Dust Explosions in the Process Industries Second Edition phần 10 pot

Research and development
585
igniter. However, in a
20
litre chamber, fully developed explosions were generated even
with a
5
kJ chemical igniter. The reason for this could be that in the smaller chamber, the
initial combustion and expansion
of
the dust cloud was directly supported by the ignition
source. The pressure and temperature in the unburnt cloud ahead
of
the flame would
then have increased significantly above ambient when the flame eventually propagated
without support from the ignition source. Consequently the self-sustained flame propa-
gation,
if
any, would then occur in an adiabatically pre-compressed dust-cloud, rather
than in a cloud
of
normal ambient temperature and pressure. These results suggest that
great care must be exercised whenever comparatively small chambers, in particular
closed ones, are used for any explosion limit determination.
Matsuda and Itagaki (1994), compared dust explosions in a 30-litre explosion bomb
with explosion in a
1
m3 vessel. They found that the ranges
of
explosible concentrations
in the 30-litre vessel were considerably wider than those in the

1
m3 vessel for the same
dust.
A
marked increase
of
the explosible range was found in the 30-litre bomb when
increasing the ignition energy from
1
to 10 kJ. This effect was practically absent in the
1
m3 vessel, in the ignition energy range 4-20 kJ. Tian Renqu
et
al.
(1994), using a
20-litre explosion bomb, found that the minimum explosible concentrations of coal dusts
decreased by a factor
of
two or more when the ignition energy was increased from 2.5 to
10
kJ. Xu Tianrui
et
al.
(1994) also arrived at the conclusion that the apparent minimum
explosible dust concentration determined in a 20-litre bomb depends markedly on the
ignition energy. It was found that 10 kJ would be too high to yield realistic results.
All
this suggests that limiting conditions for flame propagation should be determined
in apparatuses of sufficient volumes to prevent significant influence
of

even quite strong
ignition sources, on the main phase of flame propagation. In Europe the standardization
organization
CEN
will probably adopt the
1
m3
IS0
standard bomb for this kind
of
tests.
Zhou Congzhang
et
al.
(1994) proposed an alternative procedure for determining the
minimum explosible dust concentration in closed-bomb explosion experiments. Their
experimental evidence indicated that at the minimum explosible concentration, the time
interval from ignition to the pressure peak has its highest value. They proposed that this
criterion be used instead
of
some arbitrary pressure rise criterion of explosion.
8.4.4
MI
SCE
LLAN
EOU
S
Tian Renqu
et
al.

(1994), using a 20-litre explosion bomb, found that, when using a 2.5 kJ
igniter, and adding 2
vol.
%
methane to the air, the minimum explosible dust
concentration dropped by at least a factor
of
two, compared with the values for dust in
air. This ‘hybrid’ effect has been studied previously by several other workers (see
Chapter
1.)
Pu
et
al.
(1991) concluded that the turbulence structure
of
experimental dust clouds in
a standard 20-litre spherical dust explosion test bomb had little resemblance to
turbulence structures in dust clouds in accidental dust explosions in industry. Mintz
(1995) discussed some further problems with 20-litre bomb experiments.
Dahoe
et
al.
(1995) constructed a 20-litre spherical dust explosion vessel allowing
variation
of
the initial pressure between atmospheric and 14 bar overpressure, and initial
temperatures between below
0°C
and 250°C. Experiments could also be conducted in

586
Dust
Explosions
in
the
Process
Industries
enriched oxygen atmospheres, up to pure oxygen. The problem of ensuring constant
turbulence of the dust cloud at the moment
of
ignition, with varying dust concentration,
and pressure and temperature of the gas phase, was investigated.
Hertzberg
et
al.
(1992a) determined a range
of
dust explosibility parameters for nine
different dusts
of
solid explosives when dispersed as clouds in air in a closed bomb.
In
the
low-concentration range
(d
400g/m3) the dusts behaved as dusts of normal carbonaceous
and plastic materials. At higher concentrations they became more hazardous, starting to
exhibit genuine explosives properties.
Wang and Zhang (1994) determined the minimum ignition energy, the minimum
explosible concentration, and the maximum explosion pressure for clouds

of
TNT dusts
in air. The values are similar to those of natural organic materials. The results confirm
that dilute clouds of dusts of explosives do not exhibit explosive properties, but behave as
clouds of ordinary combustible dusts. Similar conclusions were drawn by Li
et
al.
(1994),
who studied the dust explosion properties
of
dry ‘powder emulsion explosive’ powders.
8.5
EXPERT SYSTEMS
-
FRIENDS OR ENEMIES?
Expert systems may be defined as computer-based decision-making tools that make
relevant expert knowledge accessible for non-specialist users by means of ‘if-then’-rules
and ‘class/object’ structures.
During the last few years there has been an increasing interest in developing
sophisticated computer-based expert systems for evaluation
of
dust explosion hazards
and assessment of optimal safety design features. Haefen and Schecker (1993) presented
such a system for assessment of dust explosion hazards in industry and selection of
appropriate means
of
prevention and mitigation. The system is in all essentials based on
the German protection philosophy. Wach (1993) presented another expert system
designed for the same purpose, but the technical and philosophical basis was not
explicitly stated.

A
comprehensive expert system developed in
UK
was presented by
Tyldesley (1993). and the need for Quality Assurance
of
such systems was emphasized.
Hesener and Schecker (1995) presented an expert system for the safety analysis of drying
plants. The systematic procedure implied in the system consists
of
four consecutive steps,
viz. hazards identification, hazard assessment, development of a protection concept, and
selection of specific protection methods/technology. The system presented was regarded
as a prototype, rather than a final product.
The development of this kind of expert systems is a natural consequence
of
two main
factors. The first is the almost ‘explosive’ development of the performance of personal
computers. The second is the steadily increasing knowledge about ignition and explosion
phenomena. which demands a steadily more differentiated and complex approach for
solving the practical design problems.
As
long as this development is conducted by people who are not only experts on
computers. but also on the physics and chemistry of the phenomena treated, expert
systems should indeed be welcomed. However, there may be a possibility of the future
market place being offered software that is not up to acceptable standards with respect to
the physics and chemistry.
As long as the interior of the system is not fully exposed.
deficiencies
in

the
basics may not be obvious to the user. A need may emerge for
establishing some internationally recognized body
of
experts that can ensure that expert
Research and development
587
systems offered in the area of dust explosion prevention and mitigation are up to
acceptable standards.
8.6
THE HUMAN HAZARD FACTORS
The present survey deals with the chemistry. physics and technology of dust explosion
prevention and mitigation. However. a briefmentionshould also be madeofthe importance
ofthe human factor sin thiseffort. Thisaspectwasdiscussed by Fernando( 1993).
8.7
JOINT RESEARCH EFFORTS IN EUROPE, RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT IN
P.
R.
CHINA
During the early 1990s potential
for
organizing joint European research efforts emerged
within the EU/EFTA/EUREKA system. This also applied to dust explosion research.
British Materials Handling Board (BMHB) in the UK played a central role in this
process (Middleton. 1992). A number
of
parallel research programmes were conducted
within the European Union’s ‘CREDIT Project’. Gibson (1991) summarized the areas
requiring consideration under the headlines:

0
Combustion processes in dust clouds (experiments, theoretical models).
0
Identification and control
of
ignition sources.
0
Design of methods to prevent/protect against dust explosions.
The results of this important research effort were published as conference proceedings
(CREDIT. 1995). containing about ten papers covering a wide range
of
topics such as
initiation
of
smouldering combustion in powder deposits by localized heat sources.
measurement
of
dust cloud characteristics in industrial plants, measurement of laminar
burning velocities of dust clouds, partial inerting
of
dust clouds, measurement
of
dust
flame structures, measurements of blast effects and fireball sizes from vented dust
explosions. and last. but not least, a start on a development of a comprehensive
CFD-based (Computational Fluid Dynamics) numerical computer code for simulating
the development of dust explosions in complex systems. An overview was given by
Gibson (1996).
Wang Dongyan (1994), characterizing
P.

