Pesticides in Stream Sediment and Aquatic Biota Distribution, Trends, And Governing Factors - Chapter 1 pps

Distribution, Trends, And Governing Factors
Pesticides in Stream Sediment
and Aquatic Biota
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
Lisa H. Nowell, U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, California
Paul D. Capel, U.S. Geological Survey, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Peter D. Dileanis, U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, California
Distribution, Trends, And Governing Factors
Pesticides in Stream Sediment
and Aquatic Biota
Volume Four of the Series
Pesticides in the Hydrologic System
Robert J. Gilliom, Series Editor
U.S. Geological Survey
National Water Quality Assessment Program
INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES
Pesticides in the Hydrologic System is a series of comprehensive reviews and analyses of
our current knowledge and understanding of pesticides in the water resources of the United States
and of the principal factors that influence contamination and transport. The series is presented
according to major components of the hydrologic system—the atmosphere, surface water, bed
sediments and aquatic organisms, and ground water. Each volume:
• summarizes previous review efforts;
• presents a comprehensive tabulation, review, and analysis of studies that have
measured pesticides and their transformation products in the environment;
• maps locations of studies reviewed, with cross references to original publications;
• analyzes national and regional patterns of pesticide occurrence in relation to such
factors as the use of pesticides and their chemical characteristics;
• summarizes processes that govern the sources, transport, and fate of pesticides in
each component of the hydrologic system;
• synthesizes findings from studies reviewed to address key questions about pesticides

in the hydrologic system, such as:
How do agricultural and urban areas compare?
What are the effects of agricultural management practices?
What is the influence of climate and other natural factors?
How do the chemical and physical properties of a pesticide influence its behavior
in the hydrologic system?
How have past study designs and methods affected our present understanding?
Are water-quality criteria for human health or aquatic life being exceeded?
Are long-term trends evident in pesticide concentrations in the hydrologic system?
This series is unique in its focus on review and interpretation of reported direct
measurements of pesticides in the environment. Each volume characterizes hundreds of studies
conducted during the past four decades. Detailed summary tables include such features as spatial
and temporal domain studied, target analytes, detection limits, and compounds detected for each
study reviewed.
Pesticides in the Hydrologic System is designed for use by a wide range of readers in the
environmental sciences. The analysis of national and regional patterns of pesticide occurrence,
and their relation to use and other factors that influence pesticides in the hydrologic system,
provides a synthesis of current knowledge for scientists, engineers, managers, and policy makers
at all levels of government, in industry and agriculture, and in other organizations. The
interpretive analyses and summaries are designed to facilitate comparisons of past findings to
current and future findings. Data of a specific nature can be located for any particular area of the
country. For educational needs, teachers and students can readily identify example data sets that
meet their requirements. Through its focus on the United States, the series covers a large portion
of the global database on pesticides in the hydrologic system and international readers will find
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
much that applies to other areas of the world. Overall, the goal of the series is to provide readers
from a broad range of backgrounds in the environmental sciences with a synthesis of the factual
data and interpretive findings on pesticides in the hydrologic system.
The series has been developed as part of the National Water Quality Assessment Program
of the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Interior. Assessment of pesticides in the nation’s

water resources is one of the top priorities for the Program, which began in 1991. This
comprehensive national review of existing information serves as the basis for design and
interpretation of studies of pesticides in major hydrologic systems of the United States now being
conducted as part of the National Water Quality Assessment.
Series Editor
Robert J. Gilliom
U. S. Geological Survey
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
PREFACE
Residues of pesticides, especially the organochlorine pesticides, in bed sediment and
aquatic biota have been an environmental concern since the 1960s. Because of their toxicity and
persistence, the majority of organochlorine pesticides (including DDT) were banned in the United
States during the 1970s. Yet, more than 20 years later, residues of DDT and other organochlorine
pesticides continue to be detected in air, rain, soil, surface water, bed sediment, and aquatic and
terrestrial biota throughout the world. Moreover, recent research suggests that low levels of some
organochlorine pesticides have the potential to affect the development, reproduction, and behavior
of fish and wildlife, and possibly of humans as well.
The primary goal of this book is to assess the current understanding of the occurrence and
behavior of pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota—the two compartments of the hydro-
logic system in which organochlorine pesticides are likely to reach their highest levels. This book
has two objectives. Much of the book concerns organochlorine pesticides—evaluation of their
environmental fate, their distribution throughout United States rivers and streams, the extent to
which residues have declined since most of these pesticides were banned, and the potential
biological significance of the remaining residues. This coverage is a natural consequence of the
historical importance of these compounds and their tendency to accumulate in sediment and biota.
A second objective of this book—and an important one, despite there being relatively little infor-
mation on this topic in the existing literature—is an assessment of the potential for currently used
pesticides to accumulate in bed sediment and aquatic biota of hydrologic systems.
Previous reviews of pesticides in bed sediment or aquatic biota provide fairly thorough
treatment of the occurrence, distribution, and trends of many organochlorine pesticides in the

Great Lakes region and in coastal and estuarine areas of the United States. However, existing
reviews do not provide the same perspective for bed sediment and aquatic biota in United States
rivers and streams. To accomplish this, we have compiled the results of most published studies
that measured pesticides in bed sediment or aquatic biota, or both, in rivers and streams in the
United States. These studies include monitoring studies, which range from local to national in
scale, as well as field experiments designed to assess the environmental fate of pesticides in
hydrologic systems. The initial literature search covered reports published up to 1993, but many
articles and reports published after 1993 were included as they became available. For all the
studies reviewed, concise summaries of study sites, target analytes, and results are provided in a
series of tables (at the back of the book).
There were good technical arguments for combining the review of pesticides in sediment
and aquatic biota into a single book, despite the large volume of literature in each of these two
areas. Because of their physical and chemical properties, the same chemicals tend to accumulate
in both media. Also, a number of studies measured pesticides in both media at the same time, so
that separating these media into two separate books would require duplication of effort for both
the authors and the readers.
This book was made possible by the National Water Quality Assessment Program of the
U.S. Geological Survey. The authors wish to express their thanks and appreciation for the
suggestions, reviews, and assistance provided by many individuals in the development of this
book. We are indebted to Steven Larson (U.S. Geological Survey) for his assistance in conducting
bibliographic searches, for providing references and other materials, and for valuable discussions.
We also wish to thank Loreen Kleinschmidt (Toxicology Documentation Center at the University
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
of California, Davis) for her support in conducting literature searches, obtaining references, and
assisting in many other ways during the research and writing phase of this book. Thanks also go
to William Fitzpatrick and Joyce Calipto (formerly undergraduates at the University of California,
Davis) for obtaining many references and entering them in a bibliographic database, to Jean
Lucas (U.S. Geological Survey) for providing copies of references and other materials, and Gail
Thelin (U.S. Geological Survey) for Geographic Information System support. To the many
individuals, too numerous to mention by name, who sent us copies of their papers and reports, or

provided lists of references, we are very grateful. We also wish to thank several individuals who
assisted us in obtaining electronic data: Larry Shelton and Kathy Shay (U.S. Geological Survey
data), Thomas O’Connor (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data), and Peter
Lowe and L. Rod DeWeese (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service data). Thanks also go to Robert
Gilliom, Jack Barbash, and Michael Majewski (U.S. Geological Survey) for helpful discussions
of various topics covered in this book. Special thanks are due to Steven Goodbred (U.S.
Geological Survey) for his technical review of portions of the book, helpful discussions of various
topics, providing references on endocrine disruption, and assistance in summarizing some of the
monitoring studies reviewed in this book. We are indebted to Herman Feltz (U.S. Geological
Survey) and Gregory Foster (George Mason University) for providing timely, thorough, and
helpful reviews of the manuscript. Their excellent suggestions greatly improved the quality of this
book. We also wish to thank the authors and publishers who gave permission to reproduce various
figures or tables from their publications.
Several employees of the data, cartography, and publications sections of the U.S. Geological
Survey contributed to the production of this work. We are indebted to Naomi Nakagaki and
Thomas Haltom for producing the maps presented in this book. Our grateful thanks go to Susan
Davis, Yvonne Gobert, and Glenn Schwegmann for their considerable efforts in the preparation
and editing of text, tables, illustrations, and references, and in producing a high-quality camera-
ready work. Finally, we are indebted to our technical editor, Thomas Sklarsky, for his thorough,
painstaking work in editing the manuscript, and his masterful job of organizing the production of
the finished, camera-ready work.
Lisa H. Nowell
Paul D. Capel
Peter D. Dileanis
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
EDITOR’S NOTE
This work was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although it has been edited
for commercial publication, some of the style and usage incorporated is based on the USGS’s
publication guidelines (i.e., Suggestions to Authors, 7th edition, 1991). For example, references
with more than two authors are cited in the text as “Smith and others (19xx),” rather than “Smith,

et al. (19xx),” and some common-use compound modifiers are hyphenated. For units of measure,
the international system of units is used for most based and derived units except for the reporting
of pesticide use, which is commonly expressed in English units (e.g., pound[s] active ingredient),
and the concentration, usually expressed in the metric equivalent (e.g., micrograms per liter). In
addition to the standard use of italics, identification of new terms when first used, or of technical
terms when first defined, are also denoted by italic type.
Every attempt has been made to design figures and tables as “stand-alone,” without the need
for repeated cross reference to the text for interpretation of illustrations or tabular data. Some ex-
ceptions have been made, however, because of the complexity or breadth of the figure or table. As
an aid in comparison, the same shading patterns are shown in the Explanation of all pesticide
usage maps, though each pattern may not necessarily apply to every map. In some cases, a figure
is shown just before its mention in the text to avoid continuity with unrelated figures or to
promote effective layout. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 10 farm production regions
(Figure 3.13 and Section 3.3) are capitalized to denote proper names of specific geographical
areas.
Some of the longer tables are located at the end of the chapter or in the appendixes to
maintain less disruption of text. In Tables 2.1–2.3 (Appendixes A, B, and C), the analyte names
are reported as in the original reference, and so, multiple common names for the same pesticide
(e.g., DCPA and dacthal) occur in these tables. In Table 2.2, geographic and personal names are
spelled in the same way as in the original reference. In addition to the complete spelling of a
name, its abbreviation may have been used in the large tables (e.g., California and Calif.; River
and R.) when necessary to economize cell space.
As an organizational aid to the author and reader, chapter headings, figures, and tables are
identified in chapter-numbered sequence. The list of abbreviations and acronyms in the front of
the book do not include chemical names, which are listed in Appendix D, or symbols and
functions in mathematical equations, which are defined when used. Rather than creating new
abbreviations for common terms, some of the abbreviations listed have multiple representations
(e.g., “na” for not applicable and not analyzed), though the abbreviations are defined more
precisely when used.
With the exception of the index, this work was edited, illustrated, and produced as camera-

ready copy by the USGS’s Pesticide National Synthesis publications team, Sacramento,
California.
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
CONTENTS
Introduction to the Series
Preface
Editor’s Note
List of Figures
List of Tables
Conversion Factors
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Abstract
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Previous Reviews
1.3 Approach
CHAPTER 2
Characteristics of Studies Reviewed
2.1 General Design Features
2.2 Geographic Distribution
2.3 Temporal Distribution
2.4 Sampling Matrices
2.5 Target Analytes
2.6 Analytical Detection Limits
CHAPTER 3
National Distribution and Trends
3.1 Pesticide Occurrence
3.1.1 Aggregate Detection Frequencies of Pesticides
Bias From Selection of Target Analytes

Comparison of Bed Sediment and Aquatic Biota
3.1.2 Pesticide Occurrence in Major National Monitoring Programs
The FDA’s National Monitoring Program for Food and Feed
The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries–USEPA’s National
Pesticide Monitoring Program
The FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program
The USGS–USEPA’s Pesticide Monitoring Network
The NOAA’s National Status and Trends Program
The USEPA’s National Study of Chemical Residues in Fish
3.1.3 Comparisons of Major National Programs
3.2 National Pesticide Use
3.2.1 Agricultural Use
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
3.2.2 Nonagricultural Uses
Home and Garden
Industrial, Commercial, and Government Buildings and Land
Subterranean Termite Control
Forestry
3.2.3 Trends and Conclusions
3.3 Geographic Distribution in Relation to Use
3.3.1 Historically Used Organochlorine Insecticides
Bed Sediment
Aldrin and Dieldrin
Total DDT
Aquatic Biota
Aldrin and Dieldrin
Chlordane
Total DDT
Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide
Mirex

Toxaphene
3.3.2 Currently Used Pesticides
Bed Sediment
Aquatic Biota
Dicofol, Lindane, and Methoxychlor
Endosulfan
Chlorpyrifos
Dacthal
Trifluralin
Other Currently Used Pesticides
3.4 Long-Term Trends
3.4.1 Historically Used Organochlorine Insecticides
Bed Sediment
Aquatic Biota
Aldrin and Dieldrin
Chlordane
Total DDT
Endrin
α-HCH
Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Toxaphene
3.4.2 Currently Used Pesticides
Bed Sediment
Aquatic Biota
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Dacthal
Pentachloroanisole
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

CHAPTER 4
Governing Processes
4.1 Pesticide Sources
4.1.1 Sources to Surface Water Systems
Agriculture
Forestry
Urban and Suburban Areas
Industrial Waste and Accidental Discharge
Atmospheric Deposition
4.1.2 Sources to Bed Sediment
The Water Column
Aquatic Biota
Ground Water
4.1.3 Sources to Aquatic Biota
The Water Column
Bed Sediment
4.2 Behavior and Fate of Pesticides in Bed Sediment
4.2.1 Phase-Transfer Processes
Sorption and Desorption
Charged Interactions
4.2.2 Transport Processes
Settling, Deposition, and Burial
Resuspension, Bioturbation, and Downstream Transport
Bed Sediment as a Long-Term Sink for Pesticides in
Surface Water Systems
4.2.3 Transformation Processes
Hydrolysis
Oxidation and Reduction
Photochemical Reactions
Biotransformation

4.3 Behavior and Fate of Pesticides in Aquatic Biota
4.3.1 Phase-Transfer Processes
Passive Diffusion
Sorption and Desorption
Elimination
Tissue Decomposition
4.3.2 Transport Processes
Consumption by Predators
Migration or Downstream Movement
Reproduction
4.3.3 Biotransformation Processes
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Conjugation
Examples of Biotransformation Reactions
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
CHAPTER 5
Analysis of Key Topics—Sources, Behavior, and Transport
5.1 Effect of Land Use on Pesticide Contamination
5.1.1 Agriculture
5.1.2 Forestry
5.1.3 Urban Areas and Industry
5.1.4 Remote or Undeveloped Areas
5.2 Pesticide Uptake and Accumulation by Aquatic Biota
5.2.1 Bioaccumulation Terminology and Simple Models
5.2.2 Biomagnification
5.2.3 Equilibrium Partitioning Theory
5.2.4 Evidence from Laboratory and Field Studies
Evidence of Biomagnification in the Field

