nasa scientific and technical aerospace reports phần 3 ppsx

20050173297 Air Force Research Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA
Performance of a Low-Density Hypersonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Facility
Kimmel, R.; Hayes, J.; Tyler, C.; Shang, J. S.; Oct. 2003; 21 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432574; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
A hypersonic, weakly ionized gas experimental facility has been successfully developed for magnetoaerodynamics basic
research. The weakly ionized air is generated by a combination of direct current discharge, radio frequency discharge, and a
combination of both in a blow-down, open jet, Mach 5 flow channel. The plasma field is characterized by electron
temperatures around 10,000 K, and electron number density up to 2x10(exp 12) cu cm. The magnetic field is provided by a
steady sate solenoid that can generate a maximum field up to three Tesla and an array of permanent magnets. In this
environment, the maximum ma magneto-aerodynamic interaction parameter per unit length is around 1.5 per meter. A
collection of plasma diagnostic tools including emission spectroscopy, microwave absorption, and Langmuir probes also are
available.
DTIC
Hypersonics; Magnetohydrodynamics
20050173442 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA
Interdicting a Force Deployment: Two-Sided Optimization of Asset Selection, Lift Scheduling, and Multi-Commodity
Load Planning
Koprowski, Peter M.; Mar. 2005; 76 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432887; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
A military deployment is visible and vulnerable. But, deployments are currently planned assuming they can be completed
with surprise, or defended from any threat. JFAST, the current deployment planning and visualization tool of choice, uses
heuristics of unknown reliability that yield deployment plans of unknown quality, and ignores vulnerability. We introduce
LIFTER, an integer-linear program (ILP) that optimizes a time-phased force deployment (TPFDD) by day, by asset cycle, and
by TPFDD line (individual shipment from an origin to a destination), and ATTACKER, also an ILP, representing a smart
enemy’s resource-limited interdictions to maximally disrupt LIFTER’s subsequently re-optimized TPFDD plan. LIFTER
activates transport assets from an allocation list, and yields a complete logistic plan that minimizes disruption represented by
penalties for early, tardy, late, or dropped shipments, and for under-utilization of asset capacity. We use LIFTER to
qualitatively assess JFAST heuristic plans. We also link both ILPs in a decomposition-based search for the best deployment
plan around the worst-case interdiction, given that the actions of deployer and interdictor are transparent to both parties. We
explain how JFAST could be embellished with its own version of ATTACKER. A key discovery here is a gauge of the value

of intelligence, deception, and secrecy.
DTIC
Commodities; Lift; Loads (Forces); Logistics; Optimization; Scheduling
20050173448 Air Force Research Lab., Hanscom AFB, MA USA
Modified-Dewan Optical Turbulence Parameterizations
Jackson, Artie; Jun. 2004; 72 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-1010
Report No.(s): AD-A432901; AFRL-VS-HA-TR-2004-1116; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center
(DTIC)
The Dewan optical turbulence parameterization has been the Air Force Research Laboratory optical turbulence model of
choice for various research efforts involving optical turbulence during the past several years. The Dewan parameterization was
developed to convert standard radiosonde data into vertical profiles of Cr2, the refractive index structure constant, which is
the critical parameter for describing optical turbulence. The Dewan parameterization provides useful vertical profiles of Cr2
in the upper troposphere and stratosphere, though there is certainly a need for improvement at these altitudes. The statistical
relationships relating Dewan’s Y parameter to wind shear, which form the basis of the Dewan parameterization, are often not
found in atmospheric measurement data, thus this is an area to explore in developing improved optical turbulence
parameterization for the troposphere and stratosphere. Several modified-Dewan optical turbulence parameterization are
developed and tested for the lower troposphere, the troposphere, the stratosphere and the combined tropospherelstratosphere.
DTIC
Optical Equipment; Parameterization; Turbulence
115
20050173450 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA
Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics Environment
Ray, Stephen E.; Newill, James F.; Nusca, Michael J.; Horst, Albert W.; Dec. 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-03-D-0001
Report No.(s): AD-A432903; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The state-of-the-art interior ballistics (IB) code for the Army, ARL-NGEN3, is being used to predict the interior ballistics
behavior of next-generation gun charges, which include densely-packed solid propellants. Recently, the results from
ARL-NGEN3 code simulations were linked to structural dynamics codes in order to predict the in-bore behavior of the

projectile afterbody. In the current paper results are presented from recent efforts to bring together the capabilities of
ARL-NGEN3 and two of the prominent structural mechanics codes, DYNA3D and EPIC. Results from simulations of a test
case show the effectiveness of this approach.
DTIC
Ballistics; Coding; Command Service Modules; Computational Fluid Dynamics; Interior Ballistics; Projectiles; Structural
Analysis
20050173477 Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI USA
An Advanced Platform for Biomolecular Detection and Analysis Systems
Beebe, David J.; Feb. 2005; 149 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-00-2-0570; DARPA ORDER-E117; Proj-E117
Report No.(s): AD-A432950; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-54; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
A comprehensive new approach to the rapid and flexible construction of microfluidic-based systems for biological and
chemical (BC) agent detection has been demonstrated. The foundation of the approach is a new manufacturing process called
MicroFluidic Tectonics that combines responsive hydrogel materials with novel liquid phase Microfluidic construction
methods. The approach addresses several critical issues relevant to BC agent defense - simple device fabrication, just-in-time
manufacturing, integration of all system functions through ‘in situ’ fabrication, simple operation, self-regulation of on chip
flow, no electrical power, rapid and highly adaptable to changing needs. MicroFluidic Tectonics (microFT) processes capable
of manufacturing elegant (operationally simple, but functionally complex) microfluidic systems in the field were developed.
In addition, methods for the creation of novel BC sensing systems that directly couple micro scale detection to macro scale
alerts were shown. The systems are capable of performing sample preparation steps and can detect host defense toxins. In
addition, advanced concepts in truly three dimensional functional polymer structures and heterogeneous materials integration
were demonstrated. Modeling and material characterization capabilities to not only understand hydrogels better but also to
enable design of innovative applications based on hydrogels were also established. A representative assay was used to develop
and test the systems including botulinum toxin detection. The MicroFluidic Tectonics platform has broad potential applications
across all layers of BC detection, analysis and response as well as many non BC warfare applications such as environmental
toxicology, clinical detection and diagnosis, chemical synthesis, etc.
DTIC
Biochemistry; Detection; Fluidics
20050173508 California Univ., San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
Effect of Gravity on Sheared Turbulence Laden With Bubbles or Droplets

Lasheras, Juan C.; Oct. 2004; 128 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-96-1-0213
Report No.(s): AD-A432992; 2259AV; ONR-TR-333; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This report studies the dynamics of particle-laden turbulent flows. Specifically, it addresses the effect of the turbulence
on the concentration field and drift velocity of spherical particles. The coupling between the particle accumulation and the
modification of the drift velocity is also investigated. Turbulent flows with and without mean shear are analyzed and the effect
of the turbulent length scales on the behavior of the particles is described. The effect of the density ratio between the disperse
and the continuous phase was considered in the two extreme cases of water droplets in air (1000) and air bubbles in water
(1/1000).
DTIC
Bubbles; Drops (Liquids); Gravitational Effects; Turbulence; Turbulent Flow
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35
INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
Includes remote sensors; measuring instruments and gages; detectors; cameras and photographic supplies; and holography. For aerial
photography see 43 Earth Resources and Remote Sensing. For related information see also 06 Avionics and Aircraft Instrumentation;
and 19 Spacecraft Instrumentation and Astrionics.
20050169805 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Berlin, Germany
Martian Valley Networks andAssociated Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera
(HRSC)
Jaumann, R.; Reiss, D.; Frei, S.; Scholten, F.; Grinner, K.; Roatsch, T.; Matz, K D.; Hauber, E.; Mertens, V.; Hoffmann, H.,
et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains black
and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entire
parent document
Our objective is to characterize the internal structure of valley networks based on small-scale features that are related to
fluvial processes. In order to map the features we used the data of ESA s Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera
(HRSC) [1]. As HRSC is a stereo camera the three-dimensional structure of small inner valley features can be resolved
providing quantitative information on transport rates and mass balances. Although the age differences between the valley
floors and the surroundings are large and therefore stand for low average erosion rates, the estimated discharges indicate higher

erosion activities and therefore shorter periods for the valley formation, which may be caused by episodic flooding events.
Derived from text
Cameras; Mars Express; Mass Distribution; High Resolution
20050169861 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA
Top Level User Specifications for Mask Inspection Microscope
Barty, A.; Taylor, J. S.; Jan. 31, 2002; 18 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): DE2004-15003402; UCRL-CR-148215; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This document compiles top-level user specifications for an EUV microscope for characterizing EUVL mask defects. Two
broad categories of application are considered: (1) emulation of the imaging characteristics of a stepper for printability analysis
(AIM mode); and (2) high-resolution imaging for obtaining a more detailed characterization of defects or mask features. It is
generally assumed that the mask defects that are to be characterized have been located by a previous inspection procedure and
the spatial coordinates of the defect can be transferred to the microscope.
NTIS
Imaging Techniques; User Requirements; Microscopes; Ultraviolet Microscopy
20050169862 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA
Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junction for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Hiller, L. J.; Mar. 06, 2001; 132 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): DE2004-15003411; UCRL-LR-143344; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge
A superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) in combination with a superconducting absorber of radiation may function as a
highly resolving x-ray spectrometer. Electronic excitations, or quasiparticles, are created when a superconductor absorbs an
x-ray and are detected as an excess tunnel current through the junction. The number of quasiparticles created and the
magnitude of the excess current is proportional to the energy of the absorbed x-ray. This is similar to existing
semiconductor-based spectrometers that measure electron-hole pairs, but with 1000 times more excitations. The energy
measurement therefore can be up to 30 times more precise with a superconducting detector than with a semiconductor detector.
This work describes the development and testing of an STJ spectrometer design for x-ray fluorescence applications. First, the
basic principles of the STJ spectrometer are explained. This is followed by detailed simulations of the variance in the number
of quasiparticles produced by absorption of an x-ray. This variance is inherent in the detector and establishes an upper limit
on the resolving power of the spectrometer. These simulations include effects due to the materials used in the spectrometer
and to the multilayer structure of the device. Next, the spectrometer is characterized as functions of operating temperature,
incident x-ray energy, and count rate. Many of these tests were performed with the spectrometer attached to a synchrotron

