Unit 7: Economic reforms pps

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Unit 7:

Vocabulary:
I. Reading:
1. measure /e/ (n) biện pháp
2. constantly (adv) thường xuyên
3. carry out (v) thực hiện
4. restructure (v) tái kiến thiết
5. The six National Congress: Đại hội đảng
lần 6 ['kÎNgres]
6. communist (n) người cộng sản
7. standard (n) tiêu chuẩn
8. experience (v) kinh nghiệm
9. under-developed (adj) kém phát triển
10. stagnant (adj) ['stægn±nt] trì trệ
11. dominate (v) ngự trị, thống trị
12. inflate /ei/ (v) gây lạm phát, thổi
phồng
inflation (n) sự lạm phát
13. sector (n) lãnh thổ
14. renovation /ei/(n) sự đổi mới
15. eliminate /i/ (v) loại trừ
elimination (n) sự loại trừ
16. shortage (n) sự thiếu hụt
17. subsidy ['sÝbsidi] (n) sự bao cấp
18. export ['ekspÎ:t] (n) hàng xuất khẩu
export [ik'spÎ:t] (v) xuất khẩu
19. open trade relations: mở các mối quan hệ
thương mại

20. encourage [in'kÝridZ] (v) khuyến khích
encouragement (n) sự khuến khích
21. private /ai/ (adj) tư nhân
22. investment /e/ (n) sự đầu tư
23. commitment /i/ (n) sự cam kết
24. subsequent /Ý/(adj) theo sau

25. adopt (v) thực hiện
26. dissolve (v) giải thể, giải tán
27. domestic (adj) nội địa
28. legal /i:/ (a) hợp pháp
≠ illegal

29. legal grounds (n) cơ sở pháp lý /au/
30. reform (v) cải cách
31. Land Law (n) luật đất đai
32. Enterprises Law (n) Luật doanh nghiệp
33. agriculture (n) nông nghiệp
34. agricultural (a) thuộc nông nghiệp
35. minority [mai'n{r±ti] (n) thiểu số
36. gain (v) đạt được
37. subtantial (adj) đáng kể, lớn lao
38. achievement [±'tSi:vm±nt] (n) thành tựu
39. build a better life (v) xây dựng cuộc sống
tốt hơn
40. economic (a) thuộc về kinh tế
economical (a) tiết kiệm
II. Speaking:
1. achieve /i:/ (v) đạt được
2. change (v) (n) thay đổi

3. positive effect (n) ành hưởng khả quan
4. health care (n) y tế
5. suggest (v) đề nghị
6. sector (n) thành phần
7. curriculum /i/ (n) chương trình
8. method ['meH±d] (n) phương pháp
9. qualified (a) đã qua đào tạo
10. scholarship (n) học bổng
11. sensitivity (n) sự nhạy cảm
12. sensitivity of doctors and nurses: lương
tâm của …
13. health insurance (n) bảo hiểm
14. medical equipment (n) thiết bị y khoa
15. facility /i/ (n) phương tiện
16. advanced (a) tiến bộ
17. technique (n) kĩ thuật
18. fertiliser [‘fÄ:t±laiz±] (n) phân bón
19. pesticide (n) thuốc trừ sâu
20. professional responsibilities (n) trách
nhiệm nghề nghiệp
21. policy (n) chính sách
22. dyke /ai/ (n) rãnh hào mương
23. efficient (a) có hiệu quả
24. irrigation (n) sự tười nuớc, dẫn nước
25. drainage system (n) hệ thống cống rãnh
26. insecticide (n) thuốc trừ sâu
27. salary (n) lương
28. disadvantaged (a) bị thiệt thòi
III. Listening:
1. inhabitant /æ/ (n) cư dân

2. island /ai/ (n) hò đảo
3. discover [dis'kÝv±(r)] (v) khám phá
4. powerful drug (n) thuốc mạnh
5. rationally ['ræS±nl] (a) có lý trí
6. enable [i'neibl] (v) làm cho có thể
7. unfortunately (adv) bất hạnh thay
8. have bad effects on : có ảnh hưởng xấu
9. take notice (of sth): chú ý
10. in ruins ['ru:inz] : bị huỷ hoại
11. take measures : tiến hành các biện pháp
12. force (v) bắt buộc
13. prevent …. from : ngăn cản
14. situation : tình huống
15. on the contrary: trái lại
16. drug-taker (n) người uống thuốc
17. fin a solution (v) tìm giải pháp
18. prison (n) nhà tù
19. eventually (adv) cuối cùng
20. allow (v) cho phép
IV. Writing:
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1. detail ['di:teil] (n) chi tiết
2. as a result of : kết quả của
3. overall economic reform : cải cách kinh tế
hòan toàn [,ri:'fÎ:m]
4. stagnant (a) trì trệ
5. under-developed (a) kém phát triển
6. increase /i:/ (v) tăng
7. decrease /i:/ (v) giảm

8. steadily (adv) ổn định
9. by 3.5 % = by three point five percent
10. make a decision = decide : quyết định
V. Language focus:
1. vacation (n) chuyến nghỉ mát
2. advise sb to do sth: khuyên
3. cigarette (n) thuốc lá
4. in time : kịp lúc
5. sleepy (a) buồn ngủ
6. recognize (v) nhận ra
7. pack (v) chất đồ (vào ba lô)
8. wear –wore –worn : mặc
9. understand- understood- understood
10. be on (v) được mở
11. coat (n) áo choàng
12. manage (v) xoay sở


SPECIFIC RULES:

Because / Although Because of / Despite
1 it rains (heavily)
it snows
the (heavy) rain
the snow
2 S + V + O (Not) + Ving + O ….
3 He/ she/ they + be + adj His / her / their + N
4 The + N + be + adj
His
Her

…
The + adj + N
His
Her
…
5 There + be + NP NP
6 He / she / they + V + adv His / her / their + adj + N
7 Sth + was / were + invented
developed
liberated
discovered
the invention + of + sth
development
liberation
discovery
8 It + be noisy the noise
9 He / she / they + can’t + V
0
His / her /their inability + to V
0
10
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Exercise 1: Match the following examples with the rules above:
a. She hurried because it rained.
→ She hurries because of the rain.
b. We can see a football match at home because they invented television.
→ We can see a football match at home because of the invention of television.
c. Because she can’t write, her brother writes for her.
→ Because of her inability to write, her brother writes for her.
d. We couldn’t do homework because it was noisy.

→ We couldn’t do homework because of the noise.
e. Because there was a war, they didn’t return home.

→
Because of a war, they didn’t return home.
f. Although she ran quickly to the station, she couldn’t catch the train.

→
Despite running quickly to the station, she couldn’t catch the train.
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g. Even though she behaved badly, her parents still supported her.

→
Despite her bad behaviour, her parents still supported her.
h. They went ahead although the weather was bad.

→ They went ahead
despite the bad weather.
i. He stayed at home because his mother was sick.
→ Because of his sick mother, he stayed at home.

Notes:
1. Because = as = since : bởi vì
Because of = due to = owing to = thanks to = on account of = as a result of
2. Although = even though = though : mặc dầu
Despite = in spite of = notwithstanding
3. although = despite the fact that = in spite the fact that

Adj / Verb Noun

1. absent (adj) → absence vắng mặt
2. advise (v) → advice (against sth) : khuyên
3. angry anger giận dữ
4. behave (v) → behaviour cư xử
5. bored (adj) → boredom chán
6. cloudy (adj) → cloud có mây
7. cold (adj) → cold lạnh
8. dark (adj) → darkness /dark tối
9. difficult (adj) → difficulty khó khăn
10. dislike (v) → dislike for /of không thích
11. drop (v) → drop in hạ, giảm
12. fail (v) → failure thất bại
13. hot (adj) → heat nóng
14. hungry hunger đói bụng
15. ill (adj) → illness bệnh (cảm cúm, ….)
16. inexperienced (adj) → inexperience thiếu kinh nghiệm
17. kind (adj) → kindness tốt , tử tế
18. kind-hearted (adj) → kindheartedness tốt bụng
19. lack (v) → lack of sth thiếu
20. late (adj) → lateness trễ
21. love (v) → love for yêu thích
22. negligent in sth (adj) → negligence in lơ là / ['neglidZ±ns]
23. plan (v) → plan đạt kế hoạch
24. poor (adj) → poverty / poorness nghèo khổ
25. present presence (n) có mặt
26. practise (v) → practice thực tập
27. quarrel (v) → quarrel cãi lộn
28. rain (v) → rain mưa
29. rich (adj) → richness giàu có
30. sad (adj) → sadness buồn

31. short (adj) → shortage thiếu
32. sick (adj) → sickness bệnh (hơi mệt, buồn nôn)
33. snow (v) → snow mưa tuyết
34. struggle (v) → struggle đấu tranh
35. tired (adj) → tiredness mệt
36. warn (v) → warnings thông báo, cảnh báo
37. wise (adj) [waiz] → wisdom ['wizd±m] thông thái
38. work (v) → work
39. wound (v) → wound làm bò thương ( vết thương)

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More Exercises
* Rewrite the sentences below, replace because by because of and vice versa:
1 She didn't go to school yesterday because she was ill.
2 We can't sleep because of the hot weather.
3. She went to bed early because she felt tired.
4. John succeeded easily in his exam because of working hard and methodically.
5. Yesterday Alice was absent from class because she was ill.


6. The students couldn't do the test because it was difficult.
7. They were late for the meeting because it rained heavily.
8. I couldn't drive fast because the street was crowded and narrow.
9 Because of the accident ,Tom couldn’t walk any more.
10. Rice plants grow well in this region because the climate is favorable.
11 The plane couldn't take off because it was foggy.
12 The plane's landing was delayed because of fog.
13 Because of the invention of plane, we can travel around the world in a short time.
14. We stopped our car because of the red traffic lights.

15. I can't read the letter because of the dark.

I. So/ such …. that: quá đến nỗi
1. Công thức:

so
adj / adv
such
(a / an) + adj + N
so many
so few
(adj) + N
số nhiều
S + V
so much
so little
(adj) + N
số ít

that

S+ V
Ex: The weather was so cold that we couldn’t go out.
It was such cold weather that we couldn’t go out.
There are so many people that we can’t find Tom.
He ate so much meat that he got fat.
There is so little water that people couldn’t leave here.
II. too … to : quá … nên không thể

S + V + too + adj / adv (for O) + to V

0
…
Ex: The water was too hot for us to drink.
It is too late for us to do it now.
III. Enough : đủ để

S + V adj / adv + enough (for +O) + to V
0
S + V enough + N (for + O) + to V
0
Ex: The small boy had enough money to buy the toy car.
He worked hard enough to pass the exam.
Exercise 1:
1. This pen is _________________________ for me to buy.
a. so expensive b. too expensive
c. very expensive d. enough expensive
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2. We have ______________ problems that we can’t go to bed early.
a. too many b. so much
c. too much d. so many
3. He is so clever that he can answer all my questions.
a. He is too clever to answer all my questions.
b. He is such clever boy that he can answer all my questions.
c. He is such a clever boy that he can answer all my questions.
d. He is enough clever to answer all my questions.
4. There was so much noise here that _________________________.
a. we can’t concentrate on studying
b. to concentrate on studying
c. for us to concentrate on studying

d. we couldn’t concentrate on studying
5. It was _________________________ that we decided to stay at home.
a. such a bad weather b. so bad weather
c. too bad weather d. such bad weather
6. ____________________ they can’t work.
a. The weather was so cold that
b. The weather is such cold that
c. It is so cold that
d. There is so cold weather that
7. Who has _____________________ to lift the rock?
a. strong enough b. enough strong
c. strength enough d. enough strength
8. She speaks _______________ that I can’t understand at all.
a. such speed b. so much speed
c. with such speed d. so speedy
9. The play was so popular that ______________________.
a. many people want to see
b. many people want to see it
c. many people wanted to see
d. many people wanted to see it
10. There are ____________ that it takes me a long time to read them all.
a. so much books b. such much books
c. so many books d. such many books
11. Your dog ____________________________________.
a. is so fierce to come near it
b. is too fierce for me to come near it
c. is fierce enough for me to come near it
d. is too fierce for me to come near.
12. Bill is too foolish to understand what I say.
a. Bill is enough foolish to understand what I say.

b. Bill isn’t foolish enough to understand what I say.
c. Bill is so foolish that he couldn’t understand what I say.
d. Bill is so foolish that he can’t understand what I say.
13. These shoes are too small for my feet.
a. These shoes are not big enough for my feet.
b. These shoes are not enough big for my feet.
c. These shoes are not very big for my feet.
d. These shoes are so small that for my feet.
14. The weather conditions became ____________ all mountain roads were closed.
a. so dangerous that
b. such dangerous that
c. too dangerous to
d. dangerous enough that
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15. The film was very good. We all liked it.
→ It was such a ___________________________________________________________
Exercise 2:
1.The sun shone __________ brightly that Maria had to put on her sunglasses.
2. Dean was __________ a powerful swimmer that he always won the races.
3. There were _________ few students registered that the class was cancelled.
4. We had ________ wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return.
5. We had ________ good a time at the party that we hated to leave.
6. The benefit was ________ great a success that the promoters decided to repeat it.
7. It was ________ a nice day that we decided to go to the beach.
8. Jane looked ________ sick that the nurse told her to go home.
9. Those were ________ difficult assignments that we spent two weeks finishing them.
10. Ray called at ________ an early hour that we weren't awake yet.
Exercise 3: Combine two sentences, using "so that" or "such that":
1. The sun shone brightly. Maria had to put on her sunglasses.

___________________________________________________________________________
2. Dean was a powerful swimmer. He always won the races.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. There were few students registered. The class was cancelled.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. The house was beautiful. I took picture of it.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. This coffee is strong. I can't drink it.
___________________________________________________________________________
6. This is a good film. I want to see it again and again.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. There was a lot of food. Everyone ate too much.
___________________________________________________________________________
8. There were a lot of guests. There wasn't enough food.
___________________________________________________________________________
9. I ate a lot of sandwiches. I felt uneasy.
___________________________________________________________________________
10. David has a lot of work to do. He can't come tonight.
___________________________________________________________________________
11. He was very sick. He was sent to the hospital.
___________________________________________________________________________
12. It was very dark. He couldn't see anything.
___________________________________________________________________________
13. He has very wide knowledge. We can't help admiring him.
___________________________________________________________________________
14. His conduct is very good. All his teachers love him.
___________________________________________________________________________
15. Mary has a beautiful voice. We all like to hear her sing.
___________________________________________________________________________
16. John is still very weak. He can't walk without a stick.

___________________________________________________________________________
17. My father has a very good health. He seldom takes any medicines.
___________________________________________________________________________
18. There is too much noise. We can't learn our lessons.
___________________________________________________________________________
19. My friend is very strong. He can lift up the table by himself.
___________________________________________________________________________
20. Bill is an intelligent boy. He is always at the top of his class.
___________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences:
1. This is such a heavy package that ____________________________________________
2. It is such a warm day that ____________________________________________
3. That was such a good movie that ____________________________________________
4. We had such a good time that ____________________________________________
5. This is such a difFicult lesson that ____________________________________________
6. There is so much noise here that ____________________________________________
7. That book is so interesting that ____________________________________________
8. They are such high mountains that ____________________________________________
9. She speaks with such speed that ____________________________________________
10. She is such a busy person that ____________________________________________
Exercise 5: Fill in the blanks with SO MUCH or SO MANY:
1. We have ________ problems that we can't go to bed early.
2. Why have you got ________ furniture?
3. There was ________ food that everyone ate too much.
4. There were ________ guests that there wasn't enough food
5. Why did you buy ________ beer?
6. Doctor Simmon has ________ patients that he's always busy.

7. I ate ________ sandwiches that I felt ill.
8. My father has ________ work to do that he can't come back home tonight.
9. Why did he drink ________ wine?
10. They drank _____ wine that they couldn't walk.
Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences below, using "ENOUGH" instead of "TOO":
1. He is too old to wear this coloured shirt.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. She is too weak to carry this bag.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. This pen is too expensive for me to buy.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Bill is too foolish to understand what I say.
____________________________________________________________________________
5. This bag is too heavy for her to carry.
____________________________________________________________________________
6. The test was too difFicult for them to do.
____________________________________________________________________________
7. That sentence was too long for me to memorize.
____________________________________________________________________________
8. The land is too fertile to grow crops.
____________________________________________________________________________
9. The room is too noisy for us to study.
____________________________________________________________________________
10. This book is too dull to read.
____________________________________________________________________________
11. We were too late to get good seats.
____________________________________________________________________________
12. Jack is too lazy to make progress in his study.
____________________________________________________________________________
13. I'm too poor to help you with the money.

____________________________________________________________________________
14. These oranges are too sour for us to eat.
____________________________________________________________________________
15. The shelf is too high for the boy to reach.
____________________________________________________________________________

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I. General rule:







1. who:
We meet the man. He is a professor.
We meet the man who is a professor
S
2. whom:
She talked to the boy. We met him in the zoo.
She talked to the boy whom we met in the zoo.
O
3. which
a. He shouted at the dog. It barked loudly.
He shouted at the dog which barked loudly.
S
b. The dog barked loudly. He called it.
The dog which he called barked loudly.

O
4. whose + N: thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu (his / her / their )
a. The teacher was angry. The students didn’t pay attention to his lesson.
The teacher whose lesson the students didn’t pay attention to was angry.
O
b. Do you know the woman? Her son has lost.
Do you know the woman whose son has lost?
S
5. That: thay thế cho: Who, whom, which… (that không thể theo sau dấu phẩy hoặc giới từ)
The girl won the championship. She was really talented.
The girl that (= who) was really talented won the championship.

Các trường nên dùng that:
- sau so sánh nhất:
- đi sau: all, same, any, only, the first, the last
- sau các đại từ bất đònh: no one, someone, anyone, something, nothing, anything …
- danh từ trước là hỗn hợp giữa vật và người
6. of which:
We should throw away the table. The leg of the table was broken.
We should throw away the table the leg of which / of which the leg was broken.
whose leg

7. It’s _______ that / who + clause: chính là (cấu trúc nhấn mạnh)
a) Peter must clean the window
It’s Peter who / that must clean the window.
b) Your dog bit the old man.
It was your dog that bit the old man. (không được dùng which trong trường hợp này)
c) They were captured because he was incompetent
It was because he was incompetent that they were captured.

* Khi danh từ đứng trước mệnh đề quan hệ đã rõ nghóa( tên riêng, vật duy nhất, có tính từ
sở hữu: his, my, her, có tính từ chỉ đònh: this , that, these, those, … ) ta dùng mệnh đề không
giới hạn. Lúc này phải có dấu phẩy ngăn cách mệnh đề chính với mệnh đề quan hệ.
NGƯỜI VẬT
Subject WHO WHICH

Object WHOM WHICH

Possessive
adjective
WHOSE WHOSE/
OF WHICH
THAT

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Ex: My mother, who is very beautiful, loves me very much.


I. General rule:
S + V + O + …

S + BE + V3 …. by + O.
(chia theo thì của câu chủ động)

Ex: - She usually takes my car.
→ My car is usually taken by her.
- He has sent his son to another school.
→ His son has been sent to another school.
II. Active  passive:

1 V1 am / is / are + V3
2 V2 was / were + V3
3 am/ is / are + Ving am/ is /are + being + V3
4 was / were + Ving was / were + being + V3
5 has / have + V3 has / have + been + V3
6 had + v3 had + been + v3
7 will / would
can / could + V0
may / might
must
will / would
can / could + be + V3
may / might (nguyên mẫu)
must
8
be going to
have to + V0
used to
like
continue
be going to
have to + be + V3
used to (nguyên mẫu)
like
continue
9 have + sb + V0 + sth have + sth + V3 + +(by +sb)
10 get + sb + to + V0 + sth
ask
tell
get + sth + V3 + + (by sb)

(chỉ được dùng ‘get’)
11
give
bring
buy + sb + sth
lend
show

given
brought
sb + be + bought + sth
lent
shown
12
give
bring
buy + sth + prep + sb
lend
show
given
brought
sth + be + bought + prep +sb
lent
shown
13
see
hear + O + Ving
smell
seen
s+ be + heard + Ving

smelt
14
see
hear + O + V0
smell
seen
s + be + heard + to + V0
smelt
15 make + O + V0 s + be + made + to + V0

* Notes: Phải bỏ : by someone// by people // by no one
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Bỏ : by them : nếu không cần thiết



I. Dạng phổ biến:
Type (loại) If clause Main clause
1) Possible future
S + V
1
(s/es) S + will + V
0

2) Untrue present
S + V
2
/ were S + would + V
0

3) Untrue past
S + had + V
3
S + would have + V
3


Ex: If she takes a taxi, she will come on time.
If I were you, I would tell her the truth.
If I had a car, I would take you around the city.
If she had studied hard, she would have passed the exam.
II. Dạng đảo ngữ:

Type (loại) If clause Main clause
1) Possible future
Should + S + V
0
… S + will + V
0

2) Untrue present
Were + S + adj/ NP ….

Were + S + to V
0
…
S + would + V
0

3) Untrue past
Had + S + V
3
… S + would have + V
3

Ex: Should she take a taxi, she will come on time.
Were I you, I would tell her the truth.
Were I to have a car, I would take you around the city.
Had she studied hard, she would have passed the exam.
III. Dạng rút gọn:

Type (loại) If clause Main clause
Untrue present
S + would + V
0

Untrue past
But for + NP
Without + NP
S + would have + V
3


Ex: If it hadn’t been for his help, we wouldn’t have succeeded.
→ But for his help, we wouldn’t have succeeded. (Nếu không có)


Type (loại) Main clause Wish clause
1) Possible future

S + would / could + V
0

2) Untrue present

S + V
2
/ were
S + were + Ving
3) Untrue past
S + wish(ed)
S + had + V
3

Ex: She wishes she could visit London.
I wish I were a president.
They wish they hadn’t stayed up late yesterday.
Exercise 1:
1. _________________, you will cut yourself with that knife.
a. If you are careful b. Unless you are careful
c. But for you are careful d. You are careful
2. If you do not like this one, I'll bring you another.
a. Unless you like this one, I won’t bring you another.
b. Unless I won’t bring you another, you like this one.
c. Unless you like this one, I will bring you another.
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d. As long as you like this one, I will bring you another.
3. I would not be able to do any work if I didn’t have a quiet room.
a. I have a quiet room so I will be able to work.

b. I don’t have a quiet room so I will be able to work.
c. I don’t have a quiet room so can’t work.
d. I didn’t have a quiet room so I couldn’t work.
4. If she does not hurry, _____________________.
a. she would be late. b. she won’t be late.
c. she is late. d. she'll be late.
5. _________________, our crops would be better.
a. If we have more rain b. Were we to have more rain
c. If we had more rain d. b and c
6. The crops would have been ruined if the flood had risen higher.
a. The crops weren’t ruined because the floor didn’t rise higher.
b. The crops aren’t ruined because the floor don’t rise higher.
c. The floor didn’t rise higher because the crops weren’t ruined.
d. The crops hadn’t been ruined because the floor hadn’t risen higher.
7. If you ______________, he wouldn't have known that we were there.
a. have not sneezed b. had not sneezed
c. didn’t sneeze d. were going to sneeze
8. If she did her hair differently, she ______________ quite nice.
a. will look b. would look c. would have looked d. looks
9. We lost the game since John didn’t play for our football team.
a. If John hadn’t played for our football team, we would not have lost the game.
b. If John had played for our football team, we would not have lost the game
c. If John played for our football team, we would not lose the game.
d. If John plays for our football team, we won’t lose the game
10. If I had won a big prize in a lottery, I'd have given up my job.
a. If had I won a big prize in a lottery, I'd have given up my job.
b. Were I to win a big prize in a lottery, I'd have given up my job.
c. Should I win a big prize in a lottery, I'd have given up my job.
d. Had I won a big prize in a lottery, I'd have given up my job.
Exercise 2:

1. Without his help, we would all die.
→ If it _________________________________________________________________
2. Although Judy was severely disabled, she participated in many sports.
→ Despite ______________________________________________________________
3. The taxi went the wrong way, so Kate missed her flight.
→ If ___________________________________________________________________
4. You don’t do an exercise and that’s why you put on weight.
→ If ___________________________________________________________________
5. Go on a holiday and you will feel better.
→ If _____________________________________________________________
6. Although I went to the countryside, I didn’t find the fresh air.
→ In spite of ____________________________________________________________
7. It took them 3 weeks to get through the forest.
→ They ________________________________________________________________
8. Those are the bookstores. I usually buy reference books at some of these bookstores.
(relative clause)
→ ____________________________________________________________________
9. Tam refused to take the job because he was not capable
→ If ________________________________________________________________
→ Had _________________________________________________________________
10. People come from Holland. They are Dutch.
→ People _____________________________________________________________
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11. It’s your fault we got wet. You didn’t take an umbrella.
→ If _________________________________________________________________
12. Mary not only dances but sings as well.
→ Not only ____________________________________________________________
13. Even though he got angry, he remained calm in the party.
→ Despite ______________________________________________________________

14. The musical was so successful that all the tickets were sold.
→ The musical was such _________________________________________________
15. They crossed the Atlantic in three weeks.
→ It __________________________________________________________________
Exercise 3: Supply the correct answer:
1. Mathematics ____________ (play) an important part in our life.
2. Each boy ______________ (have) an exercise book.
3. Who _______________ (already take) my motorbike?
4. What he said ________________ (be) unreliable.
5. Eight hours ____________ (be) enough for me to sleep.
6. Ten kilometres ______________ (be) a long way to walk.
7. Neither I nor he ______________ (like) football.
8. One of his friends _____________ (come) from Cau Ngang.
9. There ____________ (be) many cats in your house.
10. What _______________ (happen) to you?
11. Bread and butter ________________ my favorite food.
12. None of the money ____________ (be) received by me yesterday.
13. Every child, man, woman ________________ (have) the same right.
14. The president and vice-secretary ______________ (just come) here.
15. One of the students ____________ (want) to meet you, Sir.
16. One million dollars ___________ (give) to the charity last year.
Exercise 4: Using expressions of quantity. Choose the correct answer in parentheses.
1. Some of the fruit in this bowl (is, are) rotten.
2. Half of the students in the class (is, are) from Arabic-speaking countries.
3. Half of this money (is, are) yours.
4. A lot of clothing in those stores (is, are) on sale this week.
5. One of my best friends (is, are) coming to visit me next month.
6. Each boy in the class (has, have) his own notebook.
7. Each of the boys in the class (has, have) his own notebook.
8. Every one of the students (is, are) required to take the final test.

9. A number of students (is, are) absent today.
10. The number of employees in my company (is, are) approximately ten thousand.
11. One of the chief materials in bones and teeth (is, are) calcium.
12. (Does, Do) all of the children have their books?
13. (Does, Do) all of this homework have to be finished by tomorrow?
14. 17. The news about Mr. Hogan (is, are) surprising.
15. Massachusetts (is•, are) a state in the northeastern part of the United States.
16. Physics (seeks, seek) to understand the mysteries of the physical world.
17. Statistics (is, are) a branch of mathematics.
18. Fifty minutes (is, are) the maximum length of time allowed for the exam.
19. Why (was, were) some of the students excused from the examination?
20. Why (was, were) one of the students excused from the examination?
21. What percentage of the people in the world (is, are) illiterate?
22. (Does, Do) any of you know the answer to that question?
23. The United States (has, have) a population of around 250 million.
24. Twenty dollars (is, are) an unreasonable price for the necklace.
25. Six and seven (is, are) thirteen.
26. Many people in the world (does, do) not have enough to eat.
27. The police (is, are) prepared in case there is a riot.
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28. Rabies (is, are) an infectious and often fatal disease.
29. The English (is, are) proud, independent people.
30. The poor (is, are) helped by government programs.
31. English (is, are) not my native language.
Reading 1:
Once there were lots of pandas in the mountain of Western China. Today they are becoming extinct. The
reason is that they cannot find enough food. Pandas eat bamboo leaves. They do not like another food. The bamboo
grows very slowly. It can take 10 years for a bamboo to grow from a seed to a big plant. Some types of bamboo have
seeds every 60 years. Pandas must wait many years for their food to grow. While the bamboo is growing, pandas do

not have enough leaves to eat.
Farmers are using more and more of the land on the mountain side to grow food for man. The farmers cut
down the bamboo. Bamboo leaves become less plentiful. Pandas cannot find enough food to eat. They starve and
die.
China and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) are trying to save the panda. In 1979 they began to set up
special parks where pandas live. One such park is the Wolong Reserve in Sichuan. The Wolong Reserve has
the highest number of pandas in the world. Scientists come here to study the panda's eating and mating habits.
By learning more about the panda's habits, scientists can save it from extinction.
True or False:
1. ________ There are many pandas in China nowadays.
2. ________ Some kinds of bamboo grow quickly.
3. ________ The favourite food for pandas is the bamboo leaves.
4. ________ The Wolong Reserve is the World Wildlife Fund Organisation.
5. ________ Setting pandas reserves in the mountains of China is a good way to save pandas.
Reading 2:
Sonya is holidaying in Australia. This is part of a letter which she wrote to her parents.
I'm really enjoying my holiday in Australia. Last Sunday I visited a marine park called Sea World, which is
at Suffers Paradise near Brisbane. It's Australia's largest marine park and I had a wonderful day there.
The first thing I saw was the Oceanarium, which is a place where you can watch all sorts of sea fish and
animals underwater. There were huge turtles, sharks and beautiful tropical sea fish. The most exciting thing was
watching a man feeding the sharks. He wore a special diving suit. Then I watched the performing animals. The
show was in a big outdoor swimming pool. There were killer whales, and sea lions, and they did all sorts of fantastic
things in the water.
One of the girls in the show rode around the pool on the back of a killer whale, and another girl rode under
water on the back of a big turtle. After the show I had lunch. There were several big restaurants at the park
and I had lunch in a restaurant that was shaped like a ship. Then I watched a wonderful water-ski show which
was held on the lake.
There were lots of other things to do at the park. There was lake cruising, a train ride, a big water slide,
swimming pools, and an incredible roller-coaster called the Corkscrew! - because it goes through three loops upside
down. But I wish I had gone on the roller-coaster ride before lunch rather than after it.

I'm sending you some postcards to show you how great it was.
1. _______ Sonya watched a man feeding sharks in an outdoor swimming-pool.
2. ________ Sonya spent a morning at Sea World Park.
3. ________ She watched the performing animals in an outdoor pool.
4. ________ After she had lunch she watched the water-ski show.
5. ________ Sonya didn't have time to ride on the roller-coaster.
Reading 3:
A lot of people like to play their records as, loudly as possible. The result is that the rest of the family and
the neighbours often complain if they don't like the music. One answer to this problem is to wear headphones,
but headphones are usually uncomfortable.
An armchair which has a record-player system built into it has just been designed by a British engineer,
Stephen Court.
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The armchair looks like an ordinary armchair with a high back. However, each of the two sides of the chair has three
loudspeakers inside to reproduce middle and high sounds. Low sounds are reproduced by a pair of loudspeakers
in a hollow space under the seat. Anyone who sits in the chair hears sounds coming from all round his or her
head.
Because we cannot tell the exact source from which low sounds come, it doesn't matter that they come from
underneath or behind. It is the higher sounds coming from the sides of the chair that create a stereo effect.
These sounds travel only a few inches to reach the listener's ears. Consequently it takes only a little power to
make the music sound very loud. Only a small amount of sound leaks out from behind the chair into the room to
disturb others. Most of the sound is absorbed by the listener,
1. ________ __ Stephen Court has just invented an armchair which can play music.
2. ________ The armchair had very comfortable headphones attached to it.
3. _________ The armchair is like an ordinary armchair but it contains speakers in both its sides and
underneath the part where someone sits.
4. _________ Most people can tell exactly the direction from where low sounds are coming.
5. __________ People sitting in chairs near the armchair will not be able to hear most of the sound.