Machinery''''s Handbook 2th Episode 4 Part 4 pot

INDEX
2635
Magnesium alloys 586–588, 1372
applications 586
bearing strength 588
coloring 1464
compositions 587
compressive strength 588
cutting fluids for 1148, 1154–1155
designations 586
die casting 1372
elongation 588
extruded bars 587
machining 1154–1155
mechanical properties 588
plate 587
pressure die casting 587
properties 588
sand and permanent mold 587
shear strength 588
sheet 587
soldering of 1382
tensile strength 588
yield strength 588
Magnesium, coating 1466
Magnetic clutches 2352–2353
Malleable
cast iron 1361
iron castings 1361
Iron Research Institute 1369

strength 1361
Manganese
bronze castings 558
gearing material 2147
steel 446–447
Manganese-bronze castings 558
Manila rope, strength 387, 391
Mantissa, logarithm 111
Manual data input, NC 1269
Manufacturers' standard gage for sheet
steel 2522
Manufacturing cell, flexible, N
C 1264
module 1264
system 1264
Marble turning 1083
Martempering 521
Martensite 511
Mass 141–143
units and conversion of 2571–2573
Materials
disc spring 355
mechanical properties of 203–204
spring, disc 355
Mathematical
constants, frequently used 16
signs and abbreviations 2542
Matrix 119–122
addition 119
adjoint 121

cofactors 121
column 119
determination 120
Matrix (continued)
diagonal 119
identity 119
inverse 122
minors 121
multiplication 119
rank 122
row 119
simultaneous equations 122
singular 122
square 119–120
subtraction 119
zero 119
Maximum
bending load, wood 412
material condition (MMC) 637
temperature, plastics 416
MBEC bearing tolerances 2263
M-codes (M-words), NC 1278
Mean positional deviation 1245–1248
Measurement of backlash 2071
Measuring
angles wi
th sine-bar 695–705
buttress thread 1910
compound angles 108–110
dovetail slides 713

gear size 2125–2143
instruments and gaging methods 692
over pins
bolt circle 717
gear size 2125–2143
splines 2175
over pins, bolt circle 717
pitch diameter
thread ring gages 1911
three wire method 1900
radius or arc, over rolls 717–718
tapers 698
center distance 716
diameter 716
threads
American standard 1899–1901
buttress 1910–1911
taper screw 1909
tapered 1909
using micrometer 1893
using screw thread gage 1910
using three-wire method 1893, 1910
Whitworth 1901
V-shaped groove, over pins 717
with light-wave interference bands 723
with micrometer 694–695, 1893
with vernier 692–693
Measuring screw threads
Acme thread 1899
Acme thread thickness 1905

ball point micrometer 1894
buckingham involute helicoid
formula 1903
buttress thread 1899, 1910
contact pres
sure, measurement 1897
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2636
Measuring screw threads (continued)
formula for checking pitch diameter 1899
formula to taper pipe threads 1909
formula, three wire method 1898
helical gear formula 1903
lowenherz 1899
pipe thread 1899
pitch diameter equivalent 1909
profiles 1895
three wire method 1897
Acme threads 1905, 1907
buttress thread 1910
checking thickness of Acme
thread 1905
stub Acme threads 1905, 1907
testing angle of thread 1906
wire diameters and constants 1907
wire sizes 1906
V thread 1899
Whitworth 1899, 1901

wire accuracy 1897
wire diameter 1910
wire sizes for checking pitch
diameters 1896
worm thread 1899
Mebi 2546
Mechanical equivalent of heat 2583
Mechanical properties
aluminum alloys 583
bolts, inch sizes 1508–1509
bolts, metric sizes 1540
ceramics 415
copper 569
magnesium 586–588
nickel 589–590
plastics 416, 596
powdered metal alloys 419
spring wire 421
stainless steels 472–473
steel 474
titanium 589, 591
tool steels 475
vari
ous materials 203–204
wood 411–412
Mechanics of materials 141
acceleration 169, 171
due to gravity, g 142
algebraic solution of force systems 145,
148–156

angular
impulse 177
momentum 177
velocity 167, 169
center
and radius of oscillation 235
of gravity 225–231, 235
of percussion 235
centrifugal force 179–182
calculating 180
couples 147–148
Mechanics of materials (continued)
differential pulley 163
dynamics 141
energy 173–174
flywheels 183, 194
force 145, 148–149
force of a blow 175
graphical solution of force systems 145–
149
impulse and momentum 176–178
angular 177
inclined plane 161, 171
kinetic energy 173–175
levers 159
linear velocity 167
metric SI units 141–145
moment of inertia 236–252
momentum 176–178
Newton's laws 171

pendulums 165–166
potential energy 173–174
pound force 142
power 178–179
pulleys 162
radius of gyration 232–235
radius of oscillation 235
scalar and vector quantities 145
screw 163
SI metric units 141–145
statics 141
toggle joints 164
torque 172
units 142
vectors 145
velocity, angular 167–170
velocity, linear 167–168
wedge 161
wheels 162
work 174, 178–179
and energy relat
ion 174
and power formulas 178–179
performed by forces and couples 174
Melting points
alloys of copper and zinc 1382–1383
alloys of lead and tin 1380
aluminum 403
brazing alloys 1382–1385
cast iron 404

chemical elements 398
copper alloys 403–404
solder 1380
sta
inless steels 404
titanium alloys 404
Metal
alumimium alloys 403
balls, standard 2323–2331
bonded grinding wheels 971–972, 1178
casting 1365
coatings
conversion coatings 1462–1464
surface coatings 1464–1471
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2637
Metal (continued)
coloring 1462–1464
etching 1461–1464
foundry patterns 1369
identification 441, 551
injection molding 1374
numbering systems for 440–449
patterns 1369
plasma welding 1414–1416
removal rate 1088, 1163
slitting saws 801
spraying process 1472

temperature effect on strength 421
working
fluids occupational exposure 1149–
1152
working application 1150
working fluids 1149–1150
Metal balls
ordering specification 2324
preferred gages 2325
tolerances 2325
Metal washers
bright 1584
metric series 1584–1585
Metallography 534
Metallurgy, powder 1379
Meters into feet 2562
Metric
basic sizes, British Standard
preferred 690
bolts and screws, British Standard
clearance holes for 1938
conversion factors 2553
dimensions on drawings 735
dowel pins, British Standard 1668–1669
drawings, scales 736
fasteners
ANSI hex nuts 1563
ANSI nut thread series 1563
bolts and screws
bolt cl

earance holes 1556
bolt designation 1551
bolt thread lengths 1551
bolt thread series 1556
cap screws 1553, 1557–1559
clearance holes 1558
countersink 1557
diameter-length combinations 1552,
1554
drill and counterbore sizes 1557
drilled head dimensions 1558
hex flange screws 1553
hex screws 1553
hex structural bolts 1554
identification symbols 1551
neck bolts 1554, 1558
socket head cap screws 1555
socket head neck screws 1558
thread length 1551–1552
Metric (continued)
fasteners
hex structural bolts 1549
nuts 1564
ANSI Standard 1562
bearing surfaces 1561
materials 1561
mechanical properties 1561
heavy hex structural bolts 1549
hex bolts 1550
inch vernier, dual 693–694

International System of Units (SI) 2544–
2546
ISO limits and fits, British Standard 679
keys and keyways, British
Standard 2374–2380
micrometer, reading 694–695
module, gear cutter 2052
gear teeth 2121–2124
round head square neck bolts 1547–1548
screw threads
aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1805
basic profile 1727, 1788
crest diameter tolerance 1819
design profiles 1817
designation 1817–1818
diameter pitch combinations 1804–
1805, 1823
dimensional effect of coating 1793
fits 1788
fundamental deviation 1790, 1818
le
ngth of thread engagement 1791,
1817
lengths of engagement 1819–1822
limiting dimensions formula 1793
limits and fits 1787
limits and tolerance 1819–1822
M crest 1784
M profile 1784
external thread 1784

internal thread 1784
M profile designations 1790
minor diameter tolerances 1790
MJ profile
designations 1807
symbols 1807
root form 1784
tolerance system 1790
tolerances of external threads 1795,
1797–1798
tolerances of pitch -diameter 1795
series British ISO
hexagon bolts, nuts, and screws 1574
machine screws and nuts 1605–1613
metal washers 1584–1586
spring washers 1582–1584
taps 922–925
SI units, factors and prefixes 2546
sizes, preferred for flat metal
products 2523
systems of measurement 2544
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2638
Metric (continued)
threads, British (ISO) 1805, 1814, 1823
threads, SI 1857
twist drills, ANSI 854–873
vernier, reading 693

washers, plain, ANSI 1566, 1568
Metric system (SI) 141–142
base units 143
in mechanics calculations 141–145
in strength of materials calculations 203,
213–215, 218, 221–224, 232, 236–237,
260, 273, 277–278, 280–281, 283–284,
286, 293–297, 300–302, 304–306
Micarta, machining 1157
Microinch 2549
into micrometers (microns) 2560–2561
Micrometer
into microinches 2560–2561
reading 694–695
screw thread 1893
Microprocessor 1258–1259
Microscope screw thread 1885–1889
Mil 2549
Mile
s into kilometers 2562
Military plating specifications 1464–1471
Mill or saw files 963
Millimeters
hundreds of, into inches 2553
into inches 3, 2552–2553, 2558–2559
thousandths of an inch, into 2556–2557
Milling
angular 802, 808
cam 2212
change gears for helical or spiral 1964–

1982
chip geometry 1123
cost 1122
cutters, hollow 1132
depth of cut 1056–1058
economy 1129
feeds for
cemented carbide cutters 1044–1053
high-speed steel cutters 1054
in inches per tooth for cemented carbide
cutters 1044–1053
helical, change gears for different
leads 1964–1982
horsepower for 1082–1090
lead angle 1056, 1058
machine tool shanks 1313
short lead 1965
speed adjustment factors 1056–1058
speeds and feeds
alum
inum alloys 1044
automatic screw machine 1132
copper alloys 1037, 1055
ferrous cast metals 1052–1053
light metals 1044
metal slitting (saws) 801, 1043
Milling (continued)
speeds and feeds
plain carbon and alloy steels 1045–
1048

stainless steels 1050–1051
titanium and titanium alloys 1038
tool steels 1049–1050
thread 1962–1963
Milling cutters 796–831
ANSI Standard 797–820
arbor keys and keyways 819
arbor type 815
bevel gear 817, 2089–2090
casting 1377
clearance angles 796, 825
concave and convex 815
corner rounding 800, 815
double angle 802
eccentric type radial relief 826
end mills 804–814
medium helix 813
stub length 813
terminology 803
with weldon shanks 813
gear 816–817
grinding or sharpening 823–831
hand of
cut 797–798
cutter 797
flute helix 799
rotation 798
helical gear 2109
high speed steel 807
indi

cator drop methods of checking relief
and rake angles 826
keys and keyways 819
keyseat 820
metal slitting (saws) 801
mounting method 797
multiple flute 809
number of teeth 796
peripheral teeth 827
pitch diameter 2109
plain and ball end 810
radial relief angle 827
rake angles 796, 826
relief on cutting edges 797
relieved corner rounding cutters 800
roller chain sprocket 817–818
selection of 796
setting angles for milling teeth in 821–
824
sharpening wheels 824
shell mills 803
single angle 802, 808–809
sintered carbide 826
speeds and feeds for sharpening 825
spline shaft 824
spur gear 816, 2052
taper and weldon shanks 800
teeth, clearance angles 825
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

INDEX
2639
Milling cutters (continued)
terminology 801
tool material 826
T-slot 800
weldon shanks 800, 812, 814
with taper shanks 809
Woodruff keyseats 820
Milling machine
Brown & Sharpe 2011
centering plugs 943
Cincinnati 2017–2020
cutters for 14.5-deg. pressure angle
gears 816–817
draw-in bolt ends 943
indexing 1983–2024
lead of 1964
spindle noses 940–941, 944
tapers for 940
tool shanks 942
V-flange, NC 1313
Miner's law of linear damage 207
Miniature end mills 808–809
Miniature screw threads 1777–1781
basic thread form 1777
design thread form 1777–1778
formulas 1777
hole sizes 1936
root flats 1781

tapping 1936
tolerances and size 1780
Minors of a matrix 121
Minutes into decimals of a degree 96, 98
Miscelaneous threads aero-thread 1890
Miscellaneous functions, NC 1278
Mixed numbers 9
Module 2031
flexible manufacturing, NC 1264
splines, metric 2176–2181
system gearing 2121–2124
diametral pitch 2123
form
ulas 2121, 2123
rules 2123
Modulus of
creep or apparent 602
elasticity, E (Young’s modulus) 204
for various materials 204
iron and steel 474
nickel-based alloy 312–313
nonferrous metals 554
of various materials 420
perforated metal 2521
plastics 416, 596–598, 601
spring materials 349–350
polar section 213, 248–249
rupture
powdered metal alloys 419
wood 411–412

secant 598
shear, G (rigidity) 204, 600
for various materials 204, 609
Modulus of (continued)
shear, G (rigidity)
in angular deflection formula 214
nonferrous metals 554
spring materials 350
Mol 410
Mold dispensable patterns 1375
Molding
green sand 1366
shell 1366
Molds, steels for permanent 497
Molecular weight 410
Molybdenum
gearing material 2147
high-speed steel
s
chemical composition 541
tool steels 488, 490–491, 493
steels, SAE 442
Moment and torque
in combined stresses 215
in simple stresses 213
unit conversion 2577–2578
Moment of a force 141, 147
Moments of inertia 236–252
angles, steel 2515–2517
built-up sections 237

channels, aluminum 2518
channels, steel 2514
circle 241
circular ring 242
cross-sections 238–247
ellipse 242
formulas for various sections 238–247
half circle 241
hollow circle 241
I or S shapes, steel 2513
I-beams, aluminum 2518
I-beams, steel 2509–2513
I-section 242
L-section 246
octagon 241
of complex areas 252
pipe 2360–2361
plane areas 236
polar 236, 248–252
cone, frustum 252
cylinder, hollow 250
ellipsoid 251
paraboloid 251
prism 250
pyramid 250
soli
d ring 251
sphere 250
spherical sector and segment 251
torus 251

rectangles 239, 253
round shafts, table for 254–259
structural channels 2514, 2518
trapezoid 240
triangle 240
T-section 245
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2640
Moments of inertia (continued)
units conversion 2587
wide flange, steel 2509–2512
Z-section 247
Momentum 176–178
Monel metals, machining 1155
properties 589–590
Monotron for hardness testing 549
Morse
reamers for sockets 851
stub taper shanks 927–928
taper shank twist drill 881
tapers 926–937
Mortising wood 414
Motion
accelerated 169, 171–172
constant acceleration 167
constant velocity 167
force and work 171, 174
general formulas 167, 169

constant acceleration 167, 169
Newton
first law 171
second law 171
third law 171
on inclined plane 161, 171
rotary, formulas 169
uniformly accelerated 167
Motion control 2487
analog transducers 2495
closed loop system 2488–2489
control function 2490
features of controllers 2490
damping system response 2490
driving power 2490
electric motors 2492
electromechanical system 2491
el
ectronic control 2500
feedback transducers 2494
gearing 2493
hydraulic fluids 2496
hydraulic pumps 2496
hydraulic systems 2497–2498
control systems 2496
electronic controls 2500
proportional control 2499
pumps and fluids 2495–2496
mechanical stiffness and vibration 2491
motor types 2488

open loop systems 2487
pneumatic systems 2496–2497, 2500
proportional system 2499
synchros and resolvers 2495
system application factors 2487
torsional vibration 2492
Motors, electric 2465, 2492
adjustable speed motors 2468
adjustable-voltage, shunt-wound 2469
alternating current 2469–2472
armature rotors 2479
Motors, electric (continued)
ball or roller bearings 2478
brushes 2478
characteristics 2468–2477
classes of standards 2465
commutators 2478
compound-wound 2469–2470
constant speed motors 2468
control 2488, 2492
current definitions 2465
DC motors 2476–2477
design letters 2465
direction of rotation 2467
frame sizes, standard 2465
high frequency induction 2471
horsepower requirements 2473
hydraulic, N
C 2495–2496
induction motor 2470

injurious operating conditions 2475
inspection schedule 2478–2479
insulating materials 2475
locked rotor current and torque
ratings 2466–2467
lubrication, proper 2478
maintaining and repairing 2478–2479
maintenance 2478
mechanical condition 2478
monthly inspection 2478
mounting dimensions, standard 2465
multiple speed induction 2471
multispeed motor 2468
NEMA 2465–2467
standards for 2465–2466
polyphase AC motor 2470
polyphase wound-rotor 2466
pull up torque 2466, 2468
rotation, standard direction 2467
rotors and armatures 2478
selection 2473–2474
shunt-wound 2469
single-phase motors characteristics 2472
space limitations 2474
speed reducer type 2473
speed requirements 2473
squirrel cage induction 2469–2470
squirrel cage rotors 2479
stepper, NC 2493
synchronous motor 2470

temperature effects 2475
torque and inertia requirements 2473
torque definitions 2467
type, dc and ac 2468, 2492
types and characteristics for different
applications 2476–2477, 2492
variable speed 2467–2468
weekly inspection 2478
windings 2478
wound rotor induction 2471
wound rotor type 2470
Mounted wheels and points 952–954
Mounting bearings 2294
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2641
Multiple or block indexing 2021–2022
Multiplication of matrix 119
Multiplying 15
decimal fractions 10
fraction and mixed numbers 9
numbers written in powers-of-ten
notation 15
Music wire 309
Music wire, gages 2519
M-words, NC 1278
N
Nails and spikes, standard 1476
National Tube Co. 298

Nautical measure 2549
NC programming 1269–1312
Negative and positive numbers 4
Negative functions of angles 99
NEMA standards for electric motors 2465–
2467
Net present value 131
Newton's laws of motion 171
Newton’s laws of motion 143
Newton-Raphson method 33
Newtons into pounds force 2577
Nickel alloys 589–590
applications 589–590
chemical composition 589–590
chromium steels, SAE strength 474
coefficient of expansion 404
density 404
elongation 418, 589–590
gearing material 2146–2147
hardness 418
machining 1155–1156
melting points 404
plating 1467, 1469
specific heat 404
tensile strength 418, 589–590
thermal conductivity 404
yield strength 418
Nitinol, machining 1155
Nitralloy steels 527
Nitriding 509, 527

hi
gh-speed steel tools 543
ion nitriding 527
Nitrogen, liquid temperature 648
Nodular cast iron 1361
Noise, machinery 1325
Nomenclature
bevel gears 2085
gear teeth 2033
spur gears 2034
Nominal clearance 2159
Nominal vs effective interest rates 126
Nondestructive testing symbols 1441–1442
Nonferrous metals 554
machining 1153–1156
Nonferrous metals (continued)
modulus of elasticity 554
modulus of shear 554
shear strength 554
strength 420, 554
tensile strength 554
yield strength 554
Normal
distribution curve 1245–1248
positional deviation 1245–1248
Normalizing 450
temperatures, alloy steel 532–533
Norton Company 1180, 1188–1194
Nose radius 754
carbide tools 767

single point tool 767
Nozzles, flow of water through 425
Number of nails and spikes in a pound 1476
Number of teeth 2031
Num
bering systems
for aluminum alloys 575
for aluminum alloys, wrought 578
for metals and alloys 440, 442
for steel 440–443
Numbers
associative law 4
commutative law 4
distributive law 4
identity law 4
inverse law 4
positive and negative 4
powers-of-ten notation 14, 16
preferred series 656, 690
prime 19–28
progressions 36–37
Numerical control 1254–1325
absolute programming 1277
accuracy, repeatability, and
resolution 1245–1248
adaptive control 1262
addresses, letter 1272
APT programming 1292–1309
circles 1298–1299, 1301
computational statements 1294

example program 1306
for turning 1307–1309
geometry statements 1294
lines 1296
motion statements 1299–1304
planes 1302
points 1295
postprocessor statements 1304–1309
tabulated cylinder 1303
automatically programmed tool
(APT) 1292–1309
axis nomenclature 1264–1268
bit 1258
block 1272–1274
byte 1258
CA
D/CAM 1324–1325
central processing unit 1258
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2642
Numerical control (continued)
circular interpolation 1283–1284
closed-loop system 1262
computer-aided part programming 1270
control, adaptive 1262
cutter compensation 1280–1282, 1310–
1312
cutter location data 1271

decimal point programming 1272
direct (or distributed) NC 1324
feed rate override 1280
fixed (canned) cycles 1287–1291
flexible manufacturing
cell 1264
module 1264
system 1263
format detail 1272
F-word 1279
G-code addresses 1274–1278
helical interpolation 1284
incremental programming 1277
initial graphics exchange specification
(IGES) 1322–1324
insert holders for NC 1310–1312
insert radius compensation 1310–1312
interpolation
circular 1283–1284
helical and parabolic 1284
linear 1282
letter addresses 1272–1274
macro 1286–1287
manual data input 1269
microprocessor 1258–1259
miscellaneous functions 1278
parabolic interpolation 1284
parametric
expressions and macros 1286–1287
programming, NC 1286–1287

subroutine 1286–1287
part programming 1269–1272
part
tolerance symbols
ANSI 1250–1253
compared to ISO 633
points, lines, circles (APT) 1295–1299
postprocessor 1272, 1294
preload registers (G92) 1278
preparatory word 1274–1278
programmable controllers 1258–1262
programming
absolute 1277
incremental 1277
NC 1269–1312
repeatability, accuracy, and
resolution 1245–1248
sequence number 1274
standards 1255–1256
steeper motors 2493
subroutine 1285–1287
S-word 1280
tapping 1942
Numerical control (continued)
thread cutting 1291
tool
compensation 1310–1312
data table 1280
length offset 1282
nose radius compensation 1282, 1310–

1312
offset 1281
total indicator reading 1267
turning cycles 1291
T-word 1280–1282
V-flange tool shanks 1313
word address format 1272–1274
zero suppression 1274
Nuts
acorn 1523
ANSI, inch dimensions
flat jam 1520
hex 1513
hex flat 1520
hex slotted 1520, 1522
hex thick slotted 1521–1522
ja
m 1519
machine screw 1587
square 1513, 1522
T-type 1666
Unified 1519, 1522
ANSI, metric dimensions
heavy hex 1567
hex jam 1567
hex, styles 2 and 3 1562
metric hex flange nuts 1564
prevailing torque, hex 1565–1566
slotted hex 1563
British Standard 1614

ISO metric 1574–1577
metric 1605, 1608, 1610, 1615
Unified 1616
Whitworth 1571, 1573, 1617, 1638
crown, low and high (SAE) 1523
eye nuts 395
friction coefficients 1498
high, SAE 1524
slotted, high hex (SAE) 1524
tap 892, 904, 910–911
wing nuts 1712–1715
wrench clearances 1530–1531
wrench openings 1530
Nylon
bearings 2265
properties 416
rope, strength of 389
O
Obtuse-angle triangles solution 64, 94–95
Octagon
area 65
moment of inertia 241
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2643
Octagon (continued)
radius of gyration 241
section modulus 241
Offhand grinding 1229

Offset method of determining yield
strength 204
Ohm’s law 2587
Oil feeding and grooving of bearings 2229
Oil lubrication 2340
Oilless bearings 2267–2268
Oils
and compounds, machining 1143–1156
emulsifying or soluble 1144
mineral 1146–1147
sulfurized and chlorinated 1146–1147
coating 1468
lubricating 2332, 2340
viscosity unit conversion 2334
tempering 521
Open-end wrench clearances 1531
Open-loop system 1262, 2487
Operations on complex numbers 17
Orbit 1351
Order of performing arithmetic 5
O-ring 2502–2507
applications 2503, 2505
compounds 2506
diametral clearance 2505
flurocarbon 2506
gland depth 2503
groove dimensions and clearances 2502,
2505
hardness 2504
nitrile 2506

reciprocating seals 2503
ring materials 2507
silicon 2506
squeeze 2502
static seals 2503
surface fi
nish in contact with 2504
tolerances 2505
washers, backup 2503
Oscillation, center and radius of 235
Ounces, avoirdupois, into grams 2571–2572
Out of roundness 721
Oval head machine screws 1593–1595
Overhead
machine-hour distribution 137
man-hour distribution 137
man-rate distribution 137
Oxygen gas in welding 1394, 1419
P
Pack hardening 527
Packing
in circles 81–84
in circles and rectangles 81–86
in rectangles 86
Palladium, plating 1469
Pan head machine screws 1592
Paper, bonding 2482
Pappus or Guldinus rules 59
Parabola 45
area 67–68

center of gravity 228
constructing 58
directrix 45
focus 45
general equation 45
latus rectum 45
segment of area 68
vertex 45
Parabolic interpolation, NC 1284
Paraboloid
center of gravity 230
polar moment of inertia 251
radius of gyration 235
segment volume 80
volume 79
Parallel lines 41
Parallelogram
area 63
center of gravity 225
geometry of 51
of forces 145
radius of gyration 232
Parametric subroutine, NC 1286–1287
Passivation of copper 1462
Patterns for castings 1368
dispansable 1375
master mold 1375
materials 1368
metal 1369
shrinkage allowances 1369, 1375

varnish 1369
wei
ght of casting from 1370
wood selection 1368–1369
Payback period 134
Pearlite 507, 511
Pearlitic malleable iron 1361
Pebi 2546
Pendulum 165–166
calculations 165
conical 165
formulas for 165
physical 165
simple and compound 165
torsional 165
types of 165
Percentage 7
Percussion, center of 235
Perforated metals, strength and stiffness
of 2521
Permanent mold, casting process 1367
Permanickel, machining 1155
Permutation 18
Perpendicular lines 41
Petroleum oils, application 2333, 2582
Phenolic plastics 2265
Philadelphia carriage bolt thread 1892
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX

2644
Phosphor-bronze, worm gearing 2149
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 776
Piano wire, working stresses 318
at elevated temperatures 319–320
Piles, weight of 409
Pillow block bearings 2277
Pin method for checking
gear sizes 2125
allowance for backlash 2139
for involute splines 2175
wire diameters 2125, 2134
spur gear sizes 2135–2138
V-shaped grooves 717
Pinion, spur gear
enlarged to avoid undercut 2050
Pins
clevis 1668
cotter 1667, 1678, 1681
dowel 1667–1673
grooved 1677, 1681
metric dowel 1667, 1669
spring 1682–1683
straight 1672–1674
strength of taper 224
taper 1674–1677
Pintle chains 2441
Pipe and pipe fittings 2526–2538
ANSI Standard wrought steel 2529–2530
bending pipe and tubes 2535

British threads 1870–1871
columns 290–291
cross-sectional area of metal 2529–2530
cubi
c contents for given length 427,
2529–2530
definitions 2526, 2532–2533
definitions of pipe fittings 2535–2538
dryseal 1866–1869
measuring by wire method 1909
taper 1860
threads 1866–1869
flow in 2531
gallons per foot 427, 2529–2530
grades of 2527–2530
heat loss from uncovered steam 400
internal thread in pipe couplings 1864
length per cubic foot 2529–2530
loads, table of 290–291
metric weights and mass 2526
moment of inertia 2529–2530
plastics 2532–2538
joining 2532–2533
pressure ratings 2534
properties and use of 2533
temperature correction factors 2534
threads 610
weights and dimensions 2532
radius of gyration 2529–2530
reamers, taper 852

schedule numbers 2527
sealing joints 1479
Pipe and pipe fittings (continued)
section modulus 2529–2530
steel, welded and seamless 2527
taps,
dimensions 899–902, 914
Briggs and Whitworth 1941
internal dryseal 1868
power for driving 1941
straight 892, 899–916
taper 892, 900–901
threads
American National Standard 1860–
1868
British Standard 1869–1871
designation and notation 1860
wall thickness 2526
weight per foot 2527–2530
welding 1425
fill passes 1427
flux cored electrode 1428
fusion 1428
position 1426
flat 1426
horizontal 1426–1427
overhead 1426
vertical up and down 1427
procedure 1429
carbon steel 1429–1431

MIG 1429–1431
root 1429–1431
thick walled 1429–1431
root passes 1426
thin wall 1428
wrought steel 2526–2527
Pitch 2031
broach teeth 955–958
circle 2031
circular, of gears 2033
diameters, gears
circular pitch 2052
helical 2099
pin method of checking 2125
spur 2035, 2052
worms 2096
diameters, roller chain sprockets 2447–
2448
diameters, thread
checking 1893
for tensile stress area 1502
metric, M profile 1795–1797
unified 1732–1772
wire sizes for measuring 1895
diameters, thread uni
fied 1736
gear 2035
plane 2031
rivets 1478, 1482–1483
screw threads, measuring 1893

worm gearing 2095
worms 2095
Pitot tube 2570
Plain bearing (see Bearings: plain)
Plain milling cutters 798
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2645
Plain washers
inch 1532–1535
metric 1568
types 1568
Plane figures, areas and dimensions 63–74
Plane of rotation 2031
Planetary gearing 2115–2118
bevel gears 2115
compound drive 2115
direction of rotations 2115
Planetary thread milling 1963
Planing
estimating cutting speeds 1082
power required 1084–1088
speeds and feeds 1082
time 1082
tool grinding 756
wood 414
Planing insert holder 762–764
Plastics 592–628
aging at elevated temperature 604

assembly with fasteners 620
bearings 2276
anti-friction 2276
laminated, plain bearings 2265
sleeve 2265
bending strength 601
bending stress 627
bonding 616
brittleness 595
characteristics 592
chemical resistance of 607
coefficient of expansion 416
compressive strength 601
creep 603
deflection 601, 604
density 416
design
analysis 607
for assembly 615
for injection molding 611
stress 609
developi
ng prototypes 623–624
draft angles and depth of draw 614
drilling speeds and feeds 623
ductility 595
effects of temperature 603, 605
elasticity 595, 598
electrical properties 605
comparative tracking index 606

conductivity 605
dielectric constant 606
dielectric strength 606
permittivity 606
surface resistivity 605
volume resistivity 605
elongation 416
environmental effects 606
fatigue 603
fillets 615
Plastics (continued)
flammability ratings 604
flexural modulus 416, 601
gearing 625
accuracy 628
backlash 628
service factors 627
tooth form factors 626
glass transition point 604
hardness 416
heat dissipation factor 606
hoop stress 609
impact loading and testing 603
impact resistance 612
injection moldings 611
izod impact 416
linear thermal expansion 604
lubricity 595
machining 621
cutting off 622

drilling 622
molded 623
sawing thermoset cast 623
tapping 623
threading 623
turning 622
material 592–593
elastomers 593
thermoplastic 593
th
ermoset 593
maximum temperature 416
mechanical fasteners 616
mechanical properties 596
effect of temperature on 603–604
related to time 602
milling 624
mixtures 593
coploymers 594
reinforcing fibers 593
molulus of elasticity 597
normal strain 597
notch sensitivity 595
opacity 594
physical properties 596
density 594
shrinkage 594
specific gravity 594
water absorption 594
pipe and fittings 2532–2533

pipe threads 610
plasticity 595
press fits 609
pressure vessels 609
propotional limit 598
region 204
relaxation 603
sawing, speeds and numbers of
teeth 623–624
secant modulus 598
shear modulus, G 600
shear stress 599
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2646
Plastics (continued)
snap-fit 616
specific gravity 416
stress 596
normal 597
stress relaxation 602
structural analysis 607
safety factors 607
structures 593
temperature effect 604
temperature index 604
tensile impact 603
tensile modulus 416
thermal conductivity 604

thermal properties 603
thermal stresses 610
thermal welding 616
thermoplastic 592
thermosetting 592
toughness 595
ultimate strength 598
undercuts 615
vicat softening point 604
wall thickness 612–613
yield point 598
Plates
flat, strength and deflection of 292–294
shells and cylinders, strength of 292–298
Plating 1464–1471
chromium 1423
magnesium anodic treatment 1466
magnesium, coating 1466
phosphate coating 1469–1470
surface coatings 1464
zinc 1471
PLC (programmable logic control) 1258–
1262
Plow steel haulage rope, strength of 372–
377, 387
Plunge angle 762
Points, lines, circles, (APT) NC 1294–1299
Poi
se 2334, 2586
Poisson’s ratio 204

flat plates 292
for various materials 204, 294, 420
perforated metal 2521
plastics 599
Polar coordinates 42
Polar moment of inertia 236, 248–252, 254–
259
cone 252
frustum 252
cylinder, hollow 250
ellipsoid 251
formulas 250–252
masses 236
paraboloid 251
plane areas 236
prism 250
pyramid 250
Polar moment of inertia (continued)
solid ring 251
spherical sector 251
spherical segment 251
torus 251
Polar section modulus 248–249, 254–259
Polishers, spindles for portable 950
Polishing and buffing 1457
abrasives 1457, 1460
operations 1460
speeds 1460
wheels, material 1457
Polygon

area 65, 69
forces 146
formulas and tabl
e 69
length of side 69
radius of circumscribed circle 69
radius of inscribed circle 65, 69
Polygon shafts 2186
connections 2186
dimensions of 2186
manufacturing 2187
strength of connections 2187
three- and four-sided designs 2186
Polyphase motors 2467, 2470
Polypropylene plastics 2533
Polyurethane plastics 2506
Porosity, pressure die castings 1370
Porous bearings 2265
Portable grinding 1229
safety 1210
Portable tools
hexagonal chucks for 951
spindles and drives for 948–951
Positional deviation, mean 1245–1248
Positioning accuracy 1245–1248
Positive and negative numbers 4
Positive clutches 2354
Positive functions of angles 99
Postprocessor, NC 1272, 1294
Potential energy 173–174

Poundal 2578
Pounds
force 142–143
force into newtons 2577
mass 143
per cubic foot into kilograms per cubic
meter 2573
per cubic inch into grams per cubic
cent
imeter 2573
per square foot into kilograms per square
meter 2575
per square inch into kilograms per square
centimeter 2575
per square inch into kilopascals 2575
Powder metallurgy 1379
briquetting tools 1379
design 1379
limiting factors 1379
metal process 1379
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2647
Powdered metal alloys
copper base 419
density 419
elongation 419
hardness 419
iron base 419

tungsten base 419
Powdered metal bearings 2265
Power
calculating by dynamometer 2360
consumption spade drilling 1080
cutting tool 1086
feed factors 1085
for driving pipe taps 1942
general formulas 178
heat equivalents 2578
in mechanics 141
motor 1086
required for machining 1084–1092
roots of numbers 14
transmission
belting 2391–2440
by friction wheels 2361
capacity 2150, 2350
chain 2451–2455
disc clutch 2350
friction wheels 2360–2362
units conversion 2581
Power brush
brush finishing 1456–1459
brush uses 1456
deburring 1456
tooth profile of gears 1456
Power constant
alloy steels 1086
high temperature alloys 1085

nonferrous metals 1085
plain carbon steels 1086
stainless steel 1085
tool steels 1085
wrought steels 1086
Power of ten notation 14, 16
expressing numbers in 15
Power transmission
roller chain 2441–2464
Preci
pitation
hardening 504
heat-treatment 583
Precision
bolts and screws, British 1571–1572,
1578
gage blocks 743–745
investment casting 1374
Preferred
basic sizes, ANSI Standard 690
hole basis metric fits, ANSI
Standard 669, 673
metric sizes
ANSI Standard 665, 690
British Standard 690
Preferred (continued)
numbers, ANSI Standard 689
numbers, British Standard 690
roughness average values (Ra) 734
roughness values and roughness

grades 740
series for tolerances and allowances 652
series maximum waviness height
values 735
shaft basis metric fits, ANSI
Standard 668, 674–677
thicknesses for
flat metal products, metric 2523
uncoated metals and alloys 2522
Preload measurements 1499
Preload registers, (G-114 word) NC 1278
Preload relaxation 1499
Preparatory word, (G-word) NC 1274–1278
Present value and discount 127
Pressure
and flow of water 422
angle 2032
angle, cams 2197
composite checking of fine-pitch
gears 2073
cyli
nders and tubes, collapsing
pressure 297–298
definition and units for 144–145
effect on wood property 412
head in foot to psia relation 422
Lame’s formula for internal 295
psia to head in feet relation 422
radial on sheave or drum 379
spherical shells, strength to resist

internal 295
tight joints 1864
tube, collapsing pressure 298
unit conversion 430, 2574–2575
viscosity coefficient for lubricants 2345
Prime numbers and factors 19–28
Principle reference planes 2032
Prism
polar moment of inertia 250
volume 75
volume formula 59
Prismoidal formula for volume 59
Production rate 1108
Profile checking, gearing 2062
Programmable logic controller, NC 1258–
1262
Programming
absolute, NC 1277
APT 1292–1309
G-code 1272–1292
incremental, NC 1277
numerical control 1269–1309
Progression
arithmetical 36–37
geometrical 36–38
Prony brake dynamometer 2360–2361
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2648

Properties
commercial petroleum oils 2333
mechanical 203–204, 420
compressive 205
definitions 203
fatigue 205
modulus of elasticity values 204
perforated metal 2521
Poisson’s ratio values 204
shear 205
strength 420–421, 464–465
thermal 399–400, 421
yield point values 204
of materials
air 428
aluminum alloys 571
copper alloys 554
copper-zinc-tin alloys 420
magnesium alloys 586–588
metals 420
nickel alloys 589–590
nonferrous alloys 554
plastics 416
powdered metal alloys 419
specific gravity 408
spring wire 421
standard steels 438, 460, 464–465
titanium alloys 589, 591
tool steels 490, 501
water 422

wood 413
strength effect of heat or temperature 603
Proportion 5–7
compound 5
inverse 6–7
simple 6
Proport
ional limit 203
plastics 598
Protractor, reading vernier scale on 692
Providing backlash 2070
PTFE plastics 2265, 2485
Pulley
speeds, rpm into feet per minute 1016–
1021
taps 904, 910–911
Pulleys and belts
and belt drives 162–163
and wheels in mechanics 162–163
arc of contact correction factors 2399
center distances, V-belt 2391
center to center distance 2388
cross section correction factors 2398
diameter and speeds 2389
diameter in compound drives 2389
differential 163
flat belt 2388, 2391
flywheel pulley 183
length correction factors 2399
length of belt traversing three

pulleys 2390
Pulleys and belts (continued)
lengths of open and crossed belts 2388
lengths of V-belt 2394
rules for calculating diameters and
speeds 2388
sheave size 2397
speed in compound drive 2390
speed ratio correction factors 2398
speeds, rpm into feet per minute 1943
V-belt 2388
wrap angles 2388
Pull-up torque 2466
Pump
head and horsepower relation 423
horsepower at different head 423
Punch presses speeds and pressures 1330–
1331
Punches and dies
pressures required 1331
PVC plastics 2533
Pyram
id
center of gravity 229
frustum center of gravity 229
polar moment of inertia 250
volume 75
volume of frustum 76
Q
Quadrant 99

Quadratic equations 31
Quenching 449
baths 519
tanks for 518
high speed steel 540
interrupted 518–519
media 508
tungsten 540
air cooling 540
salt bath 540
R
Rack 2032
gear 2036
milling, indexing 2024
spline, metric 2181
Radian per second conversion from rpm 169
Radians equivalent to degrees 96, 98
Radius
of arc, checking 717–718
of curvature 2203
of gyration 232, 235
angles, steel 2515–2517
bar of small diameter 232
bar, small diameter 232
channels, aluminum 2518
channels, steel 2514
circle 241
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX

2649
Radius (continued)
of gyration
circular disk, thin 233
circular ring 242
circular ring, thin flat 233
cone 234
cone, frustum 234
cylinder 233
cylinder, hollow 234
ellipse 242
ellipsoid 235
flat plate, thin 232
half circle 241
hexagon 240
hollow circle 241
hollow cylinder, thin 234
hollow sphere 235
I-beams 2509–2512
I-beams, aluminum 2518
I-section 242
L-section 246
octagon 241
paraboloid 235
parallelepiped 233
parallelogram 232
pipe 2529–2530
prism, rectangular 234
rectangle 239
ring 232

S- or W-shape, steel 2513
sphere 235
sphere, hollow 235
spherical shell, thin 235
structural angles 2515–2517
thin flat plate 232
thin spherical shell 235
trapezoid 240
triangle 240
T-section 245
various cross-sections 238–247
wide flange, steel 2509–2512
Z-section 247
of oscillation 235
Rails
size to carry given load 281
strength of 281
Rake angles 753
checking milling cutter 826
single-point cutting tools
lead angl
es 753
turning tool 750
Rank of a matrix 122
Rankine's formulas for columns 285, 287
Rankine, temperature 2583
Rasps 965
aluminum 965
Ratchet gearing 2119–2120
frictional 2120

multiple pawl 2120
pitch of wheel teeth 2120
Ratchet gearing (continued)
reversing 2120
shape of wheel teeth 2120
types 2119
Rate of return (interest) 126–127, 134
Ratio 5–7
and proportion 5–7
compound 5
contact, in gearing 2055–2060
epicyclic gearing 2115–2118
fractional, change gears for 1947
gear for differential indexing 2008
geometrical 36–38
inverse or reciprocal 5
mean proportional 6
of volumes 80
Poisson’s 204
slenderness, columns 285
Ream, paper 2587
Reamer
bull center 851
center 851
Reamers 832–853
ANSI Standard 832–853
arbors for shell 850
Brow
n & Sharpe taper socket 852
center and countersink 839

centers for 839
chucking 834, 837, 841, 846–847
straight flutes 846–847
definition 835
die-maker's 853
drills for taper pin 1675–1677
driving slots and lugs 845
expansion chucking 842
expansion hand 844
finishing 851
fluting cutters 833–834
dimension 834
fluting to obtain negative rake 832
formed 834
hand 833, 843–844
squared shank 844
straight and helical flutes 843–844
helical flutes 850
jobbers 845
letter sizes 847
machine countersinks 840
morse taper socket 851
negative front rake 832
pipe 852
rose chucking 834, 848
straight and helical flutes 848
shell 845, 849
straight and helical flutes 841, 849
straight flutes 845–846
straight shank 840

stub screw machine 847, 850
taper pin 853
taper pin reamers, drills for 1674, 1677
taper pipe 852
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2650
Reamers (continued)
taper shank 841
taper, milling teeth 821
terms applying to 835
threaded end 833
dimension 833
tooth-rest position for grinding
clearance 835
wire gage sizes 846
Reaming
automatic screw machines 1132
cutting speeds for
copper alloys 1072
ferrous cast metals 1068–1069
light metals 1070
stainless steels 1067
tool steels 1066
difficulties 840
bellmouth holes 840
oversize holes 840
poor finish 841
taper pin 1676

Rearrangement of terms in formulas 29
Recalescence point in steel hardening 503,
512
Recessing tools, speeds 1132
Reciprocals of numbers 5, 8
Rectangle
area 63
moment of inertia 239
radius of gyration 239
section modulus 239
table of section moduli 254
Rectangular
coordinates 42
cylindrical coordinates 44
spherical coordinates, relationship 43
Refrigeration of steel 546
Relative density 407
Relief and rake angles
for single-point cutting tools 752, 1944
indicator drop method of checking 826
Relief angles
for single-point cutting tools 752
turning tool 750
Repeatability, accuracy, and resolution 1245
Replacement-gear dimensions 2153
Resinoid bonded wheels 971–972, 1178
thread grinding 1957
Resistance brazing 1387
Retai
ning rings 1684

ANSI Standard 1684–1692
centrifugal capacity 1708
compressed in bore 1690
diameter tolerances 1702–1703
dimensions in inches 1701, 1704
expanded over shaft 1688
external dimensions 1705, 1708
external series 1684–1685
external spiral 1695, 1699
Retaining rings (continued)
failure of 1702, 1709
groove bottom radii 1685
groove design and machining 1706–
1707, 1710
groove diameter 1685
groove diameter tolerances 1703
groove failure 1709
groove width 1685
groove width tolerances 1703
industrial 1707
internal 1708
internal spiral 1693, 1697
load capacity 1700
material 1700
metric performance data 1688
ring free diameter 1685
rotation between parts 1709
seated in groove 1688, 1690, 1692–1693
selection 1684
self locking dimensions 1707

self locking external and internal 1708
self locking inch series 1708
self locking types 1707
spiral 1695
standards 1708–1711
tapered 1684–1685
thickness 1696, 1700
thickness tolerances 1696, 1700, 1702–
1703
thrust load capacities 1706
thrust load safety factors 1705
width capacity 1702
Retarded motion 167
Retention knobs, V-flange tool shanks 1313
Reyn 2334, 2586
Rhodium plating 1470
Right-angle triangles solution 64, 91–93
Rigidity
modulus of (shear) 204
spring materials 348–350
Ring
area and volume 59
radius of gyration 232
solid
polar moment of inertia 251
stresses in loaded 223–224
Rivet
allowable stresses 1480
ANSI Standard 1483–1485
belt 1485

British Standard 1491, 1494
cold forged 1491
hot forged 1491
le
ngths 1491
snap head 1491
universal head 1491
button head 1483, 1485
cone head 1483
cooper's 1485
countersunk 1483, 1491
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2651
Rivet (continued)
diameters for given plate
thicknesses 1478
dimension countersunk head 1494
dimension snap head 1494
excess length to form head 1483
flat head 1485, 1491
hold-on or dolly bar sets 1483
large rivets, standard 1483
material 1479
mushroom head 1491
pan head 1483, 1485
pitch 1478, 1482–1483
sets, dimensions of impressions in 1483
shearing strength 1482–1483

small rivets, standard 1483–1485
spacing 1478
steel 1479
strength 1479
tinner's 1485
truss 1485
types 1478
Riveted joints 1478–1483
allowable stresses 1479
double and triple 1482
efficiency 1479–1480
failure 1479
holes for 1478
joint failure 1479
joint strength 1479–1480
rivet length for forming heads 1483
rivet materials 1479
strength 1480
types of riveted joints 1478
working strength 1479
Rockwell hardness
conversion to Brinell hardness 550–551
number 552
scales 548
test 547–548
Rod gages 2519
Roebling wire gage 2519
Rolled threads, electric socket and lamp
base 1884
Roller bearing (see Bearings: roller)

Roller chain, double pitch 2442
Rolling
contact bearings 2269–2323
friction resistance 159
Rolling screw threads 1952–1956
cylindrical die machines 1952
diameter of blank 1953
diameter of threading roll 1954
flat die machines 1952
in automatic screw machines 1953
shapes and kind of thread 1954
speeds, and feeds 1955
steels for 1953
Root diameter gearing 2032
Roots
and powers of numbers 14
finding square and cube 14
Rope
manila, safe loads and strength 387, 391
nylon, safe loads and strength 389
safe loads for 387
slings, strength 387, 389
weight per 100 feet 391
wire 369
definitions of terms 369–370
strength and properties 372–377
winding drum, grooves for 378–379
Rose chucking reamers 834
fractional sizes 848
Rotary file or burs 965

Rotary motion formulas 169
Rotating parts, balancing 197–202
Roughness
control of 724
cutoff 734
height values 726–727
parameters
rules for determ
ining 739
rules for measurement of 740
symbols indicating degree of 724–727
Round head machine screws 1596
Royal Microscopical Society thread 1886–
1887, 1889
Rpm
conversion to radian per second 169
for various cutting speeds and diameters,
inch units 1018–1021
metric units 1020–1021
for various grinding speeds and
diameters 1211
Rubber
bearings 2266
bonded grinding wheels 1178
bonding 2481
turning 1082
Running balance 197
Rupture strength
copper-base powdered alloys 419
iron-base powdered alloys 419

tungsten-base powdered alloys 419
S
SAE Standards
babbitt metals 2263
bearing metals 2263
crown or acorn nuts 1523
die casting alloys 1371
high nuts 1524
taper shaft ends 2373
V-belts 2429
Woodruff keyseat cutters 820
SAE steels
basic numbering system 440
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2652
SAE steels (continued)
compositions 440, 442, 446–447
heat treatments for 532
Safe loads for wire rope 372–377
Safe speeds grinding wheels 1209–1211
Safety
factors of 208, 2078
flange couplings 2346
for wire rope 375–376
Salt baths for heat treating 516
Sand blast cleaning 1368
Sanders, spindles for portable 950
Sanding wood 414

Sandstone and limestone, strength 420
Saw tooth clutches 2356
Sawn lumber size 414
Saws
band 1138–1143
circular, arbors for 948
metal-cutting, speeds 1082
metal-slitting 801
sharpening files 963
slitting 801
Scalar and vector quantities 145
Scleroscope 548
Screw machines
automatic 1131–1136
automatic box-tools 1132
drilling speeds and feeds 1132
drills 860, 867
forming tools with rake 784–789
knurling 1131–1132
reaming speeds and feeds 1132
speeds and feeds 1132–1133
stock required for given production 1136
threading cams 1131
Screws
and bolt
s 1512
angularity and eccentricity 1579
ANSI head recesses 1642
breaking load 1511
British Standard

BSF 1617
inch 1570–1573, 1605, 1632–1638
metric 1578, 1605–1613, 1632–1637
Unified 1614, 1616
Whitworth 1570, 1573, 1617, 1638
cap 1516, 1618–1623
cap, metric 1541
drive 1639, 1654
force for turning 163
form 1579
grade markings for steel 1508–1509
head recesses 1642
heavy hex 1516
hex cap 1513
inserts 1654
jig and fixture
button head 1636
heavy hex 1516
Screws (continued)
jig and fixture
hex 1513
lag screw 1517–1518
metric 1545
length of engagement 1510
length of thread 1579
mechanical principle of 163
metric
British Standard 1613
cap 1541
diameters 1543

flange 1546–1547
form
ed 1542
heavy hex 1543
ISO 1575
reduced body diameter 1544
socket 1632
self-threading 1639–1663
set 1625–1638
shoulder 1624
sockets for 1627
sockets metric series 1634
strength of 1509
stress areas 1502, 1510
tap drills 1933–1941
tap marking symbols 916–917
thumb 1716, 1719–1720
Unified Standard 1512, 1616
wing 1716
wood 1477
worm threads 2095–2098
Sealants 2484
anaerobic pipe 2486
gasket materials 2485
pipe joining 2484
silicone rubber gasketing 2485
tapered pipe threading 2485
types 2484
Sealing bearings 2223–2225
Seasoning steel, sub zero 547

Secant 88
Secant modulus (plastics) 598
Section lining, standard for drawings 630,
632
Section modulus
angles 2515–2517
circle 241
circul
ar ring 242
ellipse 242
for torsion 283
formulas for various sections 238–247
half circle 241
hexagon 240
hollow circle 241
I-beams 2509–2513
I-section 242
L-section 246
octagon 241
pipe 2529–2530
polar 248–249, 254–259
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2653
Section modulus (continued)
rectangle 239
rectangles, table for 253–254
round shafts, table for 254–259
structural shapes

angles, steel 2517
channels, aluminum 2518
I-beams or S-shapes
aluminum 2518
steel 2513
wide flange, steel 2509–2512
steel 2514
trapezoid 240
triangle 240
T-section 245
units conversion 2587
Z-section 247
Segment, circular 66, 70–72
area 66, 71–72
height for given angle and radius 66, 70–
72
Seizing and cutting wire rope 380–381
Self alignment roller bearings
symbols 2272
Self-threading screws 1639–1663
countersink heads 1639
cross recesses 1642
designations 1640
drill size 1650
drilled hole sizes 1648
drive type 1639–1640
extruded hole sizes 1648
fillister head 1640
head cross recesses 1642
hex head 1640

hex washer head 1640
hole sizes 1647, 1650
inch, metric 1654
metallic drive 1640
metals
brass sheet metal 1650
monel steel 1650
sta
inless steel 1650
steel 1650
metric 1654–1663
clearance holes 1659
cutting tapping 1656
designations 1655–1656
drilled hole sizes 1660, 1662
extruded hole sizes 1659
head types 1654–1655
heat treatment 1658
hole sizes for steel 1659–1663
hole sizes for tapping 1659
material 1658
punched hole size for steel 1660, 1662
recommended lengths 1657
tapping 1659
thread and point types 1655
thread cutting types 1654–1658
Self-threading screws (continued)
metric
tapping 1656
thread forming 1656

tapping 1660–1661
types 1654–1657
thread tapping
in asbestos 1661
in cast metals 1662–1663
in plastics 1661, 1663
in plywoods 1661
in sheet metal 1662
pan head 1640
round head 1639
self-tapping inserts 1654
sheet metal hole sizes 1650
slotted pan head 1640
steel thread cutting 1651
thread and point
dimensions 1643–1646
ty
pes 1641–1642
thread cutting 1646
sheet metals 1650
tapping 1642
types 1639, 1642, 1644
thread forming 1643–1644, 1647–1648
types 1641–1642
torsional strength requirements 1654
truss head 1640
types of 1639
Sellers screw thread 1892
Sensivity factor 2078
Sequence number, NC 1274

Series, infinite 34, 103
Set-screws
British Standard
metric 1632–1638
Whitworth 1638
cone point 1625–1637
cup point 1625–1637
dog point 1625–1637
flat point 1625–1637
headless 1625
hexagon and spline 1626
hexagon socket 1632, 1635, 1637
hexagon socket type 1637
holding power 1637
oval point 1625
spline socket type 1631
square head type 1628–1629, 1638
Sevol
ute functions 103
Shackle and end-link chain 392
Shaft conditions
checking 719
out of roundness 723
no. of lobes 723
V-block angles 723
out-of-roundness, lobing 721
Shafts 299–307
allowances and tolerances for fits 645
British Standard for fits 679–688
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2654
Shafts (continued)
brittle materials, formulas for 305
checking for various conditions of 719–
723
critical speeds of 306
deflection, linear 302
deflection, torsional 301–302
effect of keyways on strength 305
factor of safety 300, 305
hollow 307
horsepower transmitted by 299–302
linear deflection 302
maximum allowable working stress 305
moment of inertia, polar 248–249, 254–
259
polygon type connections 2186
round, section moduli 254–259
steel, diameters of 303
strength 299–301
taper ends, SAE Standard 2373
torsional
deflection 301–302
strength 299–301
hollow vs. solid 307
transmission, design of 303–305
Shanks taper 926–937
Shapes

of grinding wheels 1180–1188
of mounted wheels and points 952–954
Shaping wood 414
Shaping, speeds and feeds 1082
Sharp V-thread 1725
Sharpening
carbide tools 971–973
ci
rcular saws 963
diamond wheels for 972
drills 969–971
milling cutters 821, 824–825
Shear
formulas for 213
modulus 204
of G spring materials 348–350
of various materials 204, 420
properties 205
spring design 350
stress 203, 214
combined with tension or
compression 215
in beams 215–218
Shear strength
cast iron 474
magnesium alloys 588
nonferrous metals 554
rivets 1482–1483
steels 474
wood 412

wrought iron 474
Shear tooth files 965
Sheaves
for V-belt drives 2393
for wire rope 353, 370
Sheet metal
allowances 1335
and wire gages 2522–2523
bending allowances 1332–1335
formula 1339
edging process 1339
joining process 1339
angle frame 1343
button punch snap lock 1341
clinch bar slip and angle 1343
clinch type flanged connections 1344
corner standing seam 1341
double flanges and cleats 1344
double seam 1341
flange 1342
flange and flange corner 1341
flanged duct connections 1343
flanged end and angle 1343
flat drive slip 1342
flat S slip 1342
flush lap 1340
form
ed flanges 1343
groove seam 1341
hem 1342

hemmed S slip 1343
pittsburg 1342
plain lap 1340
raw and flange corner 1340
slide corner 1341
standing drive slip 1342
standing seam 1341
joints 1340
screws 1639
stock allowances 1335–1338
Sheet sizes for drawings 630
Shell
blanks, diameters 1331
mills 803
molding 1366
plates and cylinders, strength 292–298
reamers 849
Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) 1405–
1409
Shielding gases 1393
Shipping measure 2566
Shock-resisting
tool steels 495
chemical composition 497
heat treatment 497
Shocks, stresses in springs 283
stresses produced by 283
Shore’s scleroscope 548, 550–551
Shoulder screws 1624
Shrinkage allowance, patterns 1369

Shrinkage fits 648, 655–656, 663
allow
ances 648–650
Shut height, power press 1331
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2655
SI system units
in strength of materials calculations 203,
213–215, 218, 221–224, 232, 236–237,
260, 273, 277–278, 280–281, 283–284,
286, 293–297, 300–302, 304–306
metric 143
use of in mechanics 141–145
SI, binary prefixes 2546
Side cutting edge 754
Side milling cutters 799
Sigma (standard deviation) 1246–1247
Significance of accuracy 1245–1248
Signs and abbreviations
mathematical 2542
scientific and engineering 2540–2543
Signs of trigonometric functions 89
Silicon carbide grinding wheels 971–972
Silver
bearing material 2264
brazing filler alloys 1382
plating 1470
Simple

indexing 2011–2016
proportion 6
stresses 213–214
Simpson's rule 60
Simult
aneous equations 122
Sine bar
checking angle 696
checking taper per foot 697
checking templets 697
constants 699–705
measuring angle of templet 696
settling to a given angle 696
settling10- inch to an angle 697
types of 695
use of 695–705
Sine, law of 89
Single tooth contact 2031
Single-angle milling cutters 802, 808–809
Single-point cutting tools 749–772, 887–888
angle tolerances 772
carbide tips and inserts for 764–772
chipbreakers 755–756
definitions and terms 749–752
end cutting edge angles 754
indexable inserts 756–758
insert toolholders 756–764, 1310–1312
lead angles 754
nose radius 754, 771
numerical control tool

compensation 1310–1312
planing tools 756
rake angl
es 753
relief angles 752
relief angles for thread cutting 1944
side cutting edge angle 754
tip overhang 765–766
tool contour 749
tool holders, indexable inserts 756–764
Singularity of a matrix 122
Sinking funds 128
Sintered
carbide tools
ANSI Standard 764–772
tool materials 1010–1012
gear materials 2147
metal bearings 2265
Sixty (60)-degree stub threads 1846
Size factor cover 2078
Sizes of sawn lumber 414
Slate cutting speed for 1082
Sleeve bearings 2229
Sleeves, Morse taper 935
Slenderness ratio, columns 285–286
Slides, measuring 713, 717
Slings
and fittings for wire rope 381–386
strength of rope and chain 387–390
Slipping clutches, couplings 2353

Slitting saws, metal 801
Slope of a line 40
Slots for T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1664
Slug 142
S-N diagrams 205, 207
Socket
ANSI hexagon and spline 1627
head, screw
type
British Standard metric 1632
cap 1620–1623, 1633
drill and counterbore sizes for 1621
keys and bits for 1630
set 1637
shoulder 1624
reamers, Morse taper 851
taper shank 926–937
threads for electric 1884
wrench clearances 1531
Solders and soldering 1380, 1382
alloys for 1380
aluminum 1380
fluxes 1380
forms 1380
magnesium 1382
methods 1380–1382
stainless steel 1382
ultrasonic fluxless 1382
Solid film lubricants 2339
Solidification temperature 648

Solids, volumes and dimensions 75–80
Soluble oils for machining operations 1144
Solution heat treatment 504
Sorbite 521
Sound level specifications 1325
Space cutters, roller chain sprockets 2460–
2461
Spacing holes on jig borer 989–1004
Spade drills and drilling
blades 1076–1077
drilling 1077, 1079
feed rates for 1078–1079
geom
etry of 1075–1079
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2656
Spade drills and drilling (continued)
power consumption and thrust 1080–
1081
Spandrel
area 67
center of gravity 227
Spark out time 1163
Spark plug
threads 1883
dimensions 1883
hole in cylinder head 1883
taps 911

Spatter, (welding) 1414
Specific gravity 407
conversion 408
gases 407
liquids 407–408
of various metals 407
oils 2334
plastics 416
Specific heat 399–400
aluminum 403
copper alloys 403
gasses 400
Speed reducers, motors, built-in 2473
Speeds
calculating cutting speeds 1016–1021
critical, of rotating shafts 306
pulleys, rules for calculating 2388
rpm for different diameters and cutting
speeds 1016–1021
Speeds and feeds, machining 1009–1074
abrasive belt grinding 1230
bandsawing 1140–1143
CBN grinding wheels 1195
cutting 624, 1014, 1016, 1071, 1078,
1131–1143
drilling 1132
diameters and rpm 1017
feeds for spade drills 1078–1079
end milling 1040
face milling 1040

form-t
urning 1132, 1148
general 1071, 1131–1132
grinding wheels
maximum peripheral speeds 1210
truing and dressing 1198–1199
wheel and work speeds 1959
grinding with diamond wheels 1207
honing 1230–1235
milling 1022
nonferrous metals 1153–1156
reaming 1071, 1132
reaming and threading 1022
rotary files and burs 966
sawing
band 1140–1143
circular 1082
shaping 1082
slit and slot milling 1040, 1043–1058
Speeds and feeds, machining (continued)
superalloys 1039
surface grinding 1226–1228
tables, how to use 1022–1025
tapping and thread cutting 1061–1070,
1072–1074, 1132, 1920–1921
thread rolling 1955–1956
titanium and alloys 1038
tool life 1013–1025
adjusting 1035–1036, 1040, 1043, 1059
tool steels

drilling reaming, and threading 1066
milling 1049–1050
tu
rning 1031
turning 1022, 1026–1040
carbon and alloy steels 1027–1030
copper alloys 1037
ferrous cast metals 1033–1034
hard-to-machine materials 1039
light metals 1038
speeds and feeds 1026–1040, 1132
stainless steels 1032
superalloys 1039
titanium 1038
tool steels 1031
Sphere
hollow
center of gravity 230
radius of gyration 235
polar moment of inertia 250
radius of gyration 235
surface area 78
volume 78
Spherical
and rectangular coordinates,
relationship 43
coordinates 43
sector
center of gravity 230
polar moment of inertia 251

volume 78
segment
center of gravity 230
polar moment of inertia 251
volume 78
shell, thin 235
shells, strength to resist internal
pressure 295–297
surface center of gravity 227
wedge volume 79
zone volume 79
Spheroi
dal graphite iron 474, 1361
Spheroidize, annealizing 450
Spheroidizing 450, 526
Spikes and nails, standard 1476
Spindle
for portable tools 948–951
function, NC 1280
noses 940–944, 1280, 1313
Spiral bevel gears 2029, 2082–2083
tooth contact 2082
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2657
Spline keys and bits 1630
Splines 2159
application factors 2171
comparison of symbols 2177

data and reference dimensions 2169
dimensions, formula 2185
fatigue-life factors for 2172
fittings 2183–2185
fittings, torque capacity 2185
for large misalignments 2173
formulas for SAE standard 2185
involute 2156–2181
(see also Involute splines)
involute, socket keys and bits 1630
machining tolerances and variations 2180
milling cutter 824
SAE standard splined fittings 2184–2185
terms, symbols, and drawing data 2167
variations 2165
Spray transfer (welding) 1392
Spraying process, flame (metal) 1472
Spring 308–353
arbor diameters for 353
Belleville 348, 354–368
clock 348
compression, formulas for 321–322
coned 354–368
conical compression 348
constant force 348
copper-base spring alloys 311–312
deflections for
compression 325–328
extension 325–328
torsion 343–346

design data 319–353
di
sc 354–368
contact surfaces 355, 358
forces and stresses 358
group classes 354
materials 355
nomenclature 354
stacking 356
stress 358
elevated temperature stresses 318–319
endurance limit for spring materials 318–
319
extension 324–333
extension spring design 331–333
failure in 352
force, disc 358
heat treatment of 348–350
helical compression spring design 320–
324
helical, shock stresses produced in 283
high-carbon spring steels 309
index 319
materials 309–313
miscellaneous 348
moduli of elasticity 348
motor 348
Spring (continued)
music wire arbor diameters 353
nickel-base spring alloys 311–313

pins 1682–1683
shock stresses produced in helical 283
spiral 348
stainless spring steels 310–311
steels for 309–311
stresses 319–320
produced by shocks 283
tolerances
compression and extension 332–335
for torsion 341–348
torsion
bars 347
design 335–341
modulus 348–350
volute 347–348
wire
diameters for 309
maximum working temperature 312
te
nsile strength 421
Spring pins
coiled type 1683
designation 1682
lengths and sizes 1682
materials 1682
slotted type 1682
Spring washers
double coil rectangular section 1583
single coil square section 1584
Sprockets

chain transmission 2441
idler 2457
Spur gearing 2033
addendum modifications 2077
AGMA tolerances for fine pitch
gears 2072
American National Standard tooth
forms 2035, 2039
angular backlash 2073
backash range 2068
backlash 2067–2073, 2139
basic dimensions 2041
blanks for fine pitch gears 2064
British Standard 2076
bronze and brass gears 2147
caliper measurement of tooth 2051
center distance 2059
variable 2041, 2043, 2045
center distance for enlarged pinion 2058
checking gear size 2125
chordal
addendum 2048–2049, 2051
measurement 2142
th
ickness 2046, 2048–2049, 2051
circular
pitch system 2034, 2052
thickness 2046
given outside diameter 2045
composite error inspection 2073

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY
INDEX
2658
Spur gearing (continued)
contact
diameter 2059
lowest point of single tooth 2060–2063
ratio 2060
data on drawings 2067
diameters for hobbing, preshaving, and
shaping 2042
diametral pitch shown full size 2033
diametral pitch system 2033–2034
dimensions and formulas 2035
drawing data 2067
enlarged pinions 2050, 2108–2111
external 2029
Fellows stub tooth systems 2041
fine-pitch 2039, 2064
finishing gear milling cutters 2054
formulas for basic dimensions 2161
full-depth, teeth 2035, 2046
gear milling cutters, series of
metric module 2052
gear tooth parts 2036–2041
checking 2125
German standard tooth form 2121
hob tip radius, maximum 2061
interference, avoiding 2050, 2052

internal 2029, 2074
internal arc thickness 2074
internal gear and pinion sizes 2074
internal gears rule 2075
involute curve properties 2034
lowest point of single tooth contact 2060
measurement of tooth with caliper 2051
measurement over pins 2125
measurement over wires 2135–2138
mesh with enlarged pinion 2058
milling cutters 2052
metric module 2052
minimum number of teeth 2058
module system 2121–2124
nonmetallic 625, 2149
outside and root diameters 2042, 2052
pinion arc thickness 2074
pi
tch diameters, tabulated 2052
profile checker settings 2062
reduced gear 2050
replacement gear dimensions 2153
root and outside diameters 2042, 2052
specifications 2065
to avoid undercutting by hob 2058
tooth
contact of highest point 2061
dimensions 2036–2041
forms 2035
measurements over wires 2135–2138

proportions 2039
thickness measurement 2045
true involute form (TIF) diameter 2061
undercut, limit for hobbed gears 2061
Square
area 63
circles of area equal to 73
distances across corners 74
of wire diameters 351
prism volume 75
recesses, for machine screws
for self-tapping screws 1642
roots of numbers 14
Square thread 1848
Squeeze casting 1366
Squirrel cage induction motors 2466
S-shapes, structural steel 2513
moment of inertia 2513
radius of gyration 2513
section modulus 2513
weight per foot 2513
Stabilizing gages 545
Stacking disc springs 356
Stainless steels 439, 457, 460
application 460–461
characteristics and applications 457
chemical compositions 448–449
coefficient of expansion 404
compositions 448–449, 460–461
cutting, flame 1418–1419

density 404
electrodes (welding) current
to use
with 1413
elongation 418, 472–473
hardness 418
heat treatments 536–537
mechanical properties 472–473
melting points 404
properties 460–461
soldering 1382
ultrasonic 1382
specific heat 404
speeds
for drilling, reaming, and
threading 1067
for milling 1050–1051
for turning 1032
strength 474
tensile strength 418, 472–473
thermal conductivity 404
yield strength 418, 472–473
Stamping
blank diameters 1331
die clearances 1329
fine blanking 1344
lubricants for 1330
pressures required 1331
steel rule dies 1346–1348
Standard

deviation 1245–1247
NC 1255
nomenclature 2079
organizations 2079
wire gage (SWG) 2520
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY