoun.
1. RECIPROCAL /
rI&sIprBkl
/
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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ADJECTIVE
A. C
OMMON
- P
ROPER
A
DJECTIVES

Adjectives are commonly categorized as common adjectives
and proper adjectives. A common adjective modifies or adds to
the meaning of common noun. A proper adjective modifies or
adds to the meaning of proper noun.
America - American
Vietnam - Vietnamese
B. D
ESCRIPTIVE
- L
IMITING
A
DJECTIVES
Adjectives are also classified as descriptive adjectives and lim-
iting adjectives. A descriptive adjective describes a person, a
place or a thing.
Clean / sad / cheerful / mean / lazy /large/small
A limiting adjective points out or specifies a person, a place or a
thing.
(1) a, an, the
(2) my / yours (possessive adjective)
(3) John's mother / my mother's (noun possessive case)
(4) cardinal number: 1,2,3…
(5) ordinal number: first, second, third…
Gia sinh hoat hiïn thơi cao hơn khoang 2% so vơi 6 thang ₫ều năm.
X
The cost of living is about 2% higher at present than in the first
six months of the years.
Trong hai thêp niïn ₫ều cua thḯ ky...
X
During / In the first 2 decades of the century…

Hai vến ₫ï̀ ₫ều tiïn quan trong cua töi la ...
X
My first two important problems are…
Trong 10 cêu hoi sau ₫êy ...…
X
In the 10 following questions…
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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ADJECTIVE
C. A
TTRIBUTIVE
- A
PPOSITIVE
- P
REDICATIVE
On the basis of their functions, adjectives are classified as
attributive (defining) adjectives, appositive (non-defining)
adjectives and predicative adjectives.
1. A
TTRIBUTIVE
A
DJECTIVES
An attributive adjective represents an attribute (that is special
quality or a typical quality) of a noun or pronoun. In other
words, an attributive adjective limits or restricts the meaning of
noun or pronoun and is therefore not set off.
An honest father
An honest and hard-working father
CONDITION 1
A: There was some people who want to see you this morning.

B: Anybody
special
?
A: No, sir. Nobody
special
sir.
Tö́i nay TV co gò hay khöng?
X
Is there anything
interesting
on TV tonight?
Töi co ₫iï̀u mơi cho anh ₫êy.
X
I’ve got something
new
for you.
Anh co chuyïn vêy?
X
Is there anything
wrong
with you?
X
No, nothing
wrong
.
* Attributive adjectives normally precede the nouns or
pronouns they modify.
An attributive adjective may follows the word it modi-
fies with a few conditions:
1. The word it modifies is an indefinite pronoun.

2. It is modified by an adverbial expression, which is nor-
mally a phrase.

lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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ADJECTIVE
CONDITION 2
A life
An empty life
Möt cuöc sö́ng trö́ng rö̃ng khöng muc ₫ñch thò khöng ₫ang sö́ng.
X
A life
empty
of a purpose is not worth living.
Möt ngươi hăm hơ lam vưa long ngươi khac thò khöng ₫ang tin cêy.
X
A person
anxious
to please others is untrustworthy.
Möt ngươi dï̃ hai long thò dï̃ băt chuyïn.
X
A person
easy
to please is easy to talk to.
Möt trai tim trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt, thöng cam va tha thư thò chỉ la
möt căn nguc tu tö́i tăm.
X
A heart
void/vacan
t of understanding, sympathy and forgive-