Effect of Trophic Level on Contaminant Concentrations
Bioaccumulation Factors
Field Modeling
Testing Predictions of Equilibrium Partitioning Theory
Correlation Between Bioconcentration Factor and
Chemical Properties
Fish/Sediment Concentration Ratios
Effect of Trophic Level on Fugacity
Lipid Normalization
5.2.5 Converging Theories of Bioaccumulation
Uptake Processes
Partitioning From Water
Uptake of Sediment-Sorbed Chemicals
Dietary Uptake and Biomagnification
Factors Affecting Route of Uptake
Elimination Processes
Biological Factors that Affect Bioaccumulation
Body Length, Body Weight, and Age
Lipid Content
Gill Ventilation Volume and Other Gill Characteristics
Blood Flow
Metabolism
Growth Rate
Reproductive State
Species
Tissue
Sex
Other Biological Factors
Interaction Among Biological Factors
Chemical Characteristics that Affect Bioaccumulation

Molecular Size, Shape, and Structure
Solubility
Chemical Stability
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
Environmental Conditions that Affect Bioaccumulation
Temperature
pH and Salinity
Dissolved Organic Matter and Particulate Concentrations
Oxygen Concentration
Other Environmental Conditions
Bioaccumulation Models
Steady-State or Equilibrium Partitioning Models
Compartment-Based Kinetic Models
Physiologically Based Kinetic Models
Effect of Environmental and Physiological Conditions
5.3 Seasonal Changes in Pesticide Residues
5.3.1 Pesticide Use
Agricultural Sources
Industrial Sources
5.3.2 Weather-Driven and Streamflow-Related Events
Irrigation
Precipitation and Storm Events
Winter or Spring Snowmelt and Runoff
Reservoir Water Release
Water Inflow to Estuaries
5.3.3 Agricultural Management Practices
5.3.4 Environmental Conditions
Ambient Water Concentrations
Temperature
Salinity

Turbidity
Vegetative or Snow Cover
Spring Turnover
5.3.5 Seasonal Biological Factors
Reproductive Cycle
Lipid Content
Enzyme Activity
Population Shifts
Feeding Activity, Growth Rate, Food Source, and Habitat
Migration
5.3.6 Summary
Bed Sediment
Aquatic Biota
5.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticides in Sediment and
Aquatic Biota
5.4.1 Properties that Control Accumulation in Sediment and Aquatic Biota
Hydrophobicity
Persistence
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
5.4.2 Chemodynamic Relations
Water Solubility and Soil Half-Life
n-Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient and Soil Half-Life
5.4.3 Predictions from Chemodynamic Relations
5.5 Composition of Total DDT as an Indicator of DDT Sources and
Period of Use
5.5.1 Possible Sources of DDT Residues in the Environment
5.5.2 Environmental Fate of DDT
5.5.3 The DDT/Total DDT Ratio as an Indicator of
Time in the Environment
Case Study: Salinas River and Blanco Drain

Case Study: California Soil Monitoring Survey
Conclusions
5.5.4 The DDT/Total DDT Ratio as an Indicator of DDD Use
5.5.5 The o,p′-DDX/Total DDT Ratio as an Indicator of Industrial Origin or
Time in the Hydrologic System
CHAPTER 6
Analysis of Key Topics—Environmental Significance
6.1 Effects of Pesticide Contaminants on Aquatic Organisms and
Fish-Eating Wildlife
6.1.1 Toxicity to Organisms in the Water Column
USEPA’s Water-Quality Criteria for Protection of
Aquatic Organism
Pesticides in Whole Fish—Analysis of Potential Fish Toxicity
Fish Kills Attributed to Pesticides
Fish Diseases Associated with Chemical Residues
6.1.2 Toxicity to Benthic Organisms
Approaches to Assessing Sediment Quality
Sediment Background Approach
Equilibrium Partitioning Approach
Biological Effects Correlation Approach
Sediment Toxicity Approach
Definitions of Sediment Quality Guidelines
Sediment Background Levels (Lakes Huron and Superior)
USEPA’s Sediment Quality Criteria
USEPA’s Sediment Quality Advisory Levels
Apparent Effects Thresholds
Effects Range Values for Aquatic Sediment
Florida’s Probable Effect Levels and Threshold Effect Levels
Canada’s Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines
USEPA’s Procedure for Classifying Sites by Probability of

Adverse Effects
Modified Procedure for Classifying Studies by Probability of
Adverse Effects
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
Pesticides in Bed Sediment—Comparison with Background Levels
Pesticides in Bed Sediment—Analysis of Potential Adverse Effects
on Benthic Organisms
Aldrin and Dieldrin
Chlordane
DDT and Metabolites
Other Pesticides
Summary and Conclusions
6.1.3 Toxicity to Wildlife
Guidelines for Pesticides in Whole Fish
NAS/NAE’s Guidelines for Protection of Fish-Eating Wildlife
New York’s Fish Flesh Criteria for Piscivorous Wildlife
Pesticides in Whole Fish—Analysis of Potential Adverse
Effects on Fish-Eating Wildlife
Aldrin and Dieldrin
Chlordane
DDT and Metabolites
Toxaphene
Other Pesticides
Summary
6.1.4 Other Toxicity Concerns
Effects of Chemical Mixtures
Potential Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Pesticides
6.1.5 Summary
6.2 Effects of Pesticide Contaminants in Aquatic Biota onHuman Health
6.2.1 Human Exposure to Pesticides

