oracle 9i the complete reference phần 10 pot

Oracle uses National Language Support SORT. This gives the collating sequence value of the given
string based on the collating sequence
sort
, or if omitted, the National Language Support option chosen
for the site.
REPLACE(
string
,
if
[,
then
])
REPLACE returns
string
with every occurrence of
if
replaced with
then
(zero or more characters).
If no
then
string is specified, then all occurrences of
if
are removed.
See
TRANSLATE.
RPAD(
string
,
length
[ ,'

set'
])
RPAD stands for Right PAD. It makes a string a specific length by adding a specified set of characters
to the right.
RTRIM(
string
[,'
set'
])
RTRIM stands for Right TRIM. It trims all the occurrences of any one of a set of characters off of
the right side of a string.
SOUNDEX(
string
)
SOUNDEX converts a string to a code value. Names with similar sounds tend to have the same
code value. You can use SOUNDEX to compare names that might have small spelling differences but
are still the same.
SUBSTR(
string
,
start
[,
count
])
SUBSTRing clips out a piece of a string beginning at
start
position and counting for
count
characters from
start.

TRANSLATE(
string
,
if
,
then
)
This TRANSLATEs a string, character by character, based on a positional matching of characters
in the
if
string with characters in the
then
string.
See
REPLACE.
TRIM
( [{ { LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH } [
trim_character
])
|
trim_character
} FROM ]
trim_source
)
TRIM removes all the occurrences of any one of a set of characters off of the right side, left side,
or both sides of a string.
UPPER(
string
)
UPPER converts every letter in a string into uppercase.

USERENV(
option
)
USERENV returns information about the USER ENVironment, usually for an audit trail. Options
include 'ENTRYID', 'SESSIONID', and 'TERMINAL'. USERENV is still supported but has been replaced
by SYS_CONTEXT's UserEnv namespace.
VSIZE(
string
)
VSIZE gives the storage size of
string
in Oracle.
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CHARTOROWID
SEE ALSO
CONVERSION FUNCTIONS, ROWIDTOCHAR
FORMAT
CHARTOROWID(
string
)
DESCRIPTION

This stands for CHARacter TO ROW IDentifier. It changes a character string to
act like an internal Oracle row identifier, or ROWID.
CHECKPOINT
A checkpoint is a point in time at which changed blocks of data are written from the SGA to the database.
CHILD
In tree-structured data, a child is a node that is the immediate descendant of another node. The node
that the child descends from is called the
parent.
CHR
SEE ALSO
ASCII, CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
FORMAT
CHR(
integer
)
DESCRIPTION
CHR will return the character with the ASCII value of
integer.
(
integer
means an
integer between 0 and 255, since the ASCII value of a character is an integer between 0 and 255.)
Those between 0 and 127 are well defined. Those above 127 (called the extended ASCII set) tend to
differ by country, application, and computer manufacturer. The letter A, for instance, is equal to the
ASCII number 65, B is 66, C is 67, and so on. The decimal point is 46. A minus sign is 45. The number
0 is 48, 1 is 49, 2 is 50, and so on.
EXAMPLE
select CHR(77), CHR(46), CHR(56) from DUAL;
C C C
- - -

M . 8
CLAUSE
A clause is a major section of a SQL statement and begins with a keyword such as select, insert, update,
delete, from, where, order by, group by,orhaving.
CLEAR
SEE ALSO
BREAK, COLUMN, COMPUTE
FORMAT
CL[EAR]
option
DESCRIPTION
CLEAR clears the option.
BRE[AKS] clears breaks set by the BREAK command.
BUFF[ER] clears the current buffer.
CLEAR
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COL[UMNS] clears options set by the COLUMN command.
COMP[UTES] clears options set by the COMPUTE command.
SCR[EEN] clears the screen.
SQL clears the SQL buffer.
TIMI[NG] deletes all timing areas created by the TIMING command.
EXAMPLES To clear computes, use this:

clear computes
To clear column definitions, use this:
clear columns
CLIENT
Client is a general term for a user, software application, or computer that requires the services, data,
or processing of another application or computer.
CLOB
CLOB is a datatype that supports character large objects.
See
Chapter 32.
CLOSE
SEE ALSO
DECLARE, FETCH, FOR, OPEN, Chapter 27
FORMAT
CLOSE
cursor
;
DESCRIPTION
CLOSE closes the named cursor, and releases its resources to Oracle for use
elsewhere.
cursor
must be the name of a currently open cursor.
Even though a cursor has been closed, its definition has not been lost. You can issue OPEN
cursor
again, so long as the cursor was explicitly declared. A FOR loop will also implicitly OPEN a declared
cursor.
See
CURSOR FOR LOOP.
CLOSED DATABASE
A closed database is a database that is associated with an instance (the database is mounted) but not

open. Databases must be closed for some database maintenance functions. This can be accomplished
via the SQL statement ALTER DATABASE.
CLUSTER
A cluster is a means of storing together data from multiple tables, when the data in those tables contains
common information and is likely to be accessed concurrently. You can also cluster an individual table.
See
CREATE CLUSTER and Chapter 20.
CLUSTER INDEX
A cluster index is one manually created after a cluster has been created and before any DML (select,
insert, update, or delete) statements can operate on the cluster. This index is created on the cluster key
columns with the SQL statement CREATE INDEX. In Oracle, you can define a hash cluster to index on
the primary key.
See
HASH CLUSTER.
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CLUSTER KEY
A cluster key is the column or columns that clustered tables have in common, and which is chosen as
the storage/access key. For example, two tables, BOOKSHELF and BOOKSHELF_AUTHOR, might be
clustered on the column Title. A cluster key is the same thing as a CLUSTER COLUMN.
CMDSEP (SQL*PLUS)
See

SET.
COALESCE
SEE ALSO
DECODE, Chapter 17
FORMAT
COALESCE(
value1
,
value2
, )
DESCRIPTION
COALESCE will return the first non-NULL value encountered in the list of values
provided.
COALESCE (space)
To coalesce space is to unite adjoining free extents into a single extent. For example, if two 100-block
extents are next to each other within a tablespace, then they can be coalesced into a single 200-block
extent. The SMON background process will coalesce free space within tablespaces whose default
pctincrease value is non-zero. You can manually coalesce the free space within a tablespace via the
coalesce option of the alter tablespace command.
See
ALTER TABLESPACE.
COLLATION
SEE ALSO
GROUP BY, INDEX, ORDER BY, Chapter 9
DESCRIPTION The collation or collating sequence is the order in which characters, numbers,
and symbols will be sorted because of an order by or group by clause. These sequences differ based
on the collation sequence of the computer's operating system or the national language. EBCDIC (usually
IBM and compatible mainframes) and ASCII (most other computers) sequences differ significantly. In
spite of these differences, the following rules always apply:
■

A number with a larger value is considered "greater" than a smaller one. All negative numbers
are smaller than all positive numbers. Thus, -10 is smaller than 10; -100 is smaller than -10.
■
A later date is considered greater than an earlier date.
Character strings are compared position by position, starting at the leftmost end of the string, up
to the first character that is different. Whichever string has the "greater" character in that position is
considered the greater string. One character is considered greater than another if it appears after the
other in the computer's collation sequence. Usually this means that a B is greater than an A, but the
value of A compared to a, or compared to the number 1, will differ by computer.
The collation comparison varies slightly depending on whether you are using CHAR or
VARCHAR2 strings.
If two VARCHAR2 strings are identical up to the end of the shorter one, the longer string is considered
greater. If two strings are identical and the same length, they are considered equal.
With CHAR strings, the shorter string is padded with blanks out to the length of the longer string.
If the strings are not identical after this padding, the comparison treats the padded blanks as less than
any other character, resulting in the same truth value as the VARCHAR2 comparison. If the strings are
COLLATION
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identical after, but not before the padding, the CHAR comparison would treat them as equal whereas
the VARCHAR2 comparison would not.
In SQL it is important that literal numbers be typed without enclosing single quotes, as '10' would
be considered smaller than '6', since the quotes will cause these to be regarded as character strings

rather than numbers, and the '6' will be seen as greater than the '1' in the first position of '10'.
COLSEP (SQL*PLUS)
See
SET.
COLUMN (Form 1-Definition)
A column is a subdivision of a table with a column name and a specific datatype. For example, in a
table of workers, all of the worker's ages would constitute one column.
See
ROW.
COLUMN (Form 2-SQL*PLUS)
SEE ALSO ALIAS, Chapters 6 and 14
FORMAT
COL[UMN] {
column
|
expression
}
[ ALI[AS]
alias
]
[ CLE[AR] | DEF[AULT] ]
[ ENTMAP {ON|OFF}
[ FOLD_A[FTER]
[ FOLD_B[EFORE]
[ FOR[MAT]
format
]
[ HEA[DING]
text
[ JUS[TIFY] {L[EFT]|C[ENTER]|C[ENTRE]|R[IGHT]} ] ]

[ LIKE {
expression
|
alias
} ]
[ NEWL[INE] ]
[ NEW_V[ALUE]
variable
]
[ NOPRI[NT]|PRI[NT] ]
[ NUL[L]
text
]
[ ON | OFF ]
[ OLD_V[ALUE]
variable
]
[ WRA[PPED]|WOR[D_WRAPPED]|TRU[NCATED] ]
DESCRIPTION
COLUMN controls column and column heading formatting. The options are all
cumulative, and may be entered either simultaneously on a single line, or on separate lines at any time;
the only requirement is that the word COLUMN and the column or expression must appear on each
separate line. If one of the options is repeated, the most recent specified will be in effect. COLUMN by
itself displays all the current definitions for all columns. COLU MN with only a column or
expression will show that column's current definition.
column
or
expression
refers to a column or expression used in the select. If an expression is used,
the expression must be entered exactly the same way that it is in the select statement. If the expression

in the select is Amount * Rate, then entering Rate * Amount in a COLUMN command will not work.
If a column or expression is given an alias in the select statement, that alias must be used here.
If you select columns with the same name from different tables (in sequential selects), a COLUMN
command for that column name will apply to both. Avoid this by assigning the columns different aliases
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in the select (not with the COLUMN command's alias clause), and entering a COLUMN command for
each column's alias.
ALIAS gives this column a new name, which then may be used to reference the column in BREAK
and COLUMN commands.
CLEAR drops the column definition.
DEFAULT leaves the column defined and ON, but drops any other options.
ENTMAP allows entity mapping to be turned on or off for selected columns in HTML output.
FOLD_A[FTER] and FOLD_B[EFORE] instruct Oracle to fold a single row of output across multiple
rows when printed. You can choose to fold the row either before or after the column.
FORMAT specifies the display format of the column. The format must be a literal like A25 or 990.99.
Without format specified, the column width is the length as defined inthe table.
A LONG column’s width defaults to the value of the SET LONG. Both regular CHAR and LONG
fields can have their width set by a format like FORMAT A
n
, where
n

is an integer that is the column’s
new width.
A number column’s width defaults to the value of SET NUMWIDTH, but is changed by the width
in a format clause such as FORMAT 999,999.99. These options work with both set numformat and
the column format commands:
Format Result
9999990 The count of nines and zeros determines the maximum digits that can be displayed.
999,999,999.99 Commas and decimals will be placed in the pattern shown.
999990 Displays a zero if the value is zero.
099999 Displays numbers with leading zeros.
$99999 A dollar sign is placed in front of every number.
B99999 The display will be blank if the value is zero.
99999MI If the number is negative, a minus sign follows the number. The default is for the
negative sign to be on left.
S9999 Returns "+" for positive values, "-" for negative values.
99999PR Negative numbers are displayed within < and >.
99D99 Displays the decimal in the position indicated.
9G999 Displays the group separator in the position shown.
C9999 Displays the ISO currency symbol in this position.
L999 Displays the local currency symbol.
, Displays a comma.
. Displays a period.
9.999EEEE The display will be in scientific notation (4 E's are required).
999V99 Multiplies number by 10
n
, where
n
is the number of digits to the right of V. 999V99
turns 1234 into 123400.
RN Displays Roman numeral values, for numbers between 1 and 3999.

DATE Displays value as a date in MM/DD/YY format, for NUMBER columns used storing
Julian dates.
COLUMN (Form 2-SQL*PLUS)
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HEADING relabels a column heading. The default is the column name or the expression. If text has
blanks or punctuation characters, it must be in single quotes. The HEADSEP character (usually '|') in
text makes SQL*PLUS begin a new line. The COLUMN command will remember the current HEADSEP
character when the column is defined, and continue to use it for this column unless the column is
redefined, even if the HEADSEP character is changed.
JUSTIFY aligns the heading over the column. By default this is RIGHT for number columns and
LEFT for anything else.
LIKE replicates the column definitions of a previously defined column for the current one, where
either the expression or label was used in the other column definition. Only those features of the other
column that have not been explicitly defined in the current column command are copied.
NEWLINE starts a new line before printing the column value.
NEW_VALUE names a variable to hold the column's value for use in the ttitle command.
See
Chapter 14 for usage information.
NOPRINT and PRINT turn the column's display off or on.
NULL sets text to be displayed if the column has a NULL value. The default for this is a string of
blanks as wide as the column is defined.
OFF or ON turns all these options for a column off or on without affecting its contents.

OLD_VALUE names a variable to hold the column's value for use in the btitle command.
See
Chapter 13 for usage information.
WRAPPED, WORD_WRAPPED, and TRUNCATED control how SQL*PLUS displays a heading or
string value too wide to fit the column. WRAP folds the value to the next line. WORD_WRAP folds
similarly, but breaks on words. TRUNCATED truncates the value to the width of the column definition.
COLUMN CONSTRAINT
A column constraint is an integrity constraint placed on a specific column of a table.
See
INTEGRITY
CONSTRAINT.
COMMAND
See
STATEMENT.
COMMAND LINE
A command line is a line on a computer display where you enter a command.
COMMENT
SEE ALSO DATA DICTIONARY VIEWS, Chapter 37
FORMAT
COMMENT ON
{ TABLE [
schema
.] {
table
|
view
|
materialized view
}
| COLUMN [

schema
.] {
table
. |
view
. |
materialized view
. }
column
| OPERATOR [
schema
.]
operator
| INDEXTYPE [
schema
.]
indextype
}
IS '
text
';
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DESCRIPTION
COMMENT inserts the comment text about an object or column into the data
dictionary.
You drop a comment from the database only by setting it to an empty string (set
text
to '').
COMMIT
To commit means to make changes to data (inserts, updates, and deletes) permanent. Before changes
are stored, both the old and new data exist so that changes can be made, or so that the data can be
restored to its prior state ("rolled back"). When a user enters the Oracle SQL command COMMIT, all
changes from that transaction are made permanent.
COMMIT (Form 1-Embedded SQL)
SEE ALSO
ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, SET TRANSACTION, Precompiler programmer's guides
FORMAT
EXEC SQL [AT {
database
| :
host variable
}] COMMIT [WORK]
[ [COMMENT '
text
' ] [RELEASE]
| FORCE '
text
' [,
integer
]]
DESCRIPTION

You use COMMIT to commit work at various stages within a program. Without
the explicit use of COMMIT, an entire program's work will be considered one transaction, and will not
be committed until the program terminates. Any locks obtained will be held until that time, blocking
other users from access. COMMIT should be used as often as logically feasible.
WORK is optional and has no effect on usage; it is provided for ANSI compatibility. AT references
a remote database accessed by the DECLARE DATABASE command. RELEASE disconnects you from
the database, whether remote or local. FORCE manually commits an in-doubt distributed transaction.
COMMIT (Form 2-PL/SQL Statement)
SEE ALSO
ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT
FORMAT
COMMIT [WORK] [ COMMENT '
text
' | FORCE '
text
' [,
integer
] ];
DESCRIPTION
COMMIT commits any changes made to the database since the last COMMIT
was executed implicitly or explicitly. WORK is optional and has no effect on usage.
COMMENT associates a text comment with the transaction. The comment can be viewed via the
data dictionary view DBA_2PC_PENDING in the event a distributed transaction fails to complete. FORCE
manually commits an in-doubt distributed transaction.
COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOL
Communications protocol is any one of a number of standard means of connecting two computers
together so that they can share information. Protocols consist of several layers of both software and
hardware, and may connect homogeneous or heterogeneous computers.
COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOL
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COMPOSE
SEE ALSO CONVERSION FUNCTIONS, Chapter 10
FORMAT
COMPOSE(
string
)
DESCRIPTION
COMPOSE takes as its argument a string in any datatype, and returns a unicode
string in its fully normalized form in the same character set as the input.
EXAMPLE To display an o with an umlaut:
select COMPOSE ( 'o' || UNISTR('\0308') ) from DUAL;
C
-
ö
COMPOSITE KEY
A composite key is a primary or foreign key composed of two or more columns.
COMPOSITE PARTITION
A composite partition involves the use of multiple partition methods, such as a range-partitioned
table in which the range partitions are then hash partitioned.
See
Chapter 18.
COMPRESSED INDEX

A compressed index is an index for which only enough index information is stored to identify
unique index entries; information that an index stores with the previous or following key is
"compressed" (truncated) and not stored to reduce the storage overhead required by an index.
See also
NONCOMPRESSED INDEX.
COMPUTE
SEE ALSO
BREAK, GROUP FUNCTIONS
FORMAT
COMP[UTE][AVG|COU[NT]|MAX[IMUM]|MIN[IMUM]|NUM[BER]|STD|SUM|VAR[IANCE]]
[
function
LABEL
label_name
OF {
expression
|
column
|
alias
}
ON {
expression
|
column
|
alias
| REPORT | ROW} ]
DESCRIPTION
expression

is a column or expression. COMPUTE performs computations on
columns or expressions selected from a table. It works only with the BREAK command.
By default, Oracle will use the function name (SUM, AVG, etc.) as the label for the result in the
query output. LABEL allows you to specify a
label_name
that overrides the default value.
OF names the column or expression whose value is to be computed. These columns also must
be in the select clause, or the COMPUTE will be ignored.
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ON coordinates the COMPUTE with the BREAK command. COMPUTE prints the computed value
and restarts the computation when the ON
expression
's value changes, or when a specified ROW or
REPORT break occurs.
See
BREAK for coordination details.
COMPUTE by itself displays the computes in effect.
AVG, MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, STD, SUM, and VARIANCE all work on expressions that are
numbers. MAXIMUM and MINIMUM also work on character expressions, but not DATEs. COUNT
and NUMBER work on any expression type.
All of these computes except NUMBER ignore rows with NULL values:

AVG
Gives average value
COUNT Gives count of non-NULL values
MAXIMUM
Gives maximum value
MINIMUM
Gives minimum value
NUMBER
Gives count of all rows returned
STD
Gives standard deviation
SUM Gives sum of non-NULL values
VARIANCE
Gives variance
Successive computes are simply put in order without commas, such as in this case:
compute sum avg max of Amount Rate on report
This will compute the sum, average, and maximum of both Amount and Rate for the entire report.
EXAMPLE To calculate for each Item classification and for the entire report, enter this:
break on Report on Industry skip 1
compute sum of Volume on Industry Report
CONCAT
See
SET, ||.
CONCATENATED INDEX (or KEY)
A concatenated index is one that is created on more than one column of a table. It can be used to
guarantee that those columns are unique for every row in the table and to speed access to rows via
those columns.
See
COMPOSITE KEY.
CONCURRENCY

Concurrency is a general term meaning the access of the same data by multiple users. In database
software, concurrency requires complex software programming to assure that all users see correct
data and that all changes are made in the proper order.
CONCURRENCY
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CONDITION
A condition is an expression whose value evaluates to either TRUE or FALSE, such as Age > 65.
CONNECT
To connect is to identify yourself to Oracle by your user name and password, in order to access the
database.
CONNECT (Form 1)
SEE ALSO
COMMIT, DISCONNECT, Chapter 22
FORMAT
CON[NECT] [{
user
[/
password
] [@
database
] |/} [AS SYSOPER|SYSDBA}]];
DESCRIPTION You must be in SQL*PLUS to use this command, although you don't need to be

logged on to Oracle (
see
DISCONNECT). CONNECT commits any pending changes, logs you off of
Oracle, and logs on as the specified
user.
If the
password
is absent, you are prompted for it. It is not
displayed when you type it in response to a prompt.
@database
connects to the named database. It may be on your host, or on another computer
connected via Oracle Net.
CONNECT (Form 2-Embedded SQL)
SEE ALSO
COMMIT, DECLARE DATABASE, Chapter 22
FORMAT
EXEC SQL CONNECT
{ :
user
IDENTIFIED BY :
password
|
:user_password
}
[AT {
database
| :host_variable}]
[USING :
connect
_

string
]
[ALTER AUTHORIZATION :
new_password
| IN {SYSDBA | SYSOPER } MODE ]
DESCRIPTION
CONNECT connects a host program to a local or remote database. It may be used
more than once to connect to multiple databases. :
user_password
is a host variable that contains the
Oracle user name and password separated by a slash (/). Alternatively, :
user
and :
password
can be
entered separately by using the second format.
AT is used to name a database other than the default for this user. It is a required clause to
reach any databases other than the user's default database. This name can be used later in other SQL
statements with AT. This database must be first identified with DECLARE DATABASE. USING specifies
an optional Oracle Net string (such as a service name) used during the connect operation. Without the
USING string, you will be connected to the user's default database, regardless of the database named
in the AT line.
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CONNECT BY
SEE ALSO Chapter 13
FORMAT
SELECT
expression
[,
expression
]
FROM [
user
.]
table
WHERE
condition
CONNECT BY [PRIOR]
expression
= [PRIOR]
expression
START WITH
expression
=
expression
ORDER BY
expression
DESCRIPTION
CONNECT BY is an operator used in a select statement to create reports on
inheritance in tree-structured data, such as company organization, family trees, and so on. START
WITH tells where in the tree to begin. These are the rules:

■
The position of PRIOR with respect to the CONNECT BY expressions determines which
expression identifies the root and which identifies the branches of the tree.
■
A where clause will eliminate individuals from the tree, but not their descendants (or
ancestors, depending on the location of PRIOR).
■
A qualification in the CONNECT BY (particularly a not equal instead of the equal sign)
will eliminate both an individual and all of its descendants.
■
CONNECT BY cannot be used with a table join in the where clause.
EXAMPLE
select Cow, Bull, LPAD(' ',6*(Level-1))||Offspring AS Offspring,
Sex, Birthdate
from BREEDING
connect by Offspring = PRIOR Cow
start with Offspring = 'DELLA'
order by Birthdate;
In this example, the following clause:
connect by Offspring = PRIOR Cow
means the offspring is the cow PRIOR to this one.
CONSTRAINT
A rule or restriction concerning a piece of data (such as a NOT NULL restriction on a column) that is
enforced at the data level, rather than the object or application level.
See
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT.
constraints
SEE ALSO
CREATE TABLE, INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT, Chapter 18, Chapter 20.
constraints

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FORMAT
constraints::=
inline_constraint::=
out_of_line_constraint::=
inline_ref_constraint::=
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out_of_line_ref_constraint
references_clause::=
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constraints
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exceptions_clause::=
DESCRIPTION
constraints
are defined with the
relational_properties
clause of the CREATE TABLE
and ALTER TABLE commands. You use the constraints clauses to create a constraint or to alter an
existing constraint. You can enable and disable constraints. If you disable a constraint and then try to

re-enable it, Oracle will check the data. If the constraint cannot be re-enabled, Oracle can write the
exceptions out to a separate table for review.
For PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE constraints, Oracle will create indexes. As part of the constraint
clause for those constraints, you can use the USING INDEX clause to specify the tablespace and
storage for the index.
CONTAINS
CONTAINS is used to evaluate text searches that use CONTEXT indexes within Oracle Text.
See
Chapter 24. Supported text search operators for CONTAINS are shown in the following table:
Operator Description
OR Returns a record if either search term has a score that exceeds the threshold.
| Same as OR.
AND Returns a record if both search terms have a score that exceeds the threshold.
& Same as AND.
ACCUM Returns a record if the sum of the search terms’ scores exceeds the threshold.
, Same as ACCUM.
MINUS Returns a record if the score of the first search minus the score of the second search exceeds
the threshold.
- Same as MINUS.
* Assigns different weights to the score of the searches.
NEAR The score will be based on how near the search terms are to each other in the searched text.
; Same as NEAR.
{} Encloses reserved words such as AND if they are part of the search term.
% Multiple-character wildcard.
_ Single-character wildcard.
$ Performs stem expansion of the search term prior to performing the search.
? Performs a fuzzy match (allowing for misspellings) of the search term prior to performing
the search.
! Performs a SOUNDEX (phonetic) search.
() Specifies the order in which search criteria are evaluated.

CONTAINS
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CONTEXT INDEX
Oracle Text supports three types of text indexes; CONTEXT indexes, CTXCAT indexes and CTXRULE
indexes. CONTEXT indexes use the CONTAINS operator and support a wider array of text search
capabilities. CTXCAT indexes support a narrower set of search operators but support the creation of
index sets. CTXRULE indexes are indexes on columns that contain a set of text queries. See Chapter 24
for details.
CONTEXT AREA
A context area is work area in memory where Oracle stores the current SQL statement, and if the
statement is a query, one row of the result. The context area holds the state of a cursor.
CONTROL FILE (DATABASE)
A control file is a small administrative file required by every database, necessary to start and run a
database system. A control file is paired with a database, not with an instance. Multiple identical
control files are preferred to a single file.
CONTROL FILE (SQL*LOADER)
A SQL*Loader control file tells the SQL*Loader executable where to find the data to be loaded, and
how to process the data during the load. Every SQL*Loader session has an associated control file. For
control file syntax, see SQLLDR. For details on the use of SQL*Loader, see Chapter 21.
CONVERSION FUNCTIONS
SEE ALSO CHARACTER FUNCTIONS, NUMBER FUNCTIONS, Chapter 10
DESCRIPTION The following is an alphabetical list of all current conversion and transformation

functions in Oracle’s SQL.
Function Name Definition
ASCIISTR
Translates a string in any character set and returns an ASCII string in the
database character set.
BIN_TO_NUM
Converts a BINary value TO its NUMerical equivalent.
CAST
CASTs one built-in or collection type to another; commonly used with nested
tables and varying arrays.
CHARTOROWID
CHARacter TO ROW IDentifier. Changes a character string to act like an
internal Oracle row identifier, or RowID.
COMPOSE
Translates a string in any datatype to a unicode string in its fully normalized
form in the same character set as the input.
CONVERT
CONVERTs a character string from one national language character set to
another.
DECODE
DECODEs a CHAR, VARCHAR2, or NUMBER into any of several different
character strings or NUMBERs, based on value. This is a very powerful
if,
then, else
function. Chapter 17 is devoted to DECODE.
DECOMPOSE
Translates a string in any datatype to a unicode string after canonical
decomposition in the same character set as the input.
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Function Name Definition
HEXTORAW
HEXadecimal TO RAW. Changes a character string of hex numbers into
binary.
NUMTODSINTERVAL
Converts a NUMber to an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND literal.
NUMTOYMINTERVAL
Converts a NUMber to an INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH literal.
RAWTOHEX
RAW TO HEXadecimal. Changes a string of binary numbers to a character
string of hex numbers.
RAWTONHEX
RAW TO NHEX. Converts raw to an NVARCHAR2 character value containing
its hexadecimal equivalent.
ROWIDTOCHAR
ROW Identifier TO CHARacter. Changes an internal Oracle row identifier,
or RowID, to a character string.
ROWIDTONCHAR
RAW TO NCHAR. Converts a RowID value to an NVARCHAR2 datatype.
TO_CHAR
TO CHARacter. Converts a NUMBER or DATE to a character string.
TO_CLOB

TO CLOB. Converts NCLOB values in a LOB column or other character
strings to CLOB values.
TO_DATE
TO DATE. Converts a NUMBER, CHAR, or VARCHAR2 to a DATE
(an Oracle datatype).
TO_DSINTERVAL
Converts a character string of CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2
datatype to an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND type.
TO_LOB TO LOB. Converts a LONG to a LOB as part of an insert as select.
TO_MULTI_BYTE
TO MULTI_BYTE. Converts the single-byte characters in a character string
to multibyte characters.
TO_NCHAR
TO NCHAR. Converts a character string, NUMBER, or DATE from the
database character set to the national character set.
TO_NCLOB
TO NCLOB. Converts CLOB values in a LOB column or other character
strings to NCLOB values.
TO_NUMBER
TO NUMBER. Converts a CHAR or VARCHAR2 to a number.
TO_SINGLE_BYTE
TO SINGLE BYTE. Converts the multibyte characters in a CHAR or
VARCHAR2 to single bytes.
TO_YMINTERVAL
Converts a character string of CHAR, VARCHAR2, NCHAR, or NVARCHAR2
datatype to an INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH type.
TRANSLATE
TRANSLATEs characters in a string into different characters.
UNISTR
Converts a string into unicode in the database unicode character set.

CONVERT
SEE ALSO CONVERSION FUNCTIONS
FORMAT
CONVERT(
string
,[
destination_set
,[
source_set
]])
DESCRIPTION
CONVERTs the characters in
string
from one standard bit representation to
another, such as from US7ASCII (the default if either set isn’t entered) to WE8DEC. This is typically
CONVERT
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done when data entered into a column on one computer contains characters that can’t be properly
displayed or printed on another computer. CONVERT allows a reasonable translation of one to the
other in most cases. The most common sets include:
F7DEC DEC’s 7-bit ASCII set for France
US7ASCII Standard US 7-bit ASCII set

WE8DEC DEC’s 8-bit ASCII set for Western Europe
WE8HP HP’s 8-bit ASCII set for Western Europe
WE8ISO8859P1 ISO 8859-1 Western Europe 8-bit character set
WE8EBCDIC500
WE8PC850
IBM West European EBCDIC Code Page 500
IBM PC Code Page 850
COPY
SEE ALSO
CREATE DATABASE LINK, Chapter 22
FORMAT
COPY [FROM
user
/
password@database
]
[TO
user
/
password@database
]
{APPEND | CREATE | INSERT | REPLACE}
table
[ (
column
[,
column
] ) ]
USING
query

DESCRIPTION
COPY copies FROM a table TO a table in another computer using Oracle Net.
FROM is the user name, password, and database of the source table, and TO is the destination table.
Either FROM or TO may be omitted, in which case the user’s default database will be used for the
missing clause. The source and destination databases must not be the same, so only one of the from
and to clauses may be absent.
APPEND adds to the destination table; if the table does not exist, it is created. CREATE requires
that the destination table be created; if it already exists, a ‘table already exists’ error occurs. INSERT
adds to the destination table; if the table does not exist, a ‘table does not exist’ error occurs. REPLACE
drops the data in the destination table and replaces it with the data from the source table; if the table
does not exist, it is created.
table
is the name of the destination table.
column
, is the name(s) of the column(s) in the destination
table. If named, the number of columns must be the same as in the query. If no columns are named, the
copied columns will have the same names in the destination table as they had in the source table.
query
identifies the source table and determines which rows and columns will be copied from it.
SET LONG (
see
SET) determines the length of a long field that can be copied. Long columns with
data longer than the value of LONG will be truncated. SET COPYCOMMIT determines how many sets
of rows get copied before a commit. SET ARRAYSIZE determines how many rows are in a set.
EXAMPLE This example copies bookshelf checkout from the EDMESTON database to the database
the local SQL*PLUS user is connected to. The table LOCAL_CHECKOUT is created by the copy. The
columns may be renamed at the destination. Note the use of the dash (-) at the end of each line. This
is required. The command does not end with a semicolon (since it is a SQL*Plus command, not a SQL
command).
See

the SET command for options related to the COPY command.
copy from PRACTICE/PRACTICE@EDMESTON -
create LOCAL_CHECKOUT (Borrower, Title) -
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using select Name, Title -
from BOOKSHELF_CHECKOUT
COPYCOMMIT (SQL*PLUS)
See
SET.
COPYTYPECHECK (SQL*PLUS)
See
SET.
CORR
SEE ALSO GROUP FUNCTIONS
FORMAT
CORR (
expr1
,
expr2
) [OVER (
analytic_clause

)]
DESCRIPTION
CORR returns the coefficient of correlation of a set of number pairs. Both
expr1
and
expr2
are number expressions. Oracle applies the function to the set of (
expr1
,
expr2
) after
eliminating the pairs for which either
expr1
or
expr2
is NULL. Then Oracle makes the following
computation:
COVAR_POP(
expr1
,
expr2
) / (STDDEV_POP(
expr1
) * STDDEV_POP(
expr2
))
The function returns a value of type NUMBER. If the function is applied to an empty set, it returns NULL.
CORRELATED QUERY
A correlated query is a subquery that is executed repeatedly, once for each value of a candidate row
selected by the main query. The outcome of each execution of the subquery depends on the values of

one or more fields in the candidate row; that is, the subquery is correlated with the main query.
See
Chapter 12.
COS
SEE ALSO
ACOS, ASIN, ATAN, ATAN2, COSH, EXP, LN, LOG, SIN, SINH, TAN, TANH
FORMAT
COS(
value
)
DESCRIPTION
COS returns the cosine of a value, an angle expressed in radians. You can convert
a degree angle into radians by multiplying it by pi/180.
COSH
SEE ALSO
ACOS, ASIN, ATAN, ATAN2, COS, EXP, LN, LOG, SIN, SINH, TAN, TANH
FORMAT
COSH(
value
)
DESCRIPTION
COSH returns the hyperbolic cosine of a
value
.
COUNT
SEE ALSO GROUP FUNCTIONS, Chapter 8, Chapter 11
COUNT
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FORMAT
COUNT ( { * | [ DISTINCT | ALL ]
expr
} ) [OVER (
analytic_clause
)]
DESCRIPTION
COUNT counts the number of rows where
expression
is non-NULL, which are
then returned by the query. With DISTINCT, COUNT counts only the distinct non-NULL rows. With *,
it counts all rows, whether NULL or not.
COVAR_POP
SEE ALSO GROUP FUNCTIONS
FORMAT
COVAR_POP (
expr1
,
expr2
) [OVER (
analytic_clause
)]
DESCRIPTION
COVAR_POP returns the population covariance of a set of number pairs. You

can use it as an aggregate or analytic function.
Both
expr1
and
expr2
are number expressions. Oracle applies the function to the set of (
expr1
,
expr2
) pairs after eliminating all pairs for which either
expr1
or
expr2
is NULL. Then Oracle makes
the following computation:
(SUM(
expr1
*
expr2
) - SUM(
expr2
) * SUM(
expr1
) / n) / n
where
n
is the number of (
expr1
,
expr2

) pairs where neither
expr1
nor
expr2
is NULL.
COVAR_SAMP
SEE ALSO GROUP FUNCTIONS
FORMAT
COVAR_POP (
expr1
,
expr2
) [OVER (
analytic_clause
)]
DESCRIPTION
COVAR_SAMP returns the sample covariance of a set of number pairs. You can
use it as an aggregate or analytic function.
Both
expr1
and
expr2
are number expressions. Oracle applies the function to the set of (
expr1
,
expr2
) pairs after eliminating all pairs for which either
expr1
or
expr2

is NULL. Then Oracle makes
the following computation:
(SUM(
expr1
*
expr2
) - SUM(
expr1
) * SUM(
expr2
) / n) / (n-1)
where
n
is the number of (
expr1
,
expr2
) pairs where neither
expr1
nor
expr2
is NULL.
CREATE CLUSTER
SEE ALSO
CREATE INDEX, CREATE TABLE, Chapter 20
FORMAT
create_cluster::=
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parallel_clause::=
DESCRIPTION
CREATE CLUSTER creates a cluster for one or more tables. Tables are added to
the cluster using CREATE TABLE with the cluster clause. CREATE CLUSTER requires at least one cluster
column from each of the tables. These must have the same datatype and size, but are not required to
have the same name. For the tables in a cluster, rows with the same cluster column values are kept
together on disk in the same area, the same logical block(s). This can improve performance when the
cluster columns are the columns by which the tables are usually joined.
Each distinct value in each cluster column is stored only once, regardless of whether it occurs once
or many times in the tables and rows. This typically can reduce the amount of disk space needed to
store the tables, but each table continues to appear as if it contained all of its own data. Tables with
LONG columns cannot be clustered.
CREATE CLUSTER
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cluster
is the name created for the cluster.
column
and
datatype
follow the method of CREATE TABLE,
except that NULL and NOT NULL cannot be specified. However, in the actual CREATE TABLE statement,
at least one cluster column in a cluster must be NOT NULL. SIZE sets the size in bytes for a logical block
(not a physical block). SPACE is the cluster’s initial disk allocation, as used in CREATE TABLE.
SIZE should be the average amount of space needed to store all the rows from all the clustered
tables that are associated with a single cluster key. A small SIZE value may increase the time needed
to access tables in the cluster, but can reduce disk space usage. SIZE should be a proper divisor of the
physical block size. If not, Oracle will use the next larger divisor. If SIZE exceeds the physical block
size, Oracle will use the physical block size instead.
By default, the cluster is indexed, and you must create an index on the cluster key before putting
any data in the cluster. If you specify the hash cluster form, however, you don’t need to (and can’t)
create an index on the cluster key. Instead, Oracle uses a hash function to store the rows of the table.
You can create your own hash value as a column of the table and use that for hashing with the
HASH IS clause to tell Oracle to use that column as the hash value. Otherwise, Oracle uses an internal
hash function based on the columns of the cluster key. The HASHKEYS clause actually creates the hash
cluster and specifies the number of hash values, rounded to the nearest prime number. The minimum
value is 2.
See the
storage_clause
entry in the Alphabetical Reference for details on the common storage clause
parameters.
CREATE CONTEXT
SEE ALSO
ALTER CONTEXT
FORMAT

CREATE [OR REPLACE] CONTEXT
NAMESPACE
USING [
SCHEMA
.]
PACKAGE
[ INITIALIZED { EXTERNALLY | GLOBALLY }
| ACCESSED GLOBALLY ] ;
DESCRIPTION
A context is a set of attributes used to secure an application. CREATE CONTEXT
creates a namespace for a context and associates the namespace with the externally created package
that sets the context. To create a context namespace, you must have CREATE ANY CONTEXT system
privilege.
CREATE CONTROLFILE
SEE ALSO
ALTER DATABASE, CREATE DATABASE
FORMAT
create_controlfile::=
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character_set_clause::=

DESCRIPTION
The CREATE CONTROLFILE command re-creates a control file when you have
either lost your current control file to media failure, you want to change the name of your database, or
you want to change one of the options for the log file or a datafile. In general, this command should
only be used by experienced database administrators.
NOTE
Perform a full offline backup all of your database files before using
this command.
The REUSE option lets existing control files be reused rather than giving an error if any exist. The
SET option changes the name of the database, specified by the database clause. The LOGFILE clause
specifies the redo log file groups, all of which must exist. The RESETLOGS versus NORESETLOGS
clause tells Oracle to reset the current logs or not. The DATAFILE line specifies the data files for the
database, all of which must exist.
The MAXLOGFILES option specifies the maximum number of redo log file groups that can be
created. The MAXLOGMEMBERS option specifies the number of copies for a redo log group. The
MAXLOGHISTORY option specifies the number of archived redo log file groups for Real Application
Clusters. The MAXDATAFILES option specifies the maximum number of data files that can ever be
created for the database. The MAXINSTANCES option gives the maximum number of Oracle instances
that can mount and open the database. The ARCHIVELOG and NOARCHIVELOG options turns
archiving of the redo log files on and off, respectively.
CREATE CONTROLFILE
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The CREATE CONTROLFILE command needed for an existing database can be generated via the
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO TRACE command.
CREATE DATABASE
SEE ALSO
ALTER DATABASE, CREATE CONTROLFILE, CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT, CREATE
TABLESPACE, SHUTDOWN, STARTUP, Chapter 40
FORMAT
create_database::=
default_temp_tablespace::=
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