Applied Wetlands Science and Technology - Chapter 0 potx

Kent, Donald M. “Frontmatter”
Applied Wetlands Science and Technology
Editor Donald M. Kent
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,2001

©2001 CRC Press LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kent, Donald M.
Applied wetlands science and technology / edited by Donald M. Kent.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 1-56670-359-X (alk. paper)
1. Wetland conservation. 2. Ecosystem management. 3. Wetlands. 4. Water quality
management. I. Kent, Donald M.
QH75 .A44 2000
333.91'8—dc21 00-030927
CIP

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Preface

Compared to other ecosystems, wetlands have received an unprecedented amount
of attention. Much of this attention has occurred as a result of, and subsequent to,
passage of Section 404 of the U.S. Clean Water Act in 1977. The Act recognizes
the importance of wetlands to the societal good. That is not to suggest that wetland
values were institutionally unrecognized prior to this time. Beginning in the 1930s,
wetlands were recognized as valuable for the production and protection of wildlife,

especially waterfowl and furbearers. In the 1960s, wetlands were recognized as
important for attenuating floodwaters. Now, wetlands are recognized for providing
these and other functions, including nutrient and contaminant retention and trans-
formation, groundwater recharge, and production export.
Ironically, and coincident with this recognition of wetland value is an awareness
that wetlands are disappearing at an alarming rate. Between 1780 and 1980, an
estimated 47 million ha of wetlands were lost in the contiguous United States. Of
the north central wetlands 75 percent, mostly prairie potholes, were lost between
1850 and 1977. Bottomland hardwood forests were cleared at a rate of 67,000 ha
per year between 1940 and 1980. Gulf coast wetlands disappeared at a rate of 10,000
ha per year. Of those wetlands that remain, many are degraded from channelization,
damming, and agricultural and urban runoff. Remaining wetlands are fragmented
or isolated.
This awareness of wetland loss and degradation, and the promulgation of laws
and regulations for protecting wetlands and regulating their use, has spawned the
development and growth of the wetland professions. This book is for working
wetland professionals and nonprofessionals alike. It is intended for managers, reg-
ulators, consultants, and developers responsible for effective decision making. The
book also is intended for anyone interested in how wetlands function, how wetlands
can be protected, and how wetlands can be managed. In some ways, this is a “how
to” book, in that it is a guide for working with wetlands. However, we understand
that each and every wetland, and each and every situation, is unique and requires a
unique solution. As such, the book seeks to provide the guidelines for effective
decision making.
This second edition of the book, as was the first, was written by practicing
wetland professionals. In this manner, the most relevant, up to date information on
applied wetland science and technology is available. Each chapter is fully referenced,
providing the reader with an opportunity to seek out more detailed information. The
book has 14 chapters—2 fewer than the first edition. The reduction in the number
of chapters is due to consolidation, and not a reduction, in material. In fact, three

new chapters have been added, and several chapters appearing in the first edition
have been partly or completely revised. Several new authors have participated in the
revision.
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to wetland management, including definition
and classification. The chapter also discusses legislation and regulation in the United
States to provide the context for subsequent chapters. Chapter 2, Wetland Identifi-
cation and Delineation, is a consolidation of Chapters 2 and 3 from the first edition.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Carl Tammi has updated the subject in response to recent legislation and policy.
Wetland functions and values are discussed in Chapter 3. The subject has been totally
revised from the first edition, with an emphasis on evaluating wetland functions and
values, including economic values. Chapter 4 is an updated version of the ecological
risk assessment material. As in the first edition, David Kent and his coauthors discuss
evaluating wetland impacts from anthropogenic chemical, physical, or biological
stressors. Chapter 5 discusses avoiding and minimizing impacts to wetlands from
anthropogenic activities.
Wetlands impacted by anthropogenic activity will require remediation. Enhance-
ment, restoration, and creation of wetlands are methods for remediating impacts.
John Zentner, author of Chapter 6, has consolidated the freshwater and coastal
enhancement, restoration, and creation chapters from the first edition. Another reme-
diation option is mitigation banking. Chapter 7—Wetland Mitigation Banking,
authored by Mike Rolband, Ann Redmond, and Tom Kelsch, is a chapter new to
this edition. Chapter 8, Monitoring Wetlands, is a carryover from the first edition.
Monitoring is an important component of remediation efforts, as well as fundamental
to treatment wetland programs. Tom and Bill DeBusk have written Chapter 9 on
treatment wetlands. The chapter is completely new and consolidates the discussions
of three distinct chapters in the first edition.
Chapters 10 through 13 discuss wetland management. Chapter 10 consolidates

Chapters 13 and 14 from the first edition in discussing design and management of
wetlands for wildlife. The chapter addresses design issues based upon modern
conservation principles and specific management techniques for existing wetlands.
Coastal Marsh Management (Chapter 11) continues to be an important issue, and
Robert Buchsbaum’s chapter from the first edition is again included in this edition.
A new chapter on Watershed Management is included in the second edition. Effective
management of wetlands is constrained without consideration of surrounding activ-
ities. The theme of broadened perspectives is expanded even further in Chapter 13,
Managing Global Wetlands. This new chapter, coauthored by Annette Paulin, rec-
ognizes that some wetlands are of international importance and discusses mecha-
nisms for managing these wetlands.
The final chapter, Wetlands Education, is the anchor for the book. Karen Ripple
has completely revised the chapter. Nevertheless, the intent of the chapter remains
the same as that of the first edition—effective wetland management and regulation
depends ultimately upon educating the general populace on the value of wetland
functions.
In closing, I am indebted to the contributing authors. Their contributions are
invaluable to those who may read this book and hopefully will influence the way
wetlands are managed. I am pleased and honored to have worked with each author
and proud to share this book with them. As always, a work of this sort is the result
of numerous discussions both past and present. To all those who have stimulated
and influenced my thinking, thanks.

Donald M. Kent, Ph.D.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

About the Authors

Dr. Robert Buchsbaum

is Massachusetts Audubon Society’s coastal ecologist
and is responsible for applied research on coastal habitats and providing technical
analysis on coastal issues. He has published technical papers on a variety of topics
including herbivory by Canada geese on saltmarsh plants, nitrogen dynamics in
decomposing marsh plants, and on eelgrass wasting disease, and nontechnical papers
for the lay public. His recent work includes studies of human impacts on wildlife
and water quality in salt marshes and investigations into the role of the environment
in the ability of eelgrass to resist disease.

Thomas A. DeBusk

is the President of Azurea, Inc. and DB Environmental
Laboratories, Inc., environmental consulting and research firms located in central
Florida. He has 23 years experience with the use of aquatic plants and wetlands for
water treatment.

Dr. William F. DeBusk

is Assistant Professor in the Department of Soil and
Water Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville. He specializes in elemental
cycling, wetland ecology, and analysis of ecosystem processes along spatial gradients.

Dr. James F. Hobson

is Senior Project Advisor for Arcadis Geraghty & Miller
in Millersville, MD. He has significant experience in environmental toxicology and
testing programs in support of existing and new chemical product registrations under
U.S. federal, state, Canadian, and European regulations. He is a diplomate of the
American Board of Toxicology and has frequently spoken at and chaired industrial

and academic conferences on environmental toxicology issues.

Dr. Kenneth D. Jenkins

is Director of the Molecular Ecology Institute at
California State University and principal in the consulting firm of JSA Environmental
in Long Beach, CA. He has been directly involved in numerous ecological risk
assessments, especially for hazardous waste sites, and is widely published in the
field of ecological assessments.

Tom Kelsch

is Director of the Conservation Education Initiative which he joined
in 1998. Previously, he worked for 8 years as an environmental scientist with the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
in Washington, D.C., including 3 years as Chief of the Wetlands Regulatory Policy
Section. He also has extensive experience as an environmental planner for a private
consulting firm. He earned a master’s degree in Environmental Studies from Yale
University and holds a bachelor’s degree in Landscape Architecture from Michigan
State University.

David J. Kent

is currently an environmental toxicologist and consultant with
THE WEINBERG GROUP INC. in Washington, D.C. He formerly was manager of
the aquatic toxicology laboratory and project manager on field assessments for

©2001 CRC Press LLC

International Technology Corporation. He has extensive experience in performing

and managing ecological assessments for a wide variety of regulatory programs
including ecological risk assessments for the pesticide industry and RCRA and
Superfund sites. He has numerous scientific presentations and publications to his
credit in the areas of aquatic toxicology and ecological risk assessment.

Dr. Donald M. Kent

is Principal Technical Staff Director with Walt Disney
Imagineering Research and Development’s Environmental Science and Technology
Group and a consultant. His broad experience includes ecological and environmental
research, conduct of functional ecological assessments and impact analyses, design
and implementation of mitigation projects, training of international decision makers,
and expert technical review. He continues to investigate and develop various applied
ecological and biotechnological techniques for integrating land use and natural
resource protection.

Kevin McManus

is Manager of Technical Services for the Massachusetts Water
Resources Authority’s Toxic Reduction and Control Program. He has 17 years
experience in the environmental field, working in both the public and private sectors.
He has specialized in environmental impact assessment, wetlands permitting and
mitigation, facility siting, NEPA compliance, pollution prevention, and oil spill
response technologies.

Annette M. Paulin

is a Project Manager with Azurea, Inc., where she conducts
original research and develops and implements environmental management and
training programs. Her research experience includes studies of nuisance aquatic

plants, contaminant removal by natural systems, and copper impacts on aquatic
communities. She has also developed training programs for international decision
makers. Presently, her duties include managing a volunteer-based water quality
monitoring program in central Florida.

Ann Redmond

is Vice President of Development for Wetlandsbank, Inc. She is
responsible for Wetlandsbank’s expansion into new markets, as well as its regulatory
and legislative activities. She was with the Florida Department of Environmental
Protection for 12 years as the agency’s expert on mitigation and mitigation banking,
leading the development and implementation of rules and legislation in these areas.
She has worked in ecosystem management initiatives, the conceptual framework for
restoration planning, development of functional assessment methods, and sustain-
ability of mitigation projects. She also has worked with a regional water management
agency and as an environmental consultant. She earned her bachelor and master of
science degrees in Biological Science from the Florida State University with empha-
ses on botany and ecology.

Karen L. Ripple

is Education Director for Environmental Concern Inc., a
nonprofit nonadvocacy corporation devoted to wetland education, wetland research,
and the development and application of technology in the construction, restoration,
and enhancement of wetlands. She has extensive experience as a public school

©2001 CRC Press LLC

environmental educator and national teacher trainer specializing in wetlands. She
has authored several articles and coauthored a book of wetland activities for educa-

tors. Prior to her concentration on wetland education, she contributed to a variety
of fisheries research projects.

Michael Rolband

is the president of Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc. which
specializes in water resource issues. He is a member of the Virginia Chesapeake
Bay Local Assistance Board, serves on the Fairfax County Stormwater Utility Advi-
sory Group, and is on the boards of the Northern Virginia Chapter of the National
Association of Industrial and Office Properties and the National Mitigation Banking
Association. He has taught courses on wetland mitigation, permitting, and Chesa-
peake Bay Preservation Ordinances. He has a bachelor of science and master of
engineering degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering, and a master of business
administration degree from Cornell University.

Carl E. Tammi

is a Senior Wetlands Project Manager in the Water Resources
Department of ENSR, Inc. He has over 12 years of professional experience in
wetland assessment, delineation, permitting, mitigation and restoration design, con-
struction, monitoring, and treatment design. He manages a group of wetland scien-
tists who routinely work throughout the United States on capital projects, remedia-
tion and restoration projects, biological monitoring, and applied wetland science
research. He is a Certified Professional Wetland Scientist, and received his Provi-
sional Delineator Certification from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore
District.

John Zentner

is a principal with Zentner and Zentner, a professional consulting

firm with offices in California. Zentner and Zentner specializes in planning and
restoration throughout the western United States. He specializes in wetland science,
land planning, permit processing, and restoration of natural resources. Among other
accomplishments, he is President of the Western Chapter of the Society of Wetland
Scientists and has participated in various federal, state, and local wetland working
groups.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Contents

Chapter 1
Definition, Classification, and U.S. Regulation

Donald M. Kent

Chapter 2
Wetland Identification and Delineation

Carl E. Tammi

Chapter 3
Evaluating Wetland Functions and Values

Donald M. Kent

Chapter 4
Ecological Risk Assessment of Wetlands

David J. Kent, Kenneth D. Jenkins, and James F. Hobson

Chapter 5
Avoiding and Minimizing Impacts to Wetlands

Donald M. Kent and Kevin McManus

Chapter 6
Wetland Enhancement, Restoration, and Creation

John Zentner

Chapter 7
Wetland Mitigation Banking

Michael S. Rolband, Ann Redmond, and Tom Kelsch

Chapter 8
Monitoring Wetlands

Donald M. Kent

Chapter 9
Wetlands for Water Treatment

Thomas A. DeBusk and William F. DeBusk

Chapter 10
Design and Management of Wetlands for Wildlife

Donald M. Kent

Chapter 11
Coastal Marsh Management

Robert Buchsbaum

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Chapter 12
Watershed Management

Donald M. Kent

Chapter 13
Managing Global Wetlands

Annette M. Paulin and Donald M. Kent

Chapter 14
Wetlands Education

Karen L. Ripple