R. China as a developing country, empha-
sized the need for increasing the efforts to prevent dust explosion accidents in China’s
rapidly growing industry.
Of
the number of dust explosions recorded in this country
during the decade 1980-1989,
65%
were in the grain industry,
17%
in the textile
industry. 12% in the coal industry and 6% in the metallurgical industry. With the rapid
development of the chemical and metallurgical industries, the
annual number
of
explosions can easily raise.
if
adequate precautions are not taken. There is a strong need
for education and training on all levels, and for adequate safety technology.
The -6th International Colloquium on Dust Explosions’ in Shenyang,
P.
R. China in
August/September 1994 (see section 8.1.2) demonstrated that research and development
on dust explosion prevention and protection, in this enormous country is growing at
great pace.
588
Dust
Explosions
in
the
Process

Industries
8.8
CONCLUSION
Initiation and propagation of industrial dust explosions are, from a fundamental
scientific point of view, extremely complex phenomena. Comprehensive mathematical
theories for predicting ignition and combustion of dust clouds in industrial environments
from fundamental physical and chemical principles in general are, at present, beyond
reach.
It is not surprising, therefore, that the vast amount
of
existing knowledge on dust
explosion-related phenomena
is
to a large extent fragmented. It is believed, however,
that more and more fragments will, step by step, become tied together, and that steadily
increasing domains
of
coherence will emerge. Comprehensive mathematical models and
powerful computers are invaluable tools in this process. But experiments will remain
indispensable for calibration
of
the mathematical models, because such models will
remain approximate and require careful tuning in the foreseeable future. It is necessary
to continue the execution
of
realistic industrial-scale experiments. At the same time, the
more basic research and mathematical modelling should continue at full pace.
Much
of
the research that needs to

be
undertaken
is
very demanding, and interna-
tional co-operation in joint research programmes should be encouraged.
8.9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Sincere thanks are due to Aaslaug Mikalsen for typing the manuscript
of
the entire book.
REFERENCES
Alexander,
C. G.,
Harbaugh, A.
S.,
Kauffman, C. W., Li,
Y.
C., Cybulski,
K.,
Dyduch,
Z.,
Lebecki,
K.,
Sliz,
J.,
Klemens, R., Wolanski, P., and Zalesinski, M. (1993)
The
Establishment
of Dust Detonations.
Proc. 5th Internat.

CON.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near
Warsaw, pp. 365-381
Alfert,
F.,
and Fuhre,
K.
(1992) Venting of Dust Explosions
in
Filters and Integrated Systems.
Report 92-A25021, Chr. Michelsen Institute. Dept. of Science and Technology, N-5036
Fantoft.
Norway
Alfert, F.
(1993)
‘PC-Vent’: A software solution to control explosion hazards. Paper given at the
European Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards: Their Assessment and Control,
Cambridge, UK, organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd. in association with BMHB and
IELG
Austin, P.
J.,
Girodroux, F., Li,
Y.
C., Alexander,
C. G.,
Kauffman,
C.
W., and Sichel, M. (1993)

Recent progress
in
the study of dust combustion phenomena
at
The University of Michigan.
Proc. 5th Internat.
CON.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 211-214
Bakke,
J.
R.,
and
Wingerden,
K.
van
(1992)
Guidance for Designing Offshore Modules Evolving
from Gas Explosion Research.
Society
of
Petroleum Engineers
Inc.,
Richardson, Texas, USA.
SPE 24617. pp. 763-770
Research and development
589
Bartenev, A. M., Gelfand, B.
E.,
and Frolov,

S.
M. (1993) The Rupture of Vessels Containing
Explosive Mixtures.
Proc. 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions.
(April 19-22), Pultusk near
Warsaw, pp. 465472
Bartenev. A. M., Medvedev,
S.
P., and Polenov, A. N.,
etal.
(1994) The Effect
of
Dust Filler on
the Rupture of High Pressure Vessels.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng
Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2). Shenyang, P. R. China. pp. 116-124
Barth, U Siwek, R., Suter,
G.,
and Kubainsky, Ch. (1995) Explosion Protection of Small Mills.
In
Loss
Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries: Volume
1.
(Ed. by J.
J.
Mewis, H.
J.
Pasman and E.
E.

De Rademaeker), Elsevier Science B. V pp. 255-264
Bartknecht. W. (1993)
Explosionsschutz: Grundlagen und Anwendung.
Springer-Verlag. Berlin.
ISBN 3-540-55464-5
Boiko. V. M Papyrin. A. N., and Poplavski.
S.
V. (1993) On Peculiarities
of
Coal Dust Ignition
in Incident Shock Waves.
Proc. 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22). Pultusk near
Warsaw, pp. 329-334
Boiko, V. M., and Papyrin, A. N. (1994) Laser Diagnostics Processes of Mixture Formation and
Combustion of Dusts in Shock Waves.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions.
(Ed. by Deng
Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China.
pp.
302-3
05
Boiko. V.
M
Kiselyov, V. P., and Kiselyov.
S.
P.,
et al.
(1994) On Gas Parameter Profiles at
Non-Stationary Shock Wave Interaction with Dust Cloud.

Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust
Explosions.
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2). Shenyang.
P. R. China, pp. 336-340
Bradley, D Chen,
Z
and Swithenbank.
J.
R. (1988) Burning Rates in Turbulent Fine Dust/Air
Explosions.
Proc. 22nd Symp. (Internat.)
on
Combustion.
The Combustion Institute.
Pittsburgh, USA. pp. 1767-1775
Bradley, D Chen,
Z
El-Sherif,
S
El-Din Habik,
S.,
and John.
G.
(1994) Structure of Laminar
Premixed Carbon-Methane-air Flames and Ultrafine Coal Combustion.
Combustion and Flame
%
pp. 8&96

Britan. A. B Levin. V. A,. and Mitichkin,
S.
Y
et al.
(1994) Investigation
of
Relaxation Zone
under Interaction of Shock Wave with Protective Aqueous Foam Layer.
Proc. Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski).
(August 29-September 2).
Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 360-365
Britan. A. B Levin. V. A,. and Mitichkin,
S.
Y.,
et al.
(1994a) Influence of Aqueous Foam
Screen upon Propagation
of
Shock Waves.
Proc. 6th Internat. CON. Dust Explosions.
(Ed. by
Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2). Shenyang.
P.
R. China. pp.
472477
Cashdollar,
K.

L., and Chatrathi,
K.
(1922) Minimum Explosible Dust Concentrations Measured
in 20 litre and 1 m3 Chambers.
Combustion Science and Technology
87
pp. 157-171
Cashdollar, K. L., Weiss, E.
S
Greninger.
N.
B., and Chatrathi. K. (1992) Laboratory and
Large-scale Dust Explosion Research.
PlantlOperations Progress
11
pp. 247-255
Cashdollar, K. L. (1996) Coal Dust Explosibility.
J.
Loss Prev. Process Ind.
Special issue on Dust
Explosions, (Ed. P. R. Amyotte),
9
pp. 65-76
Chernenko,
E.
V Alfanasyeva, L. F. and Lebedeva. V. A. (1993) Flame Propagation Along the
Surface of Metal Powders and Powdered Mixtures of Metal Oxides.
Proc. Joint Meeting
of
the

Russian and Japanese Sects
of
The
Comb.
Inst.
October 2-5, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region.
pp. 124-125
CREDIT (1995) Dust explosions: Protecting People, Equipment. Buildings and Environment.
Proceedings
of
conference in London.
(October 11-12). Published by IBC Technical Services.
London. UK
Crowhurst, D. (1993) Self-heating and Spontaneous Combustion Characteristics of Bulk Powders
and Powder Layers. Paper given at the European Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards:
590
Dust Explosions in the Process Industries
Their Assessment and Control,
Cambridge, UK, organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd.
in
association with BMHB and IELG
Crowhurst. D. (1993a) The Strength of Equipment to be Used for Contained and Vented
Explosions. Paper given at the European Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards: Their
Assessment and Control.
Cambridge. UK, organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd.
in
association
with

BMHB and IELG.
Crowhurst D. (1993b) Explosion Protection of Industrial Buildings. Paper given at the European
Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards: Their Assessment and Control,
Cambridge, UK.
organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd.
in
association
with
BMHB and IELG
Crowhurst. D Colwell.
S.
A., and Hoare. D. P. (1994) The External Effects of Vented Dust
Explosions.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions.
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski).
(August 29-September 2). Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 51@525
Cybulski.
K
Dyduch, Z Lebecki. K., and Sliz, J. (1993) Suppression of Grain Dust Explosions
with
Triggered Barriers.
Proc. Sth Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22). Pultusk near
Warsaw. pp. 437-447
Cybulski.
K
Dyduch. Z Lebecki, K and Sliz,
J.
(1994) Weak Coal Dust Explosion Propagation

in
a Mine Workings Network.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan
and Piotr Wolanski). (August 29-September
2).
Shenyang, P. R. China. pp. 371-380
Cybulski.
K
Dyduch. Z., Lebecki,
K
and Sliz, J. (1994a) The Tests
on
Triggered Barriers
in
Cross-roads of Mining Galleries.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan
and Piotr Wolanski). (August 29-September
2).
Shenyang, P. R. China, pp.
500-509
Dahn, C. J Reyes, B. N., and Kashani, A. (1993) Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Energy
Initiation of Dust Cloud.
Proc. 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near
Warsaw. pp. 87-97
Dahn. C.
J
Reyes, B. N and Kashani. A. (1994) Static Electricity Hazards of Flexible

Intermediate Bulk Containers.
Proc. 28th AlChE
Ann.
Loss
Prev. Symp.
Session
No.
12 on
Electrostatic Hazards (April 17-21). Atlanta. USA, American Institution of Chemical
Engineers, 345 E.
47.
Street, New York
Dahoe. A. E Velzen Th.
J.
van, Sluijs, L. P., Neervoort, F.
J.,
Leschonski,
S.,
Lemkowitz.
S.
M Wel. P. G.
J.
van der, and Scarlett, B. (1995) Construction and Operation of a 20-litre Dust
Explosion Sphere At and Above Atmospheric Conditions. In
Loss
Prevention and Safety
Promotion in the Process Industries: Volume
11,
(Ed. by
J.

