Environmental Forensics: Principles and Applications - Appendices docx

Appendices
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Appendix A. Sample
Calculation for the
Transport of PCE
Vapor through
Concrete Pavement
A.1 INTRODUCTION
The basic approach is to consider the diffusion of a liquid through a medium bounded
by two parallel plates with the planes at z = 0 and x = 1. After a time, a steady-state
is reached in which the concentration remains constant at all locations in the pave-
ment. The diffusion equation in one dimension, therefore, reduces to (Crank, 1985):
d
2
C/dx
2
= 0 (Eq. A.1)
provided that the diffusion coefficient (D) is constant. On integrating with respect to
x, the following expression arises:
dC/dx = constant (Eq. A.2)
and by introducing the conditions at x = 0 and x = l and integrating, then:
[C – C
1
/C
2
– C
1
] = x/l (Eq. A.3)
The previous two expressions show that the concentration changes linearly from C
1
to C

2
through the pavement. The transfer rate of the diffusing substance is the same
across all sections of the membrane, as described by the following expression:
F = –DdC/dx = D(C
1
– C
1
)/l (Eq. A.4)
©2000 CRC Press LLC
If the thickness (l) and the surface concentrations (C
1
and C
2
) are known, then D can
be deduced from an observed value of F using this equation.
If the surface x = 0 is maintained at a constant concentration C
1
and at x = 1, then
there is evaporation into an atmosphere for which the equilibrium concentration
immediately within the paved surface is C
2
, so that:
∂C/∂x + h(C – C
2
) = 0, x = l (Eq. A.5)
then
(C – C
1
)/(C
2

– C
1
) = (hx)/(1 + hl) (Eq. A.6)
and
F = Dh(C
1
– C
2
)/(1 + hl) (Eq. A.7)
If the surface conditions are
∂C/∂x + h
1
(C
1
– C) = 0, x = 0; and
∂C/∂x + h
2
(C – C
2
) = 0, x = l
(Eq. A.8)
then
C = [h
1
C
1
{1 + h
2
(l – x)} + h
2

C
2
(1 + h
1
x)]/
[h
1
+ h
2
+ h
1
h
2
l]
(Eq. A.9)
A.2 SAMPLE CALCULATION
Given these relationships, the one-dimensional gas diffusion rate through a paved
surface can be approximated using variations of the previous equations. In this
example, it is assumed that a vapor cloud of PCE has accumulated within the
concrete catch basin housing a vapor degreaser. The concrete is not cracked, nor are
there expansion joints (i.e., it was poured in placed). The vapor cloud has been
allowed to accumulate and collect within the concrete catch basin over a holiday
during which the forced air system in the building is not operating. The question
therefore, is can the PCE vapor move through the concrete over the 5-day holiday
period and, if so, at what rate?
To examine this question using the diffusion mathematics outlined in Crank
(1985), a one-dimensional plane diffusion (gas or liquid) through a porous plate is
assumed. The following parameters and values are assumed in this example:
• Henry’s Law constant for PCE is 2.82 ¥ 10
–2

atm m
3
/mol.
• PCE is absent in the concrete and in the soil below it (C
2
= C
o
= 0).
• The concentration of PCE in the vapor above the concrete is 1.272 ¥ 10
–4
g/cm
3
.
©2000 CRC Press LLC
A graphical representation of this problem is shown in Figure A.1. In this case, the
following governing equation becomes:
QC Dt n Dnt
t
//–/–/ (– ) / exp(– / )ll l
1
222
1
2222
16 2 1=
Â
•
pp
(Eq. A.10)
For a steady-state solution where time (t) goes to infinity, the flux rate is defined as
Q

t
= DC
1
/l(t – l
2
/6D) (Eq. A.11)
which has an intercept L on the t-axis described as:
L = l
2
/6D (Eq. A.12)
For a small period of time, then:
Ft C D t m D
M
() (/ ) exp{–( ) /( )}
/
=
Â
+
=
•
2214
1
12
1
22
p l
(Eq. A.13)
For a small period of time, this series converges rapidly to:
ln (t
1/2

F) = ln {2C
1
(D/p)
1/2
} – L
2
/4Dt (Eq. A.14)
FIGURE A.1 Conceptual model of the transport of PCE vapor through concrete.
©2000 CRC Press LLC
and
t
1/2
F = exp [ln {2C
1
(D/p)
1/2
} – L
2
/4Dt] (Eq. A.15)
and
F = t
–1/2
exp [ln {2C
1
(D/p)
1/2
} – L
2
/4Dt] (Eq. A.16)
where D = the effective diffusion coefficient. The effective diffusion coefficient is

defined as (Millington and Quirk, 1959):
D
e
= D
o
(A
10/3
)/P
T
2
(Eq. A.17)
Assuming that the volumetric air content of the concrete is 0.013 – 0.023, the total
porosity is between 0.06 and 0.14, and the gas diffusion rate for PCE is 0.0785 cm
2
/
sec (for TCE ª 7100 cm
2
/day), then:
D
e
= (0.0785 cm
2
/sec)((0.013 – 0.023)
3.33
/(0.06 – 0.14)
2
) (Eq. A.18)
= (0.078 cm
2
/sec)((2.67 ¥ 10

–5
) – (9.73 ¥ 10
–4
)) (Eq. A.19)
= (2.67 ¥ 10
–6
) – (7.64 ¥ 10
–5
)

cm
2
/sec (Eq. A.20)
Using this range of values, the flux rate through the concrete per unit area of surface
areas at x = L is
Time Flux Rate (F)
(sec) (cm/sec)
10 0
10
2
0
10
3
0
10
4
(27 hr) 1.85 ¥ 10
–41
10
5

(1.16 days) 2.07 ¥ 10
–21
10
6
(11.6 days) 5.89 ¥ 10
–10
10
7
(116 days) 3.68 ¥ 10
–10
10
8
(1116 days) 1.25 ¥ 10
–10
Solving for the quantity of PCE vapor that has moved through the concrete (Q
1
)
yields:
D
t
/L
2
= (7.64 ¥ 10
–5
cm
2
/sec)(t)/(15.2 cm)
2
(Eq. A.21)
and

Q
1
/LC
1
= 0.14 at 10
6
sec and 0.035 at 5 exp
5
sec (Eq. A.22)
and
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Q = (0.14)(15.2 sec)(1.274 ¥ 10
–4
g/cm
3
) at 10
6
sec (Eq. A.23)
so for a fast diffusion rate (F
D1
), Q = 2.71 ¥ 10
–4
, and 0.27% of the PCE vapor mass has
diffused through the concrete in 10
6
sec (277 hours or 11.6 days); for a slow diffusion
rate (F
D2
), Q = 1.15 ¥ 10
–4

, and about 0.19% of the PCE vapor mass has diffused
through the concrete pavement in 3 ¥ 10
7
sec or 347 days, according to the following:
F
D1
= t
–1/2
exp[–13.588 – 7.56 ¥ 10
5
/t
(sec)
] (Eq. A.24)
and
F
D2
= t
–1/2
exp[–15.39 – 2.75 ¥ 10
7
/t
(sec)
] (Eq. A.25)
Using the expression in Equation A.13 (Crank 1985), the numerical approximation
of the time-dependent flux of PCE vapor through the 15.2 cm of concrete pavement
where F
D1
= 7.64 ¥ 10
–5
cm

2
/sec and F
D2
= 2.10 ¥ 10
–6
cm
2
/sec is as follows:
TTF
D1
F
a
F
D2
F
(sec) (hr/days) (cm/sec) (g/day) (cm/sec) (g/day)
10
3
0.278 hr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10
4
2.78 1.85 ¥ 10
–41
2.97 ¥ 10
–34
0.00 0.00
2 ¥ 10
4
5.56 3.4 ¥ 10
–25

5.47 ¥ 10
–18
0.00 0.00
4 ¥ 10
4
11.1 3.89 ¥ 10
–17
6.25 ¥ 10
–10
0.00 0.00
10
5
27.8 2.07 ¥ 10
–12
3.32 ¥ 10
–5
0.00 0.00
1.5 ¥ 10
5
41 2.11 ¥ 10
–11
3.37 ¥ 10
–4
0.00 0.00
2 ¥ 10
5
2.3 days 6.41 ¥ 10
–11
1.03 ¥ 10
–3

8.92 ¥ 10
–70
1.43 ¥ 10
–62
4 ¥ 10
5
4.6 3.0 ¥ 10
–10
4.82 ¥ 10
–3
4.54 ¥ 10
–46
7.31 ¥ 10
–33
10
6
11.6 5.9 ¥ 10
–10
9.48 ¥ 10
–3
2.36 ¥ 10
–22
3.79 ¥ 10
–15
2 ¥ 10
6
23 6.1 ¥ 10
–10
9.78 ¥ 10
–3

1.56 ¥ 10
–16
2.51 ¥ 10
–9
10
7
115 — — 4.19 ¥ 10
–12
6.73 ¥ 10
–5
10
8
1157 — — 1.57 ¥ 10
–11
2.53 ¥ 10
–4
a
F cm/cm ¥ 1.61 ¥ 10
7
= F g/day.
In this sample problem, by day one about 3.3 ¥ 10
–5
g have diffused through the
concrete. Steady-state conditions are reached in both instances between about 6 and
212 days. Approximately 1 to 23 days are required before any mass starts to emanate
through the 15.2 cm of concrete. The diffusion of PCE through the concrete ranges
from about 2.1 ¥ 10
–6
to 7.64 ¥ 10
–5

cm
2
/sec. This range is due to the variability of
the concrete porosity and the values of air porosity selected for this example.
REFERENCES
Crank, J., 1985. The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, New York,
p. 345.
Millington, J. and J. Quirk, 1959. Permeability of porous media, Nature (London), 183:387–388.
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Appendix B. Sample
Calculation for the
Transport of PCE Liquid
through Concrete
via Diffusion
B.1 INTRODUCTION
Liquid diffusion of a chlorinated solvent through a paved surface is an extremely
slow process. The transport of a chlorinated solvent through concrete via liquid
diffusion assumes that the paved surface is saturated and that the effective porosity
of the pavement provides a continuous pathway for the solvent dissolution. These
calculations assume an absence of cracks and expansion joints in the pavement that
could provide a preferential pathway for liquid migration into the underlying soil.
B.2 SAMPLE CALCULATION
An estimation of perchloroethylene (PCE) transport through a porous media such as
concrete via liquid diffusion can be developed based on the mathematics provided in
The Mathematics of Diffusion (Crank, 1985). The reader is encouraged to examine
this treatise when developing a liquid diffusion model, as numerous mathematical
constructs are available for various problem assumptions.
In this example, the following conditions are assumed:
• Length of the concrete is 15.2 cm.
• The diffusion rate of PCE in water = 1.5 ¥ 10

–5
cm
2
/sec (for TCE, the water
diffusivity value ª 0.8304 cm
2
/day).
• The diffusion of PCE (D
L
) = D
o
q(
10/3
)/P
T
2
.
• Total concrete porosity is 0.06 to 0.14.
• Volumetric content is equal to 0.02 to 0.04%.
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Given these assumptions, D
L
, then:
D
L
= 1.65 ¥ 10
–5
cm
2
/sec [(0.02 – 0.04

3.33
)/(0.06 – 0.14)
2
(Eq. B.1)
= 1.68 ¥ 10
–8
to 1.6 ¥ 10
–9
cm
2
/sec (Eq. B.2)
= 1.38 ¥ 10
–3
to 1.38 ¥ 10
–4
cm
2
/sec (Eq. B.3)
Given that the flux rate (F) is defined as (see Appendix A for a more thorough
derivation):
F = t
–1/2
exp[ln (2C
1
(D/p))
1/2
] – L
2
/4Dt (Eq. B.4)
then the flux rates (F

cm/day
) and mass (F
g/cm
) for a diffusion rate of PCE in water of
1.65 ¥ 10
–5
cm
2
/sec are
Time (days) F
cm/day
F
g/cm
0.1 0.0 0.0
1.0 0.0 0.0
10 0.0 0.0
10
2
0.0 0.0
2 ¥ 10
2
2.61 ¥ 10
–92
6.21 ¥ 10
–86
300 4.53 ¥ 10
–62
1.08 ¥ 10
–56
400 5.73 ¥ 10

–47
1.36 ¥ 10
–41
1000 7.16 ¥ 10
–20
1.70 ¥ 10
–14
2000 6.35 ¥ 10
–11
1.51 ¥ 10
–5
2500 3.75 ¥ 10
–9
0.00089
2750 1.64 ¥ 10
–8
0.0039
3000 5.59 ¥ 10
–8
0.0133
4000 1.59 ¥ 10
–6
0.378
5000 1.16 ¥ 10
–5
2.75
6000 4.2 ¥ 10
–5
10.10
7000 1.07 ¥ 10

–4
25.50
In excess of about 2000 days or 5.4 years are required before any appreciable (1.51
¥ 10
–5
g/cm) quantity of perchloroethylene diffuses through the concrete. For a brief,
transient spill of PCE on concrete, therefore, PCE transport via liquid diffusion
through 15.2 cm of concrete is insignificant, especially when mechanisms such as
evaporation are considered.
REFERENCES
Crank, J., 1985. The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, New York,
p. 345.
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Appendix C. Properties
of Alcohol Oxygenates
and Ether Oxygenates
Properties of Alcohol Oxygenates
Property MeOH EtOH IPA BuOH GTBA
Chemical name Methanol Ethanol Isopropyl alcohol n-Butanol Gasoline grade t-butanol
Chemical formula CH
3
OH C
2
H
5
OH (CH
3
)
2
CHOH C

4
H
9
OH (CH
3
)
3
COH
Flash point
∞F52555384 52
∞C11131229 11
Heating value (Btu/gal) 56,800 76,000 87,400 96,800 94,100
Latent heat of vaporization 3340 2378 2100 1700 1700
(Btu/gal)
Boiling point (∞F) 149 173 180 244 176–181
Composition (%wt)
Carbon 37.49 52.14 59.96 64.82 65.0
Hydrogen 12.58 13.13 13.42 13.60 13.7
Oxygen 49.93 34.73 26.62 21.58 21.3
Molecular weight 32.04 46.07 60.09 74.12 73.5
Relative density (60∞F) 0.7963 0.7939 0.7899 0.8137 0.7810
Water solubility (70∞F)
Fuel in water (%) 100 100 100 100 100
Water in fuel (%) 100 100 100 100 100
Viscosity (mm/sec)
68∞F 0.74 1.50 3.01 3.54 7.4
–4∞F 1.44 3.58 7.43 — Solid
From Gibbs, L., in Proc. of the Southwest Focused Ground Water Conference: Discussing the Issue of MTBE and Perchlorate in Ground Water
(suppl.), National Ground Water Association, Dublin, OH, 1998. With permission.
©2000 CRC Press LLC

Properties of Ether Oxygenates
Property MTBE TAME THEME ETBE TAEE DIPE
Chemical name Methyl-tertiary- Tertiary-amyl- Tertiary-hexyl- Ethyl-tertiary- Tertiary-amyl- Diisopropyl
butyl-ether methyl-ether methyl-ether butyl-ether ethyl-ether ether
Chemical formula (CH
3
)
3
COCH
3
(CH
3
)
2
(C
2
H
5
) COCH
3
(CH
3
)
2
(C
3
H
7
) COCH
3

(CH
3
)
3
COC
2
H
5
(CH
3
)
2
(C
2
H
5
)COC
2
H
5
(CH
3
)
2
CHOCH(CH
3
)
2
Flash point
∞F –14 11 — –3 — 9

∞C –26 –11 — –19 — –12
Heating value (Btu/gal) 93,500 100,600 — 97,000 — 100,000
Latent heat of vaporization 863 870 — 830 816 900
(Btu/gal)
Boiling point (∞F) 131 187 230 163 214 155
Composition (%wt)
Carbon 68.13 70.53 72.35 70.53 72.35 70.53
Hydrogen 13.72 13.81 13.88 13.81 13.88 13.81
Oxygen 18.15 15.66 13.77 15.66 13.77 15.66
Molecular weight 88.15 102.18 116.2 102.18 116.2 102.18
Relative density (60∞F) 0.7460 0.7758 0.7860 0.7452 0.7705 0.7289
Water solubility (70∞F)
Fuel in water (%) 4.8 1.15 — 1.2 0.4 —
Water in fuel (%) 1.5 0.6 — 0.5 0.2 —
Viscosity (mm/sec)
68∞F 0.47 — — — — —
–4∞F 1.44 — — — — —
From Gibbs, L., in Proc. of the Southwest Focused Ground Water Conference: Discussing the Issue of MTBE and Perchlorate in Ground Water (suppl.), National Ground
Water Association, Dublin, OH, 1998. With permission.
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Appendix D. Advective
and Partitioning Transport
Equations of Radon
for Detecting Diesel
in Groundwater
D.1 INTRODUCTION
The basis of the advective and partitioning equations for radon (
222
Rn) as a means to
detect diesel in groundwater is described in an article by Hunkeler et al. (1977) in

Environmental Science and Technology. It is recommended that the reader interested
in this method examine this source paper in addition to references used to solve the
various solutions of Darcy’s Law (Freeze and Cherry, 1979; Wang and Anderson,
1982). The derivation of Darcy’s Law for advective transport with dispersion is
presented here, along with the partitioning derivation reported by Hunkeler et al. for
222
Rn. While this approach is specific to radon, it provides interesting possibilities for
other types of contaminants.
D.2 DERIVATION
A form of Darcy’s Law for three-dimensional flow through an isotropic media can
be expressed as:
q
x
= –k(∂f/∂x) (Eq. D.1)
q
y
= –k(∂f/∂y) (Eq. D.2)
q
z
= –k(∂f/∂z) (Eq. D.3)
©2000 CRC Press LLC
where
q
x
,

q
y
,

q
z
= specific discharge vectors (Eq. D.4)
x, y, z = Cartesian coordinate system (Eq. D.5)
k = saturated hydraulic conductivity (Eq. D.6)
The specific discharge vector with components q
x
,

q
y
,

q
z
can be expressed as q
i
, with
the notation (i) representing x, y, or z, and the partial derivatives ∂f/∂x, ∂f/∂y, and
∂f/∂z representing the three components of the hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic
gradient can then be written as:
∂
i
f = [∂f/∂x), (∂f/∂y), (∂f/∂z)] (Eq. D.7)
which can be compressed in tensor notation as:
q
i
= –k∂
i
f (Eq. D.8)

In the general case for three-dimensional flow, Darcy’s Law provides three equations
for motion for four unknown variables (q
x
, q
y
,

q
z
, and f). The fourth equation (mass
balance) is required for groundwater flow and reduces to the equation of continuity
used to describe steady-state groundwater flow. This is expressed as:
∂q
x
/∂x + ∂q
y
/∂y + ∂q
z
/∂z = 0 (Eq. D.9)
By combining Darcy’s Law and the continuity equation together, the four equations
for the four unknown quantities can be solved. Three of the equations are eliminated
by substituting the derivative (–k∂
i
f) for q
i
in the continuity equation, which yields:
∂/∂x [k∂f/∂x] + ∂/∂y [k∂f/∂y] + ∂/∂z [k∂f/∂z] = 0 (Eq. D.10)
If the saturated hydraulic conductivity (k) is treated as a constant, then Equation D.10
is reduced to (Laplace’s equation in three dimensions):
[∂

2
f/∂x
2
] + [∂
2
f/∂y
2
] + [∂
2
f/∂z
2
] = 0 (Eq. D.11)
The technique, described by Hunkeler et al. (1997), included the use of Darcy’s
equation in one dimension for solving for
222
Rn in a non-aqueous phase liquid
(NAPL)-contaminated aquifer. Assumptions included:
• The average distribution of
226
Ra, the parent nuclide of
222
Rn, in the solid phase is
homogeneous at a macroscopic scale.
• Aquifer porosity is constant.
•
222
Rn loss from the saturated to the unsaturated zone is neglected.
• Partitioning of
222
Rn between the NAPL and water phase is in equilibrium.

©2000 CRC Press LLC
• The partition coefficient is independent of the NAPL saturation.
• The NAPL is immobile.
• Sorption of
222
Rn to the soil is neglected.
The one-dimensional advective and dispersive equation for
222
Rn transport,
222
Rn
release from mineral surfaces, and the
222
Rn decay and partitioning of
222
Rn between
the NAPL and water phase are described as:
∂/∂t [(1 – S)qA + qSA
NAPL
] = –∂/∂x [qA – (1 – S)qD ∂A/∂x] +
(1 – q)rPl – [(1 – S)qA + qSA
NAPL
]l
(Eq. D.12)
where
t=time in seconds.
S=the NAPL saturation of pore space (NAPL volume divided by the pore space
volume).
q = soil porosity.
A=the

222
Rn activity in the water phase at location (x) at time (t).
A
NAPL
= the
222
Rn activity in the NAPL at location (x) at time (t).
x=flow distance in meters.
q=the groundwater discharge.
D=dispersion coefficient of
222
Rn in groundwater (m sec
–1
).
r = density of the soil (kg m
–3
).
P=the emanation of
222
Rn decay from mineral surfaces per mass of dry aquifer
material (kBq kg
–1
).
l = radioactive decay constant of
222
Rn (sec
–1
).
The partitioning of
222

Rn between the water phase and NAPL phase at equilibrium
is described by:
A
NAPL
= KA (Eq. D.13)
where K = the water and NAPL partition coefficient of
222
Rn. Substituting Equation
D.13 into D.12 results in:
q[1 + S(K – 1)] ∂A/∂t = –∂/∂x [qA – (1 – S)qD ∂A/∂x] +
(1 – q)rPl – q[(1 + S)(K – 1)]Al
(Eq. D.14)
D.3 CONCLUSIONS
This method provides a natural tracer and requires the measurement of radon activity
only once. In order to provide the greatest degree of discrimination from monitoring
well, the wells should be installed both within the NAPL-contaminated zone and
upgradient and downgradient of the zone.
©2000 CRC Press LLC
REFERENCES
Freeze, A. and J. Cherry, 1979. Appendix X, in Groundwater, Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, p. 604.
Hunkeler, D., Hoehn, E., Hohener, P., and J. Zeyer, 1997.
222
Rn as a partitioning tracer to
detect diesel fuel contamination in aquifers: laboratory study and field observations,
Environmental Science and Technology, 31:3180–3187.
Wang, H. and M. Anderson, 1982. Introduction to Groundwater Modeling: Finite Difference
and Finite Element Methods, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA, p. 235.
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Appendix E. Chemical

and Commercial
Synonyms for Selected
Chlorinated Solvents and
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Solvent and Chemical Formula Chemical and Commercial Synonyms
Benzene (C
6
H
6
) Annulene; Benzeen (Dutch); Benzen (Polish); Benzin; Benzine;
Benzol; Benzole; Benzolene; Benzolo (Italian); Bicarburet of
Hydrogen; Carbon Oil; Coal Naphtha; Cyclohexatriene; Fenzen
(Czech.); Mineral Naphtha; Motor Benzol; Nitration Benzene;
Phene; Phenyl Hydride; Phrobenzol; Pyrobenzole
Bromoform (CHBr
3
) Bromoforme (French); Bromoformio (Italian); Methenyl
Tribromide; Tribrommethaan (Dutch); Tribrommethan
(German); Tribromometan (Italian); Tribromomethane
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl
4
) Carbon Bisulfide; Carbon Bisulphide; Carbon Chloride; Carbon
Disulphide; Carbon Sulfide; Carbon Sulphide; Dithiocarbonic
Anhydride; NCI-C04591; Sulphocarbonic Anhydride; UN 1131;
Weeviltox; Benzinoform; Carbona; Carbon Chloride; Carbon
Tet; ENT 4705; Fasciolin; Flukoids; Freon-10; Halon-104;
Methane Tetrachloride; Necatorina; Necatorine;
Perchloromethane; R 10; RCRA Waste Number U211;
Tetrachloormetaan; Tetrachlorocarbon;
Tetrachloromethane; Tetrafinol; Tetraform; Tetrasol;

UN 1846; Univerm; Vermoestricid
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Chloroform (CHCl
3
) Chloroforme (French); Choroformio (Italian); Freon-20;
R 20; R 20 refrigerant; Formyl Trichloride; Methenyl Chloride;
Methyl Trichloride; Trichloroform; Trichloromethane;
Methan Trichloride: Methenyl Trichloride; Methyltrichloride;
Trichloromethane; Trichloormethaan (Dutch); Trichlormethan
(Czech.); Trichloroform; Trichlorometano (Italian); UN 1888
Chloromethane (CH
3
Cl) Arctic R40; Freon-40; Methyl Chloride; Monochloromethane;
UN 1063
1,1-Dichloroethane (C
2
H
4
Cl
2
) Chlorinated Hydrochloric Ether; Ethylidene Dinechloride;
Ethyledene Dichloride; UN 2362
1,2-Dichloroethane (C
2
H
4
Cl
2
) 1,2-Bichloroethane; Borer Sol; Brocide; 1,2-DCA; Destruxol
Borer-Sol; Dichloremulsion; Dichlormulsion; Dichloroethylene;

Dutch Liquid; Dutch Oil; Ethylene Dichloride; Freon-150;
EDC; ENT 1656; Glycol Dichloride; NCI-C00511; UN 1184
1,1-Dichloroethylene (C
2
H
2
Cl
2
) Chlorure de Vinylidene (French); 1,1-DCE; 1,1-Dichloroethene;
Sconatex; VDC; Vinylidene Chloride II; Vinylidene Chloride;
Vinylidene Dichloride; Vinylidine chloride
Dichloromethane (CH
2
Cl
2
) Aerothene; DCM; Freon-30; MM; Methylene Bichloride;
Methylene Chloride; Methylene Dichloride; Narcotil; NCI-
C50102; Solaesthin; Solmethine; UN1593
Ethylene dibromide (C
2
H
4
Br
2
) Alphat; beta-Dibromomethane; Bromofume; Celmide;
1,2-Dibromomethane; DBE; Dibrome, Dowfume;
40-Dowfume; Dowfume W-8; Dowfume W-90;
Dibromoethane; EDB-85; Ethylene Bromide; Ethylene
Bromide Glycol Dibromide, Fumo-Gas; Glycol Bromide;
Glycol Dibromide; Iscobrome D; Kopfume; Nephis;

Soilfume; Pestmaster; Pestmaster EDB-85; Soilbrome-40;
Soilbrome-90; Soilbrom-90C; Soilbrom-100; Soilbrome-85;
Unifume
Freon-11 (CCl
3
F) Algonfrene Type 1; Arcton 9; Electro-CF 11; Eskimon 11; F11;
FC 11; Fluorocarbon 11; Fluorotrichloromethane; Freon-11A;
Freon-11B; Freon HE; Freon MF; Frigen 11; Genetron 11;
Halocarbon 11; Isceon 11; Isotron 11; Ledon 11;
Monofluorotrichloromethane; Refrigerant 11;
Trichlorofluoromethane; Ucon 11; Ucon Fluorocarbon; Ucon
Refrigerant 11
Freon-113 (FCl
2
CCF
2
Cl) Arcton 63; Arklone P; Daiflon S3; Fluorocarbon 113; F-113;
FC-113; Freon
®
113; Frigen 113a; TR-T; Genetron 113;
Halocarbon 113; Isceon 113; Khladeon; Kaiser Chemicals 11;
R-113; R113; Refrigerant 113; TTE; 1,1,2-Trifluoro-1,2,2-
Trichloroethane; Trichlorotrifluoroethane; 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
Trifluoroethane; 113; Ucon-113; Ucon Fluorocarbon; Ucon
113/Halocarbon 113
Solvent and Chemical Formula Chemical and Commercial Synonyms
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Methylene chloride (CH
2
Cl

2
) Dichloromethane; DCM; Methylene Dichloride; Methylene
Bichloride; Aerothene MM; Freon-30; Narcotil; NCI-C50102;
RCRA Waste Number 84.16; RTECS; GY 4640000; Turco
5873; #5141 Chlorinated Solvent
Phenol (C
6
H
6
0) Acide Carbolique (French); Baker’s P and S Liquid and
Ointment; Benzenol; Carbolic Acid; Carboilsaure (German);
Fenol (Dutch, Polish); Fenolo (Italian); Hydroxybenzene;
Monohydroxybenzene; Monophenol; Oxybenzene; Phenic Acid;
Phenol Alcohol; Phenol Molten; Phenole (German);
Phenylhydrate; Phenyl Hydroxide: Phenylic Acid; Phenylic
Alcohol
1,1,1-TCA (Cl
3
CCH
3
) a-T; a-Trichloroethane; Aerothene; Aerothene TT; Alpha-
1,1,1-trichloroethane; Alpha Trichloroethane; Amsco Solv
5620; Baltana; Blaco-Thane; Chloroethane NU; Chloroethene;
Chlorten; Crack Check Cleaner C-NF; Genklene; DEV TAP;
Devcon; Devon Metal Guard; FL-20 Flexane Primer Lube-Lok
4253; Locquic Primer T; Inhibisol; Methyltrichloromethane;
Methyl Chloroform; M-60; NCI-C04626; NU; Rapid Tap;
Perm-Ethane; PCN UCD 5620; PCN-UCD 15620; Quik Shield;
RCRA Waste Number U226; Solvent 111
®

; Solventclean SC-A
Aerosol; Saf-Sol 20/20; TCA; SKC-NF/ZC-73; Tri-ethane;
Turco Lock; UCD 784; VG; UN 2831; #10 Cleaner; #5141
Chlorinated Solvent
Tetrachloroethylene (Cl
2
Cl
4
) Ankilostin; Antisol; Crack Check Cleaner C-NF; Didakene;
Carbon Bichloirde; Carbon Dichloride; Dee-Sol; Didakene;
Dow-Per; Dow-Clene ECENT 1860; Ethylene Tetrachloride;
Fedal-UN; NCI-C04580; Nema; PCE; PER; PERC; Percelene;
Perawin; Perchlor; Perchlorethylene; Perchloroethylene;
Perclene; Percosolv; Perk; Persec; PerSec 1; Tetlen; Tetrophil;
Tetracap; Tetrachloroethylene; Tetrachloroethene; 1,1,2,2-
Tetrachloroethylene; Tetropil; Tetracap; Tetraleno; Tetravec;
Tetroguer; Tetropil; UN 1897; #5141 Chlorinated Solvent
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene (C
2
Cl
4
) Ankilostin; Antisol 1; Carbon Bichloride; Carbon Dichloride;
Czterochloroetylen (Poland); Didakene; Dow-Per; Ent 1.860;
Ethylene Tetrachloride; Fedal-UN; Nema; Perawin;
Perchloorethyleen Per (Dutch); Perchlor; Perchloraethylen, Per
(German); Perchlorethylene; nPerchlorethylene, Per (French);
Perclene; Perchloroetilene (Italian); Percosolve; Perkcosolve;
Perk; Perklone; Persec; Tetlen; Tetracap; Tetrachlooretheen
(Dutch); Tetrachloraethen (German); Tetrachloroethene;
Tetrachloroetene (Italian); Tetraleno; Tetralex; Tetravec;

Tetroguer; Tetropil
1,1,2-Trichloroethane (C
2
HCl
3
) Cement T-399; Ethane Trichloride; 1,2,2 Trichloroethane; d-T;
b-trichloroethane; Vinyl Trichloride
Solvent and Chemical Formula Chemical and Commercial Synonyms
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Trichloroethene (C
2
HCl
3
) Acetylene Trichloride; Algylen; Anamenth; Anameneth;
Benzinol; Blancosolv; Blacosolv; 1-Chloro-2,2-
dichloroethylene; Cecolene; Chlorylea; Chlorylen; Chorylen;
Chlorilen; Circosolv; Crawhaspol; 1,1-Dichloro-2-
chloroethylene; Densinfluat; Dow-Tri, Dow-TriPhilex;
Dukerson; Ethinyl Tri-Plus; Ethylene Trichloride; Ethinyl
Trichloride; Fleck-Flip; Flock-Flip; Fluate; Germalgene; Hi-Tri;
Lanadin; Lethurin; Narcogen; Narkosoid; Nialk; Neu-Tri; NCI-
C04546; Petzinol; Perm-a-chlor; Perm-a-clor; Petzinol;
Philex; Trichloroethylene; 1,1,2-Trichloroethylene;
Trichloroethene; Tri-Clene; Trielene; Trichloran; Trichloren;
Trimar; Trline; Trethylene; Trichloride Triad; Trimar; Turco
Surjex; Triasol (Trichlooretheen (Dutch); Trichloraethen
(German); Trichloran; Trichlorretent, Trichloroethilene, and
Trielina (Italian); tVestrol; UN 1710;Vitran; Vestrol; V-strol;
Westrosol; Zip Grip Accelerator
Vinyl chloride (C

2
H
3
Cl) Chloroethene; Chloroethylene; Ethylene Monochloride; VC;
VCM; 1-Chloroethene; 1-Chloroethylene; Ethylene
Monochloride; Monochloroethene; Monochloroethylene; MVC;
Trovidur; UN 1086; Vinyl C Monomer; Vinyl Chloride
Monomer
Xylene (C
8
H
10
) Dimethylbenzene; Ksylen (Poland); Methyl Toluene; Violet 3;
Xiloli (Italian); Xylenen (Dutch); Xylole (German); #5141
Chlorinated Solvent
REFERENCES
IARC, 1979. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to
Humans, Vol. 20, Halogenated Hydrocarbons, International Agency for Research into
Cancer, Switzerland.
MacKay, D., Shui, W., and K. Ma, 1993. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Prop-
erties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals. Vol. III. Volatile Organic Chemi-
cals, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, p. 916.
Montgomery, J., 1995. Groundwater Chemicals Field Guide, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI,
p. 271.
Pankow, J., Feenstra, S., Cherry, J., and M. Ryan, 1996. Dense chlorinated solvents in
groundwater: background and history of the problem, in Pankow, J. and J. Cherry (Eds.),
Dense Chlorinated Solvents and Other DNAPLs in Groundwater, Waterloo Press, Port-
land, OR, p. 1–46.
Ramamoorthy, S. and S. Ramamoorthy, 1997. Chlorinated Organic Compounds in the Envi-
ronment: Regulatory and Monitoring Assessment, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, p.

370.
Solvent and Chemical Formula Chemical and Commercial Synonyms
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Appendix F.
Laboratory Terms
and Definitions
Laboratory Term/
Abbreviation Definition
Accuracy The ability of a procedure to determine the “true” analyte
concentration.
Batch A group of 20 samples or less, of similar matrix type,
prepared or analyzed together if no sample preparation is
required, under the same conditions and with the same
analytical reagents. The batch must include a method blank,
laboratory control standard, and matrix quality control.
Blank (B) Indicates that the compound was detected in the sample and
blank; the sample value is usually reported without the blank
subtraction. If the sample value is less than 10¥ the blank
value times the sample dilution factor, the compound may be
present as a laboratory contaminant.
Blank result The result of analyzing a method blank (reagent water that is
subjected to the same preparation procedures as the batch
samples). The blank result is used to identify laboratory
contamination.
BNA Base-neutral/acid fraction (also called extractable semi-
volatile fraction). The BNA represents the pollutant that can
be extracted from a sample but which boils higher than 120∞C
and still passes through a gas chromatography column.
CAM California Assessment Manual; the original draft of this
manual contains California hazardous waste rules, one of

which lists 17 toxic or “CAM” metals.
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Control Control limits are determined from historical data for a
quality control parameter. The test value must be within this
acceptable range for the test to be considered in control. This
range usually corresponds to the 99% confidence interval for
the historical data.
DCS Duplicate control sample.
Dilution (D or DIL) Indicates that the sample was diluted and, as a consequence,
the surrogates were too diluted to measure accurately.
Detection limit (DL) The minimum value that can be detected in the sample with
a high degree of confidence taking into account dilution
factors and interferences. The reported detection limits are
equal to or greater than the method detection limit (MDL) to
allow for daily and instrument-to-instrument variations in
sensitivity.
EB Equipment blank.
Instrument detection limit (IDL) The smallest signal above background noise that an
instrument can detect.
Laboratory control standards (LCS) The laboratory control standard indicates the accuracy of the
analytical method. The LCS also provides verification of the
calibration because it is prepared from a different source than
the standard used for instrument calibration. A LCS is
performed by spiking laboratory-grade reagent water with
known compounds and subjecting the spiked sample to the
same procedures as the samples.
Laboratory test results (LT) The expected result, or true value, of the Laboratory Control
Standard analysis.
Limit of detection (LOD) The lowest concentration that can be determined to be
statistically different from a blank. A LOD is often equivalent

to three times the standard deviation from replicate measure-
ments of concentrations near the limit of quantitation.
Limit of quantification (LOQ) The level above which quantitative results are obtained with a
specified degree of confidence. The LOQ is often defined as
equal to 10 times the standard deviation from replicate
measurements.
Matrix quality control Quality control tests performed on client samples. For most
inorganic analyses, the laboratory uses a pair of duplicate and
spiked samples. For most organic analyses, the laboratory
uses a pair of spiked samples (also called duplicate spikes).
Matrix spike (D) Matrix spike duplicate; this refers to a quality control sample
that may be a real sample or blank sample spiked with
representative target analytes.
Laboratory Term/
Abbreviation Definition
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Method detection limit (MDL) The minimum concentration of a substance that can be
identified, measured, and reported with a 99% confidence that
the concentration is greater than zero.
NA (1) Not analyzed, or (2) a value is not available for the
parameter, usually for a detection limit.
NC Applies to spike recovery results and RPD. The relative
percent difference (RPD) and spike recovery are not
calculated when a result value is less than five times the
detection limit or if matrix interferences are present. A spike
recovery is not calculated when the sample result is greater
than four times the spike-added concentration because the
spike-added concentration is considered insignificant.
ND (not detected) Indicates that the compound was not found in the sample at
or above the detection limit.

% error A measure of accuracy based on the analysis of a Laboratory
Control Standard. The % error is expressed in percent as the
difference between the known value and the experimental
value divided by the known value. The Laboratory Control
Standard can be a solution-based standard that confirms
calibration or a continuing calibration verification. The LCS
may also be a reference sample taken during sample
preparation and analysis.
Percent recovery The percentage of analyte recovered. For Laboratory Control
Standards, the percent recovery is equal to the Laboratory
Control value divided by the Laboratory Test result and
multiplied by100. For spiked recoveries, the percent recovery
calculation is (S Bar – R Bar)/(True – R Bar) ¥ 100.
ppm Parts per million; usually equivalent in liquids to mg/L.
ppb Parts per billion; usually equivalent in liquids to mg/L and in
the gas phase to mg/L (mL/m
3
).
Practical quantification limit (PQL) The level that can be reliably achieved within a specified
limit of precision and accuracy during routine laboratory
operation conditions. The PQL is a U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency interlaboratory concept that has been
estimated at 5 to 10 times the method detection limit.
Precision The reproducibility of a procedure demonstrated by the
agreement between analyses performed on either duplicates of
the same sample or a pair of duplicate spikes.
R1, R2 result The result of analyzing replicate sample aliquots, with R1
indicating the first analysis of the sample and R2 its
corresponding duplicate. R1 and R2 results are used to
determine precision.

Laboratory Term/
Abbreviation Definition
©2000 CRC Press LLC
R Bar result The average of replicate analysis results.
Relative percent difference (RPD) This is a measure of the precision of the analysis. It is the
difference between duplicate results divided by the mean of
the duplicates. RPD is calculated by either of the following
relationships: (R1 – R2)/(R Bar) ¥ 100 or (S1 – S2)/(S Bar) ¥
100.
Reporting detection limit (RDL) A limit similar to but not the same as the method detection
limit (MDL) established via U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency guidelines. It is set by the analytical laboratory. The
RDL is not adjusted for dilution factors and may not be the
same as the sample result values.
S1, S2 result The results of the analysis of replicate spiked aliquots, with
S1 indicating one spike of the sample and S2 the second
spike. S1 and S2 test results are used to determine precision
and accuracy.
S Bar result The average of spike analysis results.
STLC Soluble threshold limit concentration; according to
California’s hazardous waste regulations, a waste is
considered hazardous if the concentration in the leachate from
the waste extraction test (WET) exceeds this limit.
Surrogates Organic compounds similar to the target analytes in chemical
composition and behavior in the analytical process, but which
are not normally found in environmental samples. All samples
are spiked with a surrogate compound(s) prior to analysis.
Surrogate percent recovery (%R) provides information about
the laboratory performance on individual samples and the
possible effects of the sample matrix on the analytical results.

TCLP Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure; according to U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency regulations, a waste is
considered hazardous if the leachate from the TCLP
extraction exceeds certain levels.
TR (trace) Indicates that the compound was observed at a value less than
the normal reported detection limit. Such values are subject to
large errors and should be considered as qualitative.
True value The theoretical, or expected, result of a spike sample analysis.
TTLC Total threshold limit concentration; according to California’s
hazardous waste regulations, a waste exceeding this
concentration is considered a hazardous waste.
VOA Volatile organic analysis; VOAs are a group of volatile
organic solvents with a boiling range from below room
temperature to about 150∞C.
WET Waste extraction test (see STLC).
Laboratory Term/
Abbreviation Definition
©2000 CRC Press LLC
Laboratory
Flags Definitions
A An analytical and/or post-digestion spike that has not been subjected to extraction or
digestion.
BA target analyte that is detected in a reagent blank but the sample results are not
corrected for the amount in the sample blank.
C An analyte has been confirmed by analysis on a second column on a gas chromato-
graph.
D Analytes detected in a secondary dilution factor. Because some compounds can
exceed the calibration range of the instrument, an analysis is performed at the
concentration of the majority of the analytes and a second analysis is performed with
the sample diluted so that high-concentration analytes fall within the calibration range

of the instrument.
E (1) The amount detected exceeds the calibration range of the instrument; (2) the
reported value was estimated because of the presence of interferences.
GA gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) result whose concentration
exceeds the calibration range for a specific analysis.
IA general-purpose flag defined by the individual laboratory.
J Indicates an estimated value for GC/MS data. A J flag is used when estimating a
concentration for a tentatively identified compound where a response factor of 1 is
assumed or when the mass spectral data indicates the presence of a compound that is
less than the sample quantitation limit.
M (1) Manual integration; (2) indicates that the duplicate injection precision of the
sample was not met.
N (1) Indicates presumptive evidence of a chemical found as a tentatively identified
compound based on a search of a mass spectrophotometry library; (2) indicates spike
control samples were not within control limits.
NR An analyte that was not requested by the client.
NS (1) Not sampled, or (2) an analyte or surrogate was not spiked to the sample for
analysis.
P Analyte has been confirmed on a second gas chromatograph column. A P flag is
applicable to analysis of samples from a regular sampling program as a specific
sample source.
QA quality control standard that is outside method or laboratory specified control
limits, including matrix spike, analytical QC spikes, and surrogate recoveries.
R (1) The analyte was detected in the reagent blank and the sample results are corrected
for the amount in the sample blank; (2) indicates that the data are unusable.
SA result from a metals analysis has been obtained using the Method of Standard
Addition.
U (1) Confirmation on a second gas chromatograph column of dissimilar phase was not
requested; (2) indicates that the analyte was analyzed but not detected above the
sample detection limit.

©2000 CRC Press LLC
UJ Indicates that the chemical was analyzed for but not detected. The associated value is
an estimate and may be inaccurate or imprecise.
XA second gas chromatograph column was used to provide confirmation but the
analyte was not confirmed and is probably a false positive.
* An analytical result that is less than five times the method-specified detection limit
and should be considered as approximate. As the method detection limit is ap-
proached, analytical uncertainty increases exponentially.
# The qualifier is out of range.
Laboratory
Flags Definitions
©2000 CRC Press LLC