ness is only a dark prison cell.
Möt ngươi kho tñnh thò kho cam thếy sung sương.
A person
hard
to please is unlikely to feel happy.
2. A
PPOSITIVE
A
DJECTIVES
An appositive adjective represents only an appositive idea; that
is to say, it represents only an after thought or something added.
In other words, an appositive adjective only gives more infor-
mation to the noun or pronoun it refers to; it doesn't narrow or
restrict the meaning of the noun at all. Appositive adjectives are
normally set off when they follows a noun or pronoun they refer
to.
Qua tim cua cö ta, trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt va thöng cam, chỉ la möt
căn nguc tu tö́i tăm.
X
Her heart,
void
of understanding and sympathy, is only a dark,
prison cell.
* An appositive adjective must be modified by an adverbial
expression when it follows the noun it modifies.
N
Appositive Adjective + Adverbial Expression
,,
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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ADJECTIVE
Bö́ töi, rết dï̃ băt chuyïn, co nhiï̀u ban tö́t.
X
My father,
easy
to talk to, has many good friends.
Bilbo, nong long thoat hiï̉m, chếp nhên lơi ₫ï̀ nghị ngay lêp tưc.
X
Bilbo,
anxious
to escape, accepted the suggestion at once.
NOTE
Ba töi, thanh thêt va tö́t bung, co nhiï̀u ban tö́t trong ₫ơi.
X
My father,
honest and kind-hearted
, has many good friends in his
life.
Nhưng sinh viïn ₫ang lam viïc vơi töi, thöng minh va chăm chỉ, se
₫êu ky thi nay.
X
The students working with me,
intelligent and hard working
, are
certain to pass the exam.
Nhưng ₫ưa tre, nghịch ngơm va ö̀n ao, ua ra.
X
The children,
boisterous and noisy
, rushed out.

Roland thếy sư khön ngoan cua lơi khuyïn nïn ₫a ₫ö̀ng y ma khöng
bao giơ biḯt ₫ươc răng Flag, quy quyït va ₫öc ac, hiï̉u qua ro bñ mêt
thềm kñn cua öng.
X
Roland saw the wisdom of the advice and agreed, never know-
ing that Flag,
cunning and wicked
, understood his deepest
secret. (Stephen King, The Eyes of the Dragon)
No nhòn thếy bong mònh trong gương, mơi ₫ều xanh xao va hoang
hö́t. Nhưng tñch tăc sau cai bong mĩm cươi vơi no.
X
He saw his reflection,
pale and scared-looking
at first. But a
moment later the reflection smiled at him. (J.K Rowling, The
Socerer’s Stone)
* If an appositive adjective is not modified by an adverbial
expression, it must be coordinated with another adjec-
tive.
N
Appositive ADJ1 + Appositive ADJ2
,,
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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ADJECTIVE
NOTE
My father,
happy with his active years
, is now living his old age in

Dalat.
X
Happy with his active years
, my father is now living his old age
in Dalat.
The young Queen
, beautiful and gracious,
was loved by her subjects.
X
Beautiful and gracious
, the young Queen was loved by her sub-
jects.
3. P
REDICATE
A
DJECTIVE
A predicate adjective modifies a subject or an object. When it
modifies a subject, it is called SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT;
when it modifies an object it is called OBJECTIVE COMPLE-
MENT. And it is more often than not, predicative adjectives are
used after linking verb.
Adjectives may be natural; it means that, these adjectives have
existed in English since the beginning of the language.
sad / happy / dark / beautiful / ugly / gracious / young
Adjectives may be derived:
(a) from Present Participles and Past Participles
(b) through suffixes and prefixes
Interest
>
Interesting / Interesed (a)

Delight
>
Delighting / Delighted (a)
Love (v)
>
Lovable / Loved (a)
* An appositive adjective with a modifier or a co-
ordinated adjective may follow or precede the sub-
ject of a sentence when the subject is a noun.

Appositive Adj
,
S,
Appositive Adj
,
S
S=N
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
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VERBS
Love (n)
>
Lovely (a)
IV. V
ERBS
WHAT IS A VERB?
A verb is a word used to assert something or ask something and
usually indicates an action or state of being.
A. P
RINCIPLE

P
ARTS

OF

A
V
ERB
There are four principle parts of a verb:
a. The present
b. The past
c. The past participle
d. The present participle
B. V
ERB
C
LASSIFICATION
Verbs are normally classified as intransitive verbs (vi) and tran-
sitive verbs (vt)
1. I
NTRANSITIVE
V
ERBS
(
VI
)
An intransitive verb is complete in meaning by itself. In other
words, it does not need any thing to complete its meaning, and
it does not pass any action to any noun or pronoun at all.
The ship

sank
slowly.
A crowd
collected
at the scene of the accident.
Birds
fly
to the South for warmer climate.
The Baggines
have lived
in the neighborhood of the Hill for time out
of mind. (Tolkien, The Hobbit)
He only
sleeps
for four hours a night.
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-17-
VERBS
2. T
RANSITIVE
V
ERBS
(
VT
)
A transitive verb is not complete in meaning by itself. It is usu-
ally followed by a noun, a pronoun, noun equivalent or some
other element that completes its meaning. This noun or pronoun
or noun equivalent also receives the action passed to it by the
verb.

Regular verb: Wait - Waited - Waited - Waiting
Irregular verb: Grow - Grew - Grown- Growing
X
He
clapped
his hands once, and the ropes binding Harry fell off.
X
‘
Come
here,’ Quirrell
repeated
. ‘
Look
in the mirror and
tell
me
what you see.’
X
‘I
must lie
’, he
thought
desperately, ‘I
must look
and
lie
about
what I
see
, that’s all.’

X
He
saw
his relfection, pale and scared-looking at first. But a
moment later, the reflection
smiled
at him. It
puts
its hand into
its pocket and
pulled out
a blood-red stone. It
winked
and put
the stone back in its pocket - and as it
did
so, Harry
felt
some-
thing heavy drop into his real pocket... (J.K. Rowling, The
Socerer’s Stone)
X
Suddenly the great beast
beat
its hideous wings, and the wind
of them was foul. Again it
leaped
into the air, and then swiftly
fell
down upon Eowyn,

shrieking,

striking
with beak and claw.
X
Still she
did not blench
: maiden of the Rohirrim, child of kings,
slender but as a steel-blade, fair yet terrible. A swift stroke she
dealt
, skilled and deadly. The outstretched neck she
clove
asun-
der, and the hewn head
fell
like a stone. Backward she sp
rang

as the huge shape crashed to ruin, vast wings
outspread
, crum-
pled on the earth; and with its fall the shadow
passed
away. A
light
fell
about her, and her hair
shone
in the sunrise. (J.R.R.
Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings)

lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-18-
VERBS
NOTE
C. V
OICE
A
ND
M
OOD
1. V
OICE
Voice is the distinction in the form of a verb to indicate whether
the subject performs or receives the action expressed by the
verb.
Only transitive verbs have voice. There are only 2 voices: the
active and the passive.
China and South Korea
regard
Yakusuni shrine as a symbol of
Japan’s past militarism.
(Active Voice)
Yakusuni shrine
is regarded
as a symbol of Japan’s past militarism.
(Passive Voice)
2. M
OOD
The mood shows the manner in which the speaker or writer
thinks of an action. There are 3 moods:

a. The Indicative Mood
A verb in the indicative mood states a fact or describe an action.
Ba ta ₫oc möt bai diï̃n thuyḯt rết thu vị.
* Linking verb is intransitive verb which links or
joins a subject with the rest of the sentence.
X
He was on me by that time, trying to find out how
far I’d got ... (J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter)
* Many, many verbs are intransitive in one sense
and transitive in another
X
I ran as fast as I could.
X
Her boyfriend is running a hotel in Dalat.
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-19-
VERBS
X
She gave a very interesting speech.
Ngay xưa, ơ möt vương quö́c no, co möt vị vua co hai ngươi con trai.
X
Once, in a kingdom, there was a King with two sons.
Roland tö́t bung khöng phai la möt öng vua tai ba nhết cung khöng
phai möt öng vua tö̀i nhết.
X
Roland the Good was neither the best nor the worse King.
b. The Imperative Mood
A verb in the imperative mood expresses an order or request.
Sit down, please. (request)
Sit down. (order)

Come here!
Be quiet!
Be calm!
Be happy!
Don’t worry!
c. The Subjunctive Mood
A verb in the subjunctive mood expresses a wish or a condition
or supposition which is contrary to the fact.
Ươc gò töi 20 tuö̉i trơ lai.
X
I wish I were 20 years old again.
Gia sư trai ₫ết nö̉ tung trong vong 15 phut, ban se lam gò trong thơi
gian ₫o?
X
If the earth were to explode in 15 minutes; what would you do
in the meantime?
Nḯu co măt ơ ₫o, töi se tat cho no möt cai vao giưa măt.
X
If I had been there I would have slapped him in the face.
D. A
SPECTS
There are 3 aspects:
a. The aspect of time
b. The perfective aspect
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-20-
ADVERBS
c. The continuous aspect
These aspects combine together to produce 12 tenses in
English.

V. A
DVERBS
A. F
UNCTION
An adverb is a word which usually modifies
(1) a verb
(2) an adjective
(3) or an another adverb
An adverb sometimes is used broadly.
He ran
fast
.
The morning was
delightingly
fresh.
He sang
unusually
beautifully that night.
Obviously, you've fallen in love with him.
She always drives
carefully
.
She drives very
carefully
when it rain.
Her answer is
terribly
annoying.
Sadly, our team was
badly

defeated/beaten.
B. D
IFFERENT
K
INDS

OF
A
DVERBS
1. I
NTERROGATIVE
A
DVERBS

The most common interrogative adverbs WHEN, WHERE,
WHY, HOW
Hi,
how
are things?
Where
is Heaven/Hell?
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-21-
ADVERBS
Happiness,
where
are you?
Dear,
why
do you love him so much?

2. R
ELATIVE
A
DVERBS
WHEN, WHERE, WHY
Nơi töi sinh ra la möt ngöi lang nho khoang 200km vï̀ phña ₫öng Sai
gon.
X
I was born in the place
where
is a small village about 200km
southeast of Saigon.
Cac con a, bö́ muö́n ₫ươc chön cết ơ nơi bö́ ₫ươc sinh ra.
X
Children, I want to be buried
where
I was born.
Töi khöng hiï̉u tai sao hăn lai bết cển ₫ḯn thḯ.
X
I don't know the reason
why
he was so careless.
Năm töi lïn 10, me töi tai gia.
X
The year
when
I got ten, my mother remarried.
Băng möt sư tònh cơ ky la nao ₫o ma vao möt buö̉i sang thêt yïn tĩnh
xa xưa, thuơ con nhiï̀u rưng cêy va ñt tiḯng ö̀n ...
X

By some curious chance one morning long ago in the quiet of
the world,
when
there was less noise and more green... (Tolk-
ien, The Hobbit)
Khi öng Bilbo Baggins ơ Bag End thöng bao răng chăng lêu nưa öng
se tö̉ chưc möt buö̉i tiïc huy hoang ₫ï̉ mưng sinh nhêt 111 tuö̉i cua
mònh thò ơ Hobbiton ngươi ta khao nhau ềm ĩ vï̀ sư kiïn nay.
X
When
Mr. Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced that he would
shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with a party of
special magnificence, there was much talk and excitement in
Hobbiton. (Tolkien, The Lords of the Rings)
Peter mơi lïn năm luc me chu qua ₫ơi.
X
Peter was five
when
his mother died. (Stephen King, The Eyes of
the Dragon)
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-22-
ADVERBS
3. C
ORRELATIVE
A
DVERBS
Töi khöng cao băng anh.
X
I'm

not as
tall
as
you are
Töi khöng gia băng anh.
X
I'm
not as
old
as
you are.
Cö ta lam viïc khöng chăm chỉ băng chị.
X
She doesn't work
so
hard
as
you do.
Coi kòa, töi khöng giau như anh nghĩ ₫êu.
X
Come on, I don't have
so
much money
as
you think.
Cuöc sö́ng ơ ₫êy khöng dï̃ dang như töi nghĩ.
X
Life here is
not as
easy

as
I think.
Sang mai rang co măt ơ ₫êy sơm chưng nao hay chưng ếy.
X
Try to be here
as
early
as possible
.
Điïn thoai cho töi sơm chưng nao hay chưng ₫o.
X
Phone me
as
soon
as
you can.
Luc ₫o töi chỉ chay thuc mang ma thöi.
X
I only ran
as
fast
as I could.
Hay cö́ găng yïu thương ban thên mònh hḯt mưc ₫ï̉ co thï̉ yïu
thương ngươi khac.
X
Try to love yourself
as
much
as you can
so that you can truly

love others.
main clause sub clause
AS
NOT AS
NOT SO
ADJ
ADV
UN’S/ CN’S
AS
AS
AS
AS..........
AS POSSIBLE
AS ........ AS ONE COULD
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-23-
ADVERBS
Cang ₫i xa anh cang nhơ em.
X
The more I’m away from you, the more I miss you.
Nơi ₫êu co tònh yïu thò nơi ₫o co hanh phuc.
X
Where there is love, there is happiness
Ơ ₫êu co hoa thò ơ ₫o co bươm.
X
Where there are flowers, there are butterflies.
Ơ ₫êu co mêt thò ơ ₫o co ruö̀i.
X
Where there is honey, there are flies
Khi nao co thơi gian thò töi se ban chuyïn nay vơi anh.

X
When there is time, then I will discuss the issue with you.
4. C
ONJUNCTIVE
A
DVERBS
(C
ORRELATIVE
A
DVERB
C
ON
-
JUNCTIONS
- CAC)
(See further details in Lesson 4, How to Write a Compound
Sentence)
These adverbs are used to join two independent clauses into a
compound sentence.
The most common conjunctive adverbs are: ACCORDINGLY
CONSEQUENCELY, HENCE, HOWEVER, LIKE WISE,
MOREOVER, NEVERTHELESS, THEREFORE, THUS, etc.
Töi yïu cö ta thưc long; tuy nhiïn, töi se khöng cều hön cö ta.
X
I love her truly
; however,
I will not propose to her.
Leo lïn möt ngon ₫ö̀i thò dï̃ hơn leo xuö́ng; tương tư, sö́ng ₫oi tuö̉i
tre bao giơ cung dï̃ hơn sö́ng tuö̉i gia.
X

It’s is easier to climb uphill than downhill
; likewise,
it is easier
to live one’ youth than one’s old age.
WHEN ......., THEN .....
WHERE ...., THERE....
THE ............, THE ........
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-24-
ADVERBS
5. I
NDEPENDENT
O
R
A
BSOLUTE
A
DVERBS
These adverbs have little or no grammatical function in the sen-
tences in which they appear. Instead, they govern the whole idea
of the statement.
Buö̀n thay, buö̉i tiïc khöng thanh cöng.
X
Sadly enough,
the party was not a success.
6. A
DVERBS
E
XPRESS
V

ARIOUS
I
DEAS
Adverbs express the idea of TIME, CAUSE or REASON,
CONCESSION, DEGREE or EXTEND, RESULT or CONSE-
QUENCE, CONDITION, DEGREE plus RESULT etc.
Hăn con qua tre ₫ï̉ co thï̉ nhên chưc vu ₫o.
X
He is
too
young
to be given the job
.
Nhưng ngươi khac lai qua găt gong khöng noi chuyïn ₫ươc..
X
The others were
too
grumpy
to talk
. (Tolkien, The Hobbit)
Ho găp nhau lền ₫ều tai lï̃ höi hang năm, khi Peter lïn têm.
X
They first met at the annual Festival,
when Peter was eight
.
(Stephen King, The Eyes of The Dragon)
X
‘I am deeply grateful,’ said Frodo, ‘but I wish you would tell me
plainly what the black riders are. If I take your advice I may not
see Galdalf for a long while, and I ought to know what is the

danger that pursues me.’ (Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings)
ADVERB OF DEGREE plus RESULT
There are three ways to express an idea of degree plus result.
WAY 1
X
The storm was so violent that half of the houses in the village
was swept down.
X
He drives so carelessly that no one dares to ask for a ride.
so adj/adv that
lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech
-25-
PREPOSITIONS
WAY 2
X
Such a violent storm that half of the houses in the village was
swept down.
WAY 3: This is the strongest most advanced form to express
the idea.
X
The storm was such that more than half the houses in the vil-
lage has been swept down.
Note that the violence of the storm is implied in this sentence.
VI. P
REPOSITIONS
A. W
HAT
I
S
P

REPOSITION
?
A preposition is a word used to form a syntactic unit called the
prepositional phrase, which usually functions as a noun, as an
adjective or as an adverb.
After work is convenient for every one.
The man of my dream.
B. P
REPOSITION
M
AY
B
E
S
IMPLE

OR
C
OMPOUND
A simple preposition consists of one word: ABOVE,
AGAINST, AT, BEHIND, BESIDE, BENEATH, BELOW,
FOR, INTO, WITH, WITHOUT, WITHIN, FROM, TO,
UNDER, OF, etc.
A compound preposition consists of at least two words:
AHEAD OF, APART FROM, AS FAR AS, AS TO, IN FRONT
OF, IN ADDITION TO, BECAUSE OF, BY MEANS OF,
such CN’s/UN that
BE SUCH that