J. Mewis,
H.
J.
Pasman and E. E. De
Rademaeker). Elsevier Science B. V pp. 285-302
Dahoe. A. E Zevenbergen. J.
F.,
Lemkowitz.
S.
M
and Scarlett, B. (1996) Dust explosions
in
Spherical Vessels: The Role of Flame Thickness
in
the Validity of the 'Cube-root Law'.
J.
Loss
Prey. Process fnd.
Special issue on Dust Explosions, (Ed. by P. R. Amyotte)
9
pp. 33-44
Dansk Fire Eater A/S (1992) INERGEN: Anlagsbeskrivelse
&
Design. Report obtained from
Dansk Fire Eater A/S. Skovlytoften 14, DK-2840 Hoke, Denmark
Deng Xufan, Xu Renxian. Xie Lin, Dang Junxian, Zang Tingan, Gao Jun. and Tan Feng Gui
(1993) Explosibility and Ignitability
of
16 Types of Dust and Some Opinions on Fundamental
Research for Dust Explosions.

Proc. 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions.
(April 19-22), Pultusk
near Warsaw. pp. 217-224
Deng Xufan. Zang Tingan. Dang Junxian. and Xie Lin (1993a) Maize Dust Explosion
in
the
94.4m3 Experimental Silo for Venting
of
Deflagrations
in
Low Strength Silos.
Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22). Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 403-41
1
Deng Xufan. and He Jicheng (1994) A Brief Review of Dust Explosion Reaction Engineering.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coil. Dust Explosions.
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski). (August
29-September 2). Shenyang. P.
R.
China. pp. 96-115
Ding Hua. and Huang Wanli (1994) On the Chapman-Jouguet Condition of Dust Detonation.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions.
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August
Research and development
59
1
"-September

2).
Shenyang, P. R. China. pp. 341-348
Dushin. V. R Nikitin. V. F., Smirnov, N. N., Zverev, N.
I.
Machviladze, G. M and Yakush.
S.
E.
(1993) Mathematical Modelling
of
Particle Cloud Evolution in the Atmosphere After a Huge
Explosion.
Proc. 5th Internar.
Coll.
Dust
Explosions.
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw. pp.
Eckhoff. R.
K.
(1991) Generation. Ignition, Combustion and Explosion
of
Sprays and Mists
of
Flammable Liquids in Air. A Literature Survey. Report No. CMI-91-A25014 from Christian
Michelsen Research (Chr. Michelsen Institute). N-5036 Fantoft. Norway
Eckhoff. R. K. (1992) Influence of Initial and Explosion-induced Turbulence on Dust Explosions
in Closed and Vented Vessels. Research at CMI.
Powder Technology
71
pp. 181-187
Eckhoff. R. K.

(
1993) Dust Explosion Research: State-of-the-art and Outstanding Problems.
Journal of Hazardous Marerials
35
pp. 103-1 17. Also reprinted in
Archivum Combustionis
13
Eckhoff. R. K.
(
1993a) Influence
of
Initial and Explosion-induced Turbulence on Dust Explosions
in Large Silo Cells.
Safety Science
16
pp. 511-525
Eckhoff. R. K. (1994) Prevention and Mitigation
of
Dust Explosions in the Process Industries: A
Survey
of
Recent Research and Development.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by
Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski). (August 29-September 2). Shenyang, P. R. China, pp.
5-34
Eckhoff. R.
K.

(1995)
Dust Explosion Hazards in the Ferro-alloys Industry.
Proc. 52nd Electric
Firrtiace Conference
(November 13-16 1994). Nashville. TN, USA. pp. 283-302. Published by
Iron and Steel Society, lnc., Warrendale. PA. USA
Eckhoff. R. K. (1996) Prevention and Mitigation
of
Dust Explosions in the Process Industries: A
Survey
of
Recent Research and Development.
J.
Loss
Prev. Process Ind.
Special issue on Dust
Explosions. (Ed. by P. R. Amyotte)
9
pp. 3-20
Eckhoff. R.
K.
(1996a) Dust Explosion Hazards in the Silicon Crushing and Grinding Industry.
Proc. of Conf.
on
Silicon for the Chemical Industry
Ill.
(June 18-20 1995) Sandefjord. Norway
Fan. B. C Ding. D. M and Tang. M. J. (1993) An Aluminium Dust Explosion in a Spherical
Closed Vessel.
Proc. (suppl.) 5th Internar. Coll.

Dust
Explosions.
(April 19-22), Pultusk near
Warsaw. pp. 21-31
Fan Xisheng. and Wu Jianxing. Li Li (1994) The Edge Effect in the Static Bursting
of
Vent
Closure.
Proc.
6th
Inrernat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski).
(August 29-September 2). Shenyang. P. R. China. pp. 553-559
Fernando. D. (1993) Dust Explosion Hazards: The Human Element. Paper given at the European
Summer School on Dirst
Explosion Hazards: Their Assessmenr and Control.
Cambridge. UK.
organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd. in association with BMHB and IELG
Frolov.
S.
M Mack. A,. and Roth. P. (1993) Diffusion Model
of
Dust Lifting Behind a Shock
Wave.
Proc. 5th Itirertiat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions.
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw. pp.

30
1-3
IO
Gao
Guangchun. Chen Zhandong. Tang Quinghua. and Luo Ruquan (1994) New Technique and
Equipment for Fire and Explosion-protection
of
Blast Furnace Bituminous Infection.
Proc. 6th
Intertiat. Coll. Dust Explosions.
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski). (August
?-September 2). Shenyang. P. R. China. pp. 407-411
Gelfand. B Medvedev.
S
Polenov. A,, and Bartenev. A. (1990) Shock Waves From Expansion
of
Burning Dust Clouds.
combustion Explosion and Shock Waves
No.
3.
pp. 85-91
Gelfand. B and Tsyganov.
S.
(1992) Private communication. Semenov Institute
of
Chemical
Physics. Academy
of
Sciences
of

Russia. Kosygin Street
4.
Moscow 117977. Russia
Gelfand.
B.
E Khomik.
S.
V.,
and Polenov. A. (1994) Quenching
of
Shock Waves in Dusty
Medium.
Proc.
6th
Interticit. Coll. Dust Explosions.
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski).
(August 29-September
2).
Shenyang. P. R. China. pp. 478-483
Geng.
J.
H Tang. M.
J
and Gronig. H. (1993) Pressure Front
of
an Incident Shock Propagating
into
ii
Combustible Particles-oxidative Gas Mixture.
Proc. 5rh Internat. Coli.

Dust
Explosions.
287-292
(1993) pp. 135-147
592
Dust
Explosions
in
the
Process industries
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 335-344
Geng,
J.
H., Tang, M.
J.,
and Gronig, H. (1993a) Shock-induced Ignition Delay of Cornstarch
Dusts.
Proc. 5th Internat.
CON.
Dust Explosions,
(April
19-22),
Pultusk near Warsaw, pp.
Geng,
J.
H., Liao,
S.
P., and Tang, M.
J.
(1994) Dynamics Effects on Ignition of a Dust

Suspension.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski),
(August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 366-370
Geng,
J.
H., Ven, A. van de, Zhang, F., and Gronig, H. (1994a) A New Setup to Measure Ignition
Delay
of
a Dust Suspension Behind an Incident Shock Wave.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P.
R. China, pp. 309-314
Gibson, N. (199a) A Review of Dust Explosion Research Projects for BMHB Research Project
Panel: An interim report. (November)
Gibson, N. (1993) Precautions Against Fires and Explosions in Drying Operations. Paper given at
the European Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards: Their Assessment and Control,
Cambridge, UK, organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd. in association with BMHB and
IELG.
Gibson,
N.
(1996) Problems in the control of dust explosions: an overview of the CEC CREDIT
project.
J.
Loss
Prev. Process Ind.

