OXFORD LEARNER''''S GRAMMAR 3 doc

"Vhen
\VC
say
how
many
actions, we
do
nor
use
the
continuous.
I've tried
(0
phone the hotline at
least twenty times.
We use
the
present
perfect for a
state
up
to
the
present.
My friend has been in a
wheelchair for two years now.
I've
always
hated
hospItaL<;.

NoW
look at
these
examples.
49
The
past
perfect
V·le
can
use
the
continuous
for
repeated
actions.
I've been
trying
to
pr10ne the
hotline all day.
We
do
not
use
the
continuous
fOl
a
state.

(NOT -f'-w tl-lttftiyS -been-hating
fwspitafs.)
We've been living here since May. / We've lived here since
May.
rue
been
working
there for six weeks. / I've worked [here for six weeks.
With live
and
work,
either
form is possible,
but
the
continuous
is
more
usual.
~
.
t
49
The past perfect
4-
_
A Form
The
past
perfect

is
had
+
past
participle.
James apologized for the trouble he
had
caused.
I didn't
[rauel to the match because I
hadn't
hought
a ticket.
How
long
had
the animals been without food or warer?
We
use had in all persons.
-


-

-

Positive:
Negative:
Questions:
Past

perfen
someone
had
played.
someone
had
not
pLayed.
had
someone played?
B
Use
of
the
past
perfect
Short
forms
they'd played
they
hadn't
played.
We
use
the
past perfect for an
action
or a
state
before a

past
t
ime
.
Miranda lay
on
her
bed
and
slUred
at
the ceiling She was depressed.
Her
boyfriend Max
had
gone on holiday with his brother the day before.
He
hadn't
invited Miranda
to
go
with hun. ffe
hadn't
eIJen
said goodbye
properly. They
had
been friends for six monlhs,
and
e

ve
rything
had
seemed
fine.
Vt/hat
had
she done wrong?
This
paragraph
begins in the
past
simple. The
situation
is
that
Miranda lay
on
her
bed.
The
vvritcr looks back from this
situation
to a
time
before.
Compare
the
present
perfect

and
past
perfect.
Present
perfect:
lhe
floor
is
clean. 1
have
just
washed
it.
Pa<;t
perfect:
Ihe
floor was clean.
Iliad
just
washed
it.
Verh
tenses
NOTE
For
Ihe past perfect
in
if-clauses, > 247.
C Past simple
and

past
perfect
To
talk about a single action in (he past we u
se
the past simple.
'/1,is
lamp
is
new
. I
bought
it
last week.
(N 0
I'
f-hati
{,Bttght-it last weefc.)
We
also use the past
simp
le when
one
action
comes
immediately
after another.
When the shot
rang
out,

el
Jeryone
threw
th
e
ms
elves
to
the floor.
To say that so
meone
finished
one
action and then did something else, we use
either when

had
dune or afler

did/had dun
e.
When Miranda
had
typed
the message, s
h.
e
mail
ed
it

to Max.
After
Miranda
typed/had
typed
the message, she mailed
it
to Max.
(NOT
Whw
AfifflTtda f}1'etJ the
message,
fflt: mttiled it
ttl
Mft.'C
.)
Sometimes
the
choice
of
pa
st
simple
or p
as
t perfect makes a difference to
the
meaning_
When
th

e boss arrived, the meeting began.
(= The boss arri
ve
d
and
then the meeting began.)
When the
bOss
arrived, che
meeting
had
begun
.
(= The meeting began before
the
boss arrived.)
When Max
spoke
, Miranda
pUllh
e phone down.
(=
When Max
started
s
peaking,

. )
Wh
en

Max
had
spoken,
Miranda
P'"
the
phone
down
.
(= When Max fin i
shed
speaking,

)
We
can
use rhe past
perf
ec
r afrer before or
until
.
The printer went wrong before it
prim
ed I
it
had
printed
a single s
he

et.
We
didn't wallt to stop
/In
til we finished / we
had
finished
'he
job.
50
The past
perfect
continuous
74
A Form
The past perfect c
ontinuous
is
had
been + ing-form.
Someone
had
been u.sing
my
office.
Thi'lgS
hadn't
been going very well/or some
[(me.
Had

Ih
e poli
ce
alr
e
ady
been investigating the
matt
er?
We
u
se
had
in
all
persons.
Po
siti
ve:
Nega
tiv
e:
Questions:
Past perfect
cO
lllinuous
someone
had
been playing
so

meone
had
not
been play
ing
hatl
someone been playing?
Short forms
'h
ey'd been playing
they
hadn't
been playin!
~
1 Action verb!.
and
state
verbs
B
Use
of
the
past
perfect
continuous
We
li
se rhe
past
pcrfl'ct

continuous
for
an
':1((lOn t
hat
w('n!
011
over;:1 pl.!riod
before n pa
st
fIIn
e.
I was dehghlecJ
when
I
found
(J
second-Iulfu/
copy
of
til!'
hook
I'd heen
looking for
ONe
]C)r
some
time
.
Tile dru:cr

who
died
ill
the
accident
had
been
drinkillg.
In
the
seco
nd
example,
the
actiull
(drinkil1g)
w('nt
on
O\
'er
C1
period
before Ihe
driver'S
death
C The
past
perfect
continuous
and

other
tenses
Compale
the
pr
c~(!
nt
and
past
perfe
ct
continllOw,.
Pr
ese
nt
perfect
cont
inuous
:
My
hond
.,
ore
/IIt~{.
I
luw
f!
h
ee
/l

umshillg
the
fl
oor.
Past perfect
contmuous:
My
hands
were wet. J
had
heen washiliK
fhe floor.
Compare
the
pasl
perfect
and
past
perfect
con
t1l111
0US.
Past
perfect:
The
llo/IJ.1lleers
had
coUecled
hundreds
of'

pound
s.
Past
perfect
COilIinllOU'i:
fhe
IJofunteNs
had
lwen
collecting
I/lfJll
ey
all
morning.
The
past
perfect
foclIses on
the
fe<.,ult
of
t!w
anion.
The
{,o
!ltinl!
ou~
form
focuses
on

the
action
going
Oil
.
Co
mpare
tilt!
past
cont
inuou
s
and
past
perfect
cOl1
liIlUOll~.
Past
continuous:
H'//('/1
I
saw
A.hce. sll
e?
was
playing
holf
(l
bC!W
her

in
the
middle
of
th
e
game.
)
Past
perfe
ct
COntl1lUOllS:
When
f
.\liW
Alice,
sh(~'
d
been
playing
gD~r
(1
saw
her
after
the
game.
)
51
Action verbs

and
state
verbs
A Actions
and
states
Actions
jane
went
10
bed
J'm
buyillg
a.
new
/)l'iej(;rJ.se.
J
lent
j
er!.'
II'IY
len pound.,.
An
action i" 'iotnl'thing hilppening.
Action
verbs
;lre
velhs
llke do, go,
hllY, play,

SlOp,
rake,
d(>c
,'
rJf(ile,
rell,
ask, realize, ele.
,1\1051
refer to
physical action
s,
but
sump are \·crbs
oj
reporting
(c.g.
Sfty
!
or
\
'
t~
rbs
of
t
hinking
({'
.g. decide).

