OXFORD LEARNER''''S GRAMMAR - PART 4 pps

152 Used to
III>
Finder
828
Complete the sentenc
es
with
used to and either the infinitive or ing-
form
of
a verb.
~
I

l!-'~
~
r:
~~Gl
. . a
101
of
novels,
but
nowad
ays I only read newspapers
an
d magaZines.

Richard feels very lonely now Ihal his girlrriend is
no
long

er
wnh
him. He Isn't

~~.
~~
~
I
~
••
on his own.
We
're always hard up. but we never worry
about
it. I
suppo
se we've
got .



.
poor
.
2
We
live
in
London now, but
we

. . .

. .


in
Manchester
.
3
The
count!)' seemed so quiet after livlIlg in
the
IOwn
,
We
couldn't
hear
any
trunic.
We'd
got.
. . . . . .

. . ,

.

it
all
day

in
town.
4
Joanna
has
lUovt!<i
to the right in
her
politics.
She
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Labour.
but
now she votes Conservuli
vc
.
5
My
grandmother
is
gelling absent· minded. Nowadays she forgets lots
or
things I'm sure
she . . . . . .

.

things.
6 Makmg decisions

Isn
't a
lw
ays
ea~y,
hut as a manager, I'm . . . . . . . . . . . . . them.
7 The new
Joh
is
OK,
but I hutc starting al seven o'clock. I'
ll
never
gel.
. . . . . . . ,

.

.
110
early.
8 These days even st
udent!>
have gol mobile
phon
es. It was different
In
my day.
We
. . . . . . .

th~m
when
I was at college.
153 Dare

Finder
83
Write a sentence
with
dare
so
that
it
has
a similar meaning .

I'm too scared to go
up
on the roof .
. .
~
?
~"'~'~
!P.
':f?
.~.
t!lIf.
r-:
~:

No
one has the courage to argue with the President.
. . . . . . .
2 We're afraJd to go out after dark.
. . . . . . .
3 People were too frightened to resi
st
the invaders.
4
Are
you
brave enough
[0
step into the
unknown?
. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .
!i
Yuu
have no right to
come
In
here without knocking!
. . . . . . . . . . . .
80 1
52
. Used to
154 Modal verb + phrase
II'-
Finder

84
The
following
sentences
are
wntten
in
a
rather
formal style. Can you express
the
mean
ing
in everyday English?
Use
words
from
this table.
will
should
ought
to
may
tnlght
have
to
be
allowed to
be
able to

'
One
can predict a future
ne
cessity
for
radical changes
The
re
. . wl
lI./lP-Y"!-
.
tP.
~
r:
q 0~(-
.
.a.'
~~
~e; s
:

II
is
de
sirable
that
students
be

permiHcd
10
rake a s
hort
break.
Students.
. . .

.

_

.

.
2
It
will
he necessary for
candidates
(0
posse
ss a driving licence.
Candidates . . . . .

. . . .
3
There
is a possibility that
research

students
will
be
granted
permission to see
the
document
s
Research
students
. . . . . . . . .

. .

. . . .
4
II
is
probable
that
visitors
will
expenen
ce
no
difficulty ill finding ac
commodation
You
. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .
5
II
is
possible
that
applicants
will
be
required
to
prove
Iheir i
dent
ity.
Applicants.
.

. . . .

. .

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

•
155 The
use
of
modal verbs

Finder
70-85
Put
in
a positive
or
a negative
modal
verb
such
as
can
or
wouldn't. Sometimes
there

IS
more
than
one possible answer .

. .
~
0'7
. . I give
YOLI
a hand
with
thes
e bags?- Oh. thank: you .
. . . . . . I borrow
your
pen
for a
moment?
2
You.
.
remind
me.
I
haven
't forgotten,
you
know.
3

Your library books arc always
overdue
. You . . . . rake
them
back al
the
right
time
4
Emma
owns
five
house
s,
so
she
. . . . . . . . .
be
nch.
S I tried
(0
lift
the
stone, but it was so
heavy
I . .
6
We're
thinkmg
of

having a holiday. We arcn', sure,
but
we
.

go to Italy
7 It's a
serious
matter
.
You
. . laugh.
8
What
shallt
do?

I
don
't know. In yo
ur
situation,
I.
. . . . . . . . have
any
idea
what
to
do
.

9 We
don
't give
enough
money
to charity. We

.


.
to
give
more
in
my
opmion.
10
It's
not
your
fault
that
Ju
stin is
so
annoyed.
He
. . . . . . . . .
be

very
unreasonable
sometimes
.
II
My parents
were
always very strict. I

. . . . .

even
go
out
on
my
own.
12
Ann
has
Just
started
work
as
a
shop
assistanl. She .


. .

.
carn
very
much
Ilmney.
154 •
Moda
l verb +
phr,l~'
!
156 Review
of
modal verbs

Finder 70-85
Decide which descriptions
go
with
which sentences.
Ii>
I
might
go
out
lalcr
011
.
I
Yuu

mu
st wail
in
the
qu
e
ue
.
2
I'd rather cycle
than
walk.
3
Yes
,
of
course you can borrow
my
bike.
4
We
ought
lu
write
a letter of thanks.
5
We
could
all
meet up next weekend.

6 I daren't look down.
7 This phone number must
be
wrong.
R
Shoes
must
nOI
be
worn
in
the gym.
9 T
he
cafe should
open
soon.
10
Co
uld
you
dry these dishes'

.f),
• 3
1 4
2 5
6
7
8

9
10
a) giving
pe
r
mi
ssion
b)
mak
ing a suggesuoll
c}
making
a
:r
equest
d)
saymg something
will
probably
happen
e) saymg something
is
necessa
rily
true
o expressing an uncenain intention
g)
saying what is Ihe right thing to
do
h) forbidding something

il
saying you are afraid
1o
do
somclhlng
JI
say
mg
you prefer one thing 10
another
kl
ordering
soml,.'One
to
do
somethmg
157 Review
of
modal verbs

Finder
7(} 85
Each
of
these
sentences
is
incorrect, Write the correct
sentence,

My
3i31er
ea",
to
ritle a ltlotorbHte .
. .
'!
~
:51~~(
~0
:!4~
p.,
~
~
or~~~e '
, .
.f!ttt-efraiEf
Ihe
ph6tM-dtm!l-might-be-ready
.
•
.,

,.
,'.
. . . . , . . , . . . . . .
3 We-ttttght "';sil Phil in
h~pitttI
.
. . . . . . . . .

','
. .
4
Sometme mt:tS(-take yoltf-btke-I~.
5
Ooe3-Ehadefle
wenld
be-
wllling-to-heJ.rH

,

,
.,
. . . . ,

,

,
.,
,

,

.
82
1
5<i
. Hc
vi

cw
or
m
oda
l verb
!.
. , . . .
158 Review
of
modal verbs

Finder 70-85
Write a second sentence so
that
it
has a similar meaning
to
the
previous one.
Use
the
word
In
brackets
,
U's possible that
Amy
is III. (may)

8~.~ ':1~

!'~'

I have pennisslOn to usc this room (allowed)
2 I'm afraid
(0
go
OUI
on
my
own
(dare)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

.
,.,
.

3 Il was unnecessary for you
to
leave a tip. (didn'!)
4
Alone
time
I played tennis regularly. (used)
5 The
best
decision wouJd have heen
for

you
to
accept the offer (ought!
6
We
expect the parcel
to
arrive suon. (should)
7
It
was necessary for Mark to go
to
hospital (had)
. . . . . . . . . . .

.


- . . . . . . . . . . . .
.,
.


. .
8 (['s obvious that the child
has
run
away. (must)
159
Introduction

to
the
passive
Read
the
sentences and answer
the
questions.
The prisoners were playing rootball .

Is the sentence active
or
passive?

"C
;
~
"
,('7

What
Is
theagcnl?

.


_

•

The prisoners were released.
2
I!)
the sentence active or passive?
3
Is
the agent mentioned? .
The
kJds
ale
all
the ice-cream.
. . .

. -

.

. .
4
Is
the agent the suhject
or
the object?
5
Is
the sentence active or
passlvt:l1
.

All
the
Ice-cream
wa!.
eaten by
the
kids.
6 Is the agent the subJecl?
"'"


. .
7 What word comes Just
before the
agent;>

II>
Finder
86
158.
Hevlcw
of modal
vcrbs
83
160 Active and passive tenses

Finder
87A
Read
the

story
and
then
write
one
of
the verbs
in
each space.
Tbe most expensive airline meal
In
ImlOry was
eaten
on a flig
tu
from Lo ndon fO Moscow. After
lake-urr.
rh
e
fi
rst drinks were being served when sudd{mly the
ca
ptain
Ill
illie 3n a
nn
oull
ce
ment.
He told tht: passengers

that
the
mam
cuurse
had
been
left
beh
ind at lI
ea
thr
ow
when
the
plane
had
laken
of
r.
Sevem
l
hundred
chicke n portions
were
still
wailing
there
. The)' would have
to
go

hack
and
fel
ch
them
'
MoSI
of
o
ur
fuel
will
be
jenlsoned
over
the
se
a before we
land
,' he said.
The plane landed,
and
lhe
crew
lOok
the meals
on
hoard The
pl
ane then

lO
OK
off again
thr
ee
hours latc. 'The needs of our
pa
ssc
n~
e
rs
arc always given top priority,'
Sa
Id
a spo
ke
sman for
the
Brilish airl
in
c. 'so we
had
TO
go back for
th
e fooll ' ']
have
nev
er
hellrd anything so silly

in
all
my
life,' snid one
of
the
pa
sse
ng
ers. The
COS
I
has
not
been
revealed hy
the
airlin
e.
~
Pr
esen
t simple (
acnvc
)

I~
~t.
. •
Pr

esent
si
mp
le (
pa
ssivt:)

-?-r:"
4
.:1.:v
~
""'
.
I
2
3
4
5
6
Prt:sent perfect (uctlve) .
Pre
sent pcrfect (
pas
sive)
P
as
( si
mplc
(passive)

[last conti
nuou
s ('Ictive)
Past
continuous
(passive)
PasT
perfect (act
iv
e) .
7
Pa
st pe
rf
ec
t (passive)
8 F
utur
e (passive)
161
Active and passive verb
forms
. .
~
Finder 87 A- C
Complete
the
news
article
by

putting
in
the
correct
active
or
passive form
of
the
verb
In
brackets
.
Somet
imes
there
is
more
than
one
possible
answer
.
NO
IS
IER
AND
NO
I
SIER

For the
losllen
years, engineers (
to-
) ,
I
~",:e.,
~~':'
~
.
~
I
~
~
••
(
mea
s
ure
)
no
ise
level
s in
Brita
in's
Citl
CS.
The slUdy (
to-

)
••
~-'! l" 5t
~~0
<:':O''":Ip'I~~e;
(
~
. . (just/complete), a
nd
it
(I
) . . . . . . . .


. . .
(s
hawl that t
he
re
is
more nOise than ever befor
e.
More
and
more
people
(2).

. . .

,

(
dri
ve)
mad
by the so
und
s
of
the
city. Co
mplamts
about noise (3)




.

(increase) constantly over the last twenty
yea
rs.
Last
ye
ar almost 300,
000
complaints (4)

,

, ,

.

, . (make
).
The
least
f
av
ourite s
our
ces
of noise (
5)
. . .



(include) loud
mu
sic. barking
dogs
,
mobi
le
phones. ca r alarms and
home
improvements.

We
arc
all
ramiliar with
the
problem
s.
How
is
It
that a car alarm
(6)

, . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

(c
an
/he
ar
) by everyone eXCe
pt
the owner
of
(he car?
Wh
y
(7)
. electr
ic
dnll

s . (
ha
ve
ttl
/usc)
ca
rl
y
on
Sunday
morning
?
Why
(8) , . . .
arguments

.


, .
(carry) on
wi
th the windows wide opcn?
'N
oise (9)

. .

(s
till/increase),'

said a member
of
the
research group.
These
da
ys
traffic
(10).
. . . (start) curlier in
the
morrting,
and
shops
and
cl
ubs
(I
I) . . . . .

(slay) open later. The problem (
12
) . ' .
. . . ,

.

(must/tac
kle
) People

(J
:-l)

•
•.•.
, .
.•
, .

(can /drive) to
co
mmit
suicide
bt
-c
ausc
of
noise. So
why
(1
4)


nothing . . . (do) about the problem? Up
to now the gm'crnmcnt (15)


. ,

"

.,
.

(p
ay)
little attention to
It. but
now
aclion
(16)
. . '

, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (need
).
We
aJl
hop
e that the
results or our
study
(I7).
. . . .

•.
' . • .
•.•
.(
not/ignore).
84
160

.
!\ulve
<Inti
p<l
ss
ivc
temcs
162
Was
broken: action
or
state?
~
Finder
87E
look
at
the
words
In
bold
type
and
say
if
they express an actIon
or
a state.
to-
When

the
bomb
threat was received,
the
road was
closed
by
t
he
police.
aGtlOri

We
went
to
the
Tourist Office,
but
it
was
closed for
the
day
1
The
goods
were
damaged
In
the

accident

2
The
goods
were
damaged
deliberately . .
3
These
chaus
are
sold in all
our
stores.
4
I'm
sorry,
but
those chairs
are
sold
. . .
5
It
was starting to get dark. I
was
frightened.
6
The

animal
was
too frightened
fa
co
me
out
of
HS nest.
.5to
te
7
The
carpet
was
stained
where
someone
had
S
Pl
it
wme
on
it.

8
The
carpet
was

stained
when
'
someone
spilt wine
on
it

.
163 Passive verb forms
II>
Finder
87
Complete
the
second sentence
so
that
it
has a similar meaning
to
the
previous
one
. There
is
no
need
to
use

a
phrase
with
by
In
your
pass
iv
e
sentences.
~
They might change
the
rult~s.
The
rules . .
':"'~'3!1~
.~
~.
~J:a.r~e:J
People d
on't
respect politiCians.
Politicians

.
2 The grass IS being
cu
t.
So

meon
e . . .


.
3 They're going
to
repair
the
phone.
The
phone

.



.
4 They
had
lost
the
document.
The
document.
. .
5
Has
anyone
cor

rected
the
mistakes?
Have . .

. . . . . . . .
6
The
door
should have been locked
behind
us.
We
7 They will
broad
cast
th
e progr
amme
on Sunday.
The
programme

.

. . .

.
8
Someone

had
torn
the
page.
The
page
•
•

9 We have
to
do
the
shopping.
The shopping






.
.•
10
We're looldng into
the
matter.
The
maner
.

. . . . .
11 People just laugh at my suggest
ions
.
My suggestions . . . .
12
Somet
hmg
must
have delayed
your
viSitors.
Your visitors
162
. Was broken acti
on
or
state?
85
164 The
use
of
the
passive

Finder 88
Look
at
these pairs of sentences

and
answer
the
questions
about
them
. Put a tick by
the
fig
ht
answer.

Which
of
these
scnlcnces
could be
made
passive?
aJ
1ZI
Lols
of
famous people wear these J
ac
kels
b) 0
Thal
style
of

Jackel really suits you
Which
of
these is
morc
informal?
al 0 People arc pJaymg football in the park.
h)
0 Foo
tb
all is
being
played in
the
pa
ri!
2 Which
one
of
these
s~ntcnces
is correet'?
a)
0
The
company
is
belonged
to
my

COliS
Hl .
b)
0 The
company
is
owned
by
m}'
cou
sin.
3
The
coasl
of
Brazil was explored by
Amengo
Vespucci.
Is
thiS
sen
tence
more
likely (0
occur
in
a) 0 a fact file
on
Brazil,
or

hJ 0 a fact file
on
Vcs
plI
cd?
4 Which
one
of
these
sentences
could
be
made
passive?
a)
0 The parcel weighs two kilos.
hI
0 I've weighed
the
parcel.
5
Which
of
these is
mor
e
impersonal?
a)
0
You

s
hould
keep Ihis information in a safe place.
b)
0 This mform.nion
sho
uld
be
kept
in
a safe place.
6 Which
of
these se
nten
ces
is
more
likely?
a)
D People
make
soap
from vegetable
Oils
b)
D Soap
is
made
from vegetable

Oi
ls.
165 The
form
and
use
of
the
passive

Finder
87-88
look
at
the
information
in
brackets
and
the
n
add
the· information
to
the
next sentence.
Begin
with
it,
they

,
or
which. Decide
If
the
sentence
has
to
be active
or
passive.
iii-
(The X-ray
machme
scans
the
bags for weapons.)
The
bag
s
go
through an
X·ray
machme, .
~
h
;
:-~
.~
:'7

.t
hl;-'":1Jo:.
I~~


(People developed
the
steam
engine
in the 1
8th
century.)
A key invention was
the
steam
eng
i
ne
.
~
t
~
:>
.d.c;v
~
!
~
r.e:d
in.
~

~
I
.i~~
~
~~
~
,
-
~
.
(
Someone
invelHed Ice-hockey in
Canada)
Ice-hockey is a
popular
game, . . . . .


2
(T
he
owne
rs have completely renov.ucd
the
house.)
T
he
h
ouse

looks magnificent

.

•.
3
(fhe
project cost millions
of
pounds.)
The
project was very expensive

86 1
64
.
The
usc or the
IM
SS
lVC
. . . .
i
I
I
•
!
I
~
<1

(We
can
mix
the
primary colours In make
othe
r c
olours)
The
pnmary
colours arc red,
ye
llow and blue . . . . .
5 (People
li
sten
to
the Bile World Se
rv
ice all
over
the
world.)
The nBC World Servi
ce
IS well
known
.
. . . .

. .
6 (The c
ompan
y
ha
s taken over
il
s
maIO
COmPCtltor.)
The co
mp
any IS expandrng .

.

.
7 (The studlllrn
la
cks
pro
pe
r
fa
cih ties
.l
InternatIOnal rnalchcs c.
mllO!
be played at the
stadium

•

166 The
agent
in passive sentences
Write
passive
sentences
wi
th
by.
r:: :-
:-


- - - _. -
Sftefft)
e
k-H6ItI~
(buil
d)
Jura
ss
ic
Park
(
efefIff'
)
The Harry Potter hooks (dir
ec

t)
The
telephone (invent)
The pyramids (write)
-

: :
c:c-c
Al
exa
nd
er
Graham
Bell
!iir
Ard'ltIP
Cel'lftll
Doyle
the Egyptians
I.K Rowling
Steven Spielberg

.
~
J
~r.
I
0=:-
~
(1

c?
1
~.5.
t<.!0:
~.
c;
r:-
t;.'!
t;e;
c:
~
~
~
lr.
l)r:
t/lIt
r
.
~
n
.D~
:
~
J'~

I
,

Finder
89A

3
4
. . . . .



.
167 The
agent
in passive sentences
Ii>
Finder
89
If
the
phrase
with
by
adds
important
information,
write
yes.
But
if
It
can easily
be
l
eft

out,
write
no
and
cross
it
out.
II>
We were driven
home
by a friend
of
ours.
.~
e
.
.5
• •

We were driven
home
in a laxi
by
8
ltl:Xi
dri

er
· . . .
0C?

. .
I TV
programmes
are
broadcaSl all night by Ihe TV
companic
s . .
2
The
programme
was
seen
by 8 million viewers

3
The
windows
of
the
office
are
cleaned
regularly by a wmdow
cl
eaner . .
4 In
the
storm
several trees were blown
down

by the wind.
S
The
gang
have all
been
arrested
by
the
police

6
The
man was arrested by a 23·year·old female police office
r.
.

!
! 168 The passive
with
get

Finder
90
!
I
Put in a
form
of
get

and
the
passive partiCiple
of
these
verbs
: change, kill, leave, lose,
marry, start,
stop,
throw
.
II>
I was driving
[00
fa
s
t.
and
I . .
'3~
t
.
S,
t9
f>F:R:
0 . by
the
po
li
ce.

If y
ou
try
to
walk.
across a
motonva
y, Y
Oll
'
lI
prob;tbly

166 . T
he
aJ,:cnl
III
IHI
SS
lve sentences
87
2 Nol only have I got a boyfricnd, hut we're


. . . .

.

next
month

3 I
can
't
go
out
in
thesc clothes. I must . . . . . . . . . .
fir
s
t.
4 When the coach continued
Its
journey, two
members
of
the grouP

.


. . .
behmd by mistake.
S Andrew
Is
no gond at map-reading. He's always . . . . .

.

. . . .
6

\\
J
ould
you like to eal up snme of
thi.s
food before
it

.
••.
.

.

ilw
ay
?
7
We
've
gOl
all
thiS
housework to do, so let'
s.
. . . .

. .

' shall we?
169 The passive
with
give, send, etc

Finder
91
Rewrite
the
sentences
putting
the
part
in
bold
type
at
the
beginning.
You
may
need
to
change
from
active
to
passive
or
from passive

to
active .

We found jobs for most
of
the students.
· .
.,J~.!>.
~
('
~
f9t
1
'?4
-!qr
~;5!-
Pi
.tk-
.!I
~
l!-
q.~,:
~
.

Thcy've offered Sophie a place at university.
· . {>qpjl.te
fi.?-?
~~"
.o

.
.ff~ ,,:t;.4,o
P'1
9-t;-
~
.
a.
t.
~;
,,:,~r:
.!I
.
ri:~

You
should show this
photo
to
the
police.
· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Thi'i
jumper was given
to
me by
my
grandmother.
3
The

bas!=.
has promised Polly a
ri
s
e.
,
You
can feed the Icflover meat to the dogs.
5 Simon was handed the receipt by
the
shop
assistant.
6
Large fees are paid to the lawyers.
7 A handsome instructor is going to leach
our
group skiing.
170 The passive
with
verbs
of
reporting

Finder 92A
Combine
each
pair
of
sentences
. Begin

with
it
and
a passive verb .

We know something
about
the Prime Minister. He has bought
II
holiday
home
.
· .
~
t
i
.!l
~
~.
~
~
.t
~
J
'
:
i~
t1
!rY.!It;!

IJo:~
~'-j
!
)!-
p ¥!'~
!j
.~:

There's a rumour about the company. It
is
in difficulties.
. . . . . . .

.

.

.
2 People believed in the Emperor.
To
them he was a god.
3 Someone reported on the fighting. It had just begun.
4
The
figures
~;Ii
~ho~~;
so'~~thing
'ab~~t
'

~~rt)
,.
·
I;
Is
·
i~
c
r~~s
·
i~g

.


.
•.
. . . . . .
88
1
69
.
nu
: p
as.'>lVe
Wi
th g
we,
se
lld

. etc
6
An
agreement was reached about wages. They would be
rai
st:d by
five
per
ccOl
.
· . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Th
ey
have made a decision aOOm the projt.
"C
t.
It
will have
to
be cancelled.
8 There
wa
s a suggcsuon about the ticket
s.
Th
ey
should cost
five
pounds.

171

said to be


Finder 928
Re
,
write
the first
six
sentences
of
Exercise
170
using a
passive
verb and a to-Infinitive.
Ii"-
.•
f/J;e;
1:Y:r~~
J!
r0r~~ r:
!.!>.~.
t.o.
I!D;>/
r
~8h
~

~.Il£)/Ifl.fl.lJ
i
lOr;o'r1f!-
;

1
The
company

.

.

. . .

,
.

. • , .
2 The Emperor .


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
•
3
. . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
5
· . . . . . . . . .

.

. . . .
.,
172
Passive
verb +
to-infinitive
or
active participle
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Finder
93
Combine each pair of sentences
us
ing a passive verb + a
to
-infinitive
or
active partiCiple

The team members have 10 work together.
Th
at':. what the boss told the
m.
· . f¥.
;~n').N"/!:~
r.
~~

'
~
t~d.
!-q
~k
.t~~1:
J
~
.r';

Ii"-
The old
man
was wandering
around
the streets. The police found him.
, .
~.
9'0.
":""00
!V
.
Q;5
,-(~
,
0'1.t, :,,"~.0'"~e
'
·
.""1
c:tr:-

(?t
,
~rr~
t~
7't
r:
e;.~
~~

The workers have accepted lower wages
Th
e company has persuaded them.
2
Tw
o young
men
were fighttng. We saw them
3 The victims
may take le
gal
action. Thai
's
what their lawye
rs
have advised them.
4 The children had to
pI
ck up all the litler. The teacher made them do
It
.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . -

. . . . . . . . ,
5 The
wo
man
wa
s smuggling
ci
garettes into the country. Customs
offi
cers caught her
6 The refugees can't get a job. The governme
nt
wo
n't let them.
7
£50,000 on decorating the ballroom - thai's what th
ey
spent.
S
You
shouldn't have
dri
ven so fast. 1 warned you not to.
17
1.
smd ro
be
H9

173 Some patterns
with
have and
get
.

Finder 94B-C
Write a sentence
about
each situation
uSing
a structure ,with have or
get
+ a passive verb.

Paul is
al
the
dry
·c1e
aner's
.
They've
cle
aned
his jacket .
.
I;'aq
l
h;ts

/1<?-0.
h'
o?
J
a<=;
iSe.
.t,
c;.
/~
~~
.

The decorators are at Angela's They're working on her nat.
2
SOrTIe
vandals
damag(~d
lisa's
ca
r las! week
3 Your friends got some builders
10
build a hou
se
for them.
4
YOII
really
mu
st finish yo

ur
hom
ewor
k.
soon.
5
The
bank. has withdrawn Mark's credit c
ard
.
6
You're wondering:
where
did
TOm
go for Ihal haircut?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
So
meone
is coming
10
Karen's place to
morrow
.
The
y'
re
going
til

d ean
her
c
arpel
s.
174 The passive
to-infinitive
and
gerund

Finder 95
Complete these sentences, which are set
In
a
business
context.
Use
a passive
to
·
infmitlve
or
ing·form
of
the
verb in
brackets
.
Somet
imes you need

to
use a
perfect
form .

H's imporlant for Ihe figures

~
~
~
!
'P4'?~

tupdalc) regula
rl
y.

Rick
ignored the problems
de
:
pilC

~lC:
v
.'~
~
I"I
~
,

~
~
. •
(w
arn) aboul them,
The
men

allied to avoid

(sec)
(In
security cameras.
2 Alice
is
hoping . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .


. (
promote
) s
oon
.
J
The
goods ought . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

•
(deliver)
two
week-

ago.
4
The
system was adopted
without.
. . . • . • . . . • . . . . .

(I
cs
t)
at
all.
S I'd hke the money

.

.

. • . • • . (transfer) immediatcl
y.
please
6 T
he
Chief Executive insists
un

. . . . . . • .

.

(inform)
of
every detail
7 l'm afraId the documents seem
. . . .

. .

. (mislay).
8
As
well as . .

(move)
10
a less
imporwnl
Job, Emily
had
suffercd
(\
drop
III
salary.
175 Active verbs
with

a passive meaning
Choose
the
correct
words
.

We've
gOt
so
me
work
to
do
/
to-be-done
.
1
The
lahle has to lay/to be laid.
2
The
grasi')
want
s
co
cutlcuuing. .
:I
Th
ere's so much to

do/to
be done on a
Cl
ub Sun holiday!
,
90 173 . Some
p.
1I
(
ems
with
h(lVt
~
and get

Finder 96
4
Our
latest range
of
computers
~~
s
clI~
/
a.!.
t.:
being sold really wel
l.
5 I

hdd
scv
eralletlers
to
write/to
be
written.
fi ThIs
puule
i
sn't
very easy to
'SOlv
e/
to
be solved.
7 These mstructions arc too difficult io
Lll
l
derstand
/
IO
be
understood
by
a child,
8 These brakes
don't
work very well 'I
ll

ey nee'd
se
e
"G/
scell
~
g
10 -
176 The passive
Finder 86-96
Put
the
one
missing
word
In each sentence .

No
one
can find
the
place. Everyone ,
.je;
t
;;
, .
lo
st.
] I'm . my huir cut
tomorrow

.
2
The
pilot IS
thought.
. have lost control
of
the
aircraft.
3
These
boxes
are
to . moved away from the door.
4 Last week
we
a man
come
and
dig
the
garden for us.
5 I
can
't
wear
my red sweater.
It's.
."

.
washed
at
the
momenL
6
It's a great film. The main charaCTer is
played,
Tom
Hanks.
7 Matthew
is
furious
about
. . . been tricked
out
of
his
moncy
.
S
On
the
bank
's securny video,
the
man
was wavmg a gun around.
9
The

picture isn't in
the
shop
",mdow
now.
It
might
have.
. sold
10 People
shouldn
't
smoke
because,
, ,

, , , . . .
IS
known that smoking causes cancer.
II
James had forgotten his electric ralOr, so he
couldn't,
. , , , . . , . shaved.
12
How
ma
ny times . you get hurgled at your last house?
177 The passive

Finder 86-

96
Put in
the
correct active or passive form of
the
verbs.
The last train (

) , .
,<;
t
.oPP.<70
. . (SLOp) at Wellbllry Station
twenty
years ago,
and
smce then the
coulllry
branch
l
in
e
{
~
)

~1
~ ~
t;e
;

~
,.!
I~f
t
. . (leave) to fall into disuse,
BUI
five
years ago
the
old
station buildings
(1) . . . . (sell) to a
young
couple, Alan and Sarah
Pickford. Immediately
the
Pickford" (
2)
. (apply)
10
the local
Council
and(3)
(promise) a
sLIm
of
money
to help them wIth their
project. Months
(4) . . (spend)

planning
al!
the
details.
Then
their
plans
(5) . . . . (have
to/approve
). After
that
the
way
was
clear. The
Pickfords
(6
) . . , . , .
the
house
completely.
. (renovate)
by local builders, They themselves also
(7) , . (create) a beautiful
garden
around
it
They certainly had lots (8) . . . (do) . The task
(9)
. (seem) hopeless at first becauiie everything was

In
such a poor
condition,
but
Loliay
the old station (
10
) . greatly . .

, , , . ,
(admire),
and
If
(II)
. (say/be)
the
best of its kind
in
the country.
Many authentic raIlway details
(12)

, . (preserve),
and
an old railway
carriage
(
13
) . . , . , , , . . . (now/use) as a greenhouse.
The

station house
(14) . . . , , . , . (
can
/visit) by
the
puhlic
on
weekend afternoons ,md
holidays,
but
visitors (15) . (ask/ not /
come
) at
other
times
as
the
Pickron!s are
nOI
keen
on
(16
)
(dI
sturb)
dunng
the week
17G. The
paS::'lv
e

9]
178
The
passive
~
Finder 86-96
Rewrite each
sentence
so
that
it
ends
with
the
information
in bold
type
.

Someone
will
weigh
our
suitcases .
. .
9L~""
~I.t~~~
~~II.
~
~

.iB
¥-?:.
We
got someone to remove the ruhbish.
2 A new bus shelter has been put up.
. , . . . . . . . . . . .
3
A~
'A~~rjc
'
a~
'a'r~hiie~i
design'ed
'
the
b
l
~iid·i~g.
·
•.• •.•
, .

4 I always hij\'c
[0
prepare meals.
5 It's terrible when people ignore you.
6
They
're going to
publish

the
story.
7 Do we have
10
print
out
the
document?
. . . . . . .
8 An Oscar
was
awarded
to
the actrells.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

. .
179
Introduction
to
the
infinitive

Finder 978
For
each
sentence tick one
or

two
of
the boxes. Choose only those words which describe
the
to-
infinitive.

We
decided not
10
take
part.
I'd like to have seen the
show.
2
You're supposed to
have been practising.
3 I hate to
be
stared at.
4 It's time to be going.
5
It
's
annoYIng
not to
have
receivt.'<i
an
invitation.

92
178
• The passive
simple perfect continuous
passive negative
.'
.'
.
·180
Infinitive
clauses
Put
the
words
in
the
right
order
to
form an infinitive clause.

see I
the
fireworks I to
We wanted

fq
~
.
~.

frr:-4"!'?':~:
. .
on
holiday I to I go
Amy
is keen . . . . .

2
about
I
think
I to
We've
got
something .
3 an
e-mail
I
to
I
send
. I'm going.

.

.

4
be
f

better
I
to
I expected
the
weather
. , ,

.
Sfrom/to/Oy
It's
quite
a
convement
airpon

181
It
and
to-infinitive
clauses

Finder 98

Finder 99A
Match
the
two
halves
of

each
sentence. Then write
the
sentences beginning
with
it and
putting
the
to-infinitive
dause
at
the
end
.

To keep
the
Jewels in a
bank
1 To hitch-hike
on
your
own
2
To
have
-
an
education
3

To
visit Mecca
4 To fully
understand
the
theory
of
relativity
5 To keep a racehorse
I
is a basic human rtght.
costs
a great
deal
of
money
.
YMtdti
he
Hr
.
is
not easy.
might be dangerous
IS
the
duty
of
every Muslim.
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . • . . . .

. .

.
3
4
5
•
••
•
••
or
. . . . . . .

. . . . . .
.
,.
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,

,"

,

,.'








.

.
180.
illfinlt
ivp-
clauses
182 The to-i
nfi
n
iti
ve
expressing purpose
Ii>'
Finder
100A
Add a to-infimt
iv
e clause
to
explain

the
purpose
of
the
action.
Use
these words' relehrat-e,
fit
get
rid
of. keep
In,
parcel,
protect
.

The I
ca
m arc doing a lap
of
h
onour
. .
~
q
~~!e
.
J:;r(l.~~.t
.
h

e.
!

,
,:,
jC.~0
'
~:J
:.
Lou
is
e is going
(0
the
po
st office

. .
2 Terry is we
ar
i
ng
gloves
3
We
bought a
cat

4
The

fa
rmer
pul
up
an
electric
fe
n
ce
. .
S
Steve
and
Ka
re
n
go
jogging .

. .
183
The
to-infinitive
u
se
d
as
an adverbial

Finder 1

00
Complete each sentence with a clause from
the
box. S.ay
If
the
clause expresses purpose
(A),
an
outcome (
B),
a comme
nt
(C),
or
an
explanat
io
n f
or
a
wrong
ide
a (
D)
.
to be
ho
nest
to

fall
at
the last fence
to
find
an
angry crowd
to
hear
him talk
I
o1>r-evk!e-t
ll
f
or
-ntflt-ion
10
sec the
picture
s
!O stay awake
lO
warm
them
( A .
1
Poli
ce officers arrived . . .

. . ( .

,)
2 I
PUI
the plales in Ihe oven . . . . . . . . . . . . (

.
.l
3
I'
d rather JUSI go
hom
e now, . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . .
(.
. . . )
4 . . . . . . . . .

. '
you'd
Ihink a child
hat.!
painted
them.
(.
.
.1
5

_ . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. '

we
drank'suong
coffee. ( . .
.l
6 The h
orse
lOok the lead. only

'. ' .
!"
( • •
.l
7
You
'd think Tom was
an
cxpen
.



.

. ( .

.l
94
182
.
The

10
mfillillvc
e
).prc
:,;.~in~
IlUrp"
:,;c
r.
184 Verb +
to-infinitive

Finder
lOlA
Write sentences from
the
table. Put
the
verb into
the
correct
to-infinitive
form.

Maybe we should offer (bel fullus Caesar in
an
earlier ljfe.
lOur
neighbours threatened fpttyt-pe:rt-ef-the-€fflt.
2 MPs
havt!

voted (apologize) for somelhing I haven't done.
:
~
Those people seem
(call)
the police.
4 I refuse
(c
hange) the law.
L
5
_
T
_
he
_
m_"
_
n
_c_

_";_m
-'
s
'
_ _ _
~'_
(
a
c:

rg"_u
'_
e
::.l
_a_bo
c.:
u
__ t '-'-
so
methin"K
::.
', _ _ _
__
J
,
3
4
5
. . . . . . . . . . .



. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185 Verb +
to-infinitive
or
verb + gerund?

Finder 1018- (
Complete this newspaper article about a successful business executive. Choose the
to·
infinitive or
the
gerund
of
the
verbs
In
brackets.
Sandra King had agreed (. )

~
~
~e~
,
(meet) me
in
her office in central Manchester. The
head
of
Greenway Supermarket
s,
a s
mart
40·year·old woman.
gav(~
me a big smile

of
welcome
You
can't help (

) . .
'i
K~"!3
(like) S
andra
King. 'Greenway expect
!!.
(I
) . . . . . .

(make) a
big
protil again this year,' she told me The
comp.my
hilS
never f:uled
(2)
. . .

.

. (do) well
since
she took over five years OlgO. In
fa

ct s
he
has managed
(3)
. .
(avoid
)(
4)


.
(l
ose) cus
tomers
at
a li
me
when others have seen their profits fall ')
enJoy
(5
).
. . . .

. (sol
ve)
problems,' s
he
says.
Nex
t year Greenway plan

(6
).
.
(open) ten new supermarket
s,
and
the)' have
al
so offered
(7)

(
buy
) the Lo·Price
Stores
group
. Sandra Kmg hopes (8) .



(have) discuss
io
ns with Lo·Pncc
bo
ss Steven
WeymOiIl
soon.
You
can't afford (9
).

. .

(relax) in this job,' she told
me
. '
You
can never
gi
ve lip (10) . . . . . (thi
nk
)
about
how
yo
u can
do
things better.
That's
what
yo
u ha
ve
(I I) .

. (d
o)
if you want (12) . . . .
(be
) succ

es
sful.'
186 Verb +
to-infinitive
or
verb + gerund?

Finder 102
Complete
the
sentence
so
that
it has a similar meaning
to
the
prevtous one.

I
ha\
'e finally reulized the secret
of
happiness
.
I hav!! co
me

~I?
:
-;:'-?!

'
1;-e::-
.t
lle'!-
.~;
c.
.r
r t,
~
1
.
1D.p:p.
'
nc'::~
:
I
wouldn
't like to
work.
nights.
I d
on
't fancy .




.

. . . .

.
HII\
.
Ver
b
-t
IO
-
lIlt
inilivc
95
2
Our
u
~
am
is winnmg, apparently.
Our
learn
sccms.
.

.

3 Several people heard gunshols, they said.
Several pcople reported

.
<I

We
u!>ually
stay
in
and
watch ·
IV.
We tend

.

. , , . . . .
5 We haven't
gOI
enough money We can't start a
bu
sines
s,
We can't afford

.

, . , .

. . , _ . ,

_
6
It
seems

that things
are
improving.
Things seem .

. ,

,

,

.
7 Someone
appears
/(I
have
trodden
on
IhlS radio.
This radio
appears
_

, .

,
8 Singing isn't
allowetl
In
this pub.

This
pub
doesn'
t.
,

. .
9
It's
OK - I'
ll
walt for you.
I
don't

. , , . . _

'

,

, "

10
You
must show
me
the
photos
. I

can't
wait
I'm dying . . .


. . , . . . ,

,

. ,
187 Verbs taking either a
to-infinitive
or
a gerund

Finder 103
If
a sentence
is
correct.
put
a tick.
If
you can use a different form,
then
write
the
verb +
to
·infinitive or verb + gerund

after
the
tick.
If
the
sentence
is
incorrect, cross
out
the
two verbs and write them correctly

We
intend keeping
the
projcct a secret.
~
I'd lo¥e-Yistting
Au
stralia
onc
day.
I I
haw
to
hear
you talk like lhal
2 The street lights were starting
coming
on.

3 I like having my teeth checked every
few
months.
4 The protestors
cominued
throWing
ston
es
5
I would
like
welcoming all
our
vi
s
itor!>
.
6
We
prefer to
do
the journey
In
two days.
188 Verb +
to-infinitive/gerund
with
a change in meaning
· , , .

'.

,.

,


. .
· , . , . . . ' . . . . . .

. . . .
'.
.
· , . . . . , , _.
_
.

.

. .
· . .

.',


. . .
.,.
.
.'
. . .

Finder 104
Complete the conversations. Choose either
the
to· infinitive or
the
gerund
of
the
verbs
in
brackets,
1 Laura: I'm havlllg problems with this
computer
again. With
all
the
lrouble
it
's given us, I
really regret (

) _
~
3!~
. (buy) it
96
18
7 . Verbs la
ki

ng
culler a (o-infinltlve
or
iI
Ac
rund
Karen:
Laura'
Karen:
2 lames:
Ooes
il
need


. . (repair)?
AClUally I Ihink I jusl need . . . .

(
study
)
th
e
manual.
Well, stop .

. . Iflddle) around with
It
nuw,
will

you?
I see your
favOUrite
actress won an O
sc
ar
Paul:
Yes,
but I
r~ret
.
. . . . .

.
(say)
she
didn't
make
a
vcry
good
sp
cc
th.
First
sh
e
thanked lots of people who had helped her, and then she went on . . . . . . .

.

James:
3 .Sarah·
Oliver:
Sarah:
(tell)
us her whole life story.
I know.
She
ju
st wouldn'l s
top.
. . .

.

(talk).
Did
you
remember.
. . .

. . . (go) to the supermarket?
Yes,
but I forgot . . . .

.
(get)
the
chicken.
IhH

that was the most important Ihing.
Oliver:
I know. I'm

o
rry
. 1 can remember . .

(mean) . . .


. . . (get)
it
,
hut then 1 s
topped
.

(chat) to someone, and it went right out of
my
head.
Sarah:
Why
don't you make a ilst next time?
Or
you
could
try
. . . . . . . (wnte) the
word 'chicken'

in
large letters on your hand and sec if thai helps.
Oliver: Sorry, Sarah. J can go back and get the chicken now.
Sarah:
No,
1101
now.
It
would
mean
. . . . .

(drive) through town
III
the
ru
sh hour.
Let
's just try .

. .

(decide) on something else
we
can have
tOl1ight.
89
Verb + object +
to-infinitive
Combine

the
sentences
uSing a
verb

object
+ to-infinitive .

I played the piano.
My
dad encouraged
me
.
. .
~
!
:J
0-
~0
.
40C:-0~, a.¥.4.
~
.tp.p'h;t~
~J
.~
piq'"P:

Please come with me. I need
you
to.

2 The animals do tricks. They'
ve
been trained.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 The police used

aler
cannon
. They were ordered to.

Finder
105
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .


. .


.


.

.

. .
4 Paul has gone on a diet.
His
doctor advised him to.
S The
d~g
'
is
h~~miui.
'
&i~;l(lfi~
ie~is
'
have
p;o
'
v~d
it:
. .
•
. . .

.
.• •
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
You
can
get a discount. This card enables
you

to.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.



.
7 There must be a doctor present. The law requires
iL
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .




.
8 The road was dangerous. That
waS
well·known.
189 . Verb + o blect + to-ltlfinH
IVe
190 Adjective +
to-infinitive

Finder 106
These sentences are
all
from a travel
guide
. Put

the
words in
the
right order and use a
to
-
Infinitive
.
~
exciting I expl
or
e I
11
is
I the strange
lands
cil
pe
· .
~
~
f
~.~~C;
;
;
I~
~o
e.;x p~or~
.
~

/~.
~~, ar'l!l~
-'a~~p!!-:

in Ihe sea I it
Is
I swim I
100
dangerous
. . . .


. . . . .

. . .
2 less fhan an
hour
I
lu
c
ky
I wail I you'
ll
be
3 arc / find I hard I good restaurants
4 foolish f msurdncc I
11
IS I Ilot huy
.

.


. .

.
5 are { close I for lunch I liable I the s
hop
s
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
6
an
Interesting I IS I place I
the
IOwn
I visil
· . . , . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .
7 book I
in
advance I important I H
IS
. . . . .

. . .

. . - . . . . . . , . . . .
",.

. . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 a I n is J Journey I make I
on
fool I
too
long
· . . . .

.

.

. . .

.
_.
.

.

. . . .
9
not
carry ' too
much
cash I wise I would
he
J y
ou
. ,

."
. . , . " " , . ,
.,
, .

- - .
10 attract I dramat
ic
enough I is I thousands
of
visitors f
the
view
191
Noun phrase +
to-infinitive
III-
Finder 107 A
Rewrite
the
sentences using a noun phrase to-Infinitive.
III-
Tom
tends
to
say
what he thinks, which
som
e
time

!'!
offend
~
(.'Ople
_
_ .
~OtY)J~
.
t
~~e.no;:.!j
.t
9
~!
:
L~~_
t
Jlf!
t~
;
':* s
~~
t
J~,
,
fe.~~
pe?p'I~
:
. .
People desire
to

breathe
clean
mr
This ha
!'!
Jed to a flight
fr
om the city.
· . . . . . - . . . .

. . . - . . . . . . . . - - . . . - . . . . - .
2
The
c
ompany
failed to modermze,
and
this
caused
its dechne.
3
Matthew
had
dedded
nol
10
lake Ihe exam,
which
is
yuil.

understandabie.
. - . . . . . - .
5
The
President
promi
s
ed
to
end
th
e war.
which
surpriMXl
e\
·cryone.
. . . . . - . - . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . - .
. - . . . . . -
6
Is
the government able to run [he country?
Thai
is
s
e
~i
o
u
s ly
in

doubt.
98 19
n.
A
dl
ec
tl
ve
+
10
IIllini
l LVC
192 Question
word
+
to
-
infinitive

Finder 108
Comment on
the
situations.
Each
of
your sentences should contain the
wor
d
in
b

rac
kets
and
a question
word
+
to
-i
nfinitive.
""
Lisa
is
thmkmg
'How elln I
explam
thing
s?' (worry)
Lba
Is
. .
~0":"r.':i
"
.
~
'?i?0',i,
~
~
t?
~
~P'

p.i
,.
!
fl?
'
~
.)
.

James wa

thinking 'Who shall I
ask
(or help?' (wonder)
James was .

_ . . . . .

. . .
_.
.

. . . .
2
Ju
slin
is
asking 'Where shou
ld
I

pUI
the
flo
wers?' (know)
Ju
stin
wants.
. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .

. .

. .
:1 Nicola
was
wondering 'How much money should I take with
me?
'(
nol
!toure
)
, . .

.
4 Adum
IS
wondering
'S
hould I accept the
otTe
r

or
not?' (no idea)
5 Lucy was thmkmg 'What shall I
do
next?' (not know)
6 Hannah
is
asking 'How do I download
the
software?' (lry/
fi
nd oul)
193 For and
of
with
a
to-infinitive

Finder 105. 109
Ex
press
the
idea
using a
panern
with
for
or
of.
or

use
a verb +
obje<t
+
to-infin
itive.
II>-
You
'
ll
have
10
gel ready, so I'
ll
wail.
·
.1
'!I
~.
'
~
for.::Ie?"
~
~
!Jr-~
."".
ep
.•
dj.
. ,

~
Kate gave away
our
secret. Thai was st
upid
.
· .
~~
~~
~t~p'
,
d
o.
f.
Kp ~
to.9'~~
a~:J.~~. ~r-:
e.
t.
~
Sam
hasn'l signed
our
petillon yet,
bUI
I
reminded
him.
· .
~

r~~
i
0'+~
~
~"!'.
1 0
~
;o/'!
~r:
ptf-
~Itl~.
Cars
come
II
long he
re
at
lOp
speed.
II
's dangerolls.
2 I rode a pony
My
mother taughl
me
.
. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . '
3 A decorator could smarten Ihis place up. I wouldn't mind paying. r
, . . . . . , . . . . . . . .

,
, , ,
.
, ' ,
'\ . . . . . . ,
4 Your friend has InVited
me
to the pliny
That
was very
nke
.
· . , . , , , . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . , . . . . . .
5 I did a parachulC
jump
because my bro
the
r
persuaded
me
,
6 They won't have updated
the
website yet.
It
lakes age
s.
. . . .

,

.
,.
7 No
one
has 10 gel up early
tomor
row,
There
's absolUiely
no
need.
8
You
di
dn
't
spcClk
10
my friends.
That
was ve
ry
md
e,
· . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . - . . . , .
.'
.
' ,',.,
'.
9 People

will
r\-'Cognize
my genius.
That
's
my
ambit
io
n . .
. " .


. . . .
192 . Ques
llOlI
word

lo-mfimuvc 99
194
Th
e
infinitive
without
to
Choose
the
correct f
or
m

Yo
u should lake/lo
kt~
an hUcr
cs
r in c
urr
enl
affairs
I ii
's
late. We'd beller
~
~
/ t
o
hur
_
ry
2 I
saw
the ba
ll
oon
land/
lO
hllld in a
fi
e
ld

.
3 I g
OI
my SISle r
~c.!!.~!'iu
j
le
nd
me
sume
moncy.
4
I can l
ei
Y
OU
ha
ve
/lo have the hook when
I'
ve
finished with it.
5
Yo
u re
all
y ougl)l
i
)t
~/

t
u
be mure care
fu
l.
6 O
ur
tcacher
mad
;!
LI
S copy/to COm:': the whole page.
7
Wu
uld
you rather have/to have
Ie;!
or
co
ff
ee?
to
Finder
110
8 The
re
porters
wo
uldn't ica
vc

u"
alone.
Th
ey forced
li
S answer
lto
an
swer
th
ei
r qu
es
tI
ons.
9 Those studcnls do nothing but lielto
li
e
in
bed
all
day
.

~
195
Infinitive
forms
to Finder
97.

110
Pu
t in a v
er
b in the correct
inf
i
nit
ive
form
.
~
The doctor won',
leI
me.
ea
t sweet
s.

I
'm
af
ra
id rhe b
us
is
likely

~
c.:

~v
.
e
.
'
~
·
f~
a
lr
ea
d
y.
1 This phone doesn't
wo
rk
,
so
I'm gomg

.

,.
2 I'm
no1
sure what Martm
is
doing just now. He m
ig
ht

.
. ,

,
it
back tn the s
hop
.
.

,

,

chess
with so
meone
,
3 Why a
re
you
silting here
when
you oug
ht
. . . . . . , . . . . . s
om
e work.
4 Y
ou

'd beller

, . . .

,
yo
ur b
es
t suit
at
(h
e job
m(
CTV
ICW.
5 We had a trip
on
the river ycslerda)'.
but
I'd rather . . . . ' . . . round
th
e museum.
I)
Where are "'
e?
We
seem , . ,

, . , , . , , , . ollr
way.

7 When I saw Peler, he was s(
<l
nding
at
the hus sWp,
He
mus
t .
fo
r a bu
s.
196 The
infinitive

Finder
97- 110
Some of these sentences are correct and some h
av
e a word wh
ic
h
sh
ou
ld
not be there. If
a sentence is correct.
put
a
ti
ck

(.I)
.
If
it
is
incorrect. cross
the
unnecessary wo
rd
out of the
sent
en
ce and write it in the space.

We
hope to see you soon.

I
li
ke
10
be
play
bask
e
tba
ll.
1 I won't be able
to
afford to

go
to
New
Zealand,
2
We
need a ta
bl
e to pu t the projector on i
t.
'l
No
ooe koows
of
how to get
to
the meet;og place
<I
The man claimed
to
have
been
trying to break up the fig
ht
,
5 It W<H. clever
of
you
to
spot

th
at mistake.
(j
T
he
d
ri
ver sl
opp
ed for
10
get some p
en
o
l.
7 Would anyone
li
ke
to
meet
th
e professor?
8 These pm:kets aren't very easy to
op
en
them.
9 The customs officiab.
made
every
on

e to wait half
an
hour.
1
00
l
!l
" ·
The
mh
ll
il
[v
{'
Wlliloll(
/0
./
be.
.

197 The
infinitive
Correct
the
sentences.

5teYe-fte9-
RSked
l-help him .
.

~~
~
~e
~
~~
a9S~~
~
~
q
~IP.
hi,:,: .
¥ott-must-have-forgtltlen )Belting I he fiBer.
2
I-wfmf
thttt-you
tfUSl
-
me
.
~

.
3'
We
-
set-orr
· rettHy-etttly-not tn-he-kne.
. . . . . . . . -

. . . . . . .
" 1t wa!!;-kt," •
.J~-JI"orf-)')'6"'."'lt
"
"
"'.ee~m

H<fe"ej-1
"
w,.
·
e;.leffiOmtl
5
'fhere
ftfe-56flle
IfBPOrtftnt-rules-for.foUow-fhem

.'
6 l-'flHlul
sure
ir
t6
buy
this
C9.
12
:t-
here tire pleftte-ftlbles fer "eople
SII
al

them
.
198 The
infinitive

Finder
97-110
,.
Finder
97-110
Complete each sentence
so
that
it
has a similar meaning.
Use
an infinitive form.
,. r
may
succeed
In
intervieWing
Oill
Gates.
I
may
get

~'?
ir:t~:vl,

e
l'1
~ill
.
~a.
t,
e;.$
, , .
1 Where can
we
go
on
holldlly1
We
can't decide.
We
can't decide


.
2 Keep
the
audience happy. That's rhe main thmg.
The main thing . , . .

.

.
,.

.

3 Shall we walk? I think I'd rather.
I
think I'd

.
. . . . . . . . . .
I'
n .
Thl;"
infillltive
101
4
You
ca
n't walk.
It
's too
far
.
It
's too
5 Anita
is
movmg to
Ir
eland soo
n.
That

'
~
the plan.
AOI!a
IS planning. . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

, . ,

6 The police can't ar
re
st people without rea
so
n. They don't have the power.
The police don't hav
e.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


. . .
•.•
7 I
ca
n get around OK in
my
wheelchair.
My wheelchair enables

.

.
H A product has to be adve
rti
sed
If
n's going to sell.
For .


,

,

, it
has
10
be
adv
ertised.
9
By
chance
we
trave'lied
on
thc sallle tram .
. . . . . . .
tmvel

on
the same train.
199
Introduction
to
the
gerund
Read
the
conversation
and
then
write
the
gerunds
.
Lu
cy:
Alan:
That woman over there IS Chloe Harker.
Whu?

Finder 111
Lucy: Chloe
Bark
e
r.
She's
famou~
for having

~ailed
round thc world smglc-handcd.
It
was a
great achlevcmcnt. She kept going despnc havlllg been injured in a terrible storm and
not knowing
ir
she
would
sUl'Vlve
the journey.
Alan:
Well,
don't stare at her. She proil.'lbly doesn't
like
being stared at.

Simple' gerund: .
~.
i
l!~
.
Simple
gerund
III
the
negative:
•

, • .

•.
. ,
••
, , , •
2 Simple pass
ive
gerund

.

,

•

• .
•
. •
3 Perfect
aClive
gerund. . . . . . . . . . . .
.•.•
4 Perfect pa
Ss
Ive
genmd
:
200 Gerund clauses
with
a subject

Finder
1128
Combine
the
two
sentences using a
gerund
clause with a subject. Use a possessive form.
III>
Vou
practise on the drums.
It
gIves me a
heada
c
he
.
~
)0
~r:
P.':''!-
(~t.
I-?I~
0
.
t~
~Ar:
~~
.9
1

~¥.
~
~
€!-
.~~.a.c!lf!-
.

1 do
alilhe
cooking.
It
isn't fair.
2
\\'e mvited everybody to
Ca
rl
's party. Thai
WilM't
a good idea.
3
You
wear these strange
clothes
. h amuscs.,cveryone.
4 I'm sitting he
re.
n oes that bother
you?
102 J
l

19
.
Irll
rodu
l;
l
io
n
10
Iht,
c.
cn
md
201
Some patterns
with
the
gerund
Put
the
words
In
the
right
order
feeling I is I
it
I no good /
so
rry for yo

ur
se
lf


g i
:
00
~
l
q e
-
!u
:
~
,;
',Or
T~
{,,!-, 'jOp

,r .
.:.f.{-{
:



all
yo
ur money I
~tway

I IS I gambling I ridiculous


~
"!'9'
!~
.
~
II,
j OH
,'

":"l'?'~:t
C!tyq~
,~
":"
19-
!4l.l'~V
·
.

gelling I
had
f I I problem:, I
to
work.
2 hy
tmin
I
cu

n be I relaxing I tra
ve
lling
3 having I
it
,
<t
mnp I not I
(l
nuisance I was
4 getting I no
diff
h:ulty I there I
IIck
ets I was
:)
Madonna I quite
iI
thrill I
M~cing
I was
6 cfln I fun I going (lut I have I to discos I we
7 at a co
mpuh'
T I had for you I
ccm
be I
sitting
8
is

I iI I the mach me I no
u<;
e I to repair I trying
202 Verb +
object
+
to-infinitive
or
gerund
Complete this news article. Put in a
to-infinitive
or
gerund
.
NI:W LONDON AIRPORT 'A
UISA
S
TER
'
/

Finder
113A-B

Finder
105
. 113E
There
has
been a mixed reaction to the governmcnI's

announcement
yesterday
of
plans
\0
build
a new London airport.
Th
e airlines
ha
ve
welcomed the new
s,
but
~nvirtlnmentul
groups have
declared the
scheme
(

).
tq
~

(be)
OJ.
disa
ster.
'It
IS

tolillly wrong,' said
SU(~
Paine of Green
Transport 'I
can't
imagine any sensible
person
(

)

-¥':P.PPr~
I
!
~
. . (:;upport) this mea
!>
urc.
Why should we tolerate the government (1)

,.

(destroy) our
cnvironmcnlf
The
government
say
that
the
increase

in
air traffic
ha
s
rnrct~
th
em
(2
) . . . . . .

(build)
another
airport
and
that the
new
facility
will
tmahle more people (])


(
Ily
). 'We
can't stop people
(4)
.

.

. (want)
to
travel:
sa
id
the
Mmistcr
of
AVl
.allOlI. 'T
he
growth
of
international tra
ve
l and tourism should be welcomed,
and
it
naturally Involves new
fa
Cilities
(5)



.

(construct) ,
Ms
Paine disagrees.

'How
can
yo
u justify
mor
c aircraft (
6)

,.,.
(c.
iU
se)
even more
pollullon?' she
asks. 'We urge everyone
(7)
.

(
oppo
se) the scheme.
If
we
act
together, we can prev,elll
it
(8)

.

(happen).
We
t
h-fus
t pt:rsllndc the'government
l
01
• S
om
e
p,
IIII
'
rn ~
Wllh
ihc
l!
c l
und
103
(9)
, ' , ,

, .

(ch
ang
e)
their Ilunds.

We
would prefer
them
(
\O
).
. . . (put)
mone
y
into "
mur~
environmclllally-fricndly transport projecl.
We
resent all this
mon
cy
(11
)

.
(go)
to an airport. And no
one
l-I
hould
haw
,Ill
airpnrt
bUilt
n~ar

their house.
If
you
holVe
ever
experienced a large airc
r<lit
(12) . (fl
y)
just
100
metres ovcr
your
huuse,
yo
u
will
know what I mean.'
203 Preposition +
gerund
~
Finder 114
Write a
sentence
with a similar
meaning.
Use
the
word
tn brackets. There

is
no
need
to
change
the
order
of
the
clauses.
~
Andrew went
10
work,
but he felt unwell
(
de.
~
pil e)

~
r:'
~_~I.~
' l
t,
t;~
I~I:;
~
le.:¥)I.
t

~_.
{e:~/
!
f"!1.t
-'
:'"!k
.
!eJl:
. . .

Polly does a
full
time job. And she has two children to look after. (as well as)
,
~-?
~!'.a
.
.!J .
,
~q'M
9
.1.I).!I.tiN)f!-
.jQt!,.
PoY!J
~k!
~
~¥? ~
f
ll-'
<.

.
lr-:
4-0
0
!
~
.
~-f.t~r
;

The
pris
oners
escaped
. Tiley
dug
a lUonel.
(by)
2
My
sister heard the news
and
immedtatdy fainted
(o
n)
:1
Always lonk in your nurror
Then
you
can

drive off. (bt'fnr
e)
4 I
didn
't enjoy
the
film J was totally
bored
by
11
. (
fa.
from)
. . . . . . . .
,.

5
We
borrow
ed
mon
ey.
As
a rcsult we
added
to
our problems.
(Ill)
fi
I'm sure you'

ll
have u great time even though I won't he Illere. (withoul)
7
J bought this special brush
You
pamt
ce
ilings
wuh
it.
(for)
8 I
W.
1S mugged. I've been afraid
10
go
out
on
my
own. (since)
9 Se
nding
an
e-mail is quick, but
po
sting a leuer isn'
t.
(I han)
10
My

friend IS
in
trouble. He hasn't
renewed
hi
s
visa
.
(o
n
account
00
204 Verb +
preposition
+
gerund

Finder
115
(omplete
the
conversations. Put 10 a
preposition
and
gerund
.

Ah
ee'
Maltbcw lost

all
his savings
in
that
Internet
bu
siness that weill banknJpl.
Roher
t·
Well
,
he
would insist

0"!
~t.tl~
. . (put)
hi
s
mon
cy into
it
. You did warn
him

'?-,,¥.r')-S:t.tp~r!~

(lake) nsks.
104 203 .
l'rcp

willlOIl
-+-
~e
nilld