radiation port. Finally, example x-ray fluorescence spectra of materials exposed to synchrotron radiation are presented. These
117
materials are of interest to semiconductor processing and structural biology, two fields that will benefit immediately from the
improved resolving power of the STJ spectrometer.
NTIS
Semiconductors (Materials); Spectrometers; Spectroscopy; Superconductivity; Superconductors (Materials); Tunnel
Junctions; X Ray Fluorescence; X Ray Spectrometers
20050169993 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA
One Spectrometer, Two Spectra: Complementary Hemispherical Reflectance and Thermal Emission Spectroscopy
Using a Single FTIR Instrument
Hamilton, V. E.; Lucey, P. G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945;
Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part
of the entire parent document
The Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) at the University of Hawaii houses a new, dual-function
FTIR spectrometer. This spectrometer provides an unprecedented opportunity to collect near-simultaneous (within tens of
minutes) hemispherical reflectance and emission data of geologic samples, eliminating the disruption of particulate samples
that necessarily occurs when such samples must be transported between laboratories. This dual setup also will facilitate
cross-calibration between reflectance and emission spectra. Additional information is included in the original extended
abstract.
Author (revised)
Infrared Spectrometers; Reflectance; Thermal Emission; Fourier Transformation
20050170610 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA
Capabilities and Limitations of Infrared Reflectance Microspectroscopy
Klima, R. L.; Pieters, C. M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551;
Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-13609; NNG04GG11G; Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on
CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
Technological improvements in IR microspectroscopy have made it an increasingly appealing tool for planetary

mineralogy. Microspectroscopy presents the prospect of examining small samples nondestructively and acquiring spectra that
can be related to remote sensing observations. However, complications are introduced as a target beam size is reduced, and
it is critical that limitations are understood. We present the results of a series of well constrained spectroscopic measurements,
linking microspectroscopic data to traditionally collected reflectance spectra and petrologic information for the same rock.
Author
Infrared Radiation; Spectroscopic Analysis; Mineralogy
20050172152 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan
Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Preliminary Results
Nakamura, R.; Ishiguro, M.; Nakamura, A. M.; Hirata, N.; Terazono, J.; Yamamoto, A.; Abe, M.; Hashimoto, T.; Saito, J.;
Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color and
black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the
entire parent document
HAYABUSA is a Japanese sample return mission from a S-type near-Earth asteroid Itokawa and Asteroid Multiband
Imaging Camera (AMICA) is one of the remote-sensing instruments. The field of view of 5.7 degree square is covered by a
CCD chip consisting of 1024x1024 pixels with the 12 bit dynamic range. AMICA has a filter set similar, but not identical to
the Eight Color Asteroids Survey (ECAS), which is the standard system for the ground-based asteroid taxonomy. In addition,
four polarizers are attached on the surface of the CCD. While the imaging performance is a critical factor to investigate the
surface topography, contaminants may blur the images as MSI on Near/Shoemaker. The ground-based measurements of a
integrating sphere provided us with the radiometric calibration coefficients, which convert the output DN of AMICA to the
input radiance. The preflight radiometric calibration, however, were conducted under the much higher temperature compared
with the inflight operational environments. With the absolute radiometric calibration, we can estimate the Hapke parameters
of Itokawa, which could be associated with the regolith properties. In addition, the local variations of the color and iron
absorptions can be directly compared with the previous studies on Eros. In this article, we present some preliminary results
118
of inflight observations of AMICA to check the imaging performance and the absolute sensitivity in space. Additional
information is included in the original extended abstract.
Author (revised)
CCD Cameras; Calibrating; Spacecraft Instruments; Multispectral Band Cameras
20050172163 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA

An Improved Instrument for Investigating Planetary Regolith Microstructure
Nelson, R. M.; Hapke, B. W.; Smythe, W. D.; Manatt, K. S.; Eddy, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005];
1 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only
as part of the entire parent document
The Opposition Effect (OE) is the non-linear increase in the intensity of light scattered from a surface as phase angle
approaches 0 deg. It is seen in laboratory experiments and in remote sensing observations of planetary surfaces. Understanding
the OE is a requirement for fitting photometric models which produce meaningful results about regolith texture. Previously
we have reported measurements from the JPL long arm goniometer and we have shown that this instrument enables us to
distinguish between two distinct processes which create the opposition surges, Shadow Hiding (SHOE) and Coherent
Backscattering (CBOE). SHOE arises because, as phase angle approaches zero, shadows cast by regolith grains on other grains
become invisible to the observer. CBOE results from constructive interference between rays traveling the same path but in
opposite directions. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract.
Author (revised)
Regolith; Microstructure; Light Scattering; Optical Measuring Instruments; Planetary Surfaces
20050173197 Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC USA
Airborne UXO Surveys Using the MTADS
Nelson, H. H.; McDonald, J. R.; Wright, David; Apr. 2005; 140 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432363; NRL/MR/6110 05-8874; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
An airborne version of the MTADS vehicular towed array has been developed and demonstrated with the support of
ESTCP Project 200031. The system is ideally suited to localizing burial caches of ordnance and establishing areas that are
uncontaminated but also retains the capability of detecting, locating, and identifying individual ordnance items the size of
2.75-in. rocket warheads and larger. The system deploys a linear array of 7 Cs-vapor magnetometers spaced at 1.5-m intervals
in a forward-mounted boom on a Bell Long Ranger helicopter. Two GPS units mounted on the forward boom provide
positioning and roll and yaw measurements. An inertial measurement unit and a 3-axis fluxgate gradiometer redundantly
provide additional attitude measurements. Laser, radar, and acoustic altimeters provide altitude information. A pilot guidance
display provides survey progress and platform information in real time. All sensor data are recorded in a data acquisition
computer mounted in one of the helicopter rear seats. This report documents the performance of the Airborne MTADS at three
ranges containing both live ordnance and inert, seeded ordnance.
DTIC

Aerial Reconnaissance; Ammunition; Detection; Microinstrumentation; Ordnance; Sensors
20050173211 Naval Research Lab., Bay Saint Louis, MS USA
Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Algorithm to Derive Optical Properties From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral
Aircraft Imagery
Gould, R. W., Jr.; Amone, R. A.; Sydor, M.; Kohler, D. D.; Bissett, W. P.; Oct. 2004; 16 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A432395; NRL/PP/7330 04-0006; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A03, Hardcopy
Using new algorithms, we derive estimates of partitioned absorption (a) and scattering (b) coefficients from
high-resolution, hyperspectral aircraft imagery collected with the PHILLS sensor. During May 2002, we conducted
simultaneous ship and aircraft surveys in a dynamic environment in the northern Gulf of Mexico (coastal waters near Mobile
Bay, Alabama). Optical measurements included hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance, partitioned absorption coefficients
(phytoplankton, detrital, and colored dissolved organic matter components), beam attenuation (c), backscattering coefficient,
HPLC phytoplankton pigment concentrations, and organic/inorganic particle loads. Our objectives arc to: (I) develop new
algorithms to estimate optical properties from hyperspectral ocean color imagery; (2) apply to high-resolution aircraft imagery
to characterize the spatial optical variability in an environment impacted by high concentrations of dissolved and particulate
materials; and (3) perform an optical water mass classification on the aircraft imagery. The new optical classification system
119
based on the partitioned absorption coefficients is used to distinguish water masses and track coastal features.
DTIC
Algorithms; High Resolution; Imagery; Near Infrared Radiation; Optical Properties; Slopes
20050173218 Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
Development of Artificial Haircell Sensors
Liu, Chang; Apr. 2005; 37 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-01-1-0496
Report No.(s): AD-A432406; AFRL-SR-AR-TR-05-0147; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A03, Hardcopy
Biological haircells are highly sensitive and yet robust mechanoreceptors that can respond to an extremely wide variety
of physical, fluidical, and chemical stimulus. The variety of animals that use haircell, a simple mechanical transducer, for
critical tasks is astonishing. This projected aimed to: (1) Learn from the biological systems about haircell sensor design,
materials, and performance, and the way multiple sensors are organized; (2) Develop artificial haircell sensors that are inspired

by design, materials, and dimensions of biological counterparts using advanced microfabrication strategies; (3) Characterize
the performance of artificial haircell sensors and validate the performance of individual sensors and groups of them for flow
sensing applications. Apart from the objectives of gaining better performance in terms of combined sensitivity and robustness,
the use of bioinspired haircell sensors have other benefits that are important for the military. Sensors are very important for
military platforms such as remote wireless sensors and various mobile platforms. However, the cost of developing custom
sensors is very high due to the high cost (millions of dollars) and long duration (several years) of sensor development. It is
anticipate that the modualar sensor concept will significantly reduce the time it takes to develop a certain sensor and to enable
low cost development efforts in the future.
DTIC
Biological Effects; Detection; Mechanical Properties
20050173249 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA
Evolution of Boundary Layer Height in Response to Surface and Mesoscale Forcing
Moore, Matthew J.; Mar. 2005; 75 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432473; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This thesis study focuses on understanding the dissipation processes of the stratocumulus deck after sunrise. This
objective is met through careful analyses of observational data as well as model simulations. Measurements from the Marine
Atmosphere Measurement Lab (MAML) of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) are used in this study. In particular, the
half-hourly wind profiler/Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) measurements were used to determine the boundary layer
top and the evolution of the boundary layer mean thermodynamic properties during the cloud breakup period. Measurements
from a laser ceilometer and the routine surface measurements are also used to detect the variation of cloud base height, the
evolution of the cloud deck, and the onset of sea breeze. These measurements revealed the increase of the boundary layer depth
after sunrise followed by a decrease of the boundary layer depth after the onset of the sea breeze, which points to the role of
surface heating and sea breeze development in modulating cloud evolution. The effects of surface heating and sea breeze are
further tested using a 1-dimensional mixed layer model modified for coastal land surfaces.
DTIC
Boundary Layers; Mesoscale Phenomena; Radar Equipment; Radio Transmitters; Sounding
20050173301 Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA USA
Analysis of Soil and Environmental Processes on Hyperspectral Infrared Signatures of Landmines
Cathcart, J. M.; Bock, Robert D.; Campbell, Ricardo; Dec. 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432578; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

