OXFORD LEARNER''''S GRAMMAR - PART 8 pdf

388 Verbs
after
wish and
if
only
Co
mplet
e
what
people are
say
ing about th
ei
r situation.

[t
r<tJllS
t!vcry weekend, ,lIld Sarllh is getting
f'
.a
d up wilh
II
.
~urnh'
I
wh.
h .
~
t
.
W~I

(
~r1
'
t.
.r
'O,I')
~
~
~
~
~
!
~
.e.J'.
f!-
a
Amy Is
n'(
as
contide
m
3'i
Laura, hut she would like
I()
be
Amy to Laura' I wish . . . .

you

Find

er
232
2 Julia drove 10 the airporl, but
she
mi
ss
ed
her
pl
ane h
(.'C
au
se
1<>
he
didn
't get tip
ear
ly e
nou
gh.
Julia: If
only

' . . .

_ . . cadit'T.
J
Hi
ck

and
Emil)'
ca
n ' l afford a n
ew
I o
mputcr
, but Hkk would rcally like OtiC
nkk
to
Emily: I wish . . . . . . . .

. .


.

.
4 C
hlo
e vcry
mu
ch wants
10
co ntact an old
Iril
~
nd
.
hut s

tU'
do
c~ n
'
l
ha
ve
th
e address.
Chlt
)C
. If
onl
y .


.
the
address.
5 Nico
la
and
KIT
Sry
had a
st'C
ret. but Ni
co
la
is

anno
ye
d because Kirsty told everyone
Nico
la
10 Kirsty: I
wis
h . . . .

,


.
6 A
dnm
nev
er lock
e;
the
frunt dour, and Oliver i
!>
compl:unmg to
him
about
11
.
Ollvcr
to
Ada
m' I wish . . . . . . .

,

.

.
7
The
DVD
pla
ye
r
won'
t wo
rk
,
and
C a
rl
is d
espe
rate
to
play
hi
s
DVO
Ca
rl
: If

, ,

.

,

work.
a
Unf
or
tunat
ely
Ka
te
co
uldn't be at Tim's wedding, although she regrets
nUl
bemg thcre.
Kale
to
Tim
I
wbh
389 Words meaning 'and' and
'or'
~
Finder 233- 234
Put
one

of
these
words i
nto
each
s
entence
: addition, alternatively, besides, both, eithe
r,
more, neither, only, otherwise, well, wi
th

I
ca
n't
afford to go to the bu
ll
et

I?<"
~!
~
I
~
~
. . , I wouldn't
en
joy
it.
[s

it
POl;l;illle
to tin u r
ll
ll
·thllc
Job
and
IflOk
aflcr
sma
ll
chi
ldr
en
(IS
.".,
.
,.
. , ?
.2
I'
as
t
fn
od 1
1;
/1
't c"pecia
ll

y g
oo
d for you. What
's.
. . . .

.

,
It
'S
cxpen~
l
\'e
:\
The
guve
rnment
Wi
ll
. .

" ' .
co
nfirm
nor
tlen~
'
the
rcpm

l.
4
The
burg
l
ars
took the
IV
<lml
video recorder, al
ong
. . . . . . ,

all
my jewellery.
5
The
film star has hea
Ul
i
fuJ
hUllu.
'S
, . . . . . . .

III
Los Angeles
and
in
Pan

s.
6
Ia
n had
betle
r return my car in
one
pi
ece, , ' . . . . . . . .

I'm never go
in
g
10
spea
k to him agilin,
7 There's no
po
st, lind I haven't
had
any
c
·m
a
il
s . , . . ,

, . ,
.,
"

H W
e'
re
woklllg
for four gllcslh
In
,

, ,

, . . . . . . . , to everyone else.
9 rile
co
mpany n
ut,
, , , . , l
oS
I lhc case, hut [h
e),
also
had
to pay all the
l
egel
l
CO
Sts,
10
We
can

So
on the
1l1Olorway,
or . ,

which
is
slower
but
more di r(:c
t.
H
tti
,\lUi . Vi'''''s a
llcr
WI.
I
II
a
ud
,r
(mlv
.

we
could dri
ve
across
co
untry.

390 Words meaning
'but'

Finder 235
Link
each
pair
of
sentences
without
changing
their
order.
Use
the word
in
brackets.
Sometlmes you have
to
expand
the
word
into
a
longer
phrase .

The man
was
very helpful. I felt suspiciou!I

of
him
. (even)
· .
~
~
-
.
':II?-':'
.W?
5
."'
~:~
f~
·
!P'.ftl!
,E,v
e"
.
.5o?t
~
.
fe~. ~~f>
' .
C.'
C!t'::,.
0.
IJ'

I'd

had a good mght's
!>Iccp
. I felt
tin 'ti.
(same)
. . . . . . . . . . ,
2
Alice
felt optimistic. She had a few problems (despite)
3 J
couldn't
speak I was conscious. (although)
4
It
was
frCC'lJng
cold. People were
in
'I-shirts
(cvl
~
n
though)
5
I'm
in
a wheelchair.
I'm
nUl l>lupid. you
know

(ill
Jotpirc
)
6
Yes,
I
do
eat
meal. My
nat-mate
is a vcgetHrian. (olher hand)
391
Words_
meaning 'so'
II>
Finder 236
•
Match
the
two
parts
of
the
sentence.
-:-
~

-

-

II>
The
company
was mismanaged,
and
conscquelllly the fish have died.
1 I
didn't
need
the bike any more, and-tts-a-teStHt-H went bankrupt.
2 I was so annoyed as a resuh of overwork.
3
My
health was getting worse she'll know what to do.
4 Hannah
IS
such
an expert so I sold
It.
S
AU
the candidates were
hopeles!lo,
thai 1 completely lost my temper.
6 They've rolluted the river,
and
Ihercfore I didn't vote.
-

'-
1
2
3
4
5
6
· . . . .


~
. . . .
· .

. .




. .
. . . . . . . .
· . . . . . . . . .
• j • • • • • • • • • • • •
••
•
· . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

.

. . . . . . . . . . .
3!
JO
. I
Wotd
s m e
aning
'but
'
197
392 Review
of
and,
or,
but, so. etc

Fi
nder
233- 236
Look
at
each sentence or pair
of
sentences and decide
if

the
second
of
the
two
Ideas
is
an
addition
, an alternative, a
contrast
,
or
a result .

The
nat IS too sma
ll.
Funhermore, it's in a horrible ilrea.
The complllCrs are down. Consequentl
y,
everything is
In
c
haos
.
2 I
might
do
husinc!os

studies
or work in
my
pare,m
'company.
3
rhe
plan
was
approved
in
spite
of
all
the objt:clions,
" J
don
', think. I rancy a p
icn
ic Besides. I've
got
work t
il
do
.
S Not only did we see (he lower, but we
went
up
to
the

lOp
.
ti
At
least you're sa
fe.
Even so,
yo
u
tHOle.
a big risk.
393 Review
of
and,
or,
but. so, etc
Oecide which answer
is
correct.

II
was . .
.!>}
'(r
~1.
,a
shoc
k that I
didn't
know

what
10
say
,I) big
II
I
sO
c) such dl vcry
There was a
bomb
scare
rn
thc resort,
and


a}
con
sequently bl howe
ve
r
c)
though
dl
while
. . . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Finder 233-236
. tourists stayed away.
2 My uncle IS . .

. .


.
the
ow
ner and the manager
of
the
hotel
a) as well b)
bOlh
c)
either
dl n
eit
her
3
It
's
a nice coa
l.
II
doesn
't fit me

.
a) although b) but c) despilt! dl (hough
4
Friday was a s
unn
y day,

.

. .
SUI\JTday
was wet.
1
a) as well a

Ii b)
bcsidt.~
c)
howev
-e
r dl while
5
The
man
had
a Illotive for
the
murder.
.

' he was
seen
in
the
<lrea
•
at
the
time
a) Consequently b) However
c)
Moreover d) Neve
nh
eless
6 I'd better post the parcel today, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



it
won't get there
In
time
.
a)
ah
erna
tively
oj
de

sp
ite
cJ
furthermore dJ otherwise
7 Not everyone is happy about the new
timetahle. There are, .
a
number
of advantilKes 10 iI.
al
co
nsequently b) furthermore
c)
however dl
moreo
ve
r
394 Review
of
and,
or,
but. so, etc
'
iii-
Finder
233
-23
6
Write
a sentence

of
similar meaning uSing
the
word
or
words in brackets .

This
product is cheap,
and
it"s effec
ti
ve. (as
we
ll
as)

"fh.i~
.pr:~l"!-<7t;
'.s
c.
.'~.aP

~~
~!f.as
e/
.
.f~f t~v~
:

I
ha
v
en
't got a car, and I have
n't
got a
bike
. (either)
. . .

. . .

. . .

. . . ' .
2
The
an
swe
r was obvious,
but
I just
COU
ldn't
see
it. (
allhough
l
198

J~2
.
HC
VI
CW
of
(Iud,
or
.
bill
, so, etc
J The pari)' isn't very popular,
and
its polIcies
aren't
very popular. (neither,
nor
)
4 1
felt
vcry emotional,
and
I almOSI
bur'>
t
mto
tears, (so, that)
5
You
'

ll
love thIs film. Or
will
you
hale
ill' (either)
6
t was quoted
In
the newspapers
and
Interviewed
on
TV
. I
not
only. hut, also)
'7
[have
to book
the
hotel, and I have to make
the
travel arrange
ment
s. (in addition to)
8
rhe
meal was excellent, but the
surroundings

were
depre
ssing (though)
9 The affair
became
public even
though
they
attempted
to conceal it. (despite)
10
Wage cuts have led to people rioting on th e streets, (as a result
00
, . , . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
395 Review
of
and,
0(,
but, so, etc

Finder
233-236
,
I
Complete
these
two
paragraphs.
Put
in: also,

but.
despite. or. that. therefore.
CAB
PROBLEMS
I ww; having a lot of problems with
my
ca
r.
The
engine kept cutting
out
,
and
I
(I
)

.
had
trouble startlng it. I got so
fed
up
with it
(2
) . . .

.

. I took it to a garage. They told me
it was going \0 cost hundreds of

pounds
to
repair.
(3).
. . . . unforlunute
ly
I didn't havc
the
money, and I (
4)
. .

.

.
decided
to
get rid
of
the
car
(S). . . needing
Jt
for
work.
Now
1 gel the bus to work (
6)

a colleague gIves me

i1
lift
Put
i
n:
alternatIVely,
as
a result of. consequently, furthermore.
in
spite
of
,
on
top
of
.
UNtvERSITY
STU
DENT
S
(7)



.

their aim to get
more
young
pcop

le into
univcr~itics
.
the
government
has
put
financial dIfficulties
in
their way. Nowadays most students get a loan in
stea
d
of
a grant.
and
some
have to
pay
tuition fees
(8)
. . . that.
(9)
. . . . . . . . .

'
f
many
of
them
run

up
huge dcbts,
or
(In
) .

their parents
ha
ve to
support
them.
(11)
. .

th
ese
obstacles,
somc
school 1eavers are discouraged from
applying to go
to
universify. {l2l

, '
an
increasing
number
are
dropping
OUI

before c
omplcting
thc course.
395
. Hcvlew
of
IIlld,
or,
hilt
, so.
elt
199
396
Introduction
to
adverbial clauses
~
Finder
237
Read
th
is story
and
then
write
the
answers,
WH
I:.
I:LCl

IAIB
C,ET
AWAY
If you find this sto
ry
h;11
d to helieve,
thai
\
understandable,
but
It
really is
true
,
and
it
happened
in Glas
gow
.
Two
men
, line
of
whom
IS
confined
10 a w
heeld

iair, deci
ded
to stcal a teleV
ISIO
n set
from
a
shop
_ The
ab
le-bodied man
went
into the s
hop
. S
natchin
g a
TV
sc
t, he run Olll and gllvc
II
to his friend, who held
II
while being
pu
shed along at speed.'Thc pair managed
10
tra
ve
l aboll! a

quarter
of
a mile hefure police
caught
up
with the m.
Write down the two finite adverbial clauses. (They bt'gin with a conjunction
and"
subJ
ec
l)
2 Write
down
the
two
llUIl
·fillltc advcrhi;11
clau
ses.
397 Clauses
of
time
II- Find
er
238A-B
Some
of
these sentences are correct, and some have a
word
missing

from
them
. If a
sentence
is
correct
,
put
a tick
(.I)
after
It
If
It is
incorrect,
put
the
word
In
the
right
place

I'd like
to
talk to you
befor
e you go .
./
"""

I
wa
s tired afler I'd
~e.n
working all
day
.
I'
ve h
ee
n to Ihal res
taur
a
nt
once
si
nce opened.
2
Once
huilt,
the
tunnel
will
cut
an
hour
off
the Jo
urne
y.

3
Be
care(u\
When
put
these glas
ses
away.
4 Thc player was mjured soon after start
of
the game.
5 You're
suppo
s
ed
to
keep
dancing
until the
mu
sic
sto ps.
6
So, finished
my
work, 1 sat
down
to
walch
'IV.

398
When, while, and
as

Finder
238C
Put
in
when,
while,
or
as.

f\~

I
wa
s c
hatting
aw
ay
to
my
friend,
Ih~
lin
e suddenly
went
dead
.

\ .
the
doO!
slamme
d.
the
bird
s a
ll
fl
ew
aw
'a
y.
2 .
nigh
t slowly fe
ll
,
people
were hurrylllg
home
.
:I . 1 r
ide
in a c
ar
, I always
fe
el

Si
ck.
4

. ' " I was y
oung
er, my
parent
s
had
iI
farm.
5 I
Wl.l
S rending a book . . I
wa
ilet.!
10
s
ee
tlH
i doewr
200 .I
!1
G. Introduction
10
adverb
l;']
1 dl1
l1

se
:>
6 Debbie always says hello . . . . she
Sl,.'CS
m
e.
7
JlL
~
t
we raced
onto
the
platform, the train pulled away
B

we finally arrived
at
our
destin
atiun,
it
WllS
after midnight
9 I was cro
::.s
ing
the
road .

. 1 suollc
nl
y saw sOllleone I know.
10
The lItlllo:.phere grew
more
and
more
ten
se
we
appro
ached
til{'
flOtlllCI.
399
Clauses
of
time

Finder 238
Rewrite each sentence replacing
the
adverbial phrase with
an
adverbial clause.

In
wet wcather. water

comes
III
through
(he roof .
.
I.vJ~J.
1
.
'i:
r:-
0'!
'7t
~<=;l-(
~
'"
~~
.~
'0
~l:-':
qt
'
l)
.
t.
/
'te
"'
0'=!1

Tom felt nervous before

IllS
appearance
nn
·IV.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
2
We
had
to
walt to
the
end
of
the perlonnancc.
· . . . . . . .

. . . .

.
3 Our Visitors had to leave immclhalcly aftcr brenkfal'lt.
· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
4 Afler
the
death
of
our
cat
we fell very

sad
.
· . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
At
twemy I
started
my
first real
joh.
· . . . . . . . - . . . .


.
6 8y
thc
time
of
our
arrival
at
the
hotel, it'll
be
mIdnight.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .
7
It
's a

month
since
your
last visil
10
u
s.

. . . .

. . . . . . . . .
8 hUll1cdlutely afler
the
start
of
the
film, I realized
I'd
i'leen
it
before.
· . . . . . . . . . . .
9 l.eanne's
flat
WlIS hllfgled
dunns
her
holiday.
10
At

the exact Illoment
of
OlLr
dcpnrturc,
my
mobile rang.
400
Clauses
of
reason

Finder 239
Combine each
pair
of
sentences Without
changing
their
order.
Put
the
word
In
brackets
either at
the
beginning or
tn
the
middle.

II"-
The pla)'er had
an
injury. lit: had
tn
le
ave
the field. {due to)
· .
~e;-
.t
t) .
":"
'
~
~urtJ
l
~/~
p',
a!1'-
r-
.lIp
~
l
.
~
(~
I
.P
-fl

vt;!
t./1<!!
fr~/0:


I'm going 10 move abroad. The
weather
IS
so awful here. (benlUse)
· .
~
'
~
,
1
,?'
09
fq
""¥'Y
~
.a~
-
oa9-
.
t?e:c:o:
u
~_
~hf:-
~~fJe:

~~.
-¥l.
00«;'
her
e.
.
My
father
g'1'Ie
lip his jub.
His
hellith is poor.
(o
n
account
00
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
2 I'd worked
all
wI'ckcnd. I hud
Monday
orl. (seemg)

.

3 1
didn
't buy the

coa
t.
It
wus so expenSlvc. (as)
.'
,
3
9q.
Clau
se
s
fit
tllnc
201
4 I feel much more
co
nfident. I'm qualified. (now)
. . .

.

.

. .

.

.

.
5
The
car
is
III
excellent
ca
ndillan.
II
's a
bargain
. (bec
ause
00
6 I c
an
't talk now. I'm
work
i
n~
.
(
hcC<lusc
)
7
There
is so much
sneer
crime.

You
had beUcr lake a taxi. (since)
. . . . . .
8 Joshua helped us.
~I
e
was bemg kind. (out
00
9
Pt

ople
are
staying
at
home
. They are afraid
of
terror
is
m. (because
00
. . . . .

.
401
Clauses
of
purpose
,

Finder 240
Find
the
sentences
that
belong together. Then combine
the
sentences using
the
word
in
brackets
in
one
of
the clauses.
II- I
want
to leave my
op
tions open.
II- People need 10 feed
thdr
fumilies.
1 I stayed up lale.
I nceded a paper. (for)
1 wanted to walch a film. (10)
It
IS increasing
produ

ction. (in order to)
~n-tJo
-
whetever
I wantrl9tHhat)
Then
I
don
't lose
them
. (to avoid)
2 Put plenty of glue
all
the
paper
.
3 We
talk.
ed
quietly.
4 The company is trying to meet
demand
. Then it'
ll
Slick
properly.
(,;0
thaI)
S I had to
go

to Ihe ncwsagent's.
:-~
. 0)
6 I
hang
my keys around my neck. We didn',
wam
to
wake
the
baby. (so as)
7 A spade
is
a tool.
You
dig with it. (for)
8
You
want to understand the political situa
ti
on.
You
need to know
some
history.
(In
order
tol
L-
__________

~
______
_L
____
__
____
__
~
_
__
__

f
.~" ,
~
0.1~~~e:
~
J
.
0
.p.t!~.o~!"
~
~~.t l.
~q.0
9-
P
.,,-!ha
.te':'t?
t;'
.1

.
~~t:
.
,

f
ry
9':'"~
':""
t!'.~e e~
:t~
;
r
:fa~/j~,Pf-pp!~
~
;q",:~
~q
~-1'r"
.
"':"'?~:

I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .
. . . . .




. . •. .






. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .

. .

.


.
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .
· .

.

.

.

. . . . . .
· . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .





.
202 ·\01 • CI;
lll
sCS
of
purp
ose
I
I
I
402 Clause meanings

Finder 238-240
Read
each
sentence and decide
if
the
adverbial clause
is
one

of
time, reason,
or
purpose .
Wlml
L1id
you
think
when
you
saw
the
exam
qUt.:Slioll1t
? . .
~ir~_.
1
I'm
.';:<lving
up
so thai J c
an
buy
a mOlor-blke. . .

. .
2
As
I
was

waltmg my turn, I was
readmg
a
book
. .

. .

.•
3 Having pHid
thp
hill,
Wt
l
sal
there c
haIring
a while longer

• .
.•
. • .
4
You
should know
the
answer
as
you're S
CI

clever

.

.
•.•
5
We
had
(0
hurry
to
gel here
on
time
. . . . "


.
6
BClng
an
only
child, I
was
good
at
amusing
myself. .
7

I've lived
here
since
I was a child.
B
I
use
this
comptller
(or surfing the web. . . .
9
The

oldiers
were cxhuuMed for they
hud
marched
a lung way .
, , . . . .
10
Since [ was obviously expected
tu
make
OJ
speech. J
ru~e
IU
my
fcct

•
403
As
and like

Finder
241
Put m
as
or
like.
~
Murk looks

~I
~
e
. . he's
in
a hurry tu 1
1e
off
.
I

.

.
we

'
ve
learned
. the cheapest option
isn't
alwRYs
the best.
2 The gue:.ts rushed to grab their food . . . . . ammab.
3
Yuu
look.
. .

. though you've
had
<I
shock.
4
We
never looked



winning the game.
S I felt . .
if
I'd
been kicked by a horse.
6 The stock market hns performed
exactly.

. . finaocial
analyst~
had
fOleca~1.
404 Whoever, whatever, etc
Rewrite each sentence using whoever, whatever, etc.

No
matter when I ring
LOUIse,
her
phone
is sWllched
off
.
l
.'
)~v"
e.
,,:
!
.
"'
."~
4~. '~"
he.r.
el~.
I~
.~
)!~

.I¢
.
c:f-f.
. .
I
No
matter
where
we
lo
oked, there
were
nags flying.
2
I don't care who docs
the
cooking.
it
won't be
me
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 I don', care when that man comes here. I'm going to
be
OUI

Finder 242A
. . . . . . . . .
4
II

makes
no
difference what's
happcnt 'd.
the
newspapers
will
invent their own siory.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .

. .
5
It
doesn't mailer which
method
you tlse.
the
result
is
the same
6
You
shou
ld
never neglect a
cllstomer,
no matter how busy you are.
<t

il
l . C l,
lllS
t' mcanlll
l!
S 203
405 Review
of
adverbial clauses

Finder 238-242
Co
mplete
this true story. Put
in
these
words. alter,
as
if. because, because of, however,
in order
to
, no sooner, since, than, when. while.
;.
Sl.OW Wi'll K ron CANU H HEllO
40-year-o
ld
Lloyd Scott crossed
the
fin!shlng line
of

the
Lofulon
Marathon
yes
terda
y
(

) .
~~t
~
r:"
. . walking for 128
hours
in a
deep
sea
dlvcr'
~
suit
weighing
S4
Kilos
lie
did
It
(
1)
. , raise money
fOl

children
with
cancer.
Mr
Soon
once
had
cancer
himself
and
hilS
beell hVlng LInder its
shmlow
(2) .

.
he
was
27.
(:'1)
• . . .
'"
, . he was
moving
very
~lowly
on
hi
s way, his
helpers

were
busy
collecting money from
the
public.
Our
hero
spent
fi
ve
days
un
the
road
and
the
nights
III
a
c.unptH Villl.
(4)
. , . . . .

he
gOI
10
the
finish.
he
was glCetcd by Paula Radcl

iffe,
win
ncr
of
the
women
's racc on Sunday, '
It
was
very tiring (5)
,th
e weight
of
(h
e
SU
it,'
sClid
Mr
Scott, I often
fel!
(6) ,


, ,

.

J just
co

uldn't
go
any
further.
But'
was
determined
(I
finish,
(7)
" . , . ,
hard
if
was
And
I'm
pleased
(8) , . , "
"",.,
. I've raised £100,000 for
children
with
ca
ncer
.' But
Mr
Scott
Isn't
going
10

rest (here. (9) ,
'"
. ' . ' " .
had
he
fimshed
the
marathon
(10) , .
he
WIl

talking
about
hi
S next project - a bike ride
acro~~
AUSlr.1I13,
406 Review
of
adverbial clauses

Finder
238-242
Each
of
these
sentences
is
i

ncorrect
.
Write
the
correct
sentence

I-tlitl-tt-ctlrefull)'-Htflt+weukin
~
H"flke
a
m~.
,
,:f.
~
t,
!C
~
!t,
t;.c;. ,
~~
-(j
~/I
~
.
.:.t?
,t,he:
~
,r
.

~
J.!
dn
't.
~,k.
~,
0
;"!
1
~t.a.K.
~
.
, .
J ~
ik-eJ'ett
etttt-imttginej"+
~·
'

e beert-Yetj'-WftHtffl.
2 Please rinl,;
me
Illomendy-yott-arrive.
3 How hard
Justtn
·-tr-teti;-he wuldtt+-!nt-+htHarget,
4
~he-mal(er
wils-kept
-s

ecr-et ftOt
-ttt ttlarm
-t
he
-
puhhe
.
5 'll-e Juuk-HS-thotlgh gcUlflg
appfO
val-for-
the
-plftll.
6 Wll-de-f-he-tlay-ttf-the-
e>ffiHt
·-
ttppftJl:tdled, I
felHHore-and
-mnr-e-Ilt!fvom.
7 I HltlSt-have-
my
IHtSsporf bacl;:
-by-f
leave
-
the
etttttttt)',
,
,

.

204
4()~
•
Ht'vICW
01
advc
rllial
d,IU
S!'
'<
407 Review
of
adverbial clauses

Finder
237- 242
Write a
sentence
of similar
meaning
usmg
the
word
in
brackets

I'd like to
go
out ,md have a meal. (for)
· . f':,.l,I!k,e,

~
o
30
0l:l-~
{t?
r:
p ~q.I
. .
rhe
feather
came
in
and
everyone
slopped
talkmg. (when)
2 I wish the
team
had played the
same
way they did last week. (like)
:'i
There was no evidence, so the police couldn't make an arrest.
(slIlce)
4
Let
's have lunch after our game
of
mini-golf. (we've)
5 Come and

see
me any
lime
you like (whenever)
· . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .





. .
6 Our sales are declining, and cheap impons are the cause. (tluc)
· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . .
7 I
wall1
evrrythlllg
to
be
ready so
that
I
won't
be delayed.
(avOId)
8
The
dock
struck,
and
ImmedIately

the
door~
opened. (soon)
. . . . . , . . . , ' . , , , . . , . , . . . . , , , . , , , . . , , , , . . . . . , .
408 Open and unreal
conditions
Say
jf
these
conditions are
open
oJ unreal,
and
give
the
reason
.

If
you look
in
the market, you'll find some bargams
q~-:
-
'r'<?
t~
,:,y.t~
./(;>ot
10
, (

/1
1'-
,
"00(ke
-:
t, , .

If
I'd seen you
at
the bus
SlOp,
I'd
have
given you a hft.
·
,1;l0":e:C!i ,l;
tfi
,d;
"
.'~
~~,~~"
,
at
.
~~
I?t-~-
~ ~
tpP
.

1 If I lived
III
the
coumry, I'd die of
boredom.
2 If you votc for me, I'll be your friend for ever.
3 If everyone
comes
[0 the pany, [here won't be room for them.
4 If you'd asked politely, you might have
gOI
what you wanted.
5
If
I could
understand
complilcrs.
my
life would
be
a lot simpler.
6
If
I
hear
any
news, I'll let you know

. . . . .

.

. ,
.,

,


Finder 243A
·107
.
!levu
::
w
of
ild
ve
llJi
aJ
dau
scs
20
5
409 The
use
of
conditional
sentences

Finder
2430
Wnte
down
the
use of each conditional sentence. Choose
fr
om these uses. advistng,
cr
iticizing, offering. requesting, suggesting.
threatenmg
. warning .

If I were
In
yo
ur
po
sit
io
n, I'd
ma
ke a formal
co
mplaint

,!~ ::
i
~
,

~

1
lr
you dO
Il
't open (he d
oo
r.
,'
II
br
eak it
down

.

,.

.

.
2 Ir 1 open II houle (If w
in
e, would y
ou
like som
e?

.

. . .
3
If
yo
u've
got
a mome
nt
, would y
ou
mind
he
lp
ing u
s?
. . . .

.
••
• .
•.•
4 We cuuld go
out
s
omewhere
tonight if you f
eel
lik

e
It.
,
,.
.


. . ,
5 Ir y
ou
hadn
't wasl
,,
"<i
so
much
lime
earh
er,
we
wo
ul
dn'
t he in s
uc
h
a
hur
ry
now, would we' . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,

.
6 If you'
re
go
i
n~
oul lhis
c\
·cning.
don
't
WCd
T any jewe
ll
ery or
YOli
m
ig
ht get
rnugg
t'tl.
. . . .


.

.
410 Type 0 conditionals

Finder 244A
Write sentences
from
th
e
notes
using a Type 0
cond
itional.
".
drop
something

fans II) earth
· .
~~
.Pt.
C:l
r:
OP.
~~!r~
•. it
f£!/!~.
to.
'7~
,

~th:
. .
pour 0
11
on water

floats
2 a
ir
gets warmer
__
rises
3 h
ea
t ch
oco
late

me
lt
s
-1
li
ft a heavy ohjcct - u
se
lip
ene
rgy
5 w
ater

freezes
__
ex
pand:,
.



. .

.
411 Type 1
conditionals
Rewrite
these
advertisements
using a Type 1 co
nd
itional
,
Ch
oose
a S
unhn
ght
hohd
ay a
nd
have a wo
nd

erful lime.
· .
If
~!=-~
'!
.
~
~
;o?:"j9Q~
~
~
~
~~~.
~.t:".
'!a.v~.~
~~
~
f'.tI.
~
i~.
".
Be
10
touch. U l\C a
Co
mm
ex mobile
phone
.
· .

'(0«;
'~,
~
i0
.t
o.l
~
~
.j~
~~
I;l~
a
~~
.~Jt~
~
:

K
no
w the
ri
ght time Wear a Minuta walch .
•
2 Li
ve
a life of
lu
xu
ry
. Fill

yo
ur home Wilh S
up
efS
tyle furniture.
206
'IO
l
).
Th
e
u:-c
of
condl
ti
on.ll scn
lC
ll
CCS
Finder 245A
3 B
ead
the Daily Dirt
and
enjoy all the
1:ltc
st
gOSSlp.
. . . . . . . . . .

4
T<lke
a Kndex
camcra
with you
and
Ink1=!
beller
pictures.
. .


. .
5
\\
lca
r
Hegal
Jcwellery.
Be
noticed.
. . .
6 Save Illoney by buying a Maestro
cumputer.
12
Type 2 conditionals
~
Finder

246
What
do
people
say In these situations?
Use
Type 2
conditionals.
110-
Simon has a
lot
of
homework Otherwise going out with y
ou
would he a good idea.
Simon:

;.;: ;
~t.i0r:'~
.'K!-
:-,e

.~~
.
ry.
~c.
h./~
"'
~
!'

!
(::r.K

!-
:
~
.9t?
(Xf.
f
!'J!
~h.
~Ot
l

Without a car,
gCltlllg
to
work would be n
nposs
lble for Peter.
Peter:

;
~
~
0
.
1
0
':'~

.'1
<Y:
<7
~.
c:-
c!
r:,
.
r,
C,
0
~.'
(
.
t0
'.t.
,t."-
:t. 0 .
1<!0'
1:
: .
Kale
doc~n'l
w.tnt
10
leI!
you
Ih
e
Inub

becuusc
it
wuuJd resull in
you
gClIlIIg
angry.
Kate' . .

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
2
Sarah IS
alraid
of
fl
yi
ng. Otherwi
se
it's
po
ssible
she
would go to Disney World.
Sarah:
. .

.

3 For Karen life
isn't
boring, hut with /In surpris
es
it
would he.
Karen: . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .
4 Adam
11<1
sn
'( got any money. Othcl,,"lse llilying all
hi:
hllb would be
the
thing
!o
do.
Acinil1.
. . . . . . . . .

.

.
5 It's raIning,
j\l~t
when
Matthew wmllS to go tn
the

beach.
Matthew:
. . . .

.
6 Mtlrk
is
injured,
so
he
l: n't
playing
tennis
right now
M.'k
.

.

.

. . . . . . . .
7
10
and
Cnstos
don't
have a com
mon
language.

10
wj~hc~
it
W;lS
easlCr
(O
commUnIcate.
10.
.


. .



. .
8 Nicola can't afford a
flat
ahhollgh she would like
to
buy one.
Nicola:
13 Type 3 conditionals

Finder 247A
Read
this
true
story
of

crime
and
rewrite
each
underlined
sentence
as
a Type 3
conditional.
IA
S
I'
-
MINUTE
!.lOOKING
Alan
and
hjs girlfriend had a big fight.
c
l Alan
ha
dn't
b(
~
hllVed
very well,
and
So
he
needed

to
put
things right.
\"Vhal
could he tin? (1)
He
dIdn
't
wu
!!U~
brcak
~
with
!~is
gjr~friellrJ,
so
he
booked
a holiday for the twu
of
them
.
II
was for two weeks in Benklurm, Spain,
and
he
paid
for
thc
huliday by

cheque
(2) When Ihe
cheque
bounced,
he
turned
to crime.
In
the twenty-four
hour
s before
their
departure
, he su
ccessf
ully held
up
three
bank
s. (3)
The
mone
y from the first
hold-up
wasn't
enough
, so he carried on. He got
the
mone
y-

and
paiu illO
the
travel
agen
cy at the
very last
moment.
(4)
Be
cause he had left
it
so
late, they
didn
't have ally
time
to spare. They were
Ihe last passengers
t<?
board
the
plane.
(5)
But Alan
had
made
a7s
ill
),

mistake
whl~h
mcalH Ihat he
4 J 2 . ry
pe
2 condi
ti
onals
207
W
&lS
fo
und oUJ. In
th
e tirst hnld·up
he
had wriltcn
hi
s
de
mand
for
mO
ll
cy
Ull
the
ba
ck of an
en

velo
pe which t
lild
hi~
name
and address on
th
e front. (6) He
l
ti
~
the
cn
ve
l
~ !~~~a
.
nk
.
and
~o
t!~c~~i~c~
.¥.!
c
~
_
i!.'~l
d
e.!.
lti

ry.
M
ea
nwhile Alan
and
his glrlfnend were enjoying
th
e
ho
li
day
f?)
nUl
when
Ihcl

Lc1!!!lled~E
ll
g
l
a
.
nd
,
"
'
~~
arrested al O
Ii
CC

. 1

'1
ter h
e'
went to
prison. Ills l
awyt"
r said
,hat
IK)
he
co
mmitted
Ih,· crimes hccallse
th
e
ho
l
ldt!L~
!! !!~
myo
"
ant
to
him
. :
· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
••
••

• •
••••••••••
•••
• • •
••
•
•••
•
•••
•
••••
0 -
••
••
••
•••••
2
· .


. .

' "
. . . . . . . . . . .
.'

'


.

3
· . . . . , .

.
. . , . ,

.
.




.


· . . . . .

. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
4 . . . . • • • • • • .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.

.

.
· . . . .


.

.





.

5
. .

. .
. . . . . . . . . .

.
.





.
6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .
. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
7
· . . . . . . . . .
. .



.
. . . .



. . . . . . .
8
· . . . . . . .

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .

.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
414 Review
of
conditional

Types 1-3
~
Finder 245-247
Put in the cor
re
ct f orm of
ea
ch v
erb
in britckets.
II- If I ask
Paul
ni
cel
y,
.
he.
:1I
.'
JeI
p'
. . (h
e/
help) us .
I
. . . . . . . . . . (y
ou
/make)
yo
u

~e
lr
ill
If
yuu do
n't
eat
pr
ope
rl
y.
2 If the ba
ll
(a
o
Slo)
the
Lin
e: that would have b
ee
n the end
. . . . . . . . . . . .
or
the
ga
me
.
3
If
. .

. (you/
dnn
k) up a
ll
the
ornngc
Ju
ice t
hat
W<l!l in that
cu
rt
oll,
you
oug
ht
to
go oul and gel
so
me
Ill
or
t!
. .
4 If everyo
ne
(wor
k)

an e
Xlm
hour a day. It would gr
ea
tly
incr
ea
se
P
~
'
lI
~
ii
~
I~ ,'
. . . .


.
5 If
yo
u're a lucky winn
er
. a
pm
e , . . .


. , . . , (b

e)
on
it
s way to y
ou
so
on
6 If
I'd
secn anything su
sp
ic
i
ou
s,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. _

(I
/c
all) the po
li
ce.
7
If I slipped
qUi
e
tl
y out of

the
room in a rew minut
es
' time, no
on
e . . . .


_


(notice). '
8 If

.

.
is free.
9 If .

.
10 If
. . . . . . . . . . .
. .
. _

(you/ no
l/mmd
)
wa

it
ln~
a
mom
e
nt
, ,'
11
see
if the
man
ager
.

(
ll
drive), I would
hire
a'
car
to drive
ro
und
the
Is
land
.
_
. .
(1I

Iet)
you
know
In
t
im
e, I wo
uld
have d
on
e.
208 4
14·
Ilcvl
CW
of
l;ond
ll
l
onu
l
I'Y
P
C'1
1·J
II If
someone
knocked
a
candle

over,


. (n /
Mart
) a tire.
12
A moisturiz
er
1<;
what
you need.
If
you usc on(·,

dry
skin.
13
If . (Ilnotlagrct') with you, I wuuld
~" y ~u
.
14
Even if there
had
been
an
SOS
mcs!oagc
on
the

radiu,
(
YOli
/
liut
Igcl)

.
(I
/not/lis
len
) at
the
lime.
415 Should, were, had, and inversion
~
Finder
248
Match
the
two
parts
of
the
sentence.
-
:c :
:-
~
-

-
.
-
-
.
-
.
~
:

If you
should
lose your credit card,
he
would huve lltlie
ll~eful
tnformnllon.
1
If
it
hadn't
been for the rain, I wouldn't have lll1u(!rstood a wo
rd
.
2 If
we
were
to
win the
contract

, pletl:lte-COfltttet-thtl-
bfmk
-i
rnmetitflttlly.
3 If a spy
should
be
captured
.
the
crops would
hHve
di
e
d.
4
If
anyone
had spoken
10
!TIe.
there would be
Illore
deaths.
5 If the
~pecd
limIt were higher.
we
mlKht need more staff.
I

2
3
. . , . . . . . . , , , , , , , , . . . . . , . . . . . . . .



.


,
.,

, . , .
•
5
. .
. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . , . . . . . . . ,
. . .
Then
rewrite
sentences
1-4 using inversion.
~
6
7
8
9
. . . . , . , , ,
. . . , . . . , . .
416 Review

of
conditional sentences

Finder
244-248
Look
at
these
rule's
and
examples
. Which
examples
go
with
which
rules?
Rulcs

We
cun
lise un imperative
111
U
conditional sentence.
1 This
sentence
refers
to
an

imaginary
action
in tile past.
2 Sometimes we c
iln
leave out
ifand
Invert
the subject nnd verh.
3 This
senten
ce
Is
a mixtllre ()fType 2 and
Type
3 conditionals,
Examples
<I
)
If
I was a
bit
laller, I could
reach
11)
If I
got
a hundred per
cent
in

my
next
(e ;;t
.
ould
you
be
impressed?
c)
If you mil( black
and
white. you get grey.
d}
If
I'd hit
that
stupid
idiot,
It
would have
served
him
right.
(comi"ue:5 uver page)
•
415
• S
hQ
II/
d,

wer
f'.
l
/llll
,
imd
Jn
VC
rSlOn 209
4
The
past tense can express
it
theoretical
possibility in the future.
S This if·clause exprcs,>es
an
open
conduion, somet
hing
that
mayor
may
nol' happen.
6
The
past tense often expresses
an
unreal
conditinn.

7
We
can use will in
an
if·clause to make a
n

'Qu~t.
8 This type
of
sentence
means
that
nne
thing follows automatically from
another
.

J}
I
2
3
4
-
-~-
-
-~

5
6

7
B
e)
If

e
win
the
game,
we'll
go
through
\0
lhe
next
round
.
o If you dOll't like the
produ
c
t,
don
't
buy
it
g)
If
)'
Ola'1I
kindly

come
through
into the next
ruum.
h)
If I knew where the treasure was
buriL'lI
, I'd
huve dug
it
up
by
now
.
I)
Should
you
have any queries, could
YOIl
contnct
the
office?
- - - -
.

417 Review
of
conditional
sentences

Finder 244-248
Correct
the
clause
that
has a mistake
In
It
.
~
·lH-htt:

e my
h'13h
,
I'd
be
a film
star

;~
~
~
~d
~
.
wi~
.

1

Jf
J had a camera,
Kaft
take 8 pftoto.
2
IF
they-woukl httVe bought-tt-grmtpli€ket,
it
would have been less expensive
3
If
you're joking, l

gotng
to
he-tt~.
4
H
'
yau-eeft go-ttt-f~C&nceft,
you'd have enjoyed it, I'm sure.
6 Just keep quiet
about
It
Mention
It
to
anyone
6f' Y~rq;rel
-

H:
.
8
If
we drove through the town cemre, it-will-iftke-ltmgef.
9 A
bank
Will
lend you money only
if
they
knew
ytJu eftn pfty it baek.
\0
If
I had trusted my Instinct
s,
i-lltttHefused. •
2
10
41
7 . Review
of
co
ndlUOlH
l1
Sl!
rIIl
!
llI

:l
!S
II
HtI
'f'e
we delayed IIny laoger, we would have bcen too latc.
12 Ir the
mal
eri •• 1 gels very
hUl
, it would
-bu
rst-Inltt-flanu.
!s.
. .



. . .
.•
.
418 Review
of
conditionals Types 1- 3

Finder
245-247
Complete
the
co

nv
er
sa
tion
.
Put
in
the
correct
form
of
each
verb
in br
ac
kets.
LU
fY
:
Emil
y;
Lucy:
Alice
:
F.mll
y:
Lucy:
Ah
ce:
t:

rnily'
Lu
cy:
l:.mil
y:
Ali
ce:
Lucy:
Emily.
I'm going
10
watch a
doc
um
en
tary 0
11
fashion tun
ig
ht
If
nn onc (

) .
(want) anylhing
else.
""hat
lime is Ihal?
Ilalr past cigh
t.

If
II
goes
on
after ninc o'clock, (II
start
of the
fi
lm.

.••
.•
. (
we/
mi
ss) thc
I'd like to
see
Ihe film
ton
.
We
ll
, if y
ou
're
both
watching the film, (2)

it with you. 1

«3)

.
watch
it
lomorrow.

. .
(lhvalc
h)
(l
/r
ccor
d)
the
docu
m e
nta
ry
. I
can
I d
UIl
't
think
w
e've
got
ann
lh

t!r
tape.
You
know,
If
we boughl a lew
ncw
one
s,
(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

. (wll/ n
ol/kcc
p) havi
ng
th
IS
pr
ob
lem.
If
(5)
. . .

. . .

(l/thin
k).
I co
ul
d
hnvt!
boughl sumt!
al
lhe
supermarkcl thlS afternoon.
Chloe has r
et.:or
d
ed
somc tcnnls on IhlS one, but
Ih
m
dn
es
n't maller. If she rea
ll
y
. wanted 10.
(6)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
•.
(!"
he/w
ai
ch)

It
by n
ow
Chl
oe
(7)
. . . . . . . . . . .

(be)
dnn
o)'t >d
Ir ),ou
rt 'Co
rd
ove
r her te
nm
s.
j'd be annoyed if
SO
lllcnn(: (
H)
. . . . . . . .

(
do
)
that
to me.
I'

m slife If I cxplain.
HI)
. .

.



,lsh
e/
n
oll
mind
).
Well. if (
IOJ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

((
here/he) a m
w,
I'm go ing
ro
keep
o
ut
of \I
419
When
and

if

Finder 249A
Put
In
when
or
if .

I'm
gelling the lunch now. I'
ll
ca
ll
you

~~

It'
S ready.
I mighl move in with a c
ou
plc of
fr
iends. . .

I do.
I'll
be
quit

e nc
ar
a
lU
be
Million.
2 I've given lip hope of ever finding work .


I cver get a job,
it
'
lI
be

miracle
3 Everything should be OK. but

with
it
y
our
se
lf.
.

something
doe
s go wron
g,

yo
u'
ll
havt: to deal
4 T
um
le
ft
. and .

.

you gel
10
the
end
of
the road, you'll sce
the
house
0
11
your left.
5
Th
e rc
po"
w
ill
be

published
soo
n

it
comes
OU
I, we
will
st
ud
y
it
ca
refully
41ft . Hcvicw
or
wndltwll,lls
Typ
l,.'S
1-
:1
2
11
420
More
details
about
if
Choose

the
correct form .
Even
~
'
h\H
/
~lOlIgh
she's my
ne
ighbuur, I
h<l
rdly ('ver
~ec
her
I If no one wants to
wald)
the
fi
lm,
but/so
/
th
en
it
Ce
lli
' , he milch g
ood
.

2
Sup~s!!/Then/What
if we all gel
together
andbllY
OOP
big
prC
SCl1l
1

Fin
der
249
3
'don
', thmk I'
ll
be goi ng
Ollt
, hilt
!!
/
!!,!£~/w
l
1{~n
1
do
,
I'lllcave

yu
u my key.
4
AI
lea
st
we
ca
n watch the parade,
hut
fc
ve
n
/what
if
we
can't
luke part
in
i
t.
5 If is
wctllf
it
wet/If
WeI
,
the
sale
wE

l
lbe
heJd
ins
id
c the hull.
421
Unless
".
Find
er
250
Look
at
th
ese sentences with if Some can
be
changed
into
sentences
with
unless,
and
some cannot. Write
the
senten
ces with unless
~
Yo
u

can't
sec an
yone
if
y
ou
haven't got an
app
oint
ment
.
1
The
hostages
will
be
killed
if
the
ransom
isn
't
paid
toda
y.
2.
If t
he
computer
hadn

't crashed, 1 woul
dn
't
have
IU
M all my work.
3
I'll
he
very dnnoyed
if
the
parcel doesn
't
arrive today.
4 T
he
problem w
\1I
gel
worse
If we
don't
tackle
it
now.
5
If
you
don

't p
raC
ll
se
regularly, you'
ll
never !carn
to
play
the
plano.
6
If
the
shops
weren
't so crowded, you
co
uld get aro
und
morc
qUi
c
kl
y.
7
Don'
t t
ry
to do electrical work If

you're
not s
ur
c (If what you're
domg
.
. .
C.
~
)
I:'
C!
«
~P.r).'t
~.
e
.e:
a.f1.tJ0(l~.
!f.01.e
-5:.~
.
:)
q
l~
:11
.<"
.
9<?
t P.
r"\,

{I
P P
D!'!~"0
~
~
()t
.
. . . . .
. .
.'
. . .

.
422 Ways
of
expressing a
condition
Choose
the
correct
form
.

~liherw+se/Pro¥lded/Wn
h
a bit
of
luck,
we
might

get the four o'clock train.
1 Eat th
ese
sa
nd
wiches up. in
casc/ot
her\'
lISeJ
pro
vldiry
,S
they
'
ll
he wasted.
II
Finder
251
2 TIle
man
was rel
eas
ed
inI
on
/with
condit
ion
th

at he r
epor
ted
to
Ih
e
po
lice every day.
3 I'll
put
the
alarm clock o n'
lf
/in ca
se
/
unles
s I
don't
wake· up
in
tIIne.
4 I
dun
't mind you having a party
aslo
.
E~g
,
a

s/ in
ca
se/w
ith I'm mvited.
5
As
long
aslln
case/W
ithout
your
help
I would never have su
cceeded,
6 But rorlIn the
event
of
/Provided
th
at a breakdown, you would receive
immediate
ass
is
tance
.
7
YOli
ca
ngi
vc

a
fil
e any
nam
e
co
nd
i
tion
/p'rov
id
ed/~£posing
thd
l
Ih
e
name
has not already
been
used.
212
420
. MOle del
i-ll!s
cI
\)
Ou
t If
l
423 Ways

of
expressing a
condition
~
Finder 248-251
Say
what
kind
of
meaning
is
expressed by
the
sub-clause
or
by
a prepositional phrase.
It
might
be
a
condition
(6x),
time
(2x), reason,
contrast,
or
a wish.
~
You can book

in
<ldvancc providing
yo
u give your credit curd number. .
co
ne! i
t-,
on
Should
you
change
yo
ur
mino
, you
can
always cancel the hooking
2 \rVhcn [
think
of
flying, my
hC(l
Tt sinks


3 Although the food was nIce, the
background
mw,lc wus dri
vi
ng

me
mad
4 But for all lhe noise,
it
would have
been
a perfect pla
ce
to
stay
5 If
only
we
didn't
have
to
climb
all
these
stalTS!

. . .
6
rhey
won',
turn
the
mu
sIc
of!

unless you ask them

.

.


. .
7 Had J
not
complalllt~d,
we
wouldn't
have got Ollr money
ha
c
k,
•.
, .
<-
S
As
soon
as
I lay down. I fe
l!
heller

.

.
9 We di
dn
't do
much
s
hopping
on
account
of
the
prices
•
.
10 I'll go
anywhere
in
the
world
as
long
as
It
's sunny. .
424 Ways
of
expressing a
condition
II>
Finder

249-251
Complete
these
sentences
by
putting
in
the
miss
in
g words.
Use
these
words:
as
long
as,
if.
in case, otherwise, then, unless, without.

I
can
come
back
1,lIer

If . . necessary.
1
['II
take an umbrella

WIth
me
now
2
You
shouldn't
make
promises
.


.
3
If
it's
my
turn
to
wash
up,

4 You
shouldn't
fide a bike
5 A
picnic"
would
be
nice
,

6 I
have
to take a
sleepmg
pIll, . .
. . . . .
. it rains later
on.
.

you
mean
to kl
.'e
p
them.
I
suppose
I'd
hener
do
It
a helmet.
. it's
warm
enough.
. I
can't
sleep.
423

.
Way&,
01
expr
es"'
lIlg H c
ondItion
213
425 Review of conditional sentences
Write I sentence
of
similar meaning using
the
word in brackets.

We haven', got satellite 'IV. so we
can
', watch the game. (if)
.
,~~
~
.
ht;l~
.
~.~!Ir.t!!-
"y!
~
.c ~t!~
~~c0
~

J:!e:
f3'?~
:

But ror the view, this would
be
a lovely
room
. (i0

Finder
244-251
2
The
pollee are already
on
the streets bt cause Ihe protest
may
get violent. (in case)
, . . . . . , . , .

.

,
',
.


. . . . . .

- - . . . . . . . . . .
3 Please
giv
e the hook back to me
some
time - I'd
he
M:raICrUJ.
(if)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .




- . - .

. .
4 t mIght
io!)e
my jnb, but they'd have
til
pay
me
a
month
's wages. (should)
. . . . . . .

. . . .

.



- . . .
5 We might have
rL-ceived
all Ihe replies by
the
weekend.
Then
we'll know
who's
coming. (If)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . - . . - .
6 I'm not gomg
to
play if you
don
't keep to
the
rules. (unless)
, .

.

.

.

.

.


. .

.
7 Simon was ill, so he
didn't
go to the party. (i0
8
You
can ring
me
In
the middle
of
the
night -
It
mny he necessary. (if)
9
If
you
don't
leave

the
budding
immedi
ately,
I'll
call securuy (or)
10
tmdginc a IIituntloll where sea levels rise dramatically (what)
11
Six
and
eight
are
founeen.
(if)
- .






- . - . .


. .

.
12 The sun isn't &himng. so I'm
not

Iymg
on
the
beach.
(10
214
425.
ReView
of conditIOnal sentcnccs
•
426
Introduction
to
noun
clauses
Finder 252
Read
th
is
true
story
and
then
write
the
sentences below.
IIl(JH
SECUH
ITY
In

September
2001.
there
were
a
number
of
terrorist
alttlCKS
on
America.
Americans
S0(111
rcnll7.cd
how
mu
ch morc
imponant
st.'Curity was becoming. More
<lnd
more often people had to show
an
identity
ca
rd wuh their photo on il.
At
the
lime of the allncks the singer Bob Dylan
wm;
Oil

tour.
He demanded Ihal
sec
urity should be incrciltlcd
at
hi
li
t::Onccrts.
But
he obviollsly dldn'\ rcalll\c
Iht"
po
so;
ihle
prnhlcms
involvt'CI.
IIi.!.
next velllle was n s
howground
in
Oregon
When
Dyhm
arrivL't.I
.
IWO
secunty
guard
s. a man
and

a woman
in
their
thimes
, asked
for
his identity \:urd.
Unfonunalcly
he
didn
't have one, and when
he
tried
10
explain. the guards laughed In his
rucc
and
refused to let him in. Dylan complcwly
10M
hi
s temper.
It
is not
dear
whelh~r
he
W~HI
angry
at their rudeness
or

at
their failure to rccognize
him
.
The
fact that they
didn't
know
111m
can
't
have hclped.
That
Ius
career
should have mejde so little
impact
on
them
is surprising. The
showground
manager
was called, and eventually
the
star
was allowed in.
The
re
sult
of

the
inCident was that the two guards were sacked - 'relocated', as
Ihe
manager
put it.
L.1tcr
he said
they
had durw a
good
job.
,
Write a
sentence
from the story that has a
noun
clause
as its subject .
. .
~
''¥I.t
.J
!'-1
~
~
l
.\
,:"~~
~
~

~~I~l
.'
!O
v
e.
~
dt;'
_
.
'PJ
,.t
~/.e.;
'
.'""f>D
.
c.
.t
.
0'"'.
t!l!!
~
m
~
.:.
.
.:iIl
"-
Pr!
:'
.

'~·
. .
Wnte
a
sentence
that has
ao;
li
S obJcct a clause
hegmning
with
llim.
2
Whic~
se
ntence has a
nOlln
clause as
its
complcmenl
1
.}
Whi
ch has a noun clause coming afler an adjcctive?


.

4 And which
has
a nOlln clause
coming
after a noun?
5 Which
sentence
has
a nOllll
clause
beginning with
.1
question
wllrd?
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 And which
has
a that-clause but without
the
word Ihat?


.
•
42G. Itilrodl.l
l.
tiOlI Iu
11
01111
cl

auses
215
427 Noun clause
as
object
Combine
the
two
sentences
into
one.
Use
a
noun
clause
as
object.
The childr('n
"'In
go to the zoo. I promised them.
!
?r9~()!~,cJ.,
W~
eM
e
!, ,
.
'!
~/~'J
t;-t;l':l:JO

t
9
.
t~.
Z;
"!"{
.
_ .
,
\rVhy
can't
we
use the COmpllters? I
don't
unden-Iand. 1

!
dp"
~t
.I~~
r
:!i;t'?~t
~hcJ
.~:
~
~
<t
l
~~_
~/~

~~
f:
er-;!i

1
Yuu
didn't mean to
be
rude. I realize that.
2 When
will
you be back? I'd
like
to know
3 Mark
IS
IClhng
the
muh
He
ronvinced me.
4
We're doing a survey. I explained that
to
the
manage!.
5
We
won', leave
Amy

on her own. I've reassured her.
. . . . .
6
Why
don't
we
go
10
th
e park? That's what I
lIugg~t
. '

Finder
25
3
. .
7 The President mrends
10
nm
for re-elcctlon. He announced Illis
(0
the
media
428 Noun clause
with
it

Finder 254A-B
These

sentences begin wrth a noun clause
Rewrite
them
beginnmg
It

.
.,. Thai Oliver
is
popular with his
co"eague~
is obVlOus,
, , g
'~,~,~,!,-?
:t~
~
p~i,,:"~"
~"',p'o
pttl
a.
r-
!
o.J
!tf!,
~
,~
~0'!e.~.1
u.
e.~
1 That no

one
claimed the pnze was surprising.
2
Whether I'll
be
able to s
cU
thclle
books
is doubtful
3
Thai we have
10
change tIains twice is a nuisance.
,

' I '
4
1'h<l\
everyone
is
enjoying themselves
is
good to know.
5 Ilow this infomlution got onto the
Internet
i~
a mystery,
, . , , , , ,' ,
6 What you can find down the back

of
an
old sofa
IS
ama;'ing.
216
427.
NUll
" (!ausc
.I
S obW( [
. . .
429
Noun
clause
after
a
preposition
~
Finder
255A
Comment
on
each
situation
.
Use
a
structure
wi

th
a
prepo
sition +
noun
clause

Paul'
\tVhar
did you
say?
Steve 1
can't
r
emember
exactly, but
people
aft' objectmg
to
It.
People
arc
. .
0?j~
'
~
~
'.
rlj
.

tp
."~fJa t.Pa
l.1.
!
~
I
:J
:
1 Kate:
SlmOll"
Si
mun
is
Where
arc
you
gOIng
to
park?
[ don't
know
. Thm's
what
1 'm worried ahout
2 Louise.
110w
arc
we
gOing to
pelY

our
debts"
Martin.
Ye
s,
thai
's
what
we
shou
ld
concen
trate on.
Louise and Murtin should . . . . . .
:l Matthew: How awful
the
hand
were.
Lauren: [ know
My
boyfriend k
ep
I muking
comment~
about
it.
LuurclI'~
boyfriend,
, , . . . . . .

.•
4 C;emrna: What grades
will
you get?
J
od
ie:
I don't know Dut my whole fULure
depends
on
II.
Jodie's whole
future.
.

.

, . . , .


.

.
5
JanH)s:
My
nrcn
of
$tudy
IS

how
WUlotc
j$
n:cyclet!.
I.ucy.
Well,
I
wouldn't
he
Interested In that.
LLH:y
wouldn't.
6 Sarah·. Do you tuke a
g<llTlhlc
Of
not,
KlfSry?
Kirsty:
That's
the question.
Klrsty
is
faced
with the

. .
430
Noun
clauses
and

prepositions
,
Finder
2558
Look
at
each sentence
and
decide
if
It
is
correct
or
not.
If
It
is
correct,
put
a
tick
(.I)
after
it.
If
it
is
Incorrect,
put

in
the
mlssmg
preposition
.

I
don't
care
whether
we
go
out
or
nol.
./

I'm writmg a
leport
c;'
where
our
marketing should be targeted.
I
I wasn't really
aware
what was
gomg
on
.

2
I'm doing research
how
children learn to ta
lle
3 Aren't you interested
how
the special
eITeCI$
Wl
~
re
produ
ced?
4 We
need
to
deC"idc
where
we're going to
put
the
fll
es.
5 This
new
law might have an effect
whether
our bus
lI1css

can survive.
<l2!)
•
Nou
n clallst: oliler ;1
pt"cpno;lIlO11
217
f
431
Noun clause
after
an adjective
~
Finder 256A
Match
the
two
parts
of
the
sentence.

J'm annoyed
that
I I'm so
glad
2 I was
surpnsed
how
I was

dreammg
or
not
people might be injured.
qUlck.ly the
time
passed.
(he weather will Improve.
3
We
are very concerned thai
4
We
are hopeful
5 I
wasn't
sure
whether
you
got home safely.
yttu-+i-ll'eW-I'I'IY
"'8:gtu~iPl"
ftWfly.
I
2
3
4
5
. . . . .

.

, .

~,.,
, .
. .



.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . - . . . . . . .

. .

. .






.

. ,
432 Noun clause
after
a
noun

~
Finder 2568
218
Combine
the
two
sentences
into one .

The factory b
(0
close. The
new~
has shnt:k,!d the luwo .
. ,
Th
,
!!
.,
rte:1<!::
tlJat,
~~
.
fc:("
~
t
,~
· tJ
,
is

t
t;>
~!~
l]a
~_
~~<;-d
.
~.
~
~:

Woultl the war end?
Th~
hope proved false
2 The
VUdngs
landed
111
America.
There
IS
plenty
of
evidence.
3
Was
Diana murderedf The theory convinced many people.
4
DId
God crenle the world? Science

has
challenged the idea.
5
We
should SlOp destroying
the
rainforests. I share that view.
6 The President had not resigned.
The
repons
wcre
unu"Uc.
43
1.
N
oun
clause
l.Ifl
er an adtectlvc
433 Review
of
noun
clauses
II>
Finder 252-256
Each
of these sentences
IS
incorrect. Wnte
the

correct sentence.
~
I-wt>ndeN've7:I
-
~
-
,1,
~~~
. .
,:~.1,
·
~~
f'L.(~
~.":~:P:
. . .
. . . . . . .
1 We!¥e-tlecitled-on
we!-re-gemg
tll'l
strike.
2 The-fflct·
of
ffiot
-
we-were
lest-6tdn4-seem-lo-matter.
3
':fh~ol~-ge
·
16-t'tt1fflber

··
Ofte
i
s-
-cerHttfl.
4 I
CXplHIIlCti
your
Sl!ller \""81
we!!
h8ppetlHtg.
6 I VitI!! eonfused-where I
~pposed
to
'ga.
7
ff
they'rc
gOiHg-tO
gi'/e us
~rmtssion
ts-ifl
:'IOfne
doubt.
'.
'"
, ,

"
434 Review

of
noun
clauses

Finder 253-256
Combine the sentences
into
one

I was late.
It
was
my
own rault .
• •
~~
WCl
7
~.~.
-f.Otl/t.
~'?a.t.~
~~
la.t~
:
.
We
have to
fill
in all these forms. It's
ridiculou

s
It's

,

.
2 You're
upset 1 realize that.
I
. . . . . . . . . . . .
3 How have
the
animals
managed
to escape?
It
isn't obvious.
II
. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 The figures had been checked.
That
's
what
1
assumed
.
I . _ _ _ _ _ _ _
. . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Everything
Will

be
all nght. I'm
confident
of
that.
I'm . .


.
6
My
visa has
run
out.
That's
the
pr
o
blem.
The


.



. .

.
7
I'm
going
home
tomorrow.
I lold you that.
I
.

.
8 What questions are they going to
usk
me? I'm
quite
atOOous.
•
I'm .


.
433 .
Ik
v]('
w
of
nOllll
cI,lUSCS
219

435
Nominalization

Finder 257
Combine the
two
clauses
into one by nominalizing the first one.
Use
the
preposition
In
brackets.
When you change a verb IOto a noun, someti
mes
you
can
use
the
same
wor
d, and
sometimes
the
noun
has a special e
nding
l
ik
e

-tlon
. Use
these
nouns
: damage, educatj
on
,
emerge
nce
, influenc
e.
IaEk.
legali
za
tion,
movement
n~d
.
over-production, request.
respf:Ct
.
Ii>'
I'eople
la
c
k.
clean waler. This is a major cause
of
disease. (
on

[he
~a.Cf
cf.
c I0~
.~~
.'
-
.
~
,a
,
~J~.
~~~.~
9f
~l
.
,¥:
(l
.
~
.
Children ate being educated. This
is
an
in
vestment in fhe future. (01)
2
Old
p
eop

le
aren', rcspeclcd. This is no longer Important ln Western SOClt:!\lCIi. (
for
)
3
My
car
was
!'olightly
damubocd
,
but
this
will
be
paid
for by
the
Insurance c
ompany
. (to)
4
Cenam
drugs may be Icgali
jf.cd.
This is being discus!>ed In Parliament. (00
5
Thl."y
arc suddenly mOVlnp: Irool)S,
and

(h
i!>
hus
In
creased Tension.
(of)
6 The company needs greater profits, which
hilS
led
10
some
aggressive marketing.
(for)
7 The National Party has emerged.
It
is a
thr
eat
to
the present gov
ernme
llt. {uO
a They have massively
ov
er-produced
coff(.oe,
and this
ha
s pushed down pnccs (00
9 Advettistments influence

our
behnvlour e
nonno\l
s
ly
.
This
is well known (of, on)
10
We
requested
mur
e help, but we were r
ef
u
sed
. (for)

, ,
,.
" "
",

"".
"
."
220
<1
3!i
.

NOI1lHW
II
7.
atioll