Pesticide Residues in Human Tissues
Breast Milk
Adipose Tissue
Blood
Other Human Tissues
Summary and Conclusions
Sources of Human Exposure to Pesticides
Dietary Intake of Pesticides
6.2.2 Potential Toxicity to Humans
Organochlorine Insecticides
Organophosphate Insecticides
Carbamate Insecticides
Pyrethroid Insecticides
Herbicides
Fungicides
6.2.3 Standards and Guidelines for Pesticides in Edible Fish and Shellfish
USEPA’s Tolerances
FDA’s Action Levels
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
USEPA’s Guidance for Use in Fish Advisories
6.2.4 Pesticides in Edible Fish and Shellfish—Analysis of Potential
Adverse Effects on Human Health
Aldrin and Dieldrin
Total Chlordane
Total DDT
Other Pesticides
6.2.5 Other Toxicity-Related Issues
Effect of Fish Preparation and Cooking on Pesticide Residues
Relative Cancer Risks
Exposure to Multiple Contaminants

Potential Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Pesticides
6.2.6 Summary
CHAPTER 7
Summary and Conclusions
Appendix A
Table 2.1. Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers and
estuaries in the United States: National and multistate monitoring studies
Appendix B
Table 2.2. Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers in the United States:
State and local monitoring studies
Appendix C
Table 2.3. Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers in theUnited States:
Process and matrix distribution studies
Appendix D
Common Names and Taxonomic Classifications of Aquatic Organisms Sampled in the
Studies Reviewed
Appendix E
Glossary of Common and Chemical Names of Pesticides
References
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Pesticide movement in the hydrologic cycle
2.1 Site locations for major national programs that sampled bed sediment
2.2 Site locations for major national programs that sampled aquatic biota
2.3 Geographic distribution of state and local monitoring studies that were
reviewed. These studies are listed in Table 2.2
2.4 Geographic distribution of process and matrix distribution studies that were
reviewed. These studies are listed in Table 2.3
2.5 Distribution of study effort by decade of sampling and by pesticide class. Duration
(total study years) of study effort was calculated from all the monitoring studies listed

in Tables 2.1 and 2.2
2.6 Temporal distribution of studies reviewed, by the decade of sampling and by the
study type. Graph is based on all the studies listed in Tables 2.1–2.3
3.1 Pesticides detected in bed sediment, shown by the percentage of sites with detectable
residues at one or more sites at any time for individual pesticide analytes. Data are
combined from all the monitoring studies listed in Tables 2.1 and 2.2
3.2 Pesticides detected in aquatic biota, shown by the percentage of sites with detectable
residues at one or more sites at any time for individual pesticide analytes. Data are
combined for whole fish, fish muscle, and shellfish from all the monitoring studies
listed in Tables 2.1 and 2.2
3.3 Pesticide occurrence in major national programs that sampled bed sediment
or aquatic biota during the 1970s
3.4 Pesticide occurrence in major national programs that sampled bed sediment
or aquatic biota during the 1980s
3.5 Estimated total use of conventional pesticides, showing agricultural and
nonagricultural use, in the United States from 1964 to 1995
3.6 Estimated annual use of conventional pesticides in the United States by
market sector from 1979 to 1995
3.7 Estimated annual herbicide use in the United States by market sector
from 1979 to 1995
3.8 Estimated annual insecticide use in the United States by market sector
from 1979 to 1995
3.9 Estimated annual fungicide use in the United States by market sector
from 1979 to 1995
3.10 Estimated use of conventional pesticides in the United States in 1995,
by market sector and pesticide type
3.11 Pesticide use on national forest land, 1977–1993
3.12 The relation between aggregate site detection frequency and 1966 national
agricultural use, shown for organochlorine insecticides and transformation products
detected in sediment and aquatic biota. The percentage of sites with detectable levels

is for all monitoring studies (listed in Tables 2.1 and 2.2)
3.13 The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s farm production regions
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
3.14 The geographic distribution of total dieldrin in bed sediment of major United States
rivers (1972–1982) from USGS–USEPA’s Pesticide Monitoring Network,
shown in relation to 1966 agricultural use of aldrin plus dieldrin by
farm production region
3.15 The geographic distribution of total DDT in bed sediment of major United States
rivers (1972–1982) from USGS–USEPA’s Pesticide Monitoring Network, shown in
relation to 1966 agricultural use of DDT plus DDD by farm production region
3.16 The geographic distribution of total DDT in sediment at coastal and
estuarine sites (1984–1989) from NOAA’s National Status and Trends Program,
shown in relation to 1966 agricultural use of DDT plus DDD by
farm production region
3.17 The geographic distribution of total DDT in sediment at coastal and
estuarine sites (1984–1989) from NOAA’s National Status and Trends Program,
shown in relation to 1990 population density
3.18 The geographic distribution of dieldrin in whole freshwater fish (1976–1979)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in
relation to 1966 agricultural use of aldrin plus dieldrin by
farm production region
3.19 The geographic distribution of dieldrin in whole freshwater fish (1986)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1966 agricultural use of aldrin plus dieldrin by farm production region
3.20 The geographic distribution of dieldrin in whole freshwater fish (1976–1979)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1987 corn production
3.21 The geographic distribution of dieldrin in whole freshwater fish (FWS’s
National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program) and in estuarine mollusks
(NOAA’s National Status and Trends Program) in 1986, shown in relation to