-~

-

-


jane
WllS
tired.
I neell
(I
IWW
briefcase.
jere"l}
'
owes
nle
tell
flO/I
uris
t\
~
late
i<.,
! ollH'thlllg that sta
y!)
the
!
<Jllle.
Stale\
eri)sareve

rbs likt'IN. exi.\t.
s{'em,
dep
eru/. C0I1S1Sr, include,
COII[(IlI/
.
"elong,
aii'll.
"eed
, maUer,
III/end
,
CO
.\I.
(Jwe,
know,
1.
1IUlentalld
, IwiIl've,
Love,
like,
hate.
wonl.
etc.
They
('xprc! s
meanings
~
Udl
as

exblJng.
h,l\ing;]11
opinion.
and
tlllnklllg.
Verb tenses
76
We
ca
n
li
se
a
t.:
tion
ve
rbs in the c
ontinuou
s,
but
stare ve
rb
s are
not
uS
U<llI
y
continuoll
s.
We

are de
co
rating the flat.
(NOT
Vie
are
8
w
"
i
n~fhe-flaf.
)
Th ey u
le
re guessing
th
e
an
swers,
(NOT
~
I!
()
we
. e Jm(tttting the
-am
weFS
}
B Verbs
with

more
than
one
meaning
Some
verbs have more
than
one meaning. One
me
a
ning
can
be
an
action,
and
ano
ther me
aning
c
an
be
a
state.
Actions I
:ca
n be c
ontinuous
}
We're

having
lunch
now
.
(action -
'e
ating')
We're
thinking
about the offer.
(action -
'deciding
')
They're expecting troubl
e.
(
action
-
'w
aiting for
it
')
Can you
imagine
th
e r
es
ult?
(action - 'pic
ture

in yo
ur
he
ad
')
Nurses care
for
the sick.
(aclion - 'look aftcr')
We stopped
to
admire
the view.
(action - 'look
at
with pleas
ur
e')
He
was
looking
al
a
pi
c
tur
e.
(action - 'direc
ting
his eyes at')

Would
you
like
to
taste
th
e s
oup?
(action - '
eat
a little
')
Smell
th
es
e
flow
ers!
(action -
's
niff
.
'u
se y
our
n
os
e')
She's
appearing

in a film.
(action - 'playing a
part
')
He
n
ee
d.
s
to
measure
the
door.
(
action
- 'find
out
the
size')
We
mu
st weigh the luggag
e.
{action - 'find OUI (he weight')
S
om
eone has to cost the proj
ec
t.
(action -

'find
ou(
the
cost')
1 was
fitting
a new switch.
(action - '
puning
in
place'
)
C State verbs in
the
continuous
States (
cannot
be
continu
ou
s)
We
have
a big kite/len.
(stat
e -
'own'
)
I
think

we s
hould
accept
it
.
(state - 'believe
')
J expect
so.
(state -
'belie
ve
')
[ imagine so.
(state - 'beli
ev
e'
)
[ don '[ care
what
happ
en
s.
(state -
'have
no
feelings a
bout
it')
I

admire
y
our
cou.rage.
(state - '
appro
ve
or)
It looks lovely.
(s
tate -
'ha
s a love
ly
app
e
aran
ce')
It
tasted like water.
(s
tate - 'had a Oavour
')
Il smells
ve
ry
strang
e.
(s
tate - 'has a strange sme

ll'
)
He
app
e
ared
perfectly c
alm
.
(
Sl
ate -
'see
med')
It
measured
two metr
es
.
(s
tate -
'w
as two
metr
es long')
It
weighed ten kil
os.
(s
tate - '\\las

ten
kilos in weight
')
A ticket emits ten po
und
s.
(s
tate - 'has a pri
ce
of ten po
und
s
')
Th
e jacket fits
pelf
ee
lly.
(s
tate 'is the right size')
Wi
th s
ome
state verbs, we c
an
use
th
e continuo
ll
s

when
we
are talking a
bout
feelings at a partic
ular
time,
rather
than a permanent
attitud
e.
I love holidays. (
perman
e
nt
anitude
)
J'm loving every
minut
e
of
thi
s holiday. (a
round
the present tim
e)
51
Action verbs and
state
verbs

Here are s
ome
more examples of
conlinuous
verb forms referring to a
particular rime.
flow are you liking the play? Well, it's.all right
so
Jar.
This trip is costing
me
a lot
of
money.
Enjoy
IS an action verb.
I'm
enjoying this
parey.
J always enjoy parties.
(NOT I-enjO') this pa,
l).)
N
OTE
a
Be
can be an action verb meaning 'behave', > 6S
C.
The dog was
being

a nuisance,
so
we
slnll
him
out
.
b Know IS a state verb, but get
10
know
expresses
an
action
I
know
the
low"
quite well
nOlu
.
I'm
gClling to
know
the
town
quil
c well.
o Verbs
which
can be simple

or
continuous
There are
some
verbs which can be
either
simple or continuous when
referring to a temporary state. There
is
almost no difference
in
meaning.
I feel depressed. I
I'm
fee/ing depressed.
She hopes
to get a job IShe's
hoping
to get a job.
My arm hurt. /
My
arm
was hurting.
These verbs include feel, hope, hurt,
lie,
look
(=
appear), stand, wear, and
wonder.
But

feel
meaning 'believe'
is
a state verb.
I feel it's the right thing to
do.
And for other meanings of feel, >
E.
E Verbs
of
perception
When we are talking about perception (seeing, hearing, etc
),
we
often use can
(present)
and
could (past) rather than a
present
or
past (ense.
I can see something under the sofa.
We
could hear music.
r can smell something burning.
Sam
could
feel the weight
of
the rucksack.

We
do not normally use the continuous.
We
can use the past simple when what we saw, heard, or felt was a
comp
lete
action.
We
saw a magnificent sunset.
Tom lleard the whole story.
They felt the building shake.
See
(= meet)
is
an
action verb.
J'm seeing the doctor this aflernoon.
See
(= understand)
is
a state verb.
You put the
CD
;1'1
here, like this

Oh,
[see. Thank
YOll.
Verb tenses

Loo
k (at something), watch, and listen are action verbs.
We looked
atl
~Ve
were looking at the sunset.
Sme
ll, caste, a
nd
feel as action verbs mean a deliberate ac
ti
on, > B.
I picked
up
the carlon
and
smelled the milk.
When
we
arrived, people were
alr
eady tasting the wine.
Judy
was
feeling her way
ill
the dark.
52
Overvi
ew

: t he main
uses
of
the
tenses
_
Prescnt simple:
A present state
or
fact
lUke
old films.
>
40
Atlanta is in
Georg
ia.
A
permanent
routine
I
work
late
mo
st days.
Present
In
the middle
of
an

ac
ti
on
I'm watching this film.
continuous:
A temporary routine
I'm working
la
te this week.
>
41
Past
An
action in the past
I wrote the lell
er
yesterday.
simp
le:
A series of past
ac
tions I played basketball
> 43
regularly
at
one
time.
A past state
I
was

(h
e
re
for a week.
Prescnt
An action in the period up
I've written tlte letter.
perfec
t:
to
the present
> 44
A series of actions up to the
I'
ve played basketball
present
a few times.
A state up
{Q
the present
I've been he
re
for a week.
Pa
st
An
action over a period of
It
was raining when I got
I.

co ntinuous:
past time
> 47
Prescnt
An
action over a period up
It
has
been raining all
day.
perfect to the
pr
esent
con
ti
nuou
s:
> 48
Pa
st
An
action before a past
By (hat time the rain
perfect:
time
had
stopped.
>
49
A stale before a past time The weather

had
been a
wft
for days.
Past pe
rfe
ct
An
action over a period up
By
that lime it
had
been
continuous:
to
a past time
rainillg for
hour
s.
> 50
78
The
future
53
Introduction
A This
news
ile m
is
abotl!

11
tt't1cher
who
is
going
to
run
Ihe
/englh
of
Britain
.
BOIr
!->
Il
E
COH
I)
(J
I/\
UI:
'\Gl
32-Yf!ar-uld
Hoh
Brown
, u ,'eacher
from
Co
mu
l

tllI
. is
about
(0
set o
j!
011
a
fili
i
of
more
that!
BOO
mile
,~
.
'/'omorrow
moming
at
lour o'e/ock he
Inwl's
John
o
'C
roats, tile
most
no
rth erly
paim

if! Scoll
and,
011
a Jo
urney
to
LlHui's
F:ruj,
the so
uth
-western.
lip
of
Ellgland. He is
hoping
to
heat the record
ojll!fI
da
J'.\
an
d two hOllrs.
/1
won
'(
be pasy Each day he
will
run
84 mil
es

-
28
Iniles
before
breakf
cH
/.
28
mil
es
heJore l/.lnd,
and
28
miles hl10re dinner.
But
Mr
Brown has
had
IO/
s
of
prueti
re:
he
once rail 3,000 miles across
Ausrralia in
()O
da.ys.
Hi.
~

penonal
clJe) is
tmpelling
w
illi
him
in a Cflmper
va
n
and
will
be
cooking
lOiS
a/prls((J. rice
and
IJoIa
toes
.
In
SpIl
l'
of
fl
lwgf'
mlflke
of
high-energy [ood.
",
iUr Brown

will
probably
hav
e
lo
st len kilos hy
lhe end
of
{he
run, '['ve
put
on a j(nv kilos in p
n'
pa
ratio
ll
,' he
say
s,
'hut 1'",
going
to
burn
it
off
pr
(>{{y
({/li
ckly
'

Mr
Br
ow
n
al
so
expect
s
co
we
ar
Ollt
fOil
r
pairs of
run111nx
.,
hoe
s,
In
the
!<lSI
c
hapler
we
looked
at
ver
h
rorms

referring
to
the
p
resen
t
and
the
past.
For
e
xampl
e we use
the
past
s
imple
for
an
anion
in
the JKISt.
Mr
Brown
onc
e ran. across Auslralia,
But
we
ca
nnol

be
as definite
ahou
t
the
futur
e as
we
CUll
abou
t
the
pr
C'
sc
n[
or
{h
e
past
T
here
ar
e
difkrenr
W;
lYS
of
talkin
g

abo
ut
the
ftllu
re
(kpendlJ1g Oil
how
we
see
\l
futlllC
eve
nt. We m ay s
ee
sUIlIt:!thing
it
S
certa
in [n
happen
.
or
Lt
Illay be a
plan
or
an intentIOn,
or
it
ma

y
he
s
ome
thing
\\'c lhink
\\'111
ha
ppl
'
lI
but
can'
t
bc
s
ure
a
bout.
B There is no
!>
inglc
'f
ulUre tense' in English, Here
arc
'>OJ11C
exam
pl
e<;
of

[lic'
different
ways
of
talking
about
the
future.
I-
.
xam
plc

- -

- -

- -

- - -


-
will:
he
going
(o
:
Pre
se

nt co
ntilluous
'
PrC6
ent
sim
ple:
be
to:
be
a
bout
to:
wif/
lJe
doing:
will huve done:
may, n'llghr,
could
:
/:"a.ch
day
he
will
run 84 mil(
!s.
fie is goinK
l{)
burn
olf

the
e
xI
ra
weight
.
His
personal ch
ef
is travelling will,
II
im
I-Je
Leaves
john
U'(
irutu
s
at
[uur
l
omorrow
mOfllill~
Mr
Brown is to
appeal'
0
11
a cl'Jat sl
ww

/l
ex
{ Salwc.iuy
He is
abnutlO
set
oJ/un
his
nw.
llis
chef
will
be
couking
lOI
S
of
pa
sfll.
/'I
ce
,
(l1If1
polr/l
fli'."
Mr
Braum
will
hml
e lost f

en
kil
os
by the e
ud
oj
{Iii' 1"/11/.
II
all
might
go
horribly
wrong,
lit'
COUlll
get
i
llJured
The
future
To·jnftni
li
ve after
aim, expect, hope,
int.cl1d
, or plan:
Mr Brown is
hoping
co
bear the record.

web
day he
plan
s to
run
84 miles.
Often there is
mor
e
than
one
po
ssible form ;n a particular co
nte
x
t.
Each
day
he will r
un
84
mile
s.
Each day he's going to
run
84 miles.
Each day he
will
be
running

84 miles.
C To s
ho
w
how
s
ur
e
or
un
s
ure
we
are
about
the future, we
can
use
an
adverb
like definitely, certainly, probably, perhap
s,
maybe,
or
possibly.
H
e'
ll probably lose
about
ten kilo

s.
Or we can use [ know, I'm sure,
[think,
{ expect, or { s
uppo
se.
[think
he's going to
break
the record.
54 Wi
ll
and
shall
80
A F
or
m
After will we
pu
r an infinitive
without
to. Wi
ll
h
as
a s
hort
f
orm

'
II
, a
nd
will not
has a Sh
Of
t form won't l
wau
nt
/.
This book will
change
you
r
Life
.
I'll
know
so
on
if
I've got the job.
Will
you
s
rilliove
me
tomorrow?
We

will
not
get
anol
fi
er chance.
We
WOll't
get another c
ha
nce.
We
use
Will
in
all
pe
rsons. In
the
first person we can u
se
either
will
or
sh
all
.
The m
eaning
is the

sa
me
,
but
shall is a little forma
l.
I
will
be/s
hall
be at
home
tomorrow.
We will
have
/
shall
have
lots
of
fun.
N
OT
E
a Shall not h
as
a short form shan
't
I So:
nl

/.
I sha
ll
" be here
tomorrow
Shan't is o
ld
·
ra
shloned. Won't is more
u~ual.
b Tn the US
slJalL
is
less usu
al
than
wIll, and shan', IS
nOI
used
B Will
fo
r
the
f
uture
\'Vill is of
ten
used to ta
lk

about
things in the
fUH
ue
th
at we
ca
n be fairly
ce
rt
a
in
abo
ut
. The future is se
en
as
fa
ct, something we
ca
n nor control.
Southern
England will
stay
dry
ami
sunny over the weekend.
My
father w
ill

definirely be in
ho
s
pital
for at least
lwO
weeks.
I'll be
lwenty
·flve next year.
Here there
IS no sense
of
a wish
or
intention.
We
ca
ll
also use will for a prediction.
[
rh
ink United will win.
54
Will
a
nd
shall
We
can use

will
"v
ith
ha
ve to, be
allowed
£0,
and
be
able
lu.
Il's geUing lale. We'li ltave to
hurry
. > 7 lA
CompetiLOrs
will
not
be
allowed
to use
mobile
plion
e
s.
> 75C
Now
you
've got
some
funding,

you'
lllJe
able
to
continue
your
s
tudi
e
s>
BUB
C An instant decision
We
can sometimes use
I'll/we'll
for
an
instant
decisiun.
It's raining. I'll
take
an
umbrella.
I
think
J'lI
just
sit
down
for a

minut
e.
Will expresses the
id
ea thai we
de
cide
at
the
moment
of speakin
g.
Compare
be going
10.
What
else do I need? Oh, 1 know. I'll
buy
some
postcards.
(I'm deciding now to buy some.)
I'm
going
to
buy
some
postcards, so let's
walk
past the shops, slzall we?
(I've already decided to buy s

om
e
.)
,
We
also use I'll! we'll when ordering food
or
drink.
JIll
have
the soup, please.
Do
not
confuse will
and
wartt.
Action: 1
think
I'll
buy
some
postcards.
"-"
OK,
I'
ll
wait
for you.
Wish: I
want

to
buy
some
postcards,
but
1
haven
't
gOl
any
money
.
D Willingness
Will
some
times expresses w
ill
ingness.
I expect
my
friend
will
translat
e
it
for
you.
She
speaks Italian.
I'll sit/I'm willing to sit on the floor. J

don
't
mind
I'll sit
on
the floor
means
that 1 am willing
to
S
it
on
!.he
floor.
Won't or will
not
can express unwillingness or
an
emphatic refusal.
The doc
tor
won.
'f
come
out
at
this
lime
of
n.ight.

I
won
't
put
up
willi
chis
nonsense.
The
minister
will
not
agree to
the
plan.
The subject can
be
a thing rather
than
a
per
son.
I'm late
al
r
eady
,
and
now
the car

won't
s
tart
.
E
Other
uses
of
will
and shall
In an offer we
can
lise I'll/we'll
and
shall
J/we.
I'll
hold
Ihe
door
ope/l for you. -
011,
Ihank
s.
Shall
I
hold
the
door open for
you?

-
011,
thanks.
We do not use
be
going to to make
an
offer.
In a promise we can use I'll/we'
ll.
(1
promise
) I'll
lLo
my
best to help you.
In
an
in
vilation we can use
won
't you,
but
would
you
like
to
is more us
uaL
Won't

you
sit
down?
I
Ht
'
ould
you
like
to
sit
down?
The
ruture
When we can't decide, we use shall Jlwe
to
ask ror advice or a suggestion.
Where
shall
I
put
these flowers?, , I'll get a vase.
What
shall
we do this weekend?
We
can use shall we
to
make a suggestion.
Shall

we go to
the
seaside this weekend?
This means the same as Let's go

, > IIF.
NOTE
a Will can express an assumption, >
76
James left tills morning. He'll be m
wndon
now.
b When will
is
stressed.
it
can express dctermination.
I
WIU
succeed.
(= I
(1m
determined
10
succeed.)
c Will is somctimes used
in
formal orders.
It
emphasizes the authority uf the speaker.

}'
Oll
willieave
the
building
immedlQceiy.
d
We
gencr.l!ly use shall
on
ly with
lor
we,
but
we
can use
you
shall in 3 promise.
You
shall
be
the first
CO
know,
(I
promise
).
c
Shall
is

also sometlmes used
for
formal rules.
The employee shall gille two weeks' notice in ",ming.
55
Be
going
to
82
A Form
The form is be going + to-infinitive.
I'm going
to
watch television.
it
isn't going
to
rain, is it?
Are you
going
to
buy
a newspaper?
NOTE
In
informal speech going
fa
is
often pronounced
/'

gAna/.
B
Be
going
to
for
the
future
We
can use be going to for something
in
the future.
It's going to stay dry
and
sunny over the weekend. ]
My
father is definitely
going
to
be
in
the
hospital
for
at
lea
st
two
weeks
.

•
We
can use be going to
to
make a prediction.
I
think
Unit
ed
are
going to win.
Will is also possible in the three examp
le
s above, >
54B.
For a comparison
of
will
and
be
going to, > 57. '
When we use be going to, th
ere
is
a
sense
of something
in
the present
pointing to the future.

It
's
ten already. We're
going
to
be
lale.
This fence
is
going
to
fall
down
soon.
These predictions are based on
somet
hing
we
can see in the present.
We
can
see from the
time now that
we
are going to be lat
e,
and we can see from the
condition of the fence that
it
is

going to
fall
down. The present evidence
points
to
th
e futur
e.
56 Pre
sen
t tense
fo
rms
fo
r
the
futu
re
,C
Intentions
We
c
an
al
so use be going
to
for a plan
or
an
inte

mion
.
I'm going
to
start
my
own busin
ess.
They're going to
build
some
new
flats here.
In the first example,
I'm going to start
means
that I intend to startlI have
decided
to
start.
With verbs
of
mov
ement, especia
ll
y go
and
come, we often use the present
continuous rather th
an

be going to.
I'm
going
OUl
in a minuc
e.
I've got
snme
shopping to
do.
I'll
pop
in
and
see you. I'm
coming
past
your
place in
any
case.
Nm
'E
Going to go
and
Roing
to
come
ca
n

so
und awkward amJ are often avoided.
56 Present
tense
forms for
the
future
A The present continuous
We
use the present continuous for what
someone
has arranged to do.
I'm
meeting
Kate
at
the club tonight.
What are
you
doing
tomorrow?
Julie is
going
to
Florid
a.
next
month
.
I'm

doing
some
shopping lhis afternoon.
Julie
is
going to Florida suggests
that
Julie
has
made
arrangements slIch as
buying her ticke
t.
I'm doing
some
s
hopping
mean
s
that
I
ha
ve planned my
day so that
J can do the shopping.
The meaning is simil
ar
to
be
going to for

an
intention,
and
in many l:ontcxts
we c
an
use
either
form .
We'
re
visiting/We're goi
ng
to visit friends
at
the weekend.
B The present simple
We
can
sometimes
use the present simple for
the
future,
but
only for what we
see as part
of
a timetable.
The meeting is on May 1
3.

Th
e train leaves in fi
ue
minutes.
We change
at
Birmingham.
Wllallime
dQ
you arrive i
ll
Chicago?
We
do
not
use
the
present simple for decisions or intention
s.
(NOT
Jca.,.,
lhttt-bag
/8.
f6U
.)
(NOT -Fhey-bttiltl-some-ttett#fl-al3
hut:
.u.t
tJn
.)

For the
pr
esent simple in a s
ub·clau
se, >
59
A.
For
be
due
to
+ to-
in
finilive referring
to
a timetabl
e,
> 5
80.
83
The future
57
Will, be
going
to,
or
the
present
continuous?
14

A We use both will
and
be going
to
to
talk aboLt the future.
It'll probably rain. It usually rains at weekends.
It's going to rain. Look at those clouds. '
The
prediction with going
to
is
ba
sed
on
the
pr
esent situation.
We use
be
going
to
(
not
wil{J
when
the future action seems
ce
rt
ain

to
happ
en
and
is very close.
Hel
p!
I'm
going
to JaW
I'm
going to be sick!
Sometimes
we
can
use
either
form with liltle difference in meaning.
One day the s
un
will
cool down/is going to cool down.
C
it
y won't beat/aren't going to
beat
Unit
ed.
\tVhen we talk
about

intentions.
plan
s
and
a
rrangemcnt
s,
we use
he
going
to
or
the present continuous,
but
not
will.
We're going to eat
out
ton.ight.
(=
We
inte
nd
to
eat DUL)
We're
eating
out
tonight.
(::

We
have arranged
lO
cat
DUL)
We use will for
an
ins
tant
decision.
I'm too tired to cook. I
think
I'll get a take-away.
'ATe
do
not u
se
(he
ordinary
verb be in the
present
con
tinuou
s.
We'll be in South Africa for a
mmllh.
(NOT
We-!"e
heing
in

S
lHtfh
Africa /or-tHrtmHh.)
B This co
nv
ersa
ti
on takes
pl
ace
at
the
end
of work
on
Friday
aftcrnoon.
A HiW
DAY
S OFI:
Emma:
Poll
y:
Emma:
Poll
y:
Emma:
Poll
y:
I'll see you

all
Monday then.
Oh, J won't be her
e.
Didn't J te
ll
you? I'm
taking
a few days off. I'm
going on h.oliday. I'll be
away
for a week.
No
, you didn't say. Where are yoq going?
The
Lake
District. I'm going to dd some walking.
O
h,
th
at
'll
be nice. We
ll.
I
hop
e you
hav
e a good tim
e.

Thanks.
Jill
see you the
week
after.
Polly gives
the
news
of
h
er
plan
s by using
the
pr
ese
m co
ntinu
ous
and
be
going
10.
I'm
taking
a lew
dfJYs
off.
I'm
going

In
do
some walking.
We
ca
nn
Ol u
se
will in lhis
co
ntext. But after'first
mentioning
a
plan
or
intentio
n,
we o
ft
en use will for
furlher
details
and
comments.
I'm going
on
holiday. I'll be
away
for a week.
I'm going to do some

walking Oh.
Ihat'
lIl>
e ni
ce.
They're going to
build
so
me
new flats.
The
work will
take
about six months.
58
Be ro, be a
bour
ro, etc
TIPS
When
yo
u're talking about the future . . .
1
Remember
that
be going
to
can
be
used

for both predictions and
intentions,
so
it
is often the safest choice, especia
ll
y in conversa
ti
on.
It's going to
be
a
ni
ce
day
. We're
go
ing
to
have
a picnic.
2 U
se
will for insta
nt
decisions.
I'll go
and
switch the
computer

off.
3 Use the
present
continuous f
or
arr
angements.
I'm
acting
in a
play
next
week.
4 Do
not
use the
pr
esent
si
mple for plans
or
intention
s.
(~OT
f-ttcf
in
tl
phi) nf!'(f-tt;Iee/e-)
58
Be

to,
be
about
to, etc
A
Be
to
for
an
arrangement
We
can
use be + to-infinitive for
an
o rficia I
arrangement.
The Prime Minister is to visit
Budap
esl.
The
two
companies
are
to
merg
e
at
the
beginning
of

next year.
Be is often left
out
of
be to
in
ncws head lines.
Pr
ime
Mi
ni
ster
to
visit
Budapesl.
B
Be
to
for
an
order
Be
to
can also express a rule or an
orde
r by a person in authority.
The teacher says we are to
wait
her
e.

You're
1101
to
slay
/.Jp
late.
No
one
is
to i
ec
we lhis huilding.
nil
S trolley is
nOI
to be
removed
from
the
slation.
C
Be
about
to
and
be
on
the
point
of

We
ca
n use
be
about + to
-infin
itive f
or
an acti
on
in (he
ne
ar
f
wur
e.
The audience are in
th
eir'
seats,
and
the performance is
about
lO
start.
Hurry up.
Th
e
hu
s is

about
10
le
ave
.
We
do [lot usua
ll
y give a time with abouL
10
. We say The
bll
s leaves in len
IninUl
es
hilt
NO'!
-+he~!t-f.thfHff-{ff-letttte-
itt
-
tell
.IZili
u l
e5.
We
can
use
just
with
be

about
to
and
be
going
to.
The bus is
jllst
about
to lea velis
just
going
Lo
leav
e.
This m
ca
ns that
(h
e bus is leaving in
{h
e very nc
ar
future.
Be
on the
pOi1'll
afmeans
the
same

as
he aboUlID.
Ii
is followed by an
ing-form.
The
governmen
r is
on
th
e
point
of
announcillg
a decision.
85
The
future
o
Be
due to
We can
so
metimes use be
due
+ to·infiniti
ve
wh
en we are talking
about

a
timetable.
The meeting is
due
to
take
pla
ce on May 13.
The train
is
due
to
leave in
fw
e
minut
es.
E
Be
set to
Be sel + to·infinitive
is
used in news reports about things that are
ex
pected
to
happen soon.
Th
e pfayer is
set

to
move
to
an
Italian
cl
ub
.
The oil
co
mpanie
s
are
set
to raise prices
on
ce
mor
e.
F
Be
bound
to
and
be sure/certain to
We
ll
SC these forms
to
say

that
somet.hing w
ill
definitely
happ
en in the furure.
T
h
e
r
e'.
~
bound
to
be
troubl
e.
The
Pr
es
ide
nt
is surelcertain to resign.
59
The
pres~nt
tense
in
a sub-clause
A

We
often use the present simple for future time in a clause with
if,
when, a
s,
whil
e,
before,
aft
e
r,
until
,
by
the lime. or as soon as. This
happen
s when both
clauses are about the future.
If
we
meet
at
seven, we'
LL
have
pl
e
nty
Of
rim

e.
86
My pare
nts
ar
e go
in
g
to
m
ove
to
the
seaside
wh
en
ch
ey retire.
Let's
wait until the
ra
in stops.
Call
me as soon as you IImle any new
s.
(
NO
T
£a/
lme

ttJ-300n·
Wl
·-
ycu
":
l
l-
hatte-Un-y
netlJ5
.)
The same thing happens in o
th
er kinds of sub-
cl
auses, s
lI
ch as a rela
ti
ve
clause or a
noun
cl
ause.
There will be a
pr
ize for the per
so
n
who
scores

th
e
mo
st poi
nt
s.
C
an
you
make
sure thac the
pla
ce is left tidy?
B
In
a s
ub
· clause we also u
se
the pres
ent
continuous or present perfect for
fmure time, rather
th
an the future continuous or future perfec
t.
I'll thi
nk
Of y
ou

here when
I'm
lying
on
the beach next week.
(NOT
FU
chinle
6{
>
Oh
fie, e
wilen
Fl
l be
lyfng-tttHh
e-beae
lt
-
ne-xf
tt
eek.)
Le
t's
ca
rry
on
until
we
've finished.

(NOT
Le
t'
s
eti:ff)
tJrr.
-
unri/
-
we
W

hatJe-jinishetL)
C
But
jf
the main clause has a present· tense
ve
rb (c.g. I exp
ec
t), then we do not
li
se another present-tense verb for the futur
e.
J
ex
p
ec
c
th

e
ra.
i
n.
will
stop
50 0
11.
I keep
reminding
my
.
~el
f
tlull I'll
be
lying
on
ch
e beach neXl week.
60 The
future
cont Inuous:
will
be
do
ing
NOTE
Afte
r hope

we
can
use cithcr a present
or
a
fu
ture form.
I hope you havelyoll'll have a fOllCly time
60
The
future
continuous:
will
be doing
A Form
The future co
ntinuou
s
is
will he + ing-f
or
m.
Th
e committee will be discussing the matler next month.
We
won't
be doing much
at
t-he
weekend.

Will
you
be
staying
here long?
NOTE
a
In
the first person we can also use shalL
I
wiW
sJ
ltlll
be
visiting customers all day.
b
We
can use be going
to
as
we
ll
as will.
We
ar
en'
t going to be doing milch
at
the weekend
B Action over a

future
period
We
can use the future continuous for
an
act
ion
over a period
of
future time.
It
means that we w
ill
be
in
th
e middle
of
an action.
Mike
ca
n
't
come tonigh
t.
He'll be working.
How will I recugnize you?
-J'm
fair, quite tall, and I'll be wearing a blue
co

at.
Compare t
he
past, present, and future.
Past:
I'
ve
just
had a holiday. This time last week 1 was lying in the sun.
Present: J'm phoning from Cr
ete.
I'm on the beach.
J'm
lying in the sun.
Futur
e:
I'm going on holiday. This tlme next week I'll be
ly
i
ng
in the sun.
Compare these
sentences
:
The
crowd will cheer when the Queen arriv
es.
(She w
ill
arrive and then the crowd will cheer.)

The crowd will be cheering when the Queen arrives.
(
The
crowd will start cheering
and
then
she w
ill
arrive.)
We
somet
ime
s
use
the future
continuo
us with a
phrase
of
time
to
talk a
bou
t
an action going
on
over a whole period.
I'll be working all day tomorrow.
: IOTE
We

can also use the future continuous
for
an assump
ti
on
about
whal is happening no\\'
I expect Usa
!s
busy. She'll be revising fo r her exam.
C A
routine
or
arrangement
We
can
al
so
use
th
e future co
ntinu
ous
for
an
action which will result f
ro
m a
routine
or

arrangement.
87
The (ulUre
I'
ll
be
phoning
my
mother
tonight. I
al
ways
phon
e IIer on F
ri
days.
(T
he
phone
ca
ll
w
ill
be
the
resu
lt
of
my regular roulinc.)
The

Qu.een
will be arriving
in
len minutes' lime.
(Her arrival in ten
minute
s is
pan
of
her
sc
hedule
.)
We
are
ce
ntralizing
our
operation
s,
so this office will be closing
next
month.
(T
he c10su rc w
ill
be
a result
of
the centralization

.)
Other f
orms
are
also
po
ssible
in
the a
bo
ve contexts.
I'm goiug to
phone
my
moth
er
tonight
. > 55
J'm
phoning
my
mOlher {Onighl. > 56A
We
can use
the
future cont
inu
ous
to ask
about

so
m
eone
's
plan
s
to
see
if
the
y
fit
in with
our
wishes.
Will
you
be going pa.stlhe po
st
office th
is
morning
?
Ye
s,
why?

Co
uld
you

post this for me, please?
How long
will
you
be
using
th
e tennis court?
'"
We've booked it
until
three.
Wilen
will
you
be
marking
o
ur
t
es
t papers?
,
Next week, probably.
We
cou
ld
use
the
prescnt

cont
inuou
s in these cxamples. >
56A
61
The
future
perfect
and
future
perfect
continuous
88
A The
future
perfect
The future perfect is will
ha
ve + p
ast
participle.
When
we
gel to York,
we'
ll
have
don
e
hulf

the journey.
Seven is
coo
early. 1
wo
n't
hav
e
got
home/rom
work
by
then.
Ho
w long will the spaceship
have
been
in
orbit?
We
can
use the future p
er
f
ect
to
talk
abo
ut some
thing

be
ing over at a time
in
the
future.
I'll
have
finished
lhis
book
soon.
I'm
nearly at lhe end.
We
don't need all
day
for the muse
um
. {expect we'll
hav
e seen enough
by
lunch time.
Sarah
WC}II
't
have
completed
her studies until she's twenty-fiue.
NOlE

a In
the
firsl person we can also
use
sha
ll
When we gel to York,
we
will/shall hallc done I
Ia
lf the journey.
h \
Ve
r::m
so
me tim
es
use
iJe
gnirrg
In
;'IS
we
ll
as
wi
l/.
They a
re
n'

t
gui
ng
to
lIalle
finished
the repairs
101li/llcxt
week.
c The
fu
tur
e pcrfec[ can express an ass
umpll
on abo
u[
[h
e pas
t.
> 76C
You 'LlI
UlVC
mer
my
boss -
he
was
at
Ilu!
II//

~/Ulg
),ou
WCIlt
to.
B The
future
perfect
continuous
The
future perfect
co
ntinu
ous is will have been + ing-form.
It'
s
Mike
's party in October. He'
l/.
Ira.l
le
been working h
ere
for ten
yea.rs.
62
Was
going to. would, was to. etc
We
us~
th

is
form
wh~n
we
imagine
ours~
l
ves
looking back from a time
in
th~
future, c.g.
Oc
tober. We look back at
an
action that w
ill
continue
up
10
that
time, e.g. Mi
ke
workjn
g.
Here arc some
mo
re examples.
If J
manage

to finish this
book
by
Friday, I'll h
ave
been r
ea
din
g it for
eigh
t
weeks.
Our neighbours are 111-Olling SOOIl. They'
ll
h
ave
only been living here a year.
How
lo
ng
will
the spaceship
ha
ve
been
orbiting
the
earth?
C Future perfect
or

future
perfect
continuous?
Future perfect
Th
is
tense focuses on the result
of
the ac
ti
on.
I'll
ha
ve
writt
en the repo
rt
by six,
so
it'll be
on
your
desk tomorrow
morn
in
g.
Futu
re
pe
rrect cont

in
uous
Th
is
tense
foc
uses on the action
going on.
This report is t
aking
ages.
I'll
h
ave
been
writin
g
it
f
or
a week
by
I
he
lime I
fi
n
is
h.
,2

Was
going
to,
would,
was to, etc
We
use these forms wh
en
we are talking about a past s
it
uation, for example
when we are
te
lli
ng a story.
We
use the forms to refer forward to later events.
A Was/were
going
to
We
can use
was
I were going to
fo
r a prediction
in
the past.
Alice felt
so

relieved.
Everyc1li
rt
g
was
going to be all ri
ght
after all.
We
can also use wast were going
TO
for an intention in the past.
I was going to
bu
y
some
presents,
so
f took
my
credit card with me.
I was going
to
buy
some
presents
means
that I intended
(Q
buy some prese

nt
s.
Some
ti
mes
(h
e i
nte
n
ded
action does not actua
ll
y h
appe
n.
The bus
pu
lled
away
just
as we
we
re going to get
on
it.
We
did not get
on
the bus because it
pu

ll
ed
away too soon.
Co
m
pa
re the past con
ti
nuous
rderr
ing to a past arrangemen
t.
:>
47E
We were
on
ou
r
way
to the gym.
We
were
pl
ay
in
g basketball
al
.
ehree.
B Would

We
can usc
would
as a past form
of
will. This use can
be
rather
li
terary.
George Washington was the first President
of
a nalion
eha.l
wou
ld
becom e
the
r
ic
hest
and
mos
t powerful
on
earth.
Th
ey
Se/
off

at
daybreak. They
wo
uld
r
eac
h Ihe camp hefore niglllfall.
H
ere
a past act
ion
(reaching the
camp)
is
seen from a time when
it
had
not
ye
l happened.
For would as a past form of will in indirect speech, > 262E.
Th
ey
thought
th
e)
' wo
uld
reach
th

e
camp
hefore nightfall.
89
The
future
We can use
would
not
for unwillingness or a r
ef
usal in the past.
The spokesperson
wouldn't
answer
any
questions.
The car
wouldn't
start
this
morning
.
Compare won't
for a refusal in the present. >
540
C Was to, was
about
to,
and

was
on
the
point
of
We
can also use be £0, be
about
£0,
and be 011 the
poim
of
in
the past tense.
The workers were arriving for their last shift. The
fa
ctory
was
to close the
next day. (There was an arrangement for the
fa
ctory to close.)
We
had to hurry. The
bus
was
about
to l
ealle.
Max was

on
the
point
of
saying
goodbye to everyone when he suddenly
noticed
an
attractive girl looking across the room at him.
NOTE
a
We
can use
was
to with the perrect.
The faclOry
was
to
hiwe
closed lile "
ext
dny.
Ina
it
was
decided to kccp
it
gOing
jiJr
~

another
few
weeks
. ;
This means that
the
arrangement
was (hanged. The factory
di
d not close till! n
ext
day. 'j
b Sometimes
was
to
has the
sa
me
meallin~
ilS
wuuld.
George
Washington
was
t
he
first Presidew
aju
nutwl/thal
was to /Jecome the richest

and
mo
st powerful on earth
This means that the nation later
became
the
ri
chest
and
mosl powcrfLll
011
earth.
63
Overview:
the
future
90
_T_h_e_se_
,_
._
,e
__
s_o_
IT
_,e
__
O_f_"_,e
__
n_
'"

_'
i_n_w
__
._
y
_
s_o_f
_
t_a
_
I~_
'
n
__
g_a_b_o
_
u_t
_
t_h_e_f
_
u_tu
_r_e_'
________
__
__
1
Use Form
The
future:
The near future:

An
instant decision:
A plan or intention:
A timetable:
An
official
arrangement:
A future action which is part
of
a routine:
A future action over a period:
Looking back from the futur
e:
Looking forward from the past:
111e
problem
will
get
worse. > 548
The problem is going to
get
worse. > 558
The shop is
about
to close. > S8C
I'll
just
put
the kettle on. >
54C

We're
going
to
move
hou
se soo
n.
:>
sse
We're
moving
house soon. > 56A
We
land
at
10.25. > 56B
The conference is to
take
place
in
N
ovember.
-> SBA
I'll be seeing
my
boss tomorrow
morning.
:>
60C
We'll

be
driving
all through
the night.
> 60B
You'll
have
eaten all those chocolates
by
tea time.
:>
61A
I
was
going to
wash
up,
but
J
forgot to, > 62A
Be,
have,
and
do
64
Auxi liary ver
bs
and
ordinary
verbs

A In these s
ent
ences, be
and
ha
ve
ar
c aux
il
ia
ry
verb
s.
Th
ey
combine with
ordina
ry
verbs.
I'm
surfing the
Net'.
The informa
tion.
is u
pda
ted dail
y.
The c
am

pUl
er has
cr
ashed.
Here
be
is used
to
form the
continu
ous (am surfin
g)
and the passive
(is
updated). H
as
is used
to
form the perfect (h
as
crashed).
We use
the
auxiliary verb do in s
imp
l
e·
tense nega
ti
ves and question

s.
J
low
oft
en
do
yo
u
surf
th
e Net?
But
in
a simple· tense positive s
tatem
e
nt
we do nOl normally u
sc
an
au
xil
iary.
I
oft
en
surf
(h
e Net.
We

al
so use
au
xi
li
a
ri
es in short
an
swers,
in
shon additions, a
nd
for e
mph
asIs.
Are y
ou
using the
co
mp
laer?
'""
Y
es,
I
am
.
Sarah has
don

e a compUler c
our
se,
and
so
hav
e
I.
Y
es
, I
did
download
th
e file. I'm quite sure of
th
at.
We s
ometim
es
use two auxiliary verbs together.
I've
been
surfing lite Net. (present
per
fec t c
ontinu
ou
s)
Pet

ro
l
JJad
been
lea
ki
ng
from the
ta
nk
. (past perfect continuous)
B
Be
, l
u.tIle,
and
do
c
an
also be
or
d
in
ary v
erb
s. We c
an
u
se
them on their

OW
I1
as
the main ve
rb
of a sentence.
The
we
ath
er
wa
s
be
autiful
.
We h
ad
so
me sa
nd
wich
es.
(h
ad
= a
te
)
1
did
the c

ro
ssw
ord
tllis m
ornin
g.
(
did
::::
comp
leted)
Lik
e other ordinary verbs, h
e,
have, and
do
ca
n be perfect
or
c
onlinu
ous.
Th
e we
ath
er
has
been b
ea
utiful.

We
we
re
having
so
me
sa
ndwi
ch
es.
(were
ha
ving = were eatin
g)
I've
don
e the c
ro
ss
word. lha
ue
done
::::
ha
ve completed)
Sometimes we use the
s
am
e auxi
li

ary
and
ordinary
ve
rb together.
I was being
la
zy. (continuous of h
e)
I'ue
had
a s
and
wic
h.
(per
fe
ct
of
have)
1
did
do
tli
e c
ro
ss
word. (e
mphatic
form

of
do)
We c
an
al
so use b
e,
ha
ve,
or do
aft
er a
modal
verb such as might or can.
I
might
be a b
ie
la
te tomo
rr
ow.
You
c
an
do this c
ro
sswo
rd
if

you
lik
e.
91
Be,
have, and do
65
The
ordinary
verb
be
A Form
Present simple
lam
yoU/wel
the
y
are
he/shel
it
is
Present continuolls
Shorr forms
I'm
you're/we're/they're
he's/she
's
/it's
Short forms

-

I
am
being
you/wellhey
are
being
he/she/
it
is
being
I'm
being
you're/we'
re
/they'
re
being
he
's
/she's/it's being
Past simple
~

-

-

-


IIhelshelil
was
you/welthey were
Pa
st continuous
I/he/shelil
was
being
yo
u/w
e/they were
being
Prescnt perfect
lIyou/wei/hey
haue
been
he/shel
it
has been
Pas/ perfect
someone
had
been
Short forms
l've/you'velwe've/they've been
he's/she
's

/it's been
Short
fo
rms
I'dlyou'dlhe'dluie'dllhey'd
been
We
do not use the auxiliary verb do in simple tenses.
This pizza isn't
ve
ry nice.
(NOT
11t
i:J
P
d'Ball',
be
bEl,
niet;:.)
Were
your
friends Ihere? (NOT Did
}.
ut'-fP'i~""'fItf!t"
e?J
In
the
other tenses,
we
form negatives and questions with the auxilia

ry
in the
normal
way.
Th
e weather has been nice.
The weather hasn't been ve
ry
mce.
How has the weather
been?
6S
The ordinary verb be
B
Uses
of
be
Here arc
some
contexts where we
use
the ordinary verb he.
Identity: Those girls
are
my
cuusim.
Nationality: We're Swedish. We're from/vVe
co
me
[rom Sweden,

Job:
My
sisler
is
a doctor.
Interests:
I'm
a
keen
cyclist.
Place: The Science Museum is in
South
Kensington.
Time: The
match
was
last Saturday.
Earlyllate: We were late for the show.
Age:
I'll
be
eighteen in
Novembe
r.
Qualities: That building is really
ugly_
Feelings:
How
are
you?,

I'm
fine, thanks.
We're
cold
and
wc're
hungry.
Behaviour: Please
be
careful.
Righrlwrong: That
isn't
right. I
think
you're
mistaken.
Possession: Are these bags yours?
Cost: How
much
is lhis CD/does this CD cost?
NOTiJ
When
we
say where something
IS,
we
can sometimes
me
[Ie
or

sumd
instead of
be.
The lSlllnd isllies
off
the coasl
of
Scotland
Th
e church was/stood at a busy
croS$road.~
.
In
these
con
texts lie
and
sta
nd
<lre
more formal
and
lucr<lry
man
be.
We
can
a
lso
use be located or he slll/fllea.

Ow
head office is located on the outskirts
of
Northampton.
The
hOlel
is
situated in
10llely
gardens wI/I, magllljicelll views.
C
Be
in
the
continuous
We
can use be in the continuous for temporary behaviour.
The neIghbours
are
being very noisy today.
J told the children
off
because rhey were
being
silly.
Compare
these two sentences.
You.'re
being
stupi

d.
(=
At
present
you
are behaving stupidly.)
You're stupid. {=
You
are always stupid. /
You
are a stupid person.]
o Gone
or
been?
Compare
these two sentences.
Tom has
gone
to
LOwn,
but
he'll be
back
soon.
Tom
has
been
£0
lawn. He got back
half

an
hour
agu.
Here
gon.e
means
'gone
and still away'.
Been
means
'gone
and
come
back'.
Sometimes we
use
an
ing-form after
gone
or
been.
11w girls
have
gOlle
swimming.
They're
at
the
pool.
The girls have been

swimming.
They've
ju
st
gOl
back
,
In questions
about
w.
hat
places
people
have visited,
W~
use been.
Have
you
(ever)
been
lO
/:;
,'gypt?
93
Be,
have,
and
do
66 Have
and

have
got
94
A
Use
The basic use
of
have
and
have
gOl
is to express possession.
Our friends
had
a dog. We've got a balcony.
This includes
temporary
possession.
I think you've got a book
that
belongs
to
me.
In the above examples, have
and
have
got
cannot
be
used in the continuous.

For
have as
an
action verb with a
continuous
form, >
67.
We're
having
a picnic.
For some other related
meanings
of have and have got. >
F.
B Form
have
Present simple
l/you/we/they
have
he/she/it
has
Past simple .
someone
had
Present perfect
Uyou/we/they
hUiIe
had
he/she/it
has

had
Past
perfect
someone
had had
have got
lIyou/we/they
have
got
he/she/it
has
got
someone
had
got
The
word
gOl
is informal
and
typical of everyday conversation.
We
can
use
it
in simple tenses,
but
it
is
more

common
in
the
present
than
in the past. And
it is more
common
in Britain
than
in
the
US.
C Short forms
of
have and have
got
have
Willi
have
Oil
its own, we
prefer
full forms to
short
forms.
Present simple
I have the key.
I've the key. (infrequent)
Past simple

I
had
the key.
I'd the key. (infrequent)
haue
got
Before
gut
we
can
use
the
short
forms
've,
's,
or
'd.
I
have
got
the key.
I've got tile key.
I
had
got the key.
I'd got the key.
66 Have and have
got
NOTE

In very mformal speech, you m
ay
hear got with
ou
t
lJave.
I
got
lots
of
wne. (= I've got lots of time.)
You
got
any mon
ey:'
(=
Have you got any money?)
TIP
Say
I've
got .

for the present.
Say I
had
. . ' for the
p~st.
o Negatives and questions
In negatives
and

questions
we can
use
do
or
have as the a
uxili
ary.
have
Present simple
I
don't
have a key.
Do you
hav
e a key?
T
hav
en'
t a key. (less frequenl)
Have you a key? (less frequent)
Amy
doesn't
hav
e a
key.
Does
Amy
have
a key?

Am
y
ha
sn't a key. (less frequent)
Has
Amy
a key? (less freque
nt
)
Past simple
I
didn
't
have
a key.
Did
you
have
a key?
f
hadn'l
a key. (le
ss
frequent)
Had
you
a key?
(le
ss frequent)
hav

e gal
I
haven't
got a key.
flave
you
gOI a key?
Amy
hasn'l gOI a
key
.
Has
Amy
gOI a key?
I
hadn'l
got a key.
Had y
ou
got
a key?
In the
pr
es
ent
/ don't have a
nd
/ haven't got are both possibl
e,
althoug

h
Americans prefer / don't hall
e.
In the past
we
usually use did
in
negatives
a
nd
que
stions.
In
pe
rfect tenses we form negatives a
nd
questions in the usual wa
y.
/
hav
en't
had
a chance
to
talk
to
you.
Had
you
had

any
s
ymptom
s before y
es
terday?
TIP
Ask
Do
you
have .

?
or
Have
you
gOI

? for the
pre
sent.
Ask
Did
you
have

? for
the
past.
E

More
details
about
got
There are s
ome
structures where we do not normally use
gal
.
Perfect:
J'ue
had
these shoes for years.
(NOT
/'tte-Itat/-gftl)
95
Be,
have,
and
do
96
Short
answer: Have
you
got
your
ticket?

Yes,
I h.ave.

(NO"!
~;-I
""
hal!e
I;tlt.)
Infinitive:
it
would be nice to
have
more
time
together.
(N01
-ttrhtllit:
b"ttl)
lng
-form: Il's
pr
etty depressing ',
aving
no joh.
(Nm Mwing-got)
After a
modal
verb: You
call
have
these books
i[you
like.

(NOT
·
~
)
Have got
can
sometimes
be
the present perfect
of
get.
I left
my
hooks outside. They've
got
wet.
(:;
They
have
become
weI.)
Co
mpare
these
examples.
I've got this newspaper
from
on
e
of

the
neighbours.
(0=:
I have
obtainedi
borrowed
it.)
J've
gOI
a newspaper somewhere. 1
just
can't
find
it.
(0=:
I have one.)
When
have got
expresses
an
action,
we
can
use
it
in
these
s
tru
ctures.

Infinitive: We're grateful W
have
got somewhere to live.
(= to have found)
lng-form:
J can't help
having
got
a
co
ld
.
(:;
having caught)
After a
modal
ver
b:
They
must
have
got
our
letter
by
now.
(=
must
hav
e received)

We
can
leave
out
got. from
th
e
abo
ve examples.
We
're grateful to have somewhere to live.
Here
ha
ve exp
re
sses possession.
fiut
when
have
got
means
'have
become',
w~
cannot
leave
out
got.
They
must

have
got
wet in all this rain.
F
Other
uses
of
have
and
have
got
As
we
ll
as
po
ssess
ion,
have
and
have
gOl
can express other related meanings.
QuaJities:
r-eatllres:
Parts:
Relationships:
Position:
Thoughts:
Availability:

Necessity:
Illness:
G With
and
there
Those soldiers certainly
had
courage.
Kate
has
got
blu.e
eyes.
The
house
has
five bedrooms.
Have
you.
got
any
brothers
or
siste
rs?
He
had
boch his hands in his pockets.
I've
got

an
idea.
We
don't
Irave
time
to
hang
aroLmd.
I've
got
a
loc
of
work at lhe
moment.
J've got a terrible headache.
We
c
an
also use with to express possession.
We
saw
a
man
with
a
gu.n.
(:;
a

man
who
had
a gun)
(llilT
NOT :rlte

mu1t-I.tJa-Htlitfr-tt-glffl.)
67
The
ordinary
verb
have
There
is
a Structure "'lith have
or
hQl
Je
gOl
which
means
the
same
as
one
with
there + be.
Th
e T-shirt

had
a slogan
on
il.
(=
There
was a slogan
on
the T -shirL)
Their house has
got
a filling-stalion right next
to
it.
(=
There
is
a filling-station right next
to
their house.)
67
The
ordinary
verb have
Have
can
be
all
ordinary
verb with

aJl
the
usual
tense
s,
induding
the
continuous. It
has
a
number
of
different
meaning
s.
The children are
having
a wonderful lime.
(::::
are experiencing)
I've
had
a
[eCler.
(= have received)
We'll
be
having
a late luncll.
(=

will be eating)
1 always have orange juice at breakfa
st.
(= drink)
My
father has a sleep after lunch. (has a sleep = sleeps, >
69)
Here have is
an
action verb.
We
use the auxiliary verb do in
Si
mple-tense
negatives
and
questions
.
We
don't
have
breakfast on Sundays.
Did you
have
a good journey?
We
cannot
use got with
th
e

ordinary
verb halJ
e.
(NOT 'Fhe-eltiidFert-l.aoe go, a Wffflder[uf-time.)
68
The
ordinary
verb do
A Form
Present simple
Ilyou/weithey
do
helshelit does
Pa
st si
mple
someone
did
Present perfect
llyoulwelthey
have
done
helshelit
has
done
Past perfect
someone
had
done
Present

continuous
I
am
doing
youlwelthey
are doing
he
ls
helit
is
doing
Past
continuous
lIheishelil was doing
youlwelthey were
doing
Present
perfect
cont
inuous
lIyou/welthey
have
been doing
helshe/it
has
been
d~ing
Past perfect
co
ntinuou

s
someone
had
been doing
We
form negatives
and
questions
in
the
same
way
as
with
other
verbs.
T havell't
done
anything wrong.
What subjecls are you doing?
97