Georgia Tech is in the second year of a Multi-University Research Initiative designed to study the impact of
environmental processes on optical signatures. In particular, this program is conducting phenomenological studies on
hyperspectral and polarimetric signatures of various target classes in the visible and infrared wavebands. Initial research
studies have focused on landmines and the impact of various environmental factors and processes (e.g., subsurface processes)
on the resultant spectral infrared signatures. A variety of approaches have been employed in this research to gain a better
understanding of the impact of the environment on the spectral and polarimetric characteristics of soil and landmine
signatures. These approaches include theoretical analyses, physics-based signature modeling, field measurements, and
laboratory studies. We will present results from our research into the use of a physics-based, hyperspectral signature model
120
as an analysis tool for landmine-related phenomenology studies. Results from these studies will be presented that underscore
the importance of incorporating the subsurface processes into the signature analyses and the impact of these processes on
detection algorithm development. The results of these analyses have been propagated to algorithm developers to permit the
creation of more robust processing techniques based on these physical analyses and models.
DTIC
Environments; Imagery; Infrared Radiation; Infrared Signatures; Mines (Ordnance); Reflectance; Signatures; Soils;
Spectrometers
20050173305 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI USA
Multiple Model Particle Filtering For Multi-Target Tracking
Hero, Alfred; Kreucher, Chris; Kastella, Keith; Dec. 2004; 33 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432588; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This paper addresses the problem of tracking multiple moving targets by recursively estimating the joint multitarget
probability density (JMPD). Estimation of the JMPD is done in a Bayesian framework and provides a method for tracking
multiple targets which allow nonlinear target motion and measurement to state coupling as well as non-Gaussian target-state
densities. We utilize an implementation of the JMPD method based on particle filtering (PF) techniques. The details of this
method have been presented elsewhere 1. One feature of real targets is that they are poorly described by a single kinematic
model Target behavior may change dramatically i.e. targets may stop moving or begin rapid acceleration. To address this fact
we evaluate the use of the adaptive target tracking strategy known as the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm. The
IMM uses multiple models for target behavior and adaptively determines which model(s) are the most appropriate at each time
step based on sensor measurements. We demonstrate the applicability of the IMM to a PF-based multitarget tracker in two
settings. First we consider the traditional application of tracking targets that switch between kinematic modes. The target

motion used is field data recorded during a military battle simulation and includes multiple modes of target behavior. Our
investigation is distinguished from prior efforts in that it is concerned with multiple targets and real target motion data and
utilizes a PF implementation. Second we present a nontraditional reinterpretation of the multiple model filter as multiple
models on the state of the filter rather than on the state of the target. We find that this strategy is able to automatically detect
model violations and compensate by altering the filter model which results in improved target tracking.
DTIC
Algorithms; Signal to Noise Ratios; Tracking (Position)
20050173308 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA
Adaptive Beamforming for SAR Ambiguity Rejection
Benitz, Gerald; Dec. 2004; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432610; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The Lincoln SPARTA program is developing next-generation phased arrays for enhanced radar performance and
efficiency. One novel capability being explored is simultaneous operation of MTI (moving target indicator) and SAR (synthetic
aperture radar) imaging two functions that are usually mutually exclusive. MTI scans large areas quickly using short
integration (^10 msec) and low bandwidth (^10 MHz). SAR in contrast stares for seconds at each location and has high
bandwidth (^600 MHz). Simultaneous operation requires multiple beams, frequency-division multiplexing, and synchronized
pulsing. Also, MTI requires a higher PRF (pulse-repetition frequency) than SAR, and multiple PRFs for ambiguity resolution.
Hence, it is desirable for SAR to function with MTI pulse scheduling. This presentation explores the use of adaptive
beamforming to extend SAR performance to unfavorable PRFs. A low PRF implies that Doppler-ambiguous clutter is near the
main lobe, while a high PRF implies that range-ambiguous clutter is near the main lobe.An image-domain, minimum-variance
beamformer is presented which attenuates ambiguous clutter, adapting the beam uniquely at each location (pixel) in the image.
A simulated SAR collection at high PRF using a 3-beam combiner demonstrates a practical, limited degree-of-freedom
implementation.
DTIC
Adaptation; Ambiguity; Beamforming; Moving Target Indicators; Phased Arrays; Synthetic Aperture Radar
20050173314 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA
Long CPI Wideband GMTI
Yegulalp, Ali; Dec. 2004; 30 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432617; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
121

The conventional approach to GMTI uses narrowband signals and a short coherent processing interval (CPI). In this talk,
we examine some of the fundamental theoretical issues involved in GMTI with wideband signals and long CPIs (WL-GMTI).
The possibility of wideband long CPI GMTI has received some attention in recent years and there are a number of potential
benefits: 1) Improved minimum detectable velocity (MDV). 2) Detection of targets with zero radial velocity (but non-zero
tangential velocity. 3) Better fit with dual-use SAR/GMTI architectures. 4) Less demanding array requirements (shorter and/or
sparser arrays). 5) Greater robustness to clutter internal motion. The most convenient framework for WL-GMTI is a post-SAR
architecture where each spatial channel is pre-processed with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image processing. The post-SAR
architecture is the natural generalization of post-Doppler STAP to the wideband long-CPI case. Exact steering vectors in the
post-SAR framework are computed analytically for constant-velocity targets assuming a calibrated array. The steering vectors
can be used with algorithms such as the GLRT or AMF to perform adaptive detection on the post-SAR data. We also derive
a simple exact expression for SINR loss when the covariance is known exactly. The loss is a two-dimensional function of both
target velocity components indicating the capability to detect both radial and non-radial target motion. The final section of this
talk examines WL-GMTI performance bounds based on optimal Bayesian detection. In particular we study how detection
performance varies as a function of the number of pixels that the moving target ‘smears’ over in the SAR image. There is a
surprising improvement in detection performance when the clutter has strong non-Gaussian tails. In at least some cases, it
appears that much of the performance can be achieved with a simple sub-optimal detector.
DTIC
Broadband; Moving Target Indicators; Synthetic Aperture Radar
20050173320 QinetiQ Ltd., London, UK
A Novel Technique for Broadband Singular Value Decomposition
McWhirter, John; Baxter, Paul D.; Dec. 2004; 22 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432624; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The singular value decomposition (SVD) is a very important tool for narrowband adaptive sensor array processing. The
SVD decorrelates the signals received from an array of sensors by applying a unitary matrix of complex scalars which serve
to modify the signals in phase and amplitude. Because the transformation is unitary the associated singular values represent
the true energy associated with each of the decorrelated components so the signal and noise subspaces may sometimes be
separated. In broadband applications or a situation in which narrowband signals have been convolutively mixed the received
signals cannot be represented in terms of phase and amplitude. Instantaneous decorrelation using a unitary matrix is no longer
sufficient to separate them. It is necessary to impose decorrelation not just at the same time instant for all signals but over a
suitably chosen range of relative time delays. This is referred to as strong decorrelation. Implementing strong decorrelation

involves the application of a matrix of suitably chosen FIR filters and if each filter is represented in terms of its z-transform
this takes the form of a polynomial matrix. We generalize the SVD to broadband adaptive sensor arrays by requiring the strong
decorrelation to be implemented using a paraunitary polynomial matrix A paraunitary polynomial matrix has several important
(closely related) properties. 1. It represents a multi-channel all-pass filter. 2. It preserves the total signal energy. 3. It preserves
the total energy at every frequency. In this paper we describe a novel technique for computing the required paraunitary matrix
and show how the resulting broadband SVD algorithm can be applied in practice e.g. to identify broadband signal and noise
subspaces or to separate a multi-channel broadband adaptive filtering problem into a set of independent single-channel
problems.
DTIC
Adaptation; Broadband; Decomposition; Narrowband
20050173321 Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Lexington, MA USA
Threshold Region Performance Prediction for Adaptive Matched Field Processing Localization
Lee, Nigel; Richmond, Christ D.; Mar. 2004; 11 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432626; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Matched field processing (MFP) provides a means of attaining the full gains available from the shallow-water acoustic
channel in passive sonar signal processing. By modeling the full field structure of acoustic signals propagating in the ocean
MFP offers the potential for both detection gain (through its better signal model) and localization gain (through its additional
discrimination capability in range and depth) over traditional planewave processing. However, high spatial ambiguities and
mismatch present formidable challenges in practice limiting the performance gains that are realistically achievable with MFP.
Prediction of MFP localization performance is a challenging problem. MFP replica (steering) vectors can be highly ambiguous
in range and depth resulting in significant non-local estimation errors at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs)-errors not modeled
by traditional localization measures such as the Cramer-Rao bound. Recent work has demonstrated the accuracy of an
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interval-error-based method referred to herein as the ‘method of interval errors’ (MIE), in predicting mean- squared error
localization performance well into the threshold region where non-local errors may dominate. This work uses the MIE to
predict the mean-squared error accuracy of MFP range and depth estimates for two well-known approaches: (i) conventional
beamforming (equivalent to maximum likelihood estimation for white noise) and (ii) Capon-MVDR adaptive beamforming.
Simulation results will characterize localization performance as a function of SNR, for apertures and environments of interest.
Particular attention will be given to the ‘threshold SNR’ (below which localization performance degrades rapidly due to global
estimation errors) and to the minimum SNR required to achieve acceptable range/depth localization. Initial work will also be

presented assessing the MIE’s potential to characterize localization performance in the presence of mismatch.
DTIC
Adaptation; Performance Prediction; Position (Location); Signal to Noise Ratios; Signal Transmission; Sound Waves
20050173325 Army Communications-Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, NJ USA
Observations in Improved Geolocation Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent and Non-Signal Dependent Errors
Porr, Lauren E.; Faragher, Gregory P.; Kosinski, John A.; Borowick, John J.; Dec. 2004; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains
color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432631; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This paper examines the effects of signal-dependent versus non-signal-dependent errors on the geolocation accuracy that
a state-of-the-art system based on Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) equipment can potentially achieve. The results provide
a focus for research in improvements of geolocation accuracy. The studies make use of a simulation tool developed by the
Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate (I2WD) at Fort Monmouth, NJ; supported by CACI Technologies, Inc.,
Eatontown, NJ; and the Research Associates of Syracuse (RAS) , Syracuse, NY.
DTIC
Accuracy; Direction Finding; Emitters; Errors; Position (Location); Rescue Operations
20050173328 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA
Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors with a MEMS Flux Concentrator
Edelstein, A. S.; Fischer, Greg; Pulskamp, Jeff; Pedersen, Michael; Bernard, William; Cheng, Shu F.; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In
English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432634; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
New approaches offer the promise of providing energy efficient, low cost, small, and highly sensitive magnetic sensors.
However, the 1/f noise of these new types of sensors is a major obstacle. Many army applications, such as detecting moving
targets, require sensitivity at low frequencies. This paper reports development of a device, the MEMS flux concentrator,
invented at ARL, that minimizes the effect of 1/f noise in sensors. The device accomplishes this by shifting the operating
frequency to higher frequencies where 1/f noise is much lower. This shift is accomplished by modulating the magnetic field
before it reaches the sensor. In our device, the magnetic sensor, a GMR sensor, is placed between flux concentrators that have
been deposited on MEMS flaps. The motion of the MEMS flaps modulates the field by a factor of 3 at frequencies from 8 to
15 kHz. The MEMS flux concentrator should increase the sensitivity of many magnetic sensors by two to three orders of
magnitude. An equally important benefit is that, because it is a modulation technique, it eliminates the problem of dealing with
the large DC bias of most magnetoresistive sensors.

DTIC
Concentrators; Microelectromechanical Systems; Microinstrumentation; Sensors
20050173335 Army Test and Evaluation Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA
Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field Scoring Record Number 354
Overbay, Larry, Jr.; Archiable, Robert; McClung, Christina; Jan. 2005; 66 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432657; ATC-8915; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This scoring record documents the efforts of Shaw Environmental, Inc. to detect and discriminate inert unexploded
ordnance (UXO) utilizing the YPG standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field. The scoring record was
coordinated by Larry Overbay and by the Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Scoring Committee.
Organizations on the committee include the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Security Technology
Certification Program, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Institute for Defense Analysis,
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the U.S. Army Environmental Center, and the U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center.
DTIC
Ammunition; Explosives Detection; Ordnance; Scoring; Standardization
20050173344 Cornish (Graham P.), Yorkshire, UK
Economics of Electronic Information Provision
Cornish, Graham P.; Dec. 2004; 23 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432685; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
No abstract available
Economics; Electronic Publishing; Libraries; Marketing
20050173444 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA USA
Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LADAR Data
Vandapel, Nicolas; Hebert, Martial; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-209912
Report No.(s): AD-A432892; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
In this paper, we address the problem of finding concertina wire in three-dimensional (3-D) data. Wire entanglements
constitute a major obstacle to the mobility of Unmanned Ground Vehicle because of their widespread use and the difficulty
to detect them. We pose the problem in term of finding thin structures organized in complex patterns. Such problem did not
received as much attention as linear and planar structures segmentation. We are interested especially in the problems posed

by repetitive and symmetric structures acquired with a laser range finder. The method relies on 3-D data projections along
specific directions and 2-D histograms comparison. The sensitivity of the classification algorithm to the parameter settings is
evaluated and a segmentation method proposed.
DTIC
Detection; Laser Range Finders; Lasers; Optical Radar; Rangefinding; Unmanned Ground Vehicles
20050173462 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA
Armor Plate Surface Roughness Measurements
Stanton, Brian; Coburn, William; Pizzillo, Thomas J.; Apr. 2005; 50 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432918; ARL-TR-3498; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The accuracy and limitations of DoD high frequency radar signature prediction codes depend on the approximations
included in the underlying algorithms.At Ka-Band and above, accurate representation of the target surfaces becomes a limiting
factor in the electromagnetic simulation, since the resolution requirements are on the same order as fabrication tolerances.
Even if accurate representation of test vehicles can be obtained, there may still be discrepancies in the modeled surface
condition (i.e., surface texture and coatings) that could become important at high frequency. We measure waviness and
roughness of various plates to know the parameter range for smooth aluminum and rolled homogenous armor (RHA). We also
modify the plates by grit blasting to determine how parameters might change during surface preparation for painting. Using
these roughness parameters and typical electrical characteristics for paint, we can estimate the effect of surface condition on
RCS predictions at Ka-Band. For the painting process and surface roughness typical of ground vehicles, theory predicts only
a small difference compared to smooth metal targets.
DTIC
Armor; High Frequencies; Radar Cross Sections; Radar Signatures; Surface Properties; Surface Roughness
20050173469 Naval Research Lab., Stennis Space Center, MS USA
Demonstrating the Automated Change Detection and Classification (ACDC) system during the Gulf of Mexico FY05
Naval Exercise (GOMEX-05)
Apr. 2005; 13 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-74-7441-M5
Report No.(s): AD-A432930; NRL/MR/7440 05-10105; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This report presents test results from a demonstration of the Automated Change Detection and Classification (ACDC)
system, developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in support of sidescan sonar analysts at the Naval Oceanographic
Office. NRL compared the computer-aided change detection capabilities of ACDC with traditional, manual methods of change

detection during a naval mine warfare exercise in 2004. Two versions of ACDC (ACDC ‘Lite’ and ‘Medium’) were tested to
124
determine how well the system could aid analysts in detecting changes between newly collected sidescan sonar imagery and
historical imagery. ACDC Lite enabled analysts to perform change detection significantly faster than manual methods (3.36
min. vs 2 hr) with identical results. ACDC medium improved analysts’ performance by matching one additional contact during
change detection, in as little as 12.6 minutes. Follow-on work is suggested for further improving ACDC performance in
support of mine countermeasures.
DTIC
Change Detection; Classifications; Detection; Gulf of Mexico; Military Operations; Physical Exercise
20050173486 Air Force Research Lab., Rome, NY USA
Ground Moving Target Tracking and Exploitation Performance Measures
Jones, Jon; Brandstadt, Jeff; Kozak, Mark; Hughes, Tim; Blount, Mike; Mar. 2004; 24 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432962; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Ground Moving Target Indication provides a unique source of information for the exploitation of surface and low flying
aircraft at long range, in all weather, providing situation awareness, targeting, and intelligence information. While airborne
moving target indication and fire control radars have been around for a long period of time, it has been only the last decade
when Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) data has been collected and used to prosecute mobile surface targets. This
presentation addresses the use of GMTI data from providing intelligence information to the analysis and leads to the
challenges associated with doing long-term track maintenance. The intelligence community has been expressing interest in
GMTI data since 1999 when investments were made to develop the first exploitation capability that focused on products from
Joint STARS GMTI data providing a web based capability to process and exploit Joint STARS data via a Network Centric
Architecture. At the same time, DARPA and AFRL were pursuing the Long Term Track Maintenance challenge performing
multi-platform command and control, horizontally fusing multiple sensors with weapons for a long-range precision fire control
system. The focus of this presentation is to cover performance metrics. The metrics will be associated with operators-in-the-
loop evaluations looking at intelligence and analysis for the find, fix, track, and assess portion of the weapon. The second set
of metrics focus on long- term track maintenance evaluations. Track accuracy and persistence in time critical targeting, which
address the track, target, and engage portion of the weapon chain. Programs to be discussed include the Moving Target
Information Exploitation System (MTIX) program with respect to intelligence products, the Multi-Platform Tracking
Exploitation (MPTE) and the Affordable Moving Surface Target Engagement (AMSTE) programs with respect to Long Term

Track Maintenance and Precision Fire Control.
DTIC
Exploitation; Moving Target Indicators; Tracking (Position)
20050173488 Army Natick Soldier Center, Natick, MA USA
Development of Nanofibrous Membranes Towards Biological Sensing
Senecal, A. G.; Senecal, K. J.; Magnone, J. P.; Pivarnik, P. E.; Dec. 2004; 17 pp.; In English; Original contains color
illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432965; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Homeland Security and the Veterinary Services Activity, Office Of The Surgeon General (VSA, OTSG) have identified
food as potential instruments for covert acts of bioterrorism involving Chem/Bio agents. Therefore, VSA, OTSG has
established the need to develop technologies that can be used in the presumptive screening of food to minimize the health
effects on the warfighter. Currently, there are no deployable biological detection capabilities that are truly rapid when sample
preparation is included in the detection process. The complexity of food matrices makes its very difficult to analyze directly
by modern day PCR and immunoassays systems, no matter how sensitive, without first diluting and removing interfering
substances inherent to the food products. The result is that the concentration of the biological agent introduced into the
analyzer may be so dilute that the instrument cannot detect it even though its presences is at concentrations that can cause
human illness or death. This is why the testing of bacterial agents from food usually requires a 24-hour enrichment step, which
defeats the purpose of rapid detection built into these new biosensor type technologies. Also, biological toxins, as opposed to
live agents, cannot be replicated by enrichment. Dilution of toxins from a food matrix may produce a false negative test
delaying the actual identification of the toxin until after the effects have already occurred.
DTIC
Biological Effects; Detection; Food; Membranes
125
20050173493 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA
Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Remote Sensing for Scene Classification
Prasert, Sunyaruk; Mar. 2005; 115 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A432973; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Scene classification is studied here using the tool of texture analysis of multi-angle high-spatial resolution panchromatic
and multi-spectral imagery. This study analyses the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) impact and
effectiveness of texture analysis on terrain classification within Fresno County area in state of California. QuickBird

panchromatic (0.61 meter) and multispectral (2.44 meter) imagery collected in July 2003 are examined to determine the impact
of adding multi-angles and filtered texture information to the standard MSI classification approaches. Four images were
collected, with view angles from -64 to +64 , including a nadir view. Texture filter function and maximum likelihood classifier
are used in this study. Both texture analysis and the results of classifications using multi-angle (BRDF) information are
promising. Fine discrimination of similar soil classes was produced by the BRDF variations in the high-spatial resolution
panchromatic image. Texture analysis results depended on the directionality of the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)
calculation. Combining the different modalities of analysis did not improve the overall classification, perhaps illustrating the
consequences of the Hughes paradox (Hughes, 1968).
DTIC
Bidirectional Reflectance; Classifications; Distribution Functions; Imaging Techniques; Optical Radar; Remote Sensing;
Remote Sensors; Spectra; Targets
20050173518 Perceptek, Inc., Littleton, CO USA
Detection of Small Water-Bodies
Sarwal, Alok; Nett, Jeremy; Simon, David; Dec. 2004; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0012
Report No.(s): AD-A433004; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
This paper provides information on how we have utilized two approaches for detection of small water bodies. The first
approach requires use of an existing custom camera enclosure with three polarization filters at 0, 45, and 90 degrees,
intrinsically mounted, such that these filters and associated optics view exactly the same scene and so all three views are
optically co-registered. The other approach requires use of three physically distinct cameras with the same type of polarization
filters mounted on three low-cost off-the-shelf cameras each with similar optics, running with certain geometric
approximations due to the flat-earth assumption. There are pros and cons for each approach. Results for an actual deployment
are presented.
DTIC
Cameras; Detection; Optical Filters; Optical Measurement; Polarizers; Scene Generation; Surface Water; Water
20050173520 Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA
Performance of a Handheld PCR Instrument in the Detection of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia
pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect of Interferents on Assay Results
O’Connell, K. P.; Anderson, P. E.; Bucher, J. R.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A433006; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

Smiths Detection-Edgewood, Inc. (SDE) developed the Bio-Seeq to provide a portable platform for use by first responders
to detect biological threats in civilian areas. The Bio-Seeq is an updated, redesigned version of a small, portable PCR
instrument previously known as the HANAA, Handheld Advanced Nucleic Acid Analyzer. We have tested the performance
of real-time fluorogenic PCR assay reagents for the detection of three biological threat agents, Bacillus anthracis (BA),
Francisella tularensis (FT), and Yersinia pestis (YP). All three assays are sensitive, and specific for the agents they detect.
Common household substances (cornstarch, coffee creamer, baking powder, and wheat flour) interfered with the sensitivity of
the assay to varying degrees that were consistent across the three assays.
DTIC
Assaying; Bacillus; Biological Effects; Detection; Portable Equipment; Sensitivity
20050173522 Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., Champaign, IL USA
Secure Water Supply
Ginsberg, M. D.; Hock, V. F.; Pappas, A. G.; Dec. 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A433008; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
126
Previous to 9-11, it was assumed that a combination of small-scale bench testing plus dimensional analysis would be
sufficient to model fate and transport of chemical and biological (CB) contaminants in water systems. Water security is a life
safety issue. Water supply systems on military installations and forward facilities are vulnerable to both conventional,
industrial and military CB agent contamination by terrorists. The pre 9-11 generation of sensors could not directly detect many
common CB agents, and the few sensors that could were very expensive. The pre 9-11 generation of water distribution
simulations cannot correctly model CB agent uptake on the pipe walls of a distribution system. Therefore the outcome of an
attack via CB agents in the water supply is not well understood. In the post 9-11 environment, the EPA, ECBC, and ERDC
stakeholders concluded that the pre-existing fate and transport models should be updated to include results from meso-scale
testing. The Water Security Research Test Loop (WSRTL) is designed to help update these models with meso-scale testing
of fate and transport of CB agents. The WSRTL would also serve as a test-bed to facilitate new generations of sensor
technology and water treatment technology.
DTIC
Biological Effects; Contamination; Detection; Security; Water; Water Pollution; Water Treatment
36
LASERS AND MASERS
Includes lasing theory, laser pumping techniques, maser amplifiers, laser materials, and the assessment of laser and maser outputs.

For cases where the application of the laser or maser is emphasized see also the specific category where the application is treated. For
related information see also 76 Solid-State Physics.
20050171022 Argonne National Lab., IL
LCLS Prototype Undulator Report
Dejus, R. J.; Jan. 2004; 74 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): DE2004-834031; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) undulator line will consist of 33 undulator segments separated by breaks of two
different lengths. The undulator segments are 3.4-m-long permanent-magnet planar hybrid devices with a period length of 30
mm and a magnetic gap of approximately 6 mm. Focusing quadrupoles, in a FODO lattice, and electron-beam diagnostics will
be located in the breaks between undulator segments. Every third break will be longer in order to also accommodate x-ray
diagnostics. Thus, taking the alternating focusing and defocusing quadrupoles into account, the ‘super-period’ length before
the undulator line repeats itself is six undulator segments. For additional details on the LCLS project and the undulator line,
please refer to the conceptual design report (CDR). A full-length prototype undulator segment has been designed,
manufactured and tested, and this document provides a comprehensive report of our experience with the prototype. It contains
sections on the overall design philosophy and presents many important measurements including magnetic measurements of
the magnet blocks, as well as of the assembled device, and mechanical and thermal measurements. It also contains a summary
section and one section that summarizes some remaining issues being investigated.
NTIS
Wiggler Magnets; Linear Accelerators
20050173199 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
Stabilization of the Absolute Frequency and Phase of a Compact, Low Jitter Modelocked Semiconductor Diode Laser
Delfyett, Peter J., Jr; Mar. 2005; 15 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-02-1-0170; Proj-2002
Report No.(s): AD-A432366; AFRL-SN-RS-TR-2005-63; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center
(DTIC)
This research project was aimed at the stabilization of the frequency and phase of a set of optical combs from a
semiconductor laser operating in an active mode-locked regime. To achieve this, an intracavity Pound-Drever-Hall technique
was used on a 10 GHz harmonically mode-locked semiconductor ring laser and obtained a simultaneous optical frequency
comb stabilization within 3 MHz range and supermode phase noise suppression. Together with an additional phase-lock-loop,
the timing jitter integrated from 10 Hz to 10 MHz (5 GHz) was 63.5 fs (161 fs). Approximately 25 fsec of the integrated noise

is attributed to line noise, resulting in a net jitter of 38 fsec. This work represents, to our knowledge, the first stabilized
modelocked diode laser using PDH that achieves both supermode elimination and optical frequency comb stabilization. The
127
resulting optical comb source may be useful for advanced RF imaging radar for optical sampling inADC or in novel waveform
generation (DAC’s).
DTIC
Frequencies; Laser Mode Locking; Semiconductor Diodes; Semiconductor Lasers; Vibration; Waveforms
20050173447 Florida Univ., Gainesville, FL USA
1.55 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser With Dielectric Mirrors
Ren, Fan; Pearton, Stephen J.; Apr. 2005; 27 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-1-0756
Report No.(s): AD-A432899; ARO-42831.3-EL; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Design, processing and characterization of high-speed implanted-apertured, lateral-current-injection, dielectric-mirror
vertical cavity surface emitting laser and InGaAs based MEM detectors and mixers. We have achieved following goals: I.
Designed 1,55 micron InP/InGaAs based tunnel junction structure and purchased two samples with good quality. The VCSEL
is being processed. II. Designed SiO2/TiO2 based top and bottom DBR mirrors. III. Performed the thermal simulation of
flip-chip double-side dielectric DER mirror VCSEL. IV. Collaborated with Keith Aliberti and Paul Shen in ARL to fabricate
InGaAs based MSM detectors and mixer. V. Simulation of Pulse and DC Responses for Schottky Barrier Enhanced InGaAs
MSM Photo-Detectors And OE Mixers VI. Developed Submicron Inter-Digitated Finger Process To Reduce the Device
Capacitance And Dark Current VII. Working with ARL To Redesign the MSM Array Mask To Reduce Device Parasitic
Capacitances.
DTIC
Dielectrics; Laser Cavities; Mirrors; Surface Emitting Lasers
37
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Includes mechanical devices and equipment; machine elements and processes. For cases where the application of a device or the host
vehicle is emphasized see also the specific category where the application or vehicle is treated. For robotics see 63 Cybernetics,
Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics; and 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support.
20050169575 Ulster Coll., Newtownabbey, UK
Body-Obstructed Fading Characteristics of an In-Ward 2.45 Biomedical Telecommand Link

Scanlon, W. G.; Cumley, G. C.; Evans, N. E.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1;
[1999], pp. 380-383; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
The increasing use of short-range radio links for applications such as ward or home based physiological monitoring
creates the need for a better knowledge and understanding of the indoor propagation environment. The work presented
concerns a bodyworn, cross-band UHF transponder used for physiological signaling within single-room environments. A
modified image-based ray-tracing algorithm is used to calculate fading characteristics for a link under the worst case condition,
when the direct path between the source and chest-mounted receiver is obstructed by the body itself. The approach adopted
utilizes a FDTD-generated radiation pattern of a realistic adult-male body model, incorporating the directional gains into the
three-dimensional indoor ray-tracing algorithm. A brief description of the biomedical transponder is followed by details of the
computational technique; path loss and small area fading results are then presented for a 76 square meter area representing
a hospital ward. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) results were found to be characteristically bi-modal and this novel
feature is investigated in more detail.
Derived from text
Fading; Transponders; Biotelemetry; Human Body
20050169777 Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, USA, National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO
Measurement of Biodiesel Speed of Sound and Its Impact on Injection Timing. Final Report. Report 4 in a series of
6
Tat, M. E.; van Gerpen, J. H.; Feb. 2003; 124 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): DE2004-15003584; NREL/SR-510-31462; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge
This study measures the isentropic bulk modulus, and speed of sound of biodiesel and the pure esters that are the
128
constituents of biodiesel at temperatures from 20 C to 100 C and at pressures from atmospheric to 34.5 Mpa.
NTIS
Diesel Fuels; Fuel Injection; Acoustic Velocity
20050170415 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, United Technologies Research Center, USA
High-Temperature, Thin-Film Strain Gages Improved
[2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy
Conventional resistance strain gage technology uses ‘bonded’ strain gages. These foil or wire gages are bonded onto the
surface of the test article with glue, ceramic cements, or flame-sprayed ceramics. These bonding agents can, in some instances,

limit both the degree of strain transmission from the test structure to the gage and the maximum working temperature of the
gage. Also, the bulky, bonded gage normally disrupts aerodynamic gas flow on the surface of the test structure because of its
intrusive character. To respond to the urgent needs in aeronautic and aerospace research where stress and temperature gradients
are high, aerodynamic effects need to be minimized, and higher operational temperatures are required, the NASA Lewis
Research Center developed a thin film strain gage. This gage, a vacuum-deposited thin film formed directly on the surface of
a test structure, operates at much higher temperatures than commercially available gages do and with minimal disruption of
the aerodynamic flow. The gage uses an alloy, palladium-13 wt % chromium (hereafter, PdCr), which was developed by
United Technologies Research Center under a NASA contract. PdCr is structurally stable and oxidation resistant up to at least
1100 C (2000 F); its temperature-induced resistance change is linear, repeatable, and not sensitive to the rates of heating and
cooling. An early strain gage, which was made of 25-micrometer-diameter PdCr wire and demonstrated to be useable to 800
C, won an R&D 100 award in 1991. By further improving the purity of the material and by developing gage fabrication
techniques that use sputter-deposition, photolithography patterning, and chemical etching, we have made an 8- to 10-m PdCr
thin-film strain gage that can measure dynamic and static strain to at least 1100 C. For static strain measurements, a 5-m-thick
Pt element serves as a temperature compensator to further minimize the temperature effect of the gage. These thin-film gages
provide the advantage of minimally intrusive surface strain measurements and give highly repeatable readings with low drift
at temperatures from ambient to 1100 C. This is a 300 C advance in operating temperature over the PdCr wire gage and a 500
C advance over commercially available gages made of other materials.
Author
High Temperature; Strain Gages; Thin Films; Chromium; Palladium; Mechanical Properties
20050170453 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Gear Crack Propagation Investigation
1995; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy
Reduced weight is a major design goal in aircraft power transmissions. Some gear designs incorporate thin rims to help
meet this goal. Thin rims, however, may lead to bending fatigue cracks. These cracks may propagate through a gear tooth or
into the gear rim. A crack that propagates through a tooth would probably not be catastrophic, and ample warning of a failure
could be possible. On the other hand, a crack that propagates through the rim would be catastrophic. Such cracks could lead
to disengagement of a rotor or propeller from an engine, loss of an aircraft, and fatalities. To help create and validate tools
for the gear designer, the NASA Lewis Research Center performed in-house analytical and experimental studies to investigate
the effect of rim thickness on gear-tooth crack propagation. Our goal was to determine whether cracks grew through gear teeth

(benign failure mode) or through gear rims (catastrophic failure mode) for various rim thicknesses. In addition, we investigated
the effect of rim thickness on crack propagation life. A finite-element-based computer program simulated gear-tooth crack
propagation. The analysis used principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, and quarter-point, triangular elements were used
at the crack tip to represent the stress singularity. The program had an automated crack propagation option in which cracks
were grown numerically via an automated remeshing scheme. Crack-tip stress-intensity factors were estimated to determine
crack-propagation direction. Also, various fatigue crack growth models were used to estimate crack-propagation life.
Experiments were performed in Lewis’ Spur Gear Fatigue Rig to validate predicted crack propagation results. Gears with
various backup ratios were tested to validate crack-path predictions. Also, test gears were installed with special
crack-propagation gages in the tooth fillet region to measure bending-fatigue crack growth. From both predictions and tests,
gears with backup ratios (rim thickness divided by tooth height) of 3.3 and 1.0 produced tooth fractures, whereas a backup
ratio of 0.3 produced rim fractures. For a backup ratio of 0.5, the experiments produced rim fractures and the predictions
produced both rim and tooth fractures, depending on the initial geometry of the crack. Good correlation between predicted and
measured crack growth was achieved when the fatigue crack-closure concept was introduced into the analysis. As the gear rim
129
thickness decreased, the compressive cyclic stress in the gear-tooth fillet region increased. This retarded crack growth and
increased the number of crack-propagation cycles to failure.
Derived from text
Crack Propagation; Gear Teeth; Aircraft Engines; Mechanical Engineering
20050170502 Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN, USA
Effects of Process Parameters on Particle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and WF6 CVD Processes
Wu, Z.; Nijhawan, S.; Campbell, S. A.; Rao, N.; McMurry, P. H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing
Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 221-225; In English; See also 20050170458
Contract(s)/Grant(s): BJ442; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
Particle Beam Mass Spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of various process parameters on panicle production
in PECVD of SiO2 from silane and nitrous oxide and the thermal deposition of tungsten using both silane and hydrogen
reductions of WF6. In all cases the substrate temperature played a critical role in determining the concentration of particles
observed in the effluent. Plasma power (in the PECVD process) and pressure (in the thermal processes) were also important
variables. The real time capability of the system was used to demonstrate transient particle effects in all processes.
Author
Particle Beams; Mass Spectroscopy; Silicon Dioxide; Effluents; Silanes; Nitrous Oxides; Hydrogen

20050170503 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA
A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical Polish Cleaning Strategies
Huynh, C.; Rutten, M.; Cheek, R.; Linde H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And
Workshop; [1998], pp. 372-376; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP) has emerged as the premier technique for achieving both local and global
planarization. One of the primary concerns in the use of CMP, however, is the efficient and complete removal of CMP
contaminants such as slurry and residual hydrocarbons. This paper discusses the removal of silica-based slurries utilized for
polysilicon and oxide CMP processes. The effects of mechanical brush cleaning, chemical treatments, and polish processes on
defect density for a 16Mb memory technology are presented. In addition, the chemical compatibility of polishing slurries with
various brush and polishing pad materials is discussed.
Author
Polishing; Chemical Cleaning; Mechanical Engineering
20050170535 Middlesex General Industries, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA
A Focus on Cycle Time-Vs-Tool Utilization ‘Paradox’ With Material Handling Methodology
Horn, George W.; Podgorski, William A.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And
Workshop; [1998], pp. 405-412; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
Through large scale factory simulation, it is well established that the semiconductor manufacturing process is
characterized by a fixed, non linear relationship between mean factory cycle time and over all average tool utilization. This
relationship allows the selection of one of those parameters only, which then determines the other, for any specific factory.
Although, on a local level, the relationship between cycle time and tool utilization is predicted through queuing theory, we
find very much the same results for the entire, highly recursive, large scale factory. On this scale the relationship remains
paradoxical as it still does not allow us to have short mean cycle times and high average tool utilization concurrent with each
other. Net improvements in factory performance can be had only by jumping this relationship to a parallel curve, more
favorable in the ‘cycle time vs. tool utilization’ domain. And, that requires fundamental system changes. Successful emphasis
on such shifts currently focuses on methodologies locally synchronizing asset use. The perspective of this paper is different,
in that it considers the aggregate factory, where local asset utilization is determined only by the random influence of the factory
at large.
Derived from text
Materials Handling; Methodology; Manufacturing; Industrial Plants
20050170922 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA

Modeling Light Scattering from Diesel Soot Particles
Hull, P.; 2005; 34 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): DE2005-835984; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge
130
The Mie model is widely used to analyze light scattering from particulate aerosols. The Diesel Particle Scatterometer
(DPS), for example, determines the size and optical properties of diesel exhaust particles that are characterized by measuring
three angle-dependent elements of the Mueller scattering matrix. These elements are then fitted using Mie calculations with
a Levenburg-Marquardt optimization program. This approach has achieved good fits for most experimental data. However, in
many cases, the predicted real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction were less than that for solid carbon. To understand
this result and explain the experimental data, we present an assessment of the Mie model by use of a light scattering model
based on the coupled dipole approximation. The results indicate that the Mie calculation can be used to determine the largest
dimension of irregularly shaped particles at sizes characteristic of Diesel soot and, for particles of known refractive index,
tables can be constructed to determine the average porosity of the particles from the predicted index of refraction.
NTIS
Light Scattering; Soot; Diesel Engines; Particulates
20050171035 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Cleveland State Univ., Cleveland, OH, USA
Lubricous Deposit Formed In Situ Between Wearing Surfaces at High Temperatures
Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy
Many components of future aircraft will be constructed from novel high-temperature materials, such as superalloys and
ceramic composites, to meet expected operating temperatures in excess of 300 C. There are no known liquid lubricants that
can lubricate above 300 C without significant decomposition. Solid lubricants could be considered, but problems caused by
the higher friction coefficients and wear rates of the solid lubricant film make this an undesirable approach. An alternative
method of lubrication is currently being investigated: vapor phase lubrication. In vapor phase lubrication, an organic liquid
(in our studies a thioether was used) is vaporized into a flowing air stream that is directed to sliding surfaces where lubrication
is needed. The organic vapor reacts at the concentrated contact sliding area generating a lubricous deposit. This deposit has
been characterized as a thin polymeric film that can provide effective lubrication at temperatures greater than 400 C. Initial
tribological studies were conducted at the NASA Lewis Research Center and Cleveland State University with a
high-temperature friction and wear tribometer. Acast iron rod was loaded (a 4-kg mass was used to generate a contact pressure
of 1.2 MPa) against a reciprocating, cast iron plate at 500 C. This system was then lubricated with the vapor phase of thioether.

Author
High Temperature Lubricants; Deposits; Wear; Vapor Phase Lubrication; Ethers
20050172086 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Mars Pathfinder: The Wheel Abrasion Experiment
Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy
NASA Lewis Research Center’s Wheel Abrasion Experiment (WAE) will measure the amount of wear on wheel surfaces
of the Mars Pathfinder rover. WAE uses thin films of Al, Ni, and Pt (ranging in thickness from 200 to 1000 angstroms)
deposited on black, anodized Al strips attached to the rover wheel. As the wheel moves across the martian surface, changes
in film reflectivity will be monitored by reflected sunlight. These changes, measured as output from a special photodetector
mounted on the rover chassis, will be due to abrasion of the metal films by martian surface sand, dust, and clay.
Author
Mars Pathfinder; Mars Roving Vehicles; Abrasion; Wheels
20050173248 Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold AFS, TN USA
Design Optimization of Hypersonic Test Facility Nozzle Contours Using Splined Corrections
Mar. 2005; 127 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): F40600-03-C-0001
Report No.(s): AD-A432472; AEDC-TR-04-2; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
A procedure is presented to design and optimize the contour of a hypersonic wind tunnel nozzle with a goal of minimizing
exit flow nonuniformity. The procedure uses a Navier-stokes solver that admits chemical and vibrational nonequilibrium
thermodynamics and high-pressure effects. The two-step optimization process is accomplished with a basic least-squares
optimization (LSO) method. The first step of the design procedure begins with an existing inviscid irrotational method of
characteristics (MOC) that is limited to thermally and calorically perfect gas (TCPG). MOC is used to design an inviscid
contour, which is then corrected with a boundary layer displacement thickness from an integral momentum formulation. The
deleterious effects of the TCPG assumption are ameliorated by using an effective specific-heat ratio an effective gas constant
the TCPG computation yields the same exit Mach number and velocity as a quasi-one-dimensional computation based on
131
thermochemical equilibrium. The MOC based contour is then formally optimized using the LSO method, treating various
MOC program input variables as formal design parameters. The objective function is the square deviation of flow properties
from target values at the nozzle exit, excluding the boundary layer, and is computed with the Navier-Stokes solver. The flow

properties chosen for the objective function are the velocity components and the static pressure and density. After the MOC
contour is optimized, the second step of the optimization procedure commences. In the second step, the contour is further
perturbed by adding a small correction distribution represented as a cubic spline fitted to a limited number of nodes along the
contour. The correction values of the nozzle radius are the formal design parameters for the next application of LSO.
DTIC
Contours; Correction; Design Optimization; Hypersonic Nozzles; Hypersonic Wind Tunnels; Nozzles; Test Facilities
38
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND RELIABILITY
Includes approaches to, and methods for reliability analysis and control, quality control, inspection, maintainability, and standardization.
20050170462 Cypress Semiconductor Corp., San Jose, CA, USA
In-line Defect Density Targets for New Technology from Development to Manufacturing
Shamble, Ed; Ben-Tsur, Mira; Sharifzadeh, Shahin; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference
And Workshop; [1998], pp. 171-173; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
I.C. manufactures continuously shrink device dimensions, in order to gain more value from the silicon. Pushing old
technologies to the limits is part of the shrink path. One of the key questions to be answered is how low must the in-line defect
density be at various stages of development insure a economic, robust, and timely transfer to manufacturing. This paper
discusses one solution to the problem.
Author
Defects; Manufacturing; Silicon
20050170470 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA
Control Methods for the Chemical-Mechanical Polishing Process in Shallow Trench Isolation
Wu, Yu-Tong; Gilhooly, Jim; Philips, Brett; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And
Workshop; [1998], pp. 66-70; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
Abstract Process control of shallow trench isolation (STI) chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) strongly relies on
thickness measurements of various films. The control scheme based on send-ahead (SAHD) wafers with a fixed post-CMP
target has low cost, but it neglects the process variations before and during STI CMP. An ‘interactive’ control method, based
on extensive measurements, compensates for much of the variations coming in to STI CMP, and eliminates the problem of
underpolishing. However, this method comes with a high cost for multiple measurement steps. This paper compares the
fixed-target planarization to the interactive STI control methodology.
Author

Interactive Control; Polishing; Wafers; Films
20050170474 Micrus, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA
Fab Implementation of a System for Cleaning Wafers which Survive Wafer-Breakage Events
Hilscher, David F.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998],
pp. 156-158; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
Wafer-breakage events are detrimental to the productivity of a semiconductor lab in two ways. The loss of product
revenue is obvious, but more subtle is the yield impact of wafers in proximity to the breakage event. This collateral damage
can impact the final test yield of the surviving wafers, as well as potentially contaminate tools which subsequently process
these wafers. This paper describes the evolution and factory-wide implementation of a system for rework cleaning of such
wafers, and an estimate of the yield improvement from its implementation.
Author
Wafers; Cleaning; Breakdown; Productivity; Semiconductors (Materials)
132
20050170475 GenRad, Inc., Westford, MA, USA
A Framework for Real-time Process Control, Part 1, Data Sampling and Processing
Rong, Graham; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 159-164;
In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
In this first of a series on framework for Real-time Process Control, some measurement data fusion techniques and
functions, including data sampling, filtering, processing and distribution, and random data generation, will be discussed in
detail. The framework for implementing these functions and the applications in electronics manufacturing are introduced.
Author
Data Sampling; Industrial Management; Process Control (Industry); Management Methods
20050170477 Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., South Portland, ME, USA
Manufacturing for Design: Putting Process Control in the Language of the Designer
Potts, David C.; 1998 IEEE/SEMIAdvanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 187-189;
In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
A methodology is presented evaluating process control from the perspective of a designer’s concern, that of overall
electrical performance. Technology tables, a comprehensive set of strategically chosen wafer electrical tests, are used to
capture and maintain the electrical signature of a process.
Author

Manufacturing; Design Analysis; Active Control; Electrical Properties
20050170499 Analog Devices B.V., Limerick, Ireland
Defect Inspection Sampling Plans: Which One is Right for Me?
Scanlan, Brian; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 103-108;
In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
Virtually all wafer fabrication lines now employ some form of defect inspection plan to identify killer defect types on its
wafers and hence protect and predict die sort yields. The sample plans used vary greatly in terms of the number of lots
inspected, number of wafers inspected, wafer coverage and sensitivity used. Although often viewed as a ‘non value added’
process step, typically defect inspection is now incorporated into the process flow at a number of points. However, as with
all process steps, there is a cost associated with defect inspection and oversampling can often add more to the wafer
manufacturing cost than the cost of yield loss that might otherwise have been recovered. It is imperative therefore, that the
sampling methodology employed in the fab be cost effective i.e., that the benefits gained from it far outweigh the cost of the
inspection. As a minimum, the plan must be capable of detecting excursions that will ultimately result in probe yield loss. In
addition, the detection of these ‘excursions’ must be timely to ensure that the product at risk from the excursions is minimized.
In summary, the plan must be consistent with the ‘acceptable’ excursion yield loss in the fab. This paper looks more closely
at the plans used in two very different labs. on the same site. The first isa4inline, with greater than lu geometries. The second
isa6inline with less than 0,5u geometries. The same overall structure governs both fabs and the equipment set in both areas
is largely similar. However, the sampling strategy employed in the two areas is very different as each areas plan is tailored
specifically to meet its needs, specifically in relation to its yield objectives. This paper describes in some detail the plans used
in both areas, h also looks at bow ‘inspection sensitivity’ also has to be tailored to meet the needs of the plan. We will look
at various defect types, and how some have to be ‘sieved’ out to ensure the data generated by the inspection is meaningful.
Author
Defects; Yield; Classifications; Probability Theory; Wafers; Inspection
20050170500 Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA
Sampling Methodology for SEM-based Defect Classification: Risk, Cost, and Benefit Analysis
Akella, Ram; Lin, Chih-Hung; Chitturi, Prasanna; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference
And Workshop; [1998], pp. 109-114; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
The current paper analyzes the relative merits of optical and SEM-based defect classification systems, the needs and costs
associated with these systems, and the factors limiting the usability of these systems. In particular, we will consider the impact
of throughput rate and classification accuracy, on excursion detection and the resulting economic benefits. The paper will

include a discussion of these models and a comparison will be made to obtain the maximum benefits from existing optical and
133
SEM review and classification methodologies. Scenarios for 0.25 micron fabs will be used to indicate the procedures and
policies that are the most effective from a fab economic perspective.
Author
Sampling; Quality Control; Defects; Classifications
20050170501 VLSI Research, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA
America, Japan, and Europe: Which Areas Have the Edge in Customer Satisfaction and Why
Burgeson, Christine D.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998],
pp. 216-220; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
The results are in for the 1998 VLSI Research Inc Customer Satisfaction Survey _ on semiconductor capital equipment,
and the overall ratings have increased by 0.10 points, to 7.28. This exciting outcome is the effect of improved customer support
and equipment performance by Japanese and American suppliers. One of the reasons for last year’s enhanced effort is the lack
of growth in the equipment market. Although focusing on customer satisfaction is important under any circumstances,
companies often increase their attention to customers as sales decrease. The potential pain of losing a customer is greater today
than it was two years ago. increasing. For example, every year the top companies improve over last year’s score. The top
ratings in all five product categories have increased in the last two years, with the biggest jump being 0.71 points. Another
example of competition is the convergence of scores among areas of the world (see Presentation 1). In the 1996 survey, the
difference in ratings between first place (European suppliers) and last (Japanese suppliers) was 0.87 points. In 1997, this
difference decreased to 0.78 points. In the latest survey, European manufacturers still have the highest ratings and Japanese
have the lowest, but the difference between them is only 0.40 points.
Derived from text
Europe; Japan; Semiconductors (Materials); Surveys; Very Large Scale Integration
20050170508 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA
A Cost Benefit Analysis of Photolithography and Metrology Dedication in a Metrology Constrained Multipart Number
Fabricator
Woods, Roger H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998],
pp. 145-147; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
Dedication in photolithography provides better process control and accurate data collection while driving reductions in
both rework and process defects The tradeoff, however, is the limitation it places on the manufacturing system by restricting

the number of servers where a given lot can be directed. Relaxing dedication and deployment allows for a lower cycle time
through the process step, but this same relaxation may also drive the need for additional processing and measurements
processing in the photolithography sector, thus encouraging longer overall cycle time for the sector. This paper analyzes the
costs and benefits of dedication on the basis of overall photosector cycle time. The variables controlled by the decisions to
dedicate include send-aheads, number of measurements, sample size, and skip-plan levels. Strict photolithography dedication
drives fewer send-aheads, measurements, a smaller sample size and larger skip plans; a level is reached where the dedication
is offset by additional waiting time for dedicated lots at specific photolithography tools. The same level of rework and process
defects can be achieved at a lower overall sector cycle time by determining the minimum cycle time while maintaining the
same operating procedures and quality controls. The solution, in this instance, depends on the number of technologies and part
numbers being run through the photolithography sector, an effect that must be detailed and analyzed.
Author
Cost Effectiveness; Cost Analysis; Photolithography; Metrology; Quality Control
20050170511 Lucent Technologies, Madrid, Spain
Human Based Knowledge for the Probe Failure Pattern Classification with the Use of a Backpropagation Neural
Network. Application on Submicron Linear Technologies
Ortega, Carlos; Montull, J. Ignacio Alonso; Sobrino, Eliseo; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing
Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp. 165-170; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
The practical use of what is known as soft computing (neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, etc.) is starting
to offer important advantages in several fields. In particular in a high-cost environment like the semiconductor arena, the
application of those, up to now, research techniques will offer an attractive alternative to the traditional approaches of yield
enhancement. For increasing wafer diameters and more compact technologies where the effect of tiny defects produces fatal
consequences, a yield enhancement strategy based on inspections will require the synergy of intelligent new tools that, on the
134
other hand, have a fraction of cost of the current inspection machines. This new strategy is used to classify and analyse in a
systematic way all the production of a fab, providing new possibilities to improve yields without penalizing cycle time, cost
and reaching inspections levels impossible to achieve without this new approach.
Author
Backpropagation (Artificial Intelligence); Defects; Failure; Genetic Algorithms; Inspection; Wafers
20050170514 Karlsruhe Univ., Germany
Novel Methodology to Include all Measured Extension Values per Defect to Improve Defect Size Distributions

Hess, Christopher; Weiland, Larg H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop;
[1998], pp. 197-202; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
Defect size distributions play an important role in process characterization and yield prediction. To reduce time and costs
of defect size extraction procedures the paper presents a novel methodology to determine defect size distributions. For that,
we use all measured defect extension values per inspected defect compared to known methodologies just using one size value
per defect. Our approach enables a reduction of the sample of defects to be inspected in semiconductor manufacturing fabs.
Nevertheless, the novel methodology will provide even better accuracy of defect size distributions.
Author
Defects; Size Distribution; Manufacturing; Process Control (Industry)
20050170516 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA
In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical Poly Furnace
Glass, Peter; Kudlacik, Joe; Burghard, Ray; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And
Workshop; [1998], pp. 230-234; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
In-situ particle monitoring (ISPM) is a key semiconductor initiative as wafer production facilities strive to reduce
operating costs. The benefits of using ISPM include real-time process monitoring, reduced tool qualification costs and
improved product cycle time [1,2]. All of these improvements lead to increased manufacturing productivity and a lower
operating cost [3]. This paper describes the production implementation of an in-situ particle monitor on an LPCVD vertical
furnace. The furnace is a high-risk, critical process to monitor in real time because of the large number of wafers processed
in each batch. Correlation between surface scanner counts, ISPM counts, test yield and process trending is discussed., along
with sensor reliability and a future plan for statistical control.
Author
Semiconductors (Materials); Furnaces; Wafers; Cost Reduction; Productivity
20050170521 KLA-Tencor Corp., Milpitas, CA, USA
Effective Defect Detection and Classification Methodology Based on Integrated Laser Scanning Inspection and
Automatic Defect Classification
Fan, Yong-Hui; Moalem, Yoel; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop;
[1998], pp. 266-271; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources
In-line monitoring of defects in VLSI manufacturing has become an indispensable part of yield management in the
sub-quarter micron era. One of the most important functions of wafer inspection is to capture process excursions and to
identify the sources of yield-limiting (‘killer’) process defects. Wafer inspection has three stages: 1) defect detection, 2) review

and classification of the defects , and 3) analysis of the defectivity trends throughout the process. This paper presents a new
methodology for wafer inspection and defect classification by integrating a leading, production-proven wafer inspection
system (KLA-Tencor’s AIT) with a leading, production-proven system for automatic defect classification (KLA-Tencor’s
IMPACT ADC). The ADC (Automatic Defect Classification) system resides entirely within the skins of the inspector. Thus
the integrated system takes a cassette of wafers in, and automatically produces all the information needed to analyze
defectivity trends by type. Furthermore, adding this on-board ADC system does not increase the footprint of the inspection
system. This is an important consideration in an industry where space on the production floor is very precious. In this paper,
we present the results of extensive characterization of the combined inspection/ADC system, including case studies from
semiconductor manufacturers. The reported results include: accuracy and purity of automatic defect classification compared
to manual classification by a defect expert on various process layers; overall time-to-results compared to traditional
inspection/classification strategies; and defect sizing based on high resolution defect images of ADC compared with SEM
measurement. Key advantages of the combined inspection/ADC system were found to include high accuracy and consistency
135
of classification, improvement in ability to track defectivity trends by defect type, improvement in overall time to results, and
reduction in cost of process excursions to IC manufacturers.
Author
Detection; Nondestructive Tests; Wafers
39
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
Includes structural element design, analysis and testing; dynamic responses of structures; weight analysis; fatigue and other structural
properties; and mechanical and thermal stresses in structures. For applications see 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance; and
18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance.
20050170448 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA, Army Research Lab., Hampton, VA, USA
The Influence of Projectile Trajectory Angle on the Simulated Impact Response of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Panel
Spellman, Regina L.; Jones, Lisa E.; Lyle, Karen H.; Jackson, Karen E.; Fasanella, Edwin L.; April 2005; 21 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): 23-376-70-30-07
Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2005-213546; ARL-TR-3348; L-19096; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A03, Hardcopy
In support of recommendations by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, a team has been studying the effect of
debris impacting the reinforced carbon-carbon panels of the shuttle leading edge. The objective of this study was to examine

the effect of varying parameters of the debris trajectory on the damage tolerance. Impacts at the upper and lower surface and
the apex of the leading edge were examined. For each location, trajectory variances included both the alpha and beta
directions. The results of the analysis indicated in all cases the beta sweep decreased the amount of damage to the panel. The
increases in alpha resulted in a significant increase in damage to the RCC panel. In particular, for the lower surface, where
the alpha can increase by 10 degrees, there was a nearly 40% increase in the impulse. As a result, it is recommended that for
future analyses, a 10 degree offset in alpha from the nominal trajectory is included for impacts on the lower surface. It is also
recommended to assume a straight aft, or zero beta, trajectory for a more conservative analysis.
Author
Impact Tests; Wing Panels; Leading Edges; Impact Damage; Trajectories
20050171018 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, USA, General Electric
Aircraft Engines, USA
Impact Properties of Metal Fan Containment Materials Being Evaluated for the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT)
Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract Only
Under the Enabling Propulsion Materials (EPM) program - a partnership between NASA, Pratt & Whitney, and GE
Aircraft Engines - the Materials and Structures Divisions of the NASA Lewis Research Center are involved in developing a
fan-containment system for the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). The program calls for a baseline system to be designed
by the end of 1995, with subsequent testing of innovative concepts. Five metal candidate materials are currently being
evaluated for the baseline system in the Structures Division’s Ballistic Impact Facility. This facility was developed to provide
the EPM program with cost-efficient and timely impact test data. At the facility, material specimens are impacted at speeds
up to 350 m/sec by projectiles of various sizes and shapes to assess the specimens’ ability to absorb energy and withstand
impact. The tests can be conducted at either room or elevated temperatures. Posttest metallographic analysis is conducted to
improve understanding of the failure modes. A dynamic finite element program is used to simulate the events and both guide
the testing as well as aid in designing the fan-containment system.
Author
Impact Resistance; Impact Strength; Aircraft Construction Materials; Metals
20050171021 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Integrated Design Software Predicts the Creep Life of Monolithic Ceramic Components
Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 3 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy
Significant improvements in propulsion and power generation for the next century will require revolutionary advances in

high-temperature materials and structural design. Advanced ceramics are candidate materials for these elevated-temperature
applications. As design protocols emerge for these material systems, designers must be aware of several innate features,
including the degrading ability of ceramics to carry sustained load. Usually, time-dependent failure in ceramics occurs because
of two different, delayedfailure mechanisms: slow crack growth and creep rupture. Slow crack growth initiates at a preexisting
136
flaw and continues until a critical crack length is reached, causing catastrophic failure. Creep rupture, on the other hand, occurs
because of bulk damage in the material: void nucleation and coalescence that eventually leads to macrocracks which then
propagate to failure. Successful application of advanced ceramics depends on proper characterization of material behavior and
the use of an appropriate design methodology. The life of a ceramic component can be predicted with the NASA Lewis
Research Center’s Ceramics Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures (CARES) integrated design programs.
CARES/CREEP determines the expected life of a component under creep conditions, and CARES/LIFE predicts the
component life due to fast fracture and subcritical crack growth. The previously developed CARES/LIFE program has been
used in numerous industrial and Government applications.
Author
Computer Programs; Creep Properties; Ceramics; Life (Durability); Component Reliability
20050172087 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Methodology Developed for Modeling the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Single-Crystal, Nickel-Base Superalloys
Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy
Because of their superior high-temperature properties, gas generator turbine airfoils made of single-crystal, nickel-base
superalloys are fast becoming the standard equipment on today’s advanced, high-performance aerospace engines. The
increased temperature capabilities of these airfoils has allowed for a significant increase in the operating temperatures in
turbine sections, resulting in superior propulsion performance and greater efficiencies. However, the previously developed
methodologies for life-prediction models are based on experience with polycrystalline alloys and may not be applicable to
single-crystal alloys under certain operating conditions. One of the main areas where behavior differences between
single-crystal and polycrystalline alloys are readily apparent is subcritical fatigue crack growth (FCG). The NASA Lewis
Research Center’s work in this area enables accurate prediction of the subcritical fatigue crack growth behavior in
single-crystal, nickel-based superalloys at elevated temperatures.
Derived from text
Fatigue (Materials); Crack Propagation; Single Crystals; Nickel Alloys; Heat Resistant Alloys
20050173330 Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., Champaign, IL USA

Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Structural Upgrade of Unreinforced
Masonry Walls
Feickert, Carl A.; Lin, Mark W.; Trovillion, Jonathan C.; Abatan, Ayo O.; Berman, Justin B.; Sep. 2003; 64 pp.; In English;
Original contains color illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-AT23
Report No.(s): AD-A432639; ERDC/CERL-TR-03-20; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The Army maintains an aging inventory of over 143,000 structures, many of which are in urgent need of maintenance and
repair. In some instances, these aging structures fail to meet prevailing seismic engineering codes. In the USA alone, 30
percent of the Army’s structures use unreinforced masonry (URM) walls. As such, URM structures have inadequate plane
lateral strength and are prone to failure during seismic events. Upgrading these structures to meet existing seismic codes often
requires the use of new materials and systems such as fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) composites. The versatility and
resilience of such advanced composites make them ideal candidate materials for reducing the cost of seismic rehabilitation of
DOD facilities. Though many studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of FRP reinforcements as structural upgrades for
masonry walls, little has been done to explain their impact on the building envelope. This study was undertaken to discover
and define the combination of building envelope and hygrothermal conditions that might result in vapor liquefaction at the
ceramic-epoxy interface, and subsequently debond or delaminate the applique. This research developed fundamental models
and associated material parameters to predict thermal and moisture transport across dissimilar building materials specifically
FRP composite appliques to concrete masonry units (CMUs) used for seismic upgrades.
DTIC
Buildings; Composite Materials; Fiber Composites; Hygral Properties; Masonry; Walls
20050173443 Defense Acquisition Univ., Fort Belvoir, VA USA
The Truth About Building and Maintaining Successful Communities of Practice
Jan. 2005; 17 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A432891; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
Communities of Practice (CoPs) are often described as self-organizing/ self-generating entities (Davenport & Prusak,
137
1998). However, our firsthand experience demonstrates that successful communities are more likely to emerge when there is
a systematic process for establishing, growing, and sustaining CoPs in a business setting; and viable CoPs in the workplace
need structure, direction, and help to set a solid foundation for success. As expected, potential members and business leaders
expect CoPs to support real business needs prior to investing their own time and organizational resources to support the

communities. If CoPs are properly implemented, benefits to the organization are faster and better-informed decision-making
and a workforce that has access to knowledge at the point of need.
DTIC
Leadership; Organizations; Self Organizing Systems
20050173519 Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS USA
Design and Validation of Modular, Reinforced Concrete Bunkers
Roth, Michael J.; Slawson, Thomas R.; Dec. 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A433005; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)
The USA Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), has recently
completed an experimental development and validation effort focused on the performance of reinforced concrete bunkers for
use in Iraq and Afghanistan. The experimental work considered two similar structures: a field-improvised design observed to
be in use in-theatre, and one developed by ERDC to meet specific warfighter requirements. Three objectives directed the
experimental program, and included: 1. Comparison of the protection levels provided by the two structures to determine if
ERDC modifications enhanced survivability, 2. Evaluation of the effects of a high-yield blast event on the bunkers, and 3.
Validation of the ERDC modified bunker’s protection levels when exposed to an array of indirect fire threats. Research efforts
conducted to achieve these objectives included numeric predictions of bunker performance, field experimentation to validate
threat protection levels, and numeric simulations to determine the effects of structural modifications. Results of these research
efforts are presented herein.
DTIC
Composite Materials; Concretes; Construction; Design Analysis; Protection; Shelters
42
GEOSCIENCES (GENERAL)
Includes general research topics related to the Earth sciences, and the specific areas of petrology, mineralogy, and general geology. For
other specific topics in geosciences see categories 42 through 48.
20050170015 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA
Using a Field Experience to Build Understanding of Planetary Geology
Treiman, A. H.; Kiefer, W. S.; Shipp, S. S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also
20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on
CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

In the summer of 2004, the Lunar and Planetary Institute hosted 25 middle- and high-school teachers on a week-long field
experience in Idaho and Montana. The ‘Floods and Flows: Exploring Mars Geology on Earth’ workshop (http://
www.lpi.usra.edu/education/fieldtrips/2004/) mixed fieldwork with classroom experiences and provided educators and
scientists the opportunity to interact. The educators investigated deposits associated with Glacial Lake Missoula floods and
lava flows in the Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve. Participants applied what they learned about
Earth-based processes to develop an understanding of processes operating on Mars and the most recent results from NASA
s missions to Mars. This was the most recent of five field-based experiences that used Earth-planet comparisons as a basis for
experiential learning.
Derived from text
Planetary Geology; Education; Mars Surface; Schools; Glaciers; Mars Missions
20050170552 Oslo Univ., Norway
Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact Crater: A Field Report
Kalleson, E.; Dypvik, H.; Naterstad, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also
20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI;
A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on
CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document
The Gardnos impact structure in Hallingdal (Fig.1) is one of only two (at present) confirmed impact craters in Norway
138