1966 agricultural use of aldrin plus dieldrin by farm production region
3.22 The geographic distribution of total chlordane in whole freshwater fish
(1976–1979) from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program,
shown in relation to 1966 agricultural use of chlordane by
farm production region
3.23 The geographic distribution of total chlordane in whole freshwater fish
(1986) from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in
relation to 1966 agricultural use of chlordane by farm production region
3.24 The geographic distribution of total chlordane in whole freshwater fish
(FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program) and in estuarine
mollusks (NOAA’s National Status and Trends Program) in 1986, shown in
relation to 1966 agricultural use of chlordane by farm production region
3.25 The geographic distribution of total DDT in whole freshwater fish (1976–1979)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1966 agricultural use of DDT plus DDD by farm production region
3.26 The geographic distribution of total DDT in whole freshwater fish (1986)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1966 agricultural use of DDT plus DDD by farm production region
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
3.27 The geographic distribution of total DDT in whole freshwater fish (FWS’s
National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program) and in estuarine mollusks
(NOAA’s National Status and Trends Program) in 1986, shown in relation to
agricultural use of DDT plus DDD in 1966 by farm production region
3.28 The geographic distribution of toxaphene in whole freshwater fish (1976–1979)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1966 agricultural use of toxaphene by farm production region
3.29 The geographic distribution of toxaphene in whole freshwater fish (1986)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1966 agricultural use of toxaphene by farm production region
3.30 The geographic distribution of toxaphene in whole freshwater fish (1972–1974)

from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1987 cotton production
3.31 The geographic distribution of toxaphene in whole freshwater fish (1976–1979)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1987 cotton production
3.32 The geographic distribution of toxaphene in whole freshwater fish
(1980–1981) from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program,
shown in relation to 1987 cotton production
3.33 The geographic distribution of toxaphene in whole freshwater fish (1984) from
FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation to 1987
cotton production
3.34 The geographic distribution of toxaphene in whole freshwater fish (1986)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1987 cotton production
3.35 The geographic distribution of toxaphene in whole freshwater fish (1980–1981)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1987 soybean production
3.36 The geographic distribution of toxaphene in whole freshwater fish (1980–1981)
from FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program, shown in relation
to 1987 sorghum production
3.37 The relation between the aggregate site detection frequency during the 1980s
and the 1988 national use on crops, shown for currently used pesticides detected
in sediment and aquatic biota. The percentage of sites with detectable levels is
for all monitoring studies (listed in Tables 2.1 and 2.2) that sampled primarily
during the 1980s
3.38 The geographic distribution of chlorpyrifos in fish (1986–1987) from USEPA’s
National Study for Chemical Residues in Fish, shown in relation to 1988
agricultural use of chlorpyrifos by farm production region
3.39 The geographic distribution of trifluralin in fish (1986–1987) from USEPA’s
National Study for Chemical Residues in Fish, shown in relation to 1988

agricultural use of trifluralin by farm production region
3.40 Temporal trends in dieldrin concentrations in whole fish sampled by the
FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program from 1969 to 1986
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
3.41 Temporal trends in total chlordane concentrations in whole fish sampled
by the FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program
from 1976 to 1986
3.42 Temporal trends in total chlordane concentrations in mussels
(Mytilus californianus) at seven estuarine and coastal sites sampled by
the California Mussel Watch from 1979 to 1988
3.43 Temporal trends in total DDT concentrations in whole fish sampled by the
FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program from 1969 to 1986
3.44 Temporal trends in toxaphene concentrations in whole fish sampled by the
FWS’s National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program from 1972 to 1986
4.1 Metabolic fate of
14
C-labeled aldrin in organisms of a model ecosystem
4.2 The major biotransformation pathways of dieldrin in bluegills
4.3 The major biotransformation pathways of DDT in fish
4.4 The biotransformation pathways of the organophosphate insecticide
fenitrothion in fish
4.5 The biotransformation pathways of the N-methylcarbamate insecticide
carbaryl in fish
5.1 Concentration frequency plot for DDD in bed sediment from agricultural,
urban, and undeveloped areas in southern Florida (1968–1972)
5.2 Concentration frequency plot for dieldrin in bed sediment from agricultural,
urban, and undeveloped areas in southern Florida (1968–1972)
5.3 The logarithm of the bioconcentration factor (log BCF) for 10 chlorobenzenes
measured in rainbow trout as a function of exposure time (days)
5.4 Correlations between the logarithm of the bioconcentration factor (log BCF)

and the logarithm of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log K
ow
)
5.5 The relation between the logarithm of the bioconcentration factor (log BCF) in
mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and the logarithm of the n-octanol-water
partition coefficient (log K
ow
) for various organic chemicals in laboratory
model ecosystem studies
5.6 The relation between the logarithm of the bioconcentration factor
(log BCF) in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and the logarithm of the
water solubility (log S,
µg/L) for various organic chemicals in laboratory
model ecosystem studies
5.7 The gill uptake efficiency and 24-hour gill transport measured using an in vivo fish
(rainbow trout) model in relation to the logarithm of the n-octanol-water partition
coefficient (log K
ow
) for 15 organic chemicals
5.8 The ratio of (fugacity in animal)/(fugacity in water) for PCBs in deep-water
fish of Lake Michigan
5.9 The ratio of (fugacity in animal)/(fugacity in water) for four pesticides in
four fish species from Coralville Reservoir in Iowa
5.10 The logarithm of the fugacity of organochlorine compounds in various
media from the Lake Ontario region
5.11 The ratio of (fugacity in animal)/(fugacity in water) for Lake Ontario rainbow
trout in relation to the logarithm of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient
(log K
ow
) for 15 organochlorine compounds

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
5.12 The relation between the logarithm of the bioconcentration factor (log BCF)
and the logarithm of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log K
ow
) for the
following compounds: polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins, polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes,
polychlorinated anisoles, polybrominated benzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls,
and polychlorinated benzenes
5.13 The relation between the logarithm of the biomagnification factor (log BMF)
and the logarithm of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log K
ow
)
for the following compounds: polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,
polychlorinated biphenyls, and mirex
5.14 The relation between the logarithm of the uptake rate coefficient (log k
1
)
and the logarithm of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log K
ow
) for the
following compounds: polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins, polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes,
polychlorinated anisoles, polybrominated benzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls,
and polychlorinated benzenes
5.15 The relation between the logarithm of the elimination rate coefficient (log k
2
)
and the logarithm of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log K
ow

) for the
following compounds: polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins, polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes,
polychlorinated anisoles, polybrominated benzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls,
polychlorinated benzenes, and mirex
5.16 The relation between the logarithm of the overall elimination rate constant
(log k
T
) in the guppy, and the logarithm of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient
(log K
ow
), for selected halogenated compounds
5.17 The relation between percentage of fat in dorsal muscle tissue and total body
length for channel catfish from the Des Moines River
5.18 The relation between percentage of fat in dorsal muscle tissue and age for
channel catfish from the Des Moines River
5.19 The relation between dieldrin concentration in dorsal muscle tissue and
total body length for channel catfish from the Des Moines River
5.20 The relation between dieldrin concentration in dorsal muscle tissue and age
for channel catfish from the Des Moines River
5.21 The relation between
14
C-DDT concentration in mosquitofish and
fish body weight
5.22 The relation between the logarithm of the uptake rate constant (log k
1
)
in the guppy, and the logarithm of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient
(log K
ow

), for selected halogenated compounds
5.23 The relation between the logarithm of the transport rate and the logarithm of
the n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log K
ow
) when pore transport is not
negligible
5.24 Conceptual diagram of the proposed mechanism of organic chemical
biomagnification in fish, illustrating the increase of the chemical fugacity
in the gastrointestinal tract caused by food digestion and absorption
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
5.25 Schematic representation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model
for a chemical absorbed through the gill and metabolized in the liver
5.26 Seasonal variations in total DDT concentrations in estuarine oysters
(Crassostrea virginica) from three catchment basins in relation to
DDT use in 1985
5.27 PCB concentrations in zooplankton and in water as a function of time in
large outdoor model ecosystems in Sweden during 1983–1984
5.28 Bioconcentration factors for p,p′-DDT in whole yearling rainbow trout
exposed to p,p′-DDT in solution at ambient water temperatures of 5°, 10°,
and 15 °C, as a function of exposure time
5.29 Relation between the logarithm of the bioaccumulation factor (log BAF) for
phytoplankton from Green Bay, Lake Michigan, and the logarithm of the
n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log K
ow
) for various contaminants,
during winter and summer
5.30 The relation between the logarithm of soil half-life (days) and the logarithm of the
water solubility (log S) for pesticides analyzed in sediment and aquatic biota
by the monitoring studies reviewed
5.31 The relation between the logarithm of soil half-life (days) and the logarithm

of the water solubility (log S) for pesticides analyzed in sediment and
aquatic biota by the monitoring studies reviewed, compared with pesticides
that were rarely analyzed in these media
5.32 The relation between the logarithm of soil half-life (days) and the logarithm
of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log K
ow
) for pesticides detected in
sediment and aquatic biota by the monitoring studies reviewed
5.33 The relation between the logarithm of soil half-life (days) and the logarithm
of the n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log K
ow
) for pesticides analyzed in
sediment and aquatic biota by the monitoring studies reviewed, compared with
pesticides that were rarely analyzed in these media
6.1 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of dieldrin in
sediment reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
6.2 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of total chlordane
in sediment reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
6.3 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of p,p′-DDE in
sediment reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
6.4 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of total DDT in
sediment reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
6.5 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of diazinon
in sediment reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994)
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