9
pp. 255-258
Gieras, M., Klemens, R., and Wolanski, P. (1993) Pyrolysis Processes During Grain Dust-air
Mixture Explosions.
Proc. 5th Internat. CON. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near
Warsaw, pp. 137-152
Gieras, M., and Klemens, R. (1994) Experimental Study of the Ignition and Mechanism of Flame
Propagation
in
Dust and Hybrid Mixtures.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by
Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp.
158-178
Gieras, M., Klemens, R., and Wolanski, P.,
et al.
(1994) Suppression of Dust Explosion Triggered
by Explosive Charge.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr
Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 484-490
Glinka, W., Klemens, R., and Wolanski, P. (1993) Experimental and Theoretical Studies on
Radiative Ignition of Dust Layer.
Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22),

Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 69-86
Glor, M. (1993) Static Electricity
-
Theory. Electrostatic Hazards in Powder Handling Operations.
Papers given at the European Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards: Their Assessment and
Control,
Cambridge, UK, organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd. in association with BMHB
and IELG.
Glor, M., and Maurer, B. (1992) Ziindversuche mit
Schiittkegelentladungen.
Paper presented at
VDI Colloquium
Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stiiube,
(November
4-6),
Niirnberg,
Germany
321-328
Glor, M. (1993a) Private communication. Ciba-Geigy AG, Basle, Switzerland
Glor, M., Maurer, B., and Rogers, R. (1995) Recent Developments in the Assessment of
Electrostatic Hazards Associated with Powder Handling. In
Loss
Prevention and Safety
Promotion in the Process Industries, Volume
I
(Ed. by
J. J.
Mewis, H.
J.

Pasman and E. E. De
Rademaeker), Elsevier Science B. V., pp. 219-230
Haefen,
E.
von, and Schecker, H.
4.
(1993) DUSTEXPERT
-
An Expert System for the
Assessment of Explosion Hazards and the Selection of Explosion Protection Methods for Dust
Handling Plants.
Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw,
pp. 487-496
Harmanny, A. (1992) Explosion Effects.
Proc. Ist World Seminar
on
the Explosion Phenomenon
and
on
the Application
of
Explosion Protection Techniques in Practice,
February 17-21).
Arranged by EuropEx,
in
Brussels
Research and development

593
Harmanny, A. (1993) Duration of Vented Dust Explosions.
EuropEx
Newslener
23
(December)
Hattwig, M., and Hensel, W. (1993) Applicability of the new VDI-guideline 3673 to Silos
of
Rectangular geometry.
Proc. (suppl.) 5th Internat. Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk
near Warsaw, pp. 71-81
Hauert,
F
Vogl. A., and Radandt,
S.
(1994) Measurement
of
Turbulence and Dust
Concentration in Silos and Vessels.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng
Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 71-80
Hensel, W., and John, W. (1992) Zusammenhang zwischen Glimmverhalten und
Staubschichtdicke. Paper presented at VDI Colloquium
Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stabe

(November
4-6)
Niirnberg, Germany
Hensel,
W.,
and John, W. (1993) The Dependence
of
Minimum Ignition Temperatures
of
Dust
Layers Upon Layer Thicknesses.
Proc. 5th Internat. Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(April 19-22),
Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 35-57
Hensel, W., Krause, U., John, W., and Machnov,
K.
(1994) Critical Parameters
for
the Ignition of
Dust Layers at Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions.
Proc. 28th AIChE Ann.
Loss
Prev.
Symp.
Session No. 13 on Dust Explosions (April 17-21) Atlanta, USA American Institution
of
Chemical Engineers, 345 E. 47. Street, New York
Hertzberg, M., Zlochower, I. A., and Cashdollar, K.

L.
(1992) Metal Dust Combustion:
Explosion Limits, Pressures, and Temperatures.
Proceed, 24th Symp. (Internat.) on
Combustion,
The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, USA, pp. 1827-1835
Hertzberg, M., Cashdollar, K.
L.,
Zlochower, I. A., and Green, G. M. (1992a) Explosives Dust
Cloud Combustion.
Proc. 24th Symp. (Internat.) on combustion
The Combustion Institute,
Pittsburgh, USA, pp. 1837-1843
Hesener,
U.,
and Schecker, H. -G. (1995) ExTrA
-
An Expert System
for
the Safety Analysis
of
Drying Plants. In
Loss
Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Volume 11,
(Ed. by
J.
J. Mewis, H. J. Pasman and E. E. De Rademaeker), Elsevier Science B. V., pp.
643-653
Hjertager, B.
H.,

Fuhre, K., and Bjoerkhaug, M. (1988): Gas Explosion Experiments in 1:33 and
1
:5
Scale Offshore Separator and Compressor Modules using Stoichiometric Homogeneous
FueYair Mixtures.
J.
Loss.
Prev. Process Ind,
1
pp. 197-205
Hoechst,
S.,
Leuckel, W., and Eibl, J. (1993) Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Ablauf von
Staubexplosionen in einer dmckentlasteten Versuchs-Silozelle.
Chem. -Ing -Techn.
65
No. 12,
pp. 1488-1490
Holbrow, P., Andrews,
S.,
and Lunn, G. A. (1996) Dust Explosions in Interconnected Vented
Vessels.
J.
Loss
Prev. Process Ind.
Special issue on Dust Explosions, (Ed. by P. R. Amyotte)
9
Huang Wanli, Pu Yikang, and Ding Hua (1994) The Electrical Conduction Phenomenon in the
Process
of

Combustion
of
Aluminium Powder Air Mixtures.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P.
R. China, pp. 201-205
Hu Dong, and Sun Zhumei (1994) Studies
of
the Behaviour
of
Aluminium Powder Reaction in the
Gas Phase Reaction Environment.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng
Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China,
pp.
349-354
Hu Dong, Wang Tianfu, Zhang Guanren and Sun Zhumei (1994) Studies on High Speed Reaction
Behaviour
of
Wheaten Hour.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan
and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 355-359

Itagaki, H., and Matsuda,
T.
(1994) Thermal Ignition
of
Activated Carbon Dusts.
Proc. 6th
Internat. Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August
29-September
2),
Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 141-145
pp. 5-9
pp. 91-103
Jansson, L. (1993) Private communication. Firefly AB, Huddinge, Sweden
594
Dust Explosions
in
the
Process
Industries
Kauffman, C. W., Sichel, M., and Wolanski, P. (1991) Dust Related Detonations. In Dynamic
Structure of Detonation in Gaseous and Dispersed Media, Kluwer, Boston, USA
Kauffman. C. W., Sichel, M. and Wolanski, P. (1992) Research on dust explosions at the
University of Michigan. Powder Technology
71
p. 188
Khomik,
S.

V Gelfand, B. E. and Knyazev, M. V. (1993) On the Critical Diameter of
Detonation Propagation in Dust Suspensions. Proc.
of
Joint Meeting of the Russian and Japanese
Secs of The Comb. Inst., (October 2-5) Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, p. 188
Khomik,
S.
V., Gelfand,
B.
E., and Knyazev,
M.
V. (1994) Experimental Determination of a
Critical Diameter of Detonation Propagation in Dust Suspensions. Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust
Explosions, (Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P.
R. China, pp. 315-319
Kjaldman, L. (1992) Numerical Flow Simulation
of
Dust Deflagrations. Powder Technology
71
pp.
163-169
Kleinschmidt, H. -P. (1992) Private communication. Fagus-GreCon Greten GmbH
&
Co.,
Postfach 1243,
D-W-3220
Alfeld-Hannover, Germany
Klemens, R., Teodorczyk, A., Wolanski, P., and Wolinski,
M.
(1993) Detonation Parameters

of
Hybrid Mixtures Containing Grain Dusts. Proc. (suppl.) 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 57-69
Klincewicz, M., and Kordylewski, W. (1993) A New Explosion Diverter for Pipelines Protection.
Proc. 5rh Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions, (April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 431436
Korobeinikov, V. P. (1993) The Analysis of Basic Parameters for Detonation
of
Dusty Gases.
Proc. 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions, (April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw. pp. 351-364
Krause,
U.
(1993) A Two-Dimensional Model for the Numerical Simulation
of
Explosions in
Vented Vessels. Proc. 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions, (April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw,
pp. 421430
Krause,
U.,
Weinert, D., and Wohrn, P. (1993) Diagrams for the Determination
of
the Limiting
Oxygen Concentration of Dust/air Mixtures. Proc. 5th Internat. CON. Dust Explosions, (April
19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 257-266
Krause,
U.
(1994) Numerical Investigation of the Influence
of
Velocity Fluctuation on Venting

of
Vessels. Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions, (Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski),
(August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 441452
Krause, U., and Hensel,
W.
(1994) Hazards Arising from Electrical Devices Surrounded by
Deposits
of
Flammable Dust. Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions, (Ed. by Deng Xufan
and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 146-157
Krishenik, P. M., and Shkadinskii, K. G. (1993) Modeling
of
Combustion Modes in Bi-size and
Bi-material Dust-Air Mixture. Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions, (April 19-22), Pultusk
near Warsaw, pp. 191-198
Laar, G. F. M. van (1994) Area Classification for Dust Explosion Hazardous Environments.
Preprints for seminar on Explosion Safety and Related Risk Control. (March 23-24). Ghent.
Belgium, organized by Technological Institute-KVIV, in cooperation with EuropEx (Kontich,
Belgium), pp. 127-141
L’Abbe, R.
J.
(1992) Explosion effects on people. Proc. Ist World Seminar
on
the Explosion
Phenomenon and
on
the Application of Explosion Protection Techniques in Practice, (February
17-21). Arranged

by
EuropEx, in Brussels
Lebecki, K., Sliz,
J.,
Dyduch,
Z.
and Wolanski, P. (1990) Critical Dust Layer Thickness for
Combustion of Grain Dust. Publication by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Lee, J.
H.
S.,
Zhang, F., and Knystautas, R. (1992) Propagation Mechanisms
of
Combustion
Waves in Dust-Air Mixtures. Powder Technology
71
pp. 153-162
Li
Gang, Deng Xufan, Liu Wenxin, er al. (1994) Development of a Quenching Venting Door
(QVD). Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions, (Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski),
pp.
51-58
Research and development
595
(August 29-September 2). Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 530-534
Li Jianjun. Wang Xuguang, Ou Yuxiang, and Chen Boren (1994) The Investigation
of
Explosion
Characteristics
of

a Powder Emulsion Explosive.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed.
by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September
2),
Shenyang, P. R. China, pp.
284-288
Liu Jingxian and Wang Junyi (1994) The DSS to Prevent and Control Coal Dust Explosion.
Proc.
6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August
29-September 2). Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 434-440
Liu Wenxin, Sheny Zhongquan, Deng Xufan,
et al.
(1994) Measurement of Turbulence in the
Hartmann Bomb.
Proc. 6th Internat.
CON.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr
Wolanski), (August 29-September 2). Shenyang, P.
R.
China, pp. 81-95
Lloyd. F. C. (1993) Electrical Equipment in Plant Handling Combustible Powder. Paper given at
the European Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards: Their Assessment and Control.

Cambridge, UK, organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd. in association with BMHB and
IELG
Lu
S.
X., Fan. B. C., Pu, Y.
K.
and Gong, C. C. (1993) Numerical Investigation
of
Boundary
Layer Behind a Shock Passing Over a Dust Deposit.
Proc. (suppl.) 5th Internat.
CON.
Dust
Explosions,
(April 1!%22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 47-56
Lu S. X., and Fan, B. C. (1994) Dust Combustion in Shock-induced Boundary Layer.
Proc. 6th
Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August
29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 329-335
Lunn,
G.
A. (1992) The Explosion Venting
of
Interconnected Vessels.
Proc. 1st World Seminar
on
the Explosion Phenomenon and

on
the Application
of
Explosion Protection Techniques in
Practice
(February 17-21). Arranged by EuropEx, in Brussels
Lunn. G. A. (1992a)
Venting
of
Disk Explosions.
Paper given at the European Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards: Their Assessment and Control,
Cambridge, UK, organized by IBC
Technical Services Ltd. in association with BMHB and IELG
Lunn. G. A. (1992b):
Dust Explosion Prevention and Protection. Part
I:
Venting,
(2nd edn).
I.
Chem. E., Rugby, UK
Lunn, G.
A.,
Holbrow, P Andrews,
S.,
and Gummer. J. (1996) Dust Explosions in Totally
Enclosed Interconnected Vessel Systems.
J.
Loss
Prev. Process Ind.

Special issue on Dust
Explosions, (Ed. by P.
R.
Amyotte)
9
pp. 45-58
Maddison, N. (1993) Avoidance
of
Flammable Atmospheres: Use of Inert Gas in Powder
Handling Plant. Paper given at the European Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards: Their
Assessment and Control,
Cambridge, UK, organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd. in
association with BMHB and IELG
Markov, V. V. (1993) A New Numerical Method for Two-Phase Flows.
Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 385390
Matsuda
T.,
and Itagaki,
H.
(1994) Effects of Ignition Energy on Dust Explosion Parameters.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions.
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August
29-September 2). Shenyang, P.
R.

China, pp. 245-256
Matyukhina,
0.
and Babushok (1993) Self-heating of Coal Layers.
Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 109-122
Mazurkiewicz, J and Jarosinski. J. (1993) Gas Composition Near a Cornstarch Dust-Air Flame
Front.
Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp.
153-160
Mazurkiewicz, J., and Jarosinski, J. (1994) Investigation of a Laminar Cornstarch Dust-Air Flame
Front.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski),
(August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P.
R.
China, pp. 179-185
Medvedev. S. P Geng, J. H and Gronig, H. (1993) Shock Tube Study of Dust Layer Dispersion
596
Dust
Explosions in the Process Industries
by Rarefaction Wave.

Proc. 5th Internat. CON. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near
Warsaw, pp. 311-320
Medvedev,
S.
P., Polenov, A. N., and Gelfand, B. E. (1994) Blast Waves Induced by Sudden
Expansion
of
Pressurized Dusty Systems.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by
Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp.
289-296
Medvedev.
S.
P., Polenov, A. N. and Gelfand, B. E. (1994a) On the Amplification
of
Blast Wave
Transmitted Through a Dust Deposit.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng
Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September
2),
Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 297-301
Mercx. W. P. M. (1992) Critical Appraisal
of
Damage Criteria for Buildings and Process
Equipment.

Proc. 1st World Seminar
on
the Explosion Phenomenon and
on
the Application
of
Explosion Protection Techniques in Practice
(February 17-21). Arranged by EuropEx, in
Brussels
Middleton, P. G. (1992) Private communication. British Materials Handling Board, Index House,
Ascot. Berkshire SL5 7EU, England
Mintz,
K.
J.
(1993) Upper Explosive Limit of Dusts: Experimental Evidence for its Existence
Under Certain Circumstances.
Combustion and Flame
34
pp. 125-130
Mintz.
K.
J.
(1995) Problems
in
Experimental Measurements of Dust Explosions.
J.
Haz. Mat.
42
Mintz.
K.

J.,
Bray, M.
J.,
Zuliani, D.
J.,
Amyotte, P. R. and Pegg, M.
J.
(1996) Inerting of Fine
Metallic Powders.
J.
Loss
Prev. Process Ind.
Special issue on Dust Explosions, (Ed. by P. R.
Amyotte)
9
pp. 77-80
Mittal, M. (1993) Mathematical Models
for
Minimum Explosible Concentration of Dusts.
Proc.
5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 247-256
Mittal, M. (1994) Dust Explosion Risk Analysis
of
Pneumatic Transport Systems.
Proc. 6th
Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August

29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 381-390
Moen. I.
0
Lee,
J.
H.
S.,
Hjertager, B. H., Fuhre, K., and Eckhoff, R.
K.
(1982) Pressure
Development Due to Turbulent Flame Propagation in Large-scale MethanelAir Explosions.
Combustion and Flame
47
pp. 31-52
Molkov, V. V., Nikitenko, V. M., Filippov, A. V., and Korolchenko, A. Ya. (1993) Dynamics
of
Gas Explosion in a Vented Vessel with Inertial Vent Covers.
Proc.
of
Joint Meeting
of
the
Russian and Japanese Secs
of
The
Comb. Inst.
(October 2-5), Chernogolovka, Moscow Region,
pp. 183-185
Moore, P. E. (1992) Explosion Suppression for Protecting Systems Against the Explosion Hazard
Presented by Pneumatic Filling Techniques.

Proc. 1st World Seminar
on
the Explosion
Phenomenon and
on
the Application
of
Explosion Protection Techniques in Practice.
(February
17-21). Arranged by EuropEx, in Brussels.
Moore, P. E. (1992a) Developments in Explosion Suppression. Paper given at the European
Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards: Their Assessment and Control,
Cambridge,
UK,
organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd.
in
association with BMHB and IELG
Moore, P. E., and Freehill,
R.
M. (1994) Dust Explosion Protection
-
The Choices.
Proc. 6th
Internat.
CON.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August
29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 453-471
Moore, P. E.

(19%)
Suppressants for the Control
of
Industrial Explosions.
J.
Loss
Prev. Process
Ind.
Special issue on Dust Explosions, (Ed. by P. R. Amyotte)
9
pp. 119-123
Nakajima,
Y.,
and Tanaka, T. (1996) Theoretical Discussion on Two Types
of
Critical State for
Ignition of an Autoxidative Powder Bed.
J.
Loss
Prev. Process Ind.
Special issue on Dust
Explosions, (Ed. by P.
R.
Amyotte)
9
pp. 59-63
Nikitin, V.
F.,
Smirnov, N. N., Dushin, V.
R.,

and Zverev, N. I. (1994) Numerical Simulation
of
Particle’s Evolution
in
Turbulent Stratified Flow.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed.
pp. 177-186
Research and development
597
by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp.
Nikolova,
I.
P. (1993) Two-phase (Source) Code Application for Heterogeneous Combustion
Modeling.
Proc. 5th Internat. CON. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp.
185-190
Paplinski, A., and Wlodarczyk, E. (1994) About Estimation of the Effective Energy for
Detonation Initiation in Combustible Gaseous Suspensions.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust
Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2). Shenyang, P.
R. China, pp. 320-328
Peng Dianhua, Wu Jianxing, Xu Tianrui, and Jin Xiang (1994) A Development
of
Flame Arrestor
on Dust Vessel Vents.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr

Wolanski), (August 2FSeptember 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 526-529
Poletaev, N. L., and Korolchenko, A. Ya. (1993) A Note on the Relationship Between the Lower
Explosibility Limit
of
Dust, and Particle Size.
Proc. of Joint Meeting of the Russian and Japanese
Sects
of
the Comb.
Inst.,
Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, (October 2-5) pp. 116117
Pratt,
T.
H.
(1994) Static Electricity in Pneumatic Transport Systems: Three case histories.
Proc.
28th AIChE Ann.
Loss
Prev. Symp
Session No. 12 on Electrostatic Hazards (April 17-21.
Atlanta, USA). American Institution of Chemical Engineers. 345 E. 47. Street, New York
Proust, Ch. (1993) Experimental Determination of the Maximum Flame Temperatures and of the
Laminar Burning Velocities for Some Combustible Dust-air Mixtures.
Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 161-184
Proust, Ch. (1996) Dust Explosions in Pipes. A Review.
J.
Loss

Prev. Process
Ind.
9
pp. 267-277
Pu,
Y.
K Jarosinski, J., Johnson, V. G., and Kauffman, C. W. (1991a) Turbulence Effects on
Dust Explosions in the 20-litre Spherical Vessel.
Proc. 23rd Symp. (Internat.)
on
Combustion,
The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, pp. 84S849
Pu, Y. K., Hu,
S.,
Yang,
Q.
Z.,
Bao, G. G., and Wang,
Z.
M. (1993) Combustion Tube Studies of
Dust Flame Acceleration.
Proc. (suppl.) 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22).
Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 3346
Rogers, R. L. (1994) Fire, Explosion and Electrostatic Hazards During the Use of Big Bags for
Powder Handling. Preprints for seminar on
Explosion Safety and Related Risk Control.
(March

23-24). Gent, Belgium, organized by Technological Institute-KVIV. in cooperation with
EuropEx (Kontich, Belgium), pp. 169-179
Rzal-Rebiere, F. and Veyssiere, B. (1992) Interaction of a Vortex Ring with Gaseous and Dust
Flames. Paper submitted for presentation at the
24th Symp. (Internat.)
on
Combustion.
(July
5-10) Sydney, Australia, The International Combustion Institute
Rzal-Rebiere, F., Veyssikre, B. (1994) Propagation Mechanisms of Starch Particles-Air Flames.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski). (August
29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 186-200
Scheuermann, K. (1994) Studies About the Influence of Turbulence on the Course of Explosions.
Proc. 28th AlChE Ann.
Loss
Prev. Symp.
Section No. 13 on Dust Explosions (April 17-21)
Atlanta, USA. American Institution
of
Chemical Engineers, 345 E. 47. Street. New York
Scholl, E. W. (1992) The Technique
of
Explosion Venting. Much More Than Just a Set of
Nomographs.
Proc. Ist World Seminar
on
the Explosion Phenomenon and
on
the Application of

Explosion Protection Techniques in Practice
(February 17-21). Arranged by EuropEx. in
Brussels
Schumann,
S.,
and Wirkner-Bott,
I.
(1993) Dust Explosion Venting: Secondary Explosion for
Vessel Volumes up to 250 m3.
EuropEx Newsletter
22
(September) pp. 2-5
Schumann,
S.,
and Rastogi, A. K. (1995) Dust Explosion Venting: Experiments and Numerical
Modelling. In
Loss
Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Volume
I
(Ed.
by
J.
J. Mewis, H. J. Pasman and E.
E.
De Rademaeker), Elsevier Science B. V pp. 231-242
Seshardi, K., Berlad, A. L., and Tangirala, V. (1992) The Structure
of
Premixed Particle-Cloud
61-70
598

Dust Explosions in the
Process
Industries
Flames.
Combustion and Flame
89
pp. 333-342
Shao Fuqun and Wang Shi (1994) Concentration Measurement of Powdery Materials in GasISolid
Two Phase Flow.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr
Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 237-244
Sichel, M Kauffman, C. W. (1994) Transition from Deflagration to Detonation
in
Layered Dust
Explosions.
Proc. 28th AIChE Ann.
Loss
Prev. Symp.
Section
No.
13
on
Dust Explosions (April
17-21) Atlanta, USA. American Institution
of
Chemical Engineers, 345 E. 47. Street. New
York.

Siwek. R.
(
1992) The Combination of Explosion Venting and Explosion Suppression: Explosion
Suppression
in
Very Small Volumes.
Proc. 1st World Seminar
on
the Explosion Phenomenon
and
on
the Application
of
Explosion Protection Techniques
in
Practice
(February 17-21).
Arranged by EuropEx,
in
Brussels
Siwek, R., Glor, M., and Torreggiani. T. (1992) Dust Explosion Venting at Elevated Initial
Pressure. Preprints for the
7th Int. Symp.
Loss.
Prev. and Safety Prom. Proc. Ind.
(May 4-8).
Italy. SRP-Partners, Roma, pp. 57-1 to 57-15
Siwek, R. (1994) Latest Development
in
Explosion Protection Technology.

Proc. 6th Internat.
CON. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), August 29-September
2),
Shenyang. P. R. China, pp. 35-60
Siwek. R., and Cesana. C. (1994) Ignition Behaviour of Combustible Dusts.
Proc. 28th AIChE
Ann.
Loss
Prev. Symp.
Session
No.
12 on Electrostatic Hazards (April 17-21), Atlanta, USA.
American Institution of Chemical Engineers, 345 E. 47. Street, New York
Siwek, R and Moore, P. E. (1995) Extended Design Practice for Explosiot, Suppression Systems.
In
Loss
Prevention and Safety Promotion
in
the Process Industries, Volume I.
(Ed. by
J.
J.
Mewis.
H.
J.
Pasman and E. E. De Rademaeker), Elsevier Science
B.
V.,
pp. 539-550

Siwek, R. (1996) Determination of Technical Safety Indices and Factors Influencing Hazard
Evaluation of Dusts.
J.
Loss
Prev. Process Ind.
Special issue on Dust Explosions. (Ed. by P. R.
Amyotte)
9
pp. 21-31
Siwek,
R.
(1996a) Explosion Venting Technology.
J.
Loss
Prev. Process Ind.
Special issue
on
Dust
Explosions, (Ed. by P. R. Amyotte)
9
pp. 81-90
Sliz,
J
Lebecki, K., and Dyduch.
Z.
(1993) Venting and Suppression
of
Grain Dust
Explosions-Experiments
in

8
m3 chamber.
Proc. 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April
19-22). Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 413-420
Smirnov,
N. N.,
Kuksenko, B.
V.,
and Chen Dongqing (1994) Mathematical Modelling of Shock
Induced Explosion
in
Polydispersed Dust Suspended
in
the Oxidizer.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll.
Dust Explosions.
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2),
Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 306308
Sobolev.
S.
L.
(1993) Two-temperature Discrete Model for Heat Conduction in Dust Systems.
Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 12S129
Sun Keping (1994) Investigation on Statics Explosion-proof of Aldehyde Resin Powder
in
Pneumatic Pipe.

Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr
Wolanski). (August 29-September
2).
Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 420425
T
&
B Electronic (1994)
Spark Detection and Extinguishing Systems. Detailed Technical
Description
of
Svstem
Features and Applications.
(40 pages)
T
&
B
Electronic GmbH, 31061
Alfeld, Germany
Tamanini. F and Ural, E. A. (1992) FMRC Studies of Parameters Affecting the Propagation
of
Dust Explosions.
Powder Technology
71
pp. 135-151
Tamanini. F. (1995) An Improved Correlation
of
Experimental Data

on
the Effects of Ducts in
Vented Dust Explosions.
In
Loss
Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries,
Volume
I.
(Ed. by
J. J.
Mewis. H.
J.
Pasman and E. E. De Rademaeker) Elsevier Science B. V.,
pp. 24s251
Tamanini. F and Valiulis.
J.
V. (1996) Improved Guidelines for the Sizing of L'ents
in
Dust
Research and development
599
Explosions.
J.
Loss
Prev. Process Ind.
Special issue on Dust Explosions, (Ed. by P. R. Amyotte)
Tian Renqu, He Chaoyuan, and Zhang Yinghe (1994) Effect
of
Different Ignition Energies and
the Existence of Methane Gas on the Minimum Explosive Concentration of Coal Dusts.

Proc.
6th Internat.
Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August
29-September 2). Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 227-236
Torrent,
J.
G., and Menendez, E. (1993) Explosion Tests at Elevated Initial Pressures.
EuropEx
Newsletter
22
(September) pp.
6-8
Tulis, A. J., Sumida, W. K., Heberlein,
D.
C., Patel, D. L., and Egghart, H. (1993) Detonation
Tube Studies
of
Particle Size and RDX Sensitization
of
Aluminium Powder-air With Regard to
Spinning andor Multiple-front Detonations.
Proc. 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April
19-22). Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 391-400
Tyldesley, A. (1993) ‘Dust Expert’
-
Much More Than Just a Programme for Running the Vent
Size Calculations. Paper given at the European Summer School on
Dust Explosion Hazards:

Their Assessment and Control,
Cambridge, UK, organized by IBC Technical Services Ltd.,
London. in association with BMHB and IELG
9
pp. 105-118
Tyldesley, A. (1993a) Private letter to R. K. Eckhoff (November 16)
Ural. E. A. (1992)
Dust Entrainability and its Effects
on
Explosion Propagation in Elongated
Structures.
Plant/Operations Progress
Ural. E. A. (1992a) Private communication. Factory Mutual Research, P.O. Box 9102, Norwood.
Mass. 02062, USA
Ural, E. A. (1993) A Simplified Method for Predicting the Effect of Ducts Connected to Explosion
Vents.
J.
Loss
Prev. Proc. Ind.
6
pp. 3-10
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (1992)
Pressure Release of Dust Explosions.
Draft revised Guideline,
VDI. Diisseldorf. Germany
Veyssiere, B. (1992) Development and Propagation Regimes
of
Dust Explosions.
Powder
Technology

71
pp. 171-180
Vogl. A. (1994) The Course of Dust Explosions in Pipes
of
Pneumatic Systems.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2).
Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 535-552
Wach. J. (1993) Expert System for Designing Protection Measures Against Accidental Dust
Explosions.
Proc. 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp.
Wagner, K. (1994) A Case Study of Applied Risk Analysis in Dust Explosion Hazardous
Environments. Preprints for seminar on
Explosion Safety and Related
Risk
Control
(March
23-24) Gent, Belgium, organized by Technological Institute-KVIV, in cooperation with
EuropEx (Kontich, Belgium), pp. 155-167
Wang Baoming and Zhang Jinlin (1994) Investigation on the Process
of
TNT Dust Explosion and
Explosion Vent Systems
of
TNT Production Process.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Expiosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski). (August 29-September 2). Shenyang, P. R. China,
pp. 391-402

Wang Dongyan (1994) Hazards and Control Countermeasures in China.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll.
Dust Explosions.
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2).
Shenyang.
P.
R.
China. pp.
1-4
Wang Junyi, Zhang Jingjie, and Liu Jingxian (1994) Prevention of Coal Dust Explosion in the
Fuming Furnace.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr
Wolanski). (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 412-419
Wang Mingzhong, and Lou Renjie (1994) The Main Electrostatic Hazards and its Elimination in
Powder Pneumatic Conveying System.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng
Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 42-33
Wel.
P.
G.
J. van der Veen, J. P. W. van, Lemkowitz,
S.
M Scarlett B and Wingerden. K. van
497-502
600
Dust Explosions in the Process Industries
(1992) An Interpretation
of

Dust Explosion Phenomena on the Basis
of
Time Scales.
Powder
Technology
71
pp. 207-215
Wel. P.
G.
J.
van der, Lemkowitz,
S.
M., and Leschonski,
S.,
etal.
(1994) Ignition of Dust Clouds
Delft University Press
Wel, P. G. J. van der, Lemkowitz,
S.
M., Timmers, P., and Scarlett, B. (1993) The Role
of
Turbulence on the Propagation Mechanism and Behaviour
of
Dust Explosions.
Proc. 5th
Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 19%209
Wel, P.
G.
J.

van der, Lemkowitz,
S.
M., and Leschonski, S.,s
etal.
(1994) Ignition
of
Dust Clouds
Using Pulsed Laser Beams.
Proc. 6th Internat.
CON.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and
Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 125-140
Wiemann, W. (1992)
Rauchgasreinigung mit brennbaren Stauben.
VDI Berichte No. 975, pp.
607-625
Wingerden,
K.
van, and Alfert,
F.
(1992)
Dust Explosion Propagation in Connected Vessels.
VDI
Berichte No. 975, pp. 507-528
Wingerden,
K.
van (1993) Prediction
of
Pressure and Flame Effects in the Direct Surroundings

of
Installations Protected by Dust Explosion Venting.
J.
Loss
Prev. Proc. Ind.
6
pp. 241-249
Wingerden,
K.
van (1993a) Private communication. Christian Michelsen Research AS,
Fantoftvegen 38, N-5036 Fantoft, Bergen, Norway
Wingerden,
K.
van, Pedersen,
G.
H.,
Teigland, R., and Eckhoff,
R.
K.
(1994) Violence of Dust
Explosions in Integrated Systems.
Proc. 28th AIChE Ann.
Loss
Prev. Symp.
Session No. 13 on
Dust Explosions, (April 17-21) Atlanta, USA. American Institution
of
Chemical Engineers, 345
E. 47, Street, New York.
Wingerden,

K.
van, Pedersen, G.
H.
and Eckhoff, R.
K.
(1995) Violence
of
Dust Explosions in
Integrated Systems.
Process Safety Progress
14
(April) pp. 131-138
Wirkner-Bott,
I.,
Schumann,
S.,
and Stock, M. (1992) Dust Explosion Venting: Investigation
of
the Secondary Explosion. Paper presented at
7th Internat. Symp.
Loss.
Prev. and Safety Prom.
Proc. Ind.
(May 4-8), Italy. Copy received from Battelle Europe, FrankfudMain, Germany.
Wlodarczyk, E., Maranda, A., Nowaczewski, J., Trebinski, R., and Sliz, J. (1993) Influence
of
the
Composition
of
Gas-Dust Mixture on the Content

of
Aluminium Oxide in Explosion Products.
Proc. 5th Internat.
CON.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 279-285
Wolanski, P. (1990)
Deflagration and Detonation Combustion
of
Dust Mixtures.
Published by the
American Institute
of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, pp. >31
Wolanski,
P.
(1992) Dust Explosion Research in Poland.
Powder Technology
71
pp. 197-206
Wolanski, P. (1994) Minimum Explosive Concentration
of
Dust-air Mixtures.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2),
Shenyang, P. R. China, pp. 26219
Wolinski, M., and Hayashi,
T.

(1993) Explosibility of Powders of Rare Earth Metal Alloys.
Proc.
5th Internat.
CON.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 225-236
Xu Bowen, Cui Yun-Shen, and
Xu
Wan-Qing (1993) Research
of
Feeble Electrical Spark Igniting
Deposited Fibre Dust.
Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near
Warsaw, pp. 59-68
Xu Bowen, Zheng Haijun, and Xu Wanqing (1993a) The Effect
of
Particle Size
of
Fibre Dust on
LEL.
Proc. 5th Internat.
Coll.
Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp.
Xu Bowen, Li Zhaojiang, Cui Yunshen, and Xu Wanqing (1994) Estimation
of
Dust Explosion

Hazard in Plants: Estimation Method with Factors of Static and Dynamic Dust Depositing.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August
29-September
2).
Shenyang, P. R. China, pp.
403-406
Xu Tianrui, and Lin Daze (1993) A Calculating Model of the Minimum Ignition Energy of Dust
Clouds.
Proc. 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp.
237-246
99-108
Research and development
60
1
Xu Tianrui, Ding Banqing, Gong Youcheng, and Wang Xingqun (1994) Thoughts on Some Dust
Explosibility Test Methods in 20
1
Apparatus.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(Ed. by
Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P.
R.
China, pp.
27S283
Zellweger,

J.
(1992) Private communication. Rico-Sicherheitstechnik AG, Lindenstrasse 77,
CH-9006 St. Gallen, Switzerland
Zhang,
T.,
and Deng, X. (1993) Combustion Kinetics
of
Coal Dust Layers on Heated Surface.
Proc. (suppl.) 5th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 9-19
Zhang Zhancheng, Zhao Ping, and Shi Jianye (1994) A Laboratory Study on Grain Dust
Explosion Suppression by Adding Inorganic Powder.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P. R. China,
pp. 491499
Zhou Benmou, Tan Fenggui, and
Yu
Xuesheng,
et al.
(1994) A New Type
of
Movable Electrode
Electrostatic Ignition Energy Apparatus.
Proc. 6th Internat. Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(Ed. by
Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski), (August 2SSeptember 2), Shenyang, P.
R.
China, pp.

257-262
Zhou Congzhang, Zhang Ruiping, and
Yu
Yongfang (1994) On the Criterion of Lower Explosion
Limit
of
Dust Cloud.
Proc. 6th Internat.
Coll.
Dust
Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr
Wolanski), (August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P.
R.
China, pp. 22&226
Zockoll, C. (1994) Preventive Protection Against Fire and Explosion
of
Organic Processes by
Example
of
Spray Driers in the Milk Industry. Preprints for seminar
on
Explosion Safety and
Related Risk Control
(March 2>24), Ghent, Belgium, organized by Technological
Institute-KVIV, in cooperation with EuropEx (Kontich, Belgium), pp. 181-193
Zockoll, C. (1994a) Concentration and Ignitability
of
Dust Clouds During the Discharge
of

Bulk
Material.
Proc. 6th Internat. CON. Dust Explosions,
(Ed. by Deng Xufan and Piotr Wolanski),
(August 29-September 2), Shenyang, P.
R.
China, pp. 26>277
APPENDIX
Ignitability and explosibility data
for
dusts
from
laboratory
tests
A1
.
TABLES Al, A2 AND A3, AND
COMMENTS,
FROM BIA
(1
987)
A.1.1.
LIMITATIONS TO
THE
APPLICABILITY
OF
THE
DATA
A.l.l.l
Particle size and

moisture
content
The applicability of the data in Tables
Al,
A2
and
A3
to other dusts
of
apparently
identical materials is limited. In practice dusts of a given overall chemistry may differ
widely in particle size, particle shape and sometimes also in particle surface reactivity.
Furthermore, most ignitability and explosibility parameters are influenced by inherent
features
of
the test method. Therefore, as a general rule, the tabulated data should only be
used as indications, and not as the ultimate basis for design of actual safety measures in
industry. On the other hand, data obtained using the same test method allows relative
comparison of ignitability and explosibility of various dusts. It is always necessary,
however, to account for any significant differences between the particle size distributions
and particle shape of the actual dust of interest and those in Tables
Al,
A2
and
A3.
For a given dust material, the maximum explosion pressure
(Pmax),
and the maximum
rate of pressure rise
(KsJ

increase systematically with decreasing particle size and
moisture content. The minimum ignition energy
(MIE)
generally decreases with decreas-
ing particle size and moisture content. Decreasing the moisture content and particle size
can also give a decrease of both the minimum explosible dust concentration
(Cmin)
and the
minimum ignition temperature of a dust cloud
(Tmin).
The dusts were tested ‘as received’,
and general lack of information
of
the moisture content presents a further uncertainty
concerning the specific applicability of the data. This in particular applies to the data for
wood and cellulose, and food and feed stuffs. Such dusts often contain considerable
fractions of moisture in the ‘as received’ state.
It is generally advisable to have the actual dust of interest tested in a professional
laboratory.
Appendix
603
A.1.1.2
Initial state and Composition
of
the Gas in which the Dust
is
Dispersed
or
Deposited
The data in Table A1 apply to

Atmospheric pressure (from
-0.2
to
+0.2
bar(g))
Oxygen content of air (from 18 to
22
Vol%
0,)
0
Normal ambient temperature (from
0
to 40°C)
In general
Pmm,
and under certain conditions also
(dP/dt),=
or
Kst,
increase propor-
tionally with the absolute initial pressure. Increased oxygen fraction in the atmosphere
increases both the ignitability and the explosibility, whereas a lower oxygen content than
in air reduces the hazard correspondingly. Increased initial temperature increases the
ignition sensitivity (reduces MIE). Normally, data for conditions that deviate significantly
from the standard test conditions, will have to be determined specifically in each particular
case.
If
the gas phase contains some combustible gas or vapour, even in concentrations
considerably below the lower explosibility limit for the gas or vapour, hybrid effects can
give

rise
to considerable increase of both ignition sensitivity and explosibility. In such
cases, specific tests will definitely have to be conducted.
A.1.2.
COMMENTS TO THE VARIOUS ITEMS IN TABLE AI
Al.2.1
Selection and Identification
of
Dusts
The original table published in German by BIA (1987) contains nearly 1900 dusts.
Therefore the selection of about
375
dusts in Table A1 constitutes about
20%
of those in
the original tables. When performing the selection, the samples of a given dust material
that gave the most severe test data, were normally preferred. In addition, sequences for
some given dust materials showing systematic effects of e.g. moisture content or particle
size were included. Examples of this are data for peat and aluminium.
In the original German table the dusts are identified by a code number, which has been
omitted in the present, condensed table. However, the sequence of the dusts in the
condensed table is identical with that in the original table. If required, the dusts in the
condensed table can be easily identified in the original German table by means of the
particle size data and the ignitability and explosibility data.
A.1.2.2
Particle Size Distribution
Most of the dusts were tested as received. However, in some cases fractions passing a
63
Fm sieve were tested.
604

Dust Explosions in the Process Industries
A.1.2.3
Minimum Explosible Dust Concentration
(Cmin)
Most of the tabulated data were determined in the standard closed
1
m3
IS0
vessel (1985)
or in the closed 20 litre Siwek sphere. Experience has shown that the latter apparatus
tends to give lower values than the
1
m3 vessel, often by a factor of two. (Note: Another
standard small-scale method approved by Nordtest (1989) seems to give data in somewhat
closer agreement with those from the
1
m3 IS0 vessel.
)
The
Cmin
values in brackets were
determined in the modified 1.2 litre Hartmann apparatus in terms of the smallest
dispersed dust quantity that gave flame propagation, divided by the vessel volume. These
values are sometimes higher than the true
Cmin,
because of the comparatively weak
ignition source used.
A.1.2.4
Maximum Explosion Pressure
(fmax)

The maximum explosion pressures were obtained either in the standard
1
m3
IS0
vessel or
in the 20 litre Siwek sphere. The data in brackets were obtained in the
20
litre sphere using
a simplified test procedure due to limited amounts of dust for testing. The standard
procedure requires at least three replicate tests at each dust concentration over a range of
different concentrations.
A.1.2.5
Explosion Violence
(Kst,
St
class)
Ksr
is defined as the maximum rate of pressure rise during a dust explosion in an
equi-dimensional vessel, times the cube root of the vessel volume.
Ksr
[bar m/s] is
numerically equal to the maximum rate of pressure rise [barh] in the
1
m3 standard
IS0
test (1985). The
Kst
data in the table were obtained either in the standard
IS0
test or

in
the
20
litre Siwek sphere, adopted by ASTM (1988), which has been calibrated to yield
comparable
Ks,
values.
The St class was determined using the modified Hartmann tube, with a hinged lid at the
top. Brackets are used to indicate that this test method is not considered adequate in
F.
R.
Germany for conclusive classification of St2 and St3 dusts. (St2 means that 200 bar
m/s
6
Ksr
<
300 bar
m/s,
and St3 that
Ksr
5
300 bar
ds.)
A.1.2.6
Minimum ignition Temperature
of
Dust Clouds
These data were acquired using either the Godbert-Greenwald furnace or the BAM
furnace. The data in brackets were obtained using a modified, elongated version of the
Godbert-Greenwald furnace, yielding somewhat lower values than the version proposed

as
an IEC standard (International Electrotechnical Commission).
Appendix
605
A.1.2.7
Minimum Ignition Energy
(MIE)
In the original BIA (1987) publication, the MIE values appear in a separate table.
However, because the dusts could be identified by their reference numbers, it was possible
to incorporate the MIE values in Table A1
.
These values are determined using soft sparks
(long discharge times) in agreement with the VDI method described by Berthold (1987).
Down to net spark energies of about
1
mJ this method is in complete accordance with the
CMI method described by Eckhoff (1976). The VDI and the CMI methods are the basis of
the method for measuring MIE that is being evaluated by the IEC. The VDI and CMI
methods differ from the earlier US Bureau of Mines method, in which an appreciable
fraction of the 1/2 CV2 quoted as MIE was lost in a transformer and never got to the spark.
Therefore, the USBM MIE values are generally higher than those determined by the new
method. A tentative correlation for transforming USBM data to equivalent VDUCMI
data is given in Figure Al.
A.1.2.8
Glow
Temperature
These data were obtained with a
5
mm thick layer of dust resting on a hot-plate of known,
controllable temperature (equivalent to proposed standard IEC method for determining

the minimum ignition temperature of a dust layer on a hot surface).
A.1.2.9
Flammability
The dusts are classified according to their ability to propagate a combustion wave when
deposited in a layer. Ignition is accomplished using either a gas flame or a glowing
platinum wire at 1000°C. The test sample is a
2
cm wide and
4
cm long dust ridge resting on
a ceramic plate. Ignition is performed at one end. The definitions are:
0
Class
1:
No
self-sustained combustion.
0
Class
2:
Local combustion of short duration.
0
Class
3:
Local sustained combustion, but no propagation.
Class
4:
Propagating smouldering combustion.
0
Class
5:

Propagating open flame.
0
Class 6: Explosive combustion.
The numbers in brackets refer to a modified test procedure according to which
20
weight% diatomaceous earth is mixed with the powder or dust to be tested. By this means
some materials that would otherwise not propagate a flame because they melt, may show
sustained flame propagation.
606
Dust Explosions in the Process Industries
Table
A1
In
Y
>
a
5
c
In
3
n
-
In
3
0
c
In
3
n
s

n
$
>
c
d
3
n
n
In
s
x
W
z
4.
>
c
d
m
z
2
CI
-
-
Appendix
607
Table
Al,
continued
m
m

a
N
m
3
608
Dust Explosions in the Process Industries
Table
Al,
continued
-
a
5
>
z
c
3
P
E
a
c
:
P
w
Y
c
E
0
i
Appendix
609

Table
Al,
continued
-
u)
C
w
5
I-
u)
3
n
z
I-
3
C
I-
P
m
II
n
E
W
u)
W
-I
I-
C
4:
0

n
I::
w
>
I-
I-
tn
3
n
Po
ow
ow
YY
n