Điện tử số - Phần 1 pdf

5/1
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
Course contents
•
Digital design
•
Combinatorial circuits: without status
•
Sequential circuits: with status
•
FSMD design: hardwired processors

Language based HW design: VHDL
5/2
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design

Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
Language based HW design:
a VHDL primer
•
Introduction
•
A first look at VHDL
•
Signals and data types
•
VHDL operators
•
Concurrent versus sequential
statements
•
Sequential construction statements
•
Higher performance, less portability:
e.g. synthesis issues for Xilinx
5/3
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001

Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
Language based HW design:
a VHDL primer

Introduction
•
A first look at VHDL
•
Signals and data types
•
VHDL operators
•
Concurrent versus sequential
statements
•
Sequential construction statements
•
Higher performance, less portability:
e.g. synthesis issues for Xilinx
5/4
©

R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
VHDL primer: Introduction
•
Acronym:

VHDL = VHSIC Hardware Description Language

VHSIC = Very High Speed Integrated Circuit
•
What is VHDL?

A programming language for describing the behavior
of digital systems

Design entry language, used for

Unambiguous specification at behavioral and RTL
level


Simulation (executable specification…)

Synthesis

Documentation
•
Standardisation: IEEE 1076

First version: 1986

Second version: 1993

New version about to appear
5/5
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
VHDL primer: Introduction
•
When to use VHDL instead of

schematics?

Drawbacks:

VHDL is easy to learn but hard to master
(semantics are quite different from software
languages)

VHDL has a difficult syntax (Language sensitive
editors with templates for all language
constructs)

VHDL is very ‘wordy’: lots of code to type for just
a few simple things

A list of instructions is less intuitive to
understand than a block diagram for a human
being

VHDL is designed to make simulation efficient:
contains aspects that have hardly anything to do
with hardware behavior, but is useful to speed-up
event driven simulation
5/6
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-

torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
VHDL primer: Introduction
•
When to use VHDL instead of schematics?

Easier to capture complex circuits: higher level
of abstraction with automated synthesis

you specify ‘add’ instead of jotting
down a specific type of adder: the
synthesis tool will instantiate the best
type of adder under timing, area &
power constraints

easy to parametrise (e.g. word length,
queue depth)

easy to specify arrays of components

Portable across many tools for simulation,
synthesis, analysis, verification, … of different
vendors (e.g. Synopsys, Mentor Graphics, …)
5/7
©

R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
VHDL primer: Introduction
•
Limitations of VHDL

The standard only describes syntax and
semantics, but not the coding style

you can specify the same behavior (e.g. MUX) in
an almost unlimited number of ways

each leading to a completely different
implementation (e.g. Multiplexor or tri-state bus)

which is synthesis tool dependent.

You should do lots of experimentation with style-
tool combinations to be able to predict how the
hardware will look like that will be synthesised. Is

prediction necessary? You also do not predict the
ASM generated by C; C is less efficient than ASM
but faster to write. Currently, it is hard to tolerate
the inefficiency caused by the higher level
specification for hardware.

Note: for DSP processors programmed in C, we do
predict ASM and have to experiment with style-
compiler combinations for efficiency reasons!!
5/8
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
VHDL primer: Introduction
•
Limitations of VHDL (ctud)

Only a subset of VHDL can be automatically
synthesised; each vendor supports a different
subset


Only digital; special extension (not yet widely
adopted) for analog: VHDL-AMS (acronym for
VHDL Analog and Mixed Signal)

IEEE standard 1076.1-1999

is a super-set of the full IEEE VHDL
1076-1993 standard for digital design
5/9
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
VHDL primer: Introduction
•
Abstraction levels

Behavioral

Interconnected functions


Only info on functions or algorithms
(what)

Only timing needed to let the
function work correctly

OK for VHDL

Behavioral synthesisers immature;
used for high level executable
specification in top-down design and
manual synthesis into RTL
5/10
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
VHDL primer: Introduction
•
Abstraction levels


RTL

Interconnected registers and combinatorial units

Info on function (what) and architecture (how)

Cycle accurate

No technology dependent timing info

OK for VHDL

Good synthesisers

Gate level

Interconnected gates and flip-flops

Info on function and architecture

Info on technology dependent timing (gate delays)

Layout

Info on layout on silicon

Continuous timing

Analog effects

5/11
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
VHDL primer: Introduction
•
Other hardware description languages
(HDL)

Verilog

More widespread in USA than in
Europe

Often required for gate level or RTL
level ASIC sign-off

Never ending discussion which is
better


PLD languages like ABEL, PALASM, …

These are more at the gate level,
capturing also technology dependent
features (e.g. detailed timing)
5/12
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
VHDL primer: Introduction
•
Difference between HDLs and traditional
software programming languages

Concurrency: all hardware components operate
in parallel

Data types: support is needed for arbitrary size
integers, bit vectors, fixed point numbers


Concept of time
5/13
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
Language based HW design:
a VHDL primer
•
Introduction

A first look at VHDL
•
Signals and data types
•
VHDL operators
•
Concurrent versus sequential
statements
•
Sequential construction statements

•
Higher performance, less portability:
e.g. synthesis issues for Xilinx
5/14
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Example 1 task description
•
Design a circuit named ‘Test’ with 3 8-bit
inputs (In1, In2, In3) and two boolean
outputs (Out1, Out2). The first output
equals ‘1’ when the first and second input
are equal; the second output equals ‘1’
when the first and third input are equal.
•
Let’s first make a schematic design:
5/15
©