6.6 Percentage of all monitoring studies (published 1960–1994) in probability
of adverse effects categories
6.7 Percentage of recently published (1984–1994) monitoring studies in
probability of adverse effects categories
6.8 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of dieldrin
in whole fish reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
6.9 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of total chlordane
in whole fish reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
6.10 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of total DDT in
whole fish reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
6.11 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of toxaphene in
whole fish reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
6.12 Egg mortality in double-crested cormorants from 12 colonies in the Great Lakes
and one reference colony (Manitoba, Canada) as a function of the concentration of
H4IIE bioassay-derived TCDD equivalents
6.13 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of dieldrin
in fish muscle reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
6.14 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of chlordane
in fish muscle reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
6.15 Cumulative frequency distribution of the maximum concentrations of total DDT
in fish muscle reported by the monitoring studies reviewed, shown for all studies
(published during 1960–1994) and recently published (1984–1994) studies
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
LIST OF TABLES

Note: Pages out of sequence indicate that some tables have been placed at the end of the book.
1.1 Summary of review articles and books on pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota
in the United States or on processes governing sorption and bioaccumulation
2.1 Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers and estuaries in the
United States: National and multistate monitoring studies
2.2 Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers in the
United States: State and local monitoring studies
2.3 Pesticides in bed sediment and aquatic biota from rivers in the
United States: Process and matrix distribution studies
2.4 General study characteristics condensed from Tables 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3
3.1 Total number of sites and samples, and corresponding aggregate detection
frequencies (in percent) of pesticides in bed sediment from United States rivers,
calculated by combining data from the monitoring studies in
Tables 2.1 and 2.2
3.2 Total number of sites and samples, and corresponding aggregate detection
frequencies (in percent) of pesticides in aquatic biota from United States rivers,
calculated by combining data from the monitoring studies in
Tables 2.1 and 2.2
3.3 Total number of sites and corresponding aggregate detection frequencies (in percent)
of pesticides in whole fish, fish muscle, and mollusk samples from United States
rivers, calculated by combining data from the monitoring studies in
Tables 2.1 and 2.2
3.4 Design features of major national programs that measured pesticide residues
in bed sediment or aquatic biota
3.5 Estimated pesticide use in agricultural, home and garden, and industry
settings in the United States, and detections in ground water, surface water, rain,
air, sediment, and aquatic biota
3.6 Analysis of pesticides in bed sediment and analysis of pesticides in
aquatic biota
3.7 Selected physical and chemical properties of pesticide analytes that were targeted in

bed sediment and aquatic biota studies
3.8 Aldrin plus dieldrin use on corn and toxaphene use on cotton, 1964–1976
3.9 Trends in residues of DDT and metabolites in aquatic biota: Median residues from
several national surveys
4.1 Phase I biotransformation reactions of pesticides in fish
4.2 Phase II biotransformation (conjugation) reactions of pesticides in fish
5.1 Residues of total DDT in samples from the Carmans River Estuary,
Long Island, New York
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
5.2 Biota–sediment accumulation factors measured in some laboratory and
field studies
5.3 The relative importance of dietary sources to bioaccumulation of various
chemicals in studies reviewed in Macek and others (1979)
5.4 Time required by biota to eliminate 50 percent of the body burden (t
1/2
, in days)
during depuration in uncontaminated flowing water
5.5 Factors reported in the literature to affect contaminant accumulation
by aquatic biota
5.6 Pesticides predicted to be potential contaminants in bed sediment and aquatic
biota on the basis of hydrophobicity and persistence, with estimated pesticide use,
the percentage of total samples with detectable concentrations, and the
total number of samples
6.1 Acute aquatic toxicity of pesticides detected in aquatic biota
6.2 Potential chronic toxicity to aquatic biota in studies that monitored pesticides
in whole fish
6.3 Background levels for pesticides in bed sediment from Lakes Huron and
Superior
6.4 Sediment-quality guidelines and boundary values for pesticides
in bed sediment

6.5 Effects range–low (ERL) and effects range–median (ERM) values
for dieldrin and the 14 concentrations, arranged in ascending order, that were used
to determine these values
6.6 Selected results of studies that monitored pesticides in bed sediment
6.7 Percentage of studies in probability of adverse effects classes, Tiers 1, 2, and 3,
for pesticides in bed sediment
6.8 Standards and guidelines for pesticides in aquatic biota
6.9 Selected results of studies that monitored pesticides in whole fish and the
percentage of those studies that exceeded guidelines for the protection of
fish-eating wildlife
6.10 Inhibitor concentrations necessary for 50 percent inhibition of [
3
H]17β-estradiol
binding to aER by environmental chemicals
6.11 Dieldrin residues in human adipose tissue, 1963–1976
6.12 Frequency of pesticides and metabolites detected in urine from persons
12–74 years old, United States, 1976–1980
6.13 Percentage of samples that contained the most frequently detected pesticides,
and the number of pesticides detected, in the FDA Total Diet Study from
1978 to 1991
6.14 Pesticide intake (
µg/kg body weight/d) in total diet analyses for three
age–sex groups in 1991 and corresponding FAO–WHO acceptable daily intake
and USEPA reference dose values
6.15 Mammalian toxicity characteristics of pesticide analytes that were detected
in aquatic biota in the monitoring studies reviewed
6.16 Mechanisms of action of several different herbicide classes
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC