Machine Design Databook Episode 2 part 1 pptx

TABLE 12-15
Stress concentration factor, K

Stress concentration factor, K

Weld type and metal Low-carbon steel Low-alloy steel
Weld metal
Butt welds with full penetration 1.2 1.4
End fillet welds 2 2.5
Parallel fillet welds 3.5 4.5
Base metal
Toe of machined butt weld 1.2 1.4
Toe of unmachined butt weld 1.5 1.9
Toe of machined end fillet weld with leg ratio 1 : 1.5 2 2.5
Toe of unmachined end fillet weld with leg ratio 1 :1.5 2.7 3.3
Parallel fillet weld 3.5 4.5
Stiffening ribs and partitions welded with end fillet welds having
smooth transitions at the toes 1.5 1.9
Butt and T-welded corner plates 2.7 3.3
Butt and T-welded corner plates, but with smooth transitions in the 1.5 1.9
shape of the plates and with machined welds
Lap-welded corner plates 2.7 3.3
TABLE 12-16
Allowable stresses for welds under static loads
Allowable stresses
Tension, Compression, Shear,
Weld type and process 
ta

ca


a
Automatic and hand welding with shielded arc and butt welding 
t
a

t
0.65
t
Hand welding with ordinary quality electrodes 0.9
t

t
0.6
t
Resistance spot welding 0.9
t

t
0.5
t
a

t
is the allowable stress in tension of the base metal of the weld.
12.20 CHAPTER TWELVE
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DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS
CHAPTER

13
RIVETED JOINTS
SYMBOLS
2;3;4
A area of cross-section, m
2
(in
2
)
the cross-sectional area of rivet shank, m
2
(in
2
)
b breadth of cover plates (also with suffixes), m (in)
c distance from the centroid of the rivet group to the critical rivet,
m (in)
d diameter of rivet, m (in)
D
i
internal diameter of pressure vessel, m (mm)
e or l eccentricity of loading, m (in)
F force on plate or rivets (also with suffixes), kN (lbf)
h thickness of plate or shell, m (in)
h
c
, h
1
, h
2

thickness of cover plate (butt strap), m (in)
i number of rivets in a pitch fine (also with suffixes 1 and 2,
respectively, for single shear and double shear rivets)
I moment of inertia, area, m
4
,cm
4
(in
4
)
J moment of inertia, polar, m
4
,cm
4
(in
4
)
K ¼
F
F
0
coefficient (Table 13-11)
m margin, m (in)
M
b
bending moment, N m (lbf in)
p pitch on the gauge line or longitudinal pitch, m (in)
p
c
pitch along the caulking edge, m (in)

p
d
diagonal pitch, m (in)
p
t
transverse pitch, m (in)
P
f
intensity of fluid pressure, MPa (psi)
Z section modulus of the angle section, m
3
,cm
3
(in
3
)


hoop stress in pressure vessel or normal stress in plate, MPa
(psi)

a
allowable normal stress, MPa (psi)

c
crushing stress in rivets, MPa (psi)
 shear stress in rivet, MPa (psi)

a
allowable shear stress, MPa (psi)

 efficiency of the riveted joint
 angle between a line drawn from the centroid of the rivet group
to the critical rivet and the horizontal (Fig. 13-5)
13.1
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Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK
PRESSURE VESSELS
Thickness of main plates
The thickness of plate of the pressure vessel with
longitudinal joint
For thickness of boiler plates and suggested types of
joints
The thickness of plate of the pressure vessel with
circumferential joint
For allowable stress and efficiency of joints
PITCHES
Lap joints
The diagonal pitch (staggered) (Fig. 13-1) for p, p
t
,
and p
d
The distance between rows or transverse pitch or back
pitch (staggered)
The rivet diameter
FIGURE 13-1 Pitch relation
h ¼
P

f
D
i
2

ð13-1Þ
Refer to Tables 13-1 and 13-2.
h ¼
P
f
D
i
4

ð13-2Þ
Refer to Tables 13-3, 13-4, 13-5, and 13-6.
p
d
¼
2p þ d
3
ð13-3Þ
Refer to Tables 13-7 and 13-8 for rivets for general
purposes and boiler rivets.
p
t
¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2p þ d