R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Schematic specification
•
The circuit will be hierarchically
decomposed into a top level component
‘Test’ containing 2 instantiations of a
comparator component ‘Compare’
In1
In2
In3
Test
Out1
Out2
Compare
A
B
EQ
Compare

A
B
EQ
5/16
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A
B
EQ
Compare
A First look at VHDL:
Schematic specification
•
The comparator is then hierarchically
decomposed into a gate level
combinatorial circuit
A[0]
B[0]
A[1]

B[1]
A[7]
B[7]
EQ
XNOR
AND
5/17
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Entity and Architecture
•
Declaration of the ‘Compare’ design
entity:
Eight bit comparator

entity Compare is
port( A,B: in bit_vector(0 to 7);
EQ: out bit);

end entity Compare;
architecture Behav1 of Compare is
begin
EQ <= ‘1’ when (A=B) else ‘0’;
end architecture Behav1;
‘Entity’ specifies
the interface
to the circuit, the
black box of a
schematic
Input and output
signals are called
‘ports’
‘Architecture’ describes
the behavior and structure
of the entity,
the internals of the box
Notes:
- Multiple architectures per entity are possible: different ways
of implementing same behavior
- This architecture specifies behavior at RTL level and not
the actual structure of gates; synthesis tool will automatically
translate this RTL behavioral description into gate level
- Ports have an explicit direction and are (vectors of) bits
5/18
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design

Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Component and Instantiation
•
Specification of the next higher level in
the circuit hierarchy: ‘Test’
Dual comparator Test component

entity Test is
port( In1,In2,In3: in bit_vector(0 to 7);
Out1,Out2: out bit);
end entity Test;
architecture Struct1 of Test is
component Comparator is
port( X,Y: in bit_vector(0 to 7);
Z: out bit);
end component Comparator;
begin
Compare1: component Comparator port map (In1,In2,Out1);
Compare2: component Comparator port map (In1,In3,Out2);
end architecture Struct1;
Two instantiations
of the same component

‘Comparator’ with its
signal binding
Notes:
- The two ‘comparator’ components work concurrently!!!
- This architecture describes structure, i.e. how this entity
consists of an interconnection of lower level components
Virtual device: allows
for concurrent
development of both
hierarchical levels,
by different persons.
‘Comparator’ will be
bound to ‘Compare’
later
5/19
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Comparison with C

•
This is very similar to software
programming languages, e.g. C
/* Eight bit comparator
*/
int Compare
(int A, int B)
{
return (A == B);
}
Interface to the function
Behavior of the function
Notes:
- Only one behavior per function possible
- Behavior is specified at rather high level and will be
automatically translated by the compiler into ASM instructions
- Function arguments do not have a direction and are of type int
Inputs and outputs are
called ‘arguments’
5/20
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits

FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Comparison with C
•
This is how the higher hierarchical level
looks like in C
/* Dual comparator Test program
*/
main()
{
int In1, In2, In3;
int Out1, Out2;
Out1 = Compare(In1, In2);
Out2 = Compare(In1, In3);
}
Two calls to the function
‘Compare’ with its
argument binding
Notes:
- The two ‘compare’ function calls are executed sequentially
- This main program is executed once and stops. In VHDL, all
components describe relations that are valid continuously and
forever
5/21
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital

design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Configuration
•
When an entity has multiple architectures, how do you indicate which
one to use?
•
How do you bind ‘Components’ to ‘Entities’?
Configuration information: architecture selection
and component-entity binding
configuration Build1 of Test is
for Struct1
for Compare1: Comparator use entity Compare(Behav1)
port map (A => X, B => Y, EQ => Z);
end for;
for others: Comparator use entity Compare(Behav1)
port map (A => X, B => Y, EQ => Z);
end for;
end for;
end configuration Build1;
Note: ‘configuration’ corresponds in SW to ‘linking’
Both ‘use entity’s could

be combined in one:
for All: Comparator
5/22
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Syntax
ENTITY:
entity Entity_name is
port( Signal_name: in Signal_type;
Signal_name: out Signal_type);
end entity Entity_name;
ARCHITECTURE:
architecture Architecture_name of Entity_name is
local_signal_declarations;
component_declarations;
begin
statements;
end architecture Architecture_name;

5/23
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Syntax
COMPONENT:
component Component_name is
port( Signal_name: in Signal_type;
Signal_name: out Signal_type);
end component Component_name;
COMPONENT INSTANTIATION:
component instantiation
Instance_name: component Component_name
port map (Signal_list);
or
direct instantiation
Instance_name: entity Entity_name(Architecture_name)
port map (Signal_list);
SIGNAL LIST:

two variants:
variant 1: ordered list of signals as in software languages
e.g. (In1,In2,Out1)
variant 2: named list
e.g. (B => In2, EQ => Out1, A => In1)
Locally used name
Name used in
component declaration
5/24
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Syntax
CONFIGURATION:
configuration Config_name of Entity_name is
for Architecture_name
for Instance_name: Component_name use entity
Entity_name(Architecture_name)
port map (Signal_list);

end for;
end for;
end configuration Config_name;
5/25
©
R.Lauwereins
Imec 2001
Digital
design
Combina-
torial
circuits
Sequential
circuits
FSMD
design
VHDL
A First look at VHDL:
Example 2
•
Declare a 3-input AND gate
A
B
C
Y
3-input AND gate
entity AND3 is
port ( A,B,C: in bit;
Y: out bit);
end entity AND3;

architecture RTL of AND3 is
begin
Y <= ‘1’ when ((A=‘1’) and (B=‘1’) and (C=‘1’)) else ‘0’;
end architecture RTL;