3

2
À

p
2

2
s
ð13-4Þ
d ¼ 0:19
ffiffiffi
h
p
to 0:2
ffiffiffi
h
p
SI ð13-5aÞ
where h and d in m
d ¼ 1:2
ffiffiffi
h
p
to 1:4
ffiffiffi
h
p
USCS ð13-5bÞ

where h and d in in
d ¼ 6
ffiffiffi
h
p
to 6:3
ffiffiffi
h
p
CM ð13-5cÞ
where h and d on mm
Particular Formula
TABLE 13-1
Suggested types of joint
Diameter of shell, mm (in) Thickness of shell, mm (in) Type of joint
600–1800 (24–72) 6–12 (0.25–0.5) Double-riveted
900–2150 (36–84) 7.5–25 (0.31–1.0) Triple-riveted
1500–2750 (60–108) 9.0–44 (0.375–1.75) Quadruple-riveted
13.2 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-2
Minimum thickness of boiler plates
Shell plates Tube sheets of firetube boilers
Diameter of shell, Minimum thickness after flanging, Diameter of tube sheet, Minimum thickness,
mm (in) mm (in) mm (in) mm (in)
900 (36) 6.0 (0.25) 1050 (42) 9.5 (0.375)
900–1350 (36–54) 8.0 (0.3125) 1050–1350 (42–54) 11.5 (0.4375)

1350–1800 (54–72) 9.5 (0.375) 1350–1800 (54–72) 12.5 (0.50)
!1800 (72) 12.5 (0.5) 1800 (72) 14.0 (0.5625)
TABLE 13-3
Efficiency of riveted joints ()
% Efficiency, 
Type of joint
Normal
range Maximum
Lap joints
Single-riveted 50–60 63
Double-riveted 60–72 77
Triple-riveted 72–80 86.6
Butt joints (with two cover plates)
Single-riveted 55–60 63
Double-riveted 76–84 87
Triple-riveted 80–88 95
Quadruple-riveted 86–94 98
TABLE 13-4
Allowable stresses in structural riveting (
b
)
Rivets acting in single shear Rivets acting in double shear
Rivet-driving
Load-carrying member Type of stress method MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
Rolled steel SAE 1020 Tension 124 18.0 124 18.0
Shear Power 93 13.5 93 13.5
Rivets, SAE 1010 Shear Hand 68 10.0 68 10.0
Crushing Power 165 24.0 206 30.0
Crushing Hand 110 16.0 137 20.0
RIVETED JOINTS

13.3
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-5
Allowable stress for aluminum rivets, 
a
Allowable stress
a
, 
a
Shear Bearing
Rivet alloy Procedure of drawing MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
2S (pure aluminum) Cold, as received 20 3.0 48 7.0
17S Cold, immediately after quenching 68 10.0 179 26.0
17S Hot, 500–5108C 62 9.0 179 26.0
615–T6 Cold, as received 55 8.0 103 15.0
53S Hot, 515–5278C 41 6.0 103 15.0
a
Actual safety factor or reliability factor is 1.5.
TABLE 13-6
Values of working stress
a
at elevated temperatures
Minimum of the specified range of tensile strength of the material, MPa (kpsi)
Maximum
temperatures (45) 311 (50) 344 (55) 380 (60) 413 (75) 517
8F 8C MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
0–700 0–371 61 9.0 68 10.0 76 11.00 82 12.00 103 15.00

750 399 56 8.22 62 9.11 68 10.00 77 11.20 89 13.00
800 427 45 6.55 53 7.33 54 8.00 61 9.00 70 10.20
850 455 37 5.44 41 6.05 46 6.75 51 7.40 57 8.30
900 482 29 4.33 33 4.83 37 5.50 38 5.60 41 6.00
950 511 22 3.20 26 3.60 27 4.00 27 4.00 27 4.00
a
Design stresses of pressure vessels are based on a safety factor of 5.
TABLE 13-7
Pitch of butt joints
Type of joint Diameter of rivets, d, mm Pitch, p
Double-riveted— Any 5.5d (approx.)
use for h 12:5 mm (0.5 in)
Triple-riveted— 1.75–23.80 8d–8.5d
use for h 25 mm 27.00 7.5d
(1 in) 30.15–36.50 6.5d–7d
Quadruple-riveted— 17.50–23.80 16d–17d
use for h 31:75 mm 27.00 15d (approx.)
(1.25 in) 30.15 14d (approx.)
33.30–36.50 13d–14d
13.4 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
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Butt joint
The transverse pitch
For rivets, rivet holes, and strap thick
p
t
¼ 2d to 2:5d ð13-6aÞ

p
t
!
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0:5pd þ 0:25d
2
q
ð13-6bÞ
Refer to Tables 13-9, 13-10, and Fig. 13-2.
Particular Formula
TABLE 13-8
Transverse pitch ( p
t
) as per ASME Boiler Code
Value of p=d 123456 7
Value of p
t
2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2.2d 2.3d
TABLE 13-9
Rivet hole diameters
Diameter of rivet, mm Rivet hole diameters, mm (min)
12 13
14 15
16 17
18 19
20 21
22 23
24 25
27 28.5
30 31.5

33 34.5
36 37.5
39 41.0
42 44
48 50
TABLE 13-10
Rivet hole diameters and strap thickness
Minimum Minimum
Plate strap Hole Plate strap Hole
thickness, thickness, diameter, thickness, thickness, diameter,
h,mm h
c
mm d,mm h,mm h
c
mm d,mm
6.25 14.25 11.10
7.20 6.25 17.50 27.0
8.00 15.90 12.50
8.75 20.50 19.00 30.15
9.50
10.30 8.00 22.25 15.90 33.30
11.10 25.00 12.50
12.00 9.50 24.00 28.50 19.00 36.50
12.50 31.75 22.25
13.50 11.10 83.10 25.00 39.70
FIGURE 13-2 Quadruple-riveted double-strap butt joint.
RIVETED JOINTS
13.5
RIVETED JOINTS
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Minimum transverse pitch as per ASME Boiler Code
For transverse pitches
Haven and Swett formula for permissible pitches
along the caulking edge of the outside cover plate
Diagonal pitch, p
d
, is calculated from the relation
MARGIN
Margin for longitudinal seams of all pressure vessels
and girth seams of power boiler having unsupported
heads
Margin for girth seams of power boilers having
supported heads and all unfired pressure vessels
COVER PLATES
The thickness of cover plate
p
t
¼ 1:75d if
p
d
4 ð13-7aÞ
p
t
¼ 1:75d þ0:001ðp ÀdÞ if
p
d
> 4 SI ð13-8aÞ
where p

t
, p, and d in m
p
t
¼ 1:75d þ0:1ðp ÀdÞ if
p
d
> 4 USCS ð13-8bÞ
where p
t
, d, and p in in
Refer to Table 13-8.
p
c
À d ¼ 14
ffiffiffiffiffiffi
h
3
c
P
f
4
s
CM ð13-9aÞ
where p
c
, d, h
c
in cm, and P
f

in kgf/cm
2
p
c
À d ¼ 21:38
ffiffiffiffiffiffi
h
3
c
P
f
4
s
USCS ð13-9bÞ
where p
c
, d, h
c
in in, and P
f
in psi
p
c
À d ¼ 77:8
ffiffiffiffiffiffi
h
3
c
P
f

4
s
SI ð13-9cÞ
where p
c
, d, h
c
in m, and P
f
in N/m
2
2ð p
d
À dÞ!ðp ÀdÞð13-10Þ
m ¼ 1:5d to 1: 75d ð13-11aÞ
m ! 1:25d ð13-11bÞ
h
c
¼ 0:6h þ0:0025 if h 0:038 m SI ð13-12aÞ
where h
c
and h in m
h
c
¼ 0:6h þ0:1ifh 1:5in USCS ð13-12bÞ
where h
c
and h in in
h
c

¼ 0:67h if h > 0:038 m SI ð13-12cÞ
where h
c
and h in m
h
c
¼ 0:67h if h > 1:5in USCS ð13-12dÞ
where h
c
and h in in
Particular Formula
13.6 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-11
Rivet groups under eccentric loading value of coefficient K
K ¼
1
lp
p
2
1
þ p
2
þ
1
4
K ¼

n
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

6l
ðn þ1Þp
t

2
þ 1
s
}
K ¼
n
Alcn
2I
þ
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

Alcn
2I

2
þ 1
s
K ¼
n
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

lðn À1Þp
t

p
2
þ
1
3
ðn
2
À 1Þp
2
t

2
þ

lp
p
2
þ
1
3
ðn
2
À 1Þp
2
t
þ
1
2

2

s
K ¼
n
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

lðn À1Þp
t
p
2
þ
1
2
ðn À1Þp
2
t

2
þ

lp
p
2
þ
1
3
ðn
2
À 1Þp
2
t

þ
1
3

2
s
K ¼
n
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

lðn À1Þp
t
p
2
1
þ p
2
þ
2
3
ðn
2
À 1Þp
2
t

2
þ

lp

p
2
1
þ p
2
þ
2
3
ðn
2
À 1Þp
2
t
þ
1
4

2
s
Key:
n ¼ total number of rivets in a column
F ¼ permissible load, acting with lever arm, l, kN (lbf)
F
0
¼ permissible load on one rivet, kN (lbf)
K ¼ F=F
0
, coefficient
Source: K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook ( fps Units), Engineering College Cooperative Society,
Bangalore, India, 1962; K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric Units),

Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983; and K. Lingaiah, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma
Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.7
RIVETED JOINTS
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Thickness of the cover plate according to
Indian Boiler Code
Thickness of single-butt cover plate
Thickness of single-butt cover plate omitting alternate
rivet in the over rows
Thickness of double-butt cover plates of equal width
Thickness of double-butt cover plates of equal width
omitting alternate rivet in the outer rows
Thickness of the double-butt cover plates of unequal
width
For thickness of cover plates
The width of upper cover plate (narrow strap)
The width of lower cover plate (wide strap)
STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL
RIVETED JOINT (Fig. 13-2)
The tensile strength of the solid plate
The tensile strength of the perforated strip along the
outer gauge line
The general expression for the resistance to shear of
all the rivets in one pitch length
The general expression for the resistance to crushing
of the rivets
The resistance against failure of the plate through the

second row and simultaneous shearing of the rivets in
the first row
The resistance against failure of the plate through the
second row and simultaneous crushing of the rivets in
the first row
The resistance against shearing of the rivets in the
outer row and simultaneous crushing of the rivets in
the two inner rows
h
1
¼ 1:125h ð13-13Þ
h
2
¼ 1:25h
p À d
p À 2d
ð13-14Þ
h
c
¼ h
1
¼ h
2
¼ 0:625h ð13-15Þ
h
c
¼ h
1
¼ h
2

¼ 0:625h
p À d
p À 2d
ð13-16Þ
h
1
¼ 0:625h for narrow strap ð13-17aÞ
h
2
¼ 0:750h for wide strap ð13-17bÞ
Refer to Table 13-10.
b
1
¼ 4m þ2p
t1
ð13-18Þ
b
2
¼ b
1
þ 2p
t2
þ 4m ð13-19Þ
F

¼ ph

ð13-20Þ
F


¼ðp ÀdÞh

ð13-21Þ
F

¼ð2i
2
þ i
1
Þ
d
2
4
 ð13-22Þ
F
c
¼ði
2
h þ i
1
h
2
Þd
c
ð13-23Þ
F
1
¼ðp À2dÞh

þ

d
2
4
 ð13-24Þ
F
c1
þðp À 2dÞh

þ dh
c
ð13-25Þ
F
c
¼

4
d
2
 þ idh
c
ð13-26Þ
Particular Formula
13.8 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
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EFFICIENCY OF THE RIVETED JOINT
The efficiency of plate
The efficiency of rivet in general case

For efficiency of joints
The diameter of the rivet in general case
The pitch in general case
For pitch of joint
THE LENGTH OF THE SHANK OF RIVET
(Fig. 13-3)
FIGURE 13-3
 ¼
p À d
p
ð13-27Þ
 ¼
d
2
ði
1
þ 2i
2
Þ
4ph

¼

i
2
þ i
1
h
2
h



c

i
2
þ i
1
h
2
h


c
þ 

ð13-28Þ
Refer to Table 13-3.
d ¼
4hi
2
þ i
1
h
2

c
ði
1
þ 2i

2
Þ
ð13-29Þ
Note: for lap joint i
2
¼ 0
for butt joint i
1
¼ 0
p ¼
ð2i
2
þ i
1
Þd
2

4h

þ d ð13-30Þ
Refer to Table 13-7.
L ¼ h þh
1
þ h
2
þð1:5to1:7ÞD ð13-31aÞ
L ¼ h þh
c
þð1:5to1:7ÞD ð13-31bÞ
for butt joint with single cover plate

L ¼ 2h þð1:5to1:7ÞD ð13-31cÞ
for lap joint
where D ¼ diameter of rivet
Particular Formula
RIVETED JOINTS
13.9
RIVETED JOINTS
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STRUCTURAL JOINT
Riveting of an angle to a gusset plate
(Fig. 13-4)
The resultant normal stress
g
g
p
a
a
i
e
e
F
F
F
(a) (b)
FIGURE 13-4 Riveting of an angle to a gusset plate.
RIVETED BRACKET (Fig. 13-5)
The resultant load on the farthest rivet whose distance
is c from the center of gravity of a group of rivets

(Fig. 13-5)
 ¼
F
A
þ
Fe
Z
ð13-32Þ
F
R
¼
"

F
nn
0

2
þ

M
b
c
P
x
2
þ
P
y
2


2
þ 2

F
nn
0

M
b
c
P
x
2
þ
P
y
2

cos 
#
1=2
ð13-33Þ
Particular Formula
FIGURE 13-5 Riveted bracket. (Bureau of Indian Standards.)
13.10 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
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For rivet groups under eccentric loading value of
coefficient K
For preferred length and diameter of rivets
For collected formulas of riveted joints
REFERENCES
1. Maleev, V. L., and J. B. Hartmen, Machine Design, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania,
1954.
2. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook ( fps Units), Engineering College
Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962.
3. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric
Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983.
4. Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers,
Bangalore, India, 1986.
5. Bureau of Indian Standards.
6. Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1994.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Faires, V. M., Design of Machine Elements, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1965.
Norman, C. A., E. S. Ault, and I. F. Zarobsky, Fundamentals of Machine Design, The Macmillan Company, New
York, 1951.
Vallance, A., and V. L. Doughtie, Design of Machine Members, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York,
1951.
where
n ¼ number of rivets in one column
n
0
¼ number of rivets in one row
x, y have the meaning as shown in Fig. 13-5
Refer to Table 13-11.
Refer to Figs. 13-6 to 13-8 and Tables 13-12 to 13-13.
Refer to Table 13-14.

Particular Formula
RIVETED JOINTS
13.11
RIVETED JOINTS
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FIGURE 13-6 Rivets for general purposes (less than 12 mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to
Table 13-12.
FIGURE 13-7 Rivets for general purposes (12 to 48 mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to
Table 13-13.
13.12 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
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FIGURE 13-8 Boiler rivets (12 to 48 mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to Table 13-13.
RIVETED JOINTS
13.13
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-12
Preferred length (Â) and diameter combinations for rivets (Fig. 13-6)
Diameter, mm
Length, mm 1.6 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10
5 Â ————————
6 —————
7 —————

8 ————
9 ————
10 ———
12 — ——
14 — — —
16 — — —
18 — — — ÂÂÂÂÂÂ
20 — — — ÂÂÂÂÂÂ
22 — — — ÂÂÂÂÂÂ
24 — — — ÂÂÂÂÂÂ
26 — — — ÂÂÂÂÂÂ
28 — — — ÂÂÂÂÂÂ
30 — — — ÂÂÂÂÂÂ
35 — — — ÂÂÂÂÂÂ
40 ————ÂÂÂÂÂ
45 ————ÂÂÂÂÂ
50 ——————ÂÂÂ
55 ——————ÂÂÂ
60 ———————ÂÂ
65 ———————ÂÂ
70 ———————ÂÂ
Source: Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 2155, 1962.
13.14 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-13
Preferred lengths (Â) and diameter combinations of rivets (Fig. 13-7)
Diameter, mm

Length, mm 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 48
28 Â —————————————
31.5 ————————————
35.5 ———————————
40 ——————————
45 —————————
50 ————————
56 ———————
63 ——————
71 —————
80 —————
85 — ————
90 — ————
95 — ———
100 — — ———
106 — — ——
112 — — ——
118 — — — —
125 ————ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ
132 —————ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ
140 —————ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ
150 ——————ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ
160 ——————ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ
180 ———————ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ
200 ————————ÂÂÂÂÂÂ
224 —————————ÂÂÂÂÂ
250 ————————————ÂÂ
Source: Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 1929, 1961.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.15
RIVETED JOINTS

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TABLE 13-14
Formulas for riveted joints
2;3;4
Thickness of cover
plate,
mm
Efficiency Efficiency
of plate, of rivets, Combined Longitudinal Transverse Margin, Inner h
2
Outer, h
1
Type of joint Figure 
p

r
efficiency, 
c
pitch, p, mm pitch, p
t
,mm m, mm (wider) (narrower)
LAP JOINT
One rivet per pitch,
Type a
p Àd
p

d

2
4


ph

1:13h þ40 1:5d
Two rivets per pitch
Type b
p Àd
p
2

d
2
4


ph

2:62h þ40 2d 1.5d
Type c
h
m
m
p Àd
p
2

d

2
4


ph

2:62h þ40 0:33p þ 0:67d 1:5d
Three rivets per pitch
Type d
p Àd
p
3

d
2
4


ph

3:47h þ40 2d 1:5d
13.16
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-14
Formulas for riveted joints
2;3;4
(Cont.)

Thickness of cover
plate,
mm
Efficiency Efficiency
of plate, of rivets, Combined Longitudinal Transverse Margin, Inner h
2
Outer, h
1
Type of joint Figure 
p

r
efficiency, 
c
pitch, p, mm pitch, p
t
,mm m, mm (wider) (narrower)
Type e
p Àd
p
3

d
2
4


ph

3:47h þ40 0:33p þ 0:67d 1:5d

Four rivets per pitch
Type f
p Àd
p
4

d
2
4


ph


p À2d
p
þ

d
2
4


ph


4:14h þ40 0:33p þ 0:67d
or 2d
(whichever is
greater)

1:5d
Type g
h
p Àd
p
4

d
2
4


ph


p À2d
p
þ

d
2
4


ph


4:14h þ40 0.2p+1.15d 1:5d
13.17
RIVETED JOINTS

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TABLE 13-14
Formulas for riveted joints
2;3;4
(Cont.)
Thickness of cover plate,
mm
Efficiency Efficiency
of plate, of rivets, Combined Longitudinal Transverse Margin, Inner h
2
Outer, h
1
Type of joint Figure 
p

r
efficiency, 
c
pitch, p, mm pitch, p
t
,mm m, mm (wider) (narrower)
BUTT JOINT
Single butt strap
One rivet per pitch
Type a
p Àd
p


d
2
4


ph

1:53h þ40 1:5d 1:125h
Two rivets per pitch
Type b
p Àd
p
2

d
2
4


ph

3:06h þ40 2d 1:5d 1:125h
Type c
p Àd
p
2

d
2
4



ph

3:06h þ40 0:33p þ 0:67d 1:5d 1:125d
Three rivets
per pitch
Type d
p Àd
p
3

d
2
4


ph


p À2d
p
þ

d
2
4


ph



4:05h þ40 0:33p þ 0:67d
or 2d
(whichever is
greater)
1:5d
1:125h
p Àd
p À2d
13.18
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-14
Formulas for riveted joints
2;3;4
(Cont.)
Thickness of cover plate,
mm
Efficiency Efficiency
of plate, of rivets, Combined Longitudinal Transverse Margin, Inner h
2
Outer, h
1
Type of joint Figure 
p

r

efficiency, 
c
pitch, p, mm pitch, p
t
,mm m, mm (wider) (narrower)
Two rivets
per pitch
Type e
p Àd
p
3

d
2
4


ph


p À2d
p
þ

d
2
4


ph



4:05h þ40 0:2p þ 1:15d 1:5d
1:125h
p Àd
p À2d
Double-butt
strap (equal
widths)
One rivet per
pitch
Type f
p Àd
p
1:875

d
2
4

Â

ph

1:75h þ40 1:5d 0:625h 0:625h
Two rivets
per pitch
Type g
p Àd
p

3:75

d
2
4

Â

ph

3:5h þ40 2d 1:5d 0:625h 0:625h
Type h
p Àd
p
3:75

d
2
4

Â

ph

3:5h þ40 0:33p þ0:67d 1:5d 0:625h 0:625h
13.19
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-14
Formulas for riveted joints
2;3;4
(Cont.)
Thickness of cover plate,
mm
Efficiency Efficiency
of plate, of rivets, Combined Longitudinal Transverse Margin, Inner h
2
Outer, h
1
Type of joint Figure 
p

r
efficiency, 
c
pitch, p, mm pitch, p
t
,mm m, mm (wider) (narrower)
Three rivets
per pitch
Type i
p Àd
p
5:625

d
2
4


Â

ph


p À2d
p
þ

1:875
Â

d
2
4


ph


4:63h þ40 0:33p þ 0:67d
or 2d
(whichever is
greater)
1:5d

0:615h
Â
p Àd

p À2d


0:625h
Â
p Àd
p À2d

Type j
p Àd
p
5:625

d
2
4

Â

ph

4:63h þ40 2d 1:5d 0:625h 0:625h
Type k
p Àd
p
5:625

d
2
4


Â

ph

4:63h þ40 0:2p þ 1:15d 1:5d

0:625h
Â
p Àd
p À2d


0:625h
Â
p Àd
p À2d

Type l
p Àd
p
5:625

d
2
4

Â

ph


4:63h þ40 0:33p þ 0:67d 1:5d 0:625h 0:625h
13.20
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-14
Formulas for riveted joints
2;3;4
(Cont.)
Thickness of cover plate,
mm
Efficiency Efficiency
of plate, of rivets, Combined Longitudinal Transverse Margin, Inner h
2
Outer, h
1
Type of joint Figure 
p

r
efficiency, 
c
pitch, p, mm pitch, p
t
,mm m, mm (wider) (narrower)
Four rivets
per pitch
Type m

p Àd
p
7:5

d
2
4

Â

ph

p À2d
d
þ

1:875
Â

d
2
4


ph


5:52h þ40 0:33p þ 0:67d
or 2d
(whichever is

greater)
1:5d 0:625h 0:625h
Type n
p Àd
p
7:5

d
2
4

Â

ph

p À2d
d
þ

1:875
Â

d
2
4


ph



5:52h þ40 0:2p þ 1:15d 1:5d 0:625h 0:625h
Double butt
(unequal widths)
Two rivets
per pitch
Type o
p Àd
p
2:875

d
2
4

Â

ph

3:5h þ40 0:33p þ0:67d 1:5d 0:75h 0:625h
Type p
p Àd
p
2:875

d
2
4

Â


ph

3:5h þ40 2d 1:5d 0:75h 0:625h
13.21
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-14
Formulas for riveted joints
2;3;4
(Cont.)
Thickness of cover plate,
mm
Efficiency Efficiency
of plate, of rivets, Combined Longitudinal Transverse Margin, Inner h
2
Outer, h
1
Type of joint Figure 
p

r
efficiency, 
c
pitch, p, mm pitch, p
t
,mm m, mm (wider) (narrower)
Three rivets
per pitch

Type q
p Àd
p
4:75

d
2
4

Â

ph


p À2d
d
þ

d
2
4


ph


4:63h þ40 0:33p þ 0:67d
or 2d
(whichever is
greater)

1:5d 0:75h 0:625h
Type r
p Àd
p
4:75

d
2
4

Â

ph

4:63h þ40 2d 1:5d 0:75h 0:625h
Type s
p Àd
p
4:75

d
2
4

Â

ph


p À2d

d
þ

d
2
4


ph


4:63h þ40 0:2p þ 1:15d 1:5d 0:75h 0:625h
13.22
RIVETED JOINTS
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TABLE 13-14
Formulas for riveted joints (Cont.)
Thickness of cover plate,
mm
Efficiency Efficiency
of plate, of rivets, Combined Longitudinal Transverse Margin, Inner h
2
Outer, h
1
Type of joint Figure 
p

r

efficiency, 
c
pitch, p, mm pitch, p
t
,mm m, mm (wider) (narrower)
Type t
p Àd
p
4:75

d
2
4

Â

ph

4:63h þ40 0:33p þ 0:67d 1:5d 0:75h 0:625h
Particular Formula
Common Formula:
The thickness of the main
plate of a longitudinal joint
h ¼
P
f
D
i
2


Unwin’s formula for
diameter of rivet
d ¼ 0:19
ffiffiffi
h
p
to 0:2
ffiffiffi
h
p
where d and h in m SI
¼ 1:2
ffiffiffi
h
p
to 1:4
ffiffiffi
h
p
where d and h in m USCS
Key: d ¼ diameter of rivet, m (in); h ¼ thickness of main plate, m (in); 

¼ hoop stress, MPa (psi); D
i
¼ inside diameter of pressure vessel, m (in); P
f
¼ internal fluid pressure, MPa (psi);
 ¼ efficiency of the riveted joint.
Source: K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Engineering College Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1983; and K. Lingaiah, Machine Design Data
Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986.

13.23
RIVETED JOINTS
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CHAPTER
14
DESIGN OF SHAFTS
SYMBOLS
1;2;3
b width of keyway, m (in)
c machine cost, $/m ($/in) (US dollars)
D diameter of shaft (also with subscripts), m (in)
D
i
inside diameter of hollow shaft, m (in)
D
o
outside diameter of hollow shaft, m (in)
E modulus of elasticity, GPa (Mpsi)
F axial load (tensile or compressive), kN (lbf)
F
0
m
the static equivalent of cyclic load, (¼ F
m
Æ F
a
), kN (lbf)
G modulus of rigidity, GPa (Mpsi)

h depth of keyway, m (in)
k radius of gyration, m (in)
material cost (also with subscripts), $/kg
K ¼
D
i
D
o
ratio of inner to outer diameter of hollow shaft
K
b
numerical combined shock and fatigue factor to be applied to
computed bending moment
K
t
numerical combined shock and fatigue factor to be applied to
computed twisting moment
l length, m (in)
M
b
bending moment, N m (lbf in)
M
t
twisting moment, N m (lbf in)
M
0
bm
static equivalent of cyclic bending moment M
bm
Æ M

ba
,
N m (lbf in)
M
0
tm
static equivalent of cyclic twisting moment M
tm
Æ M
ta
,
N m (lbf in)
P power, kW (hp)
n speed, rpm;
safety factor
n
0
speed, rps
 specific weight of material, kN/m
3
(lbf/in)
 stress (tensile or compressive) also with subscripts, MPa (psi)
 shear stress (also with subscripts), MPa (psi)
 ratio of maximum intensity of stress to the average value from
compressive stress only
 angular deflection, deg
14.1
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Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK