The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources - Chapter 7 pptx

CHAPTER 7
Water Use
Katherine L. Thalman
CONTENTS
Section 7A Water Use — United States 7-2
Section 7B Water Use — World . . 7-18
Section 7C Public Water Supply — United States 7-46
Section 7D Public Water Supply — World . . . . . 7-70
Section 7E Domestic Water Consumption . . . . . . 7-98
Section 7F Bottled Water . . . 7-108
Section 7G Industrial and Commercial Water Use — United States . . . . . . 7-115
Section 7H Industrial Water Use — World . . . . . 7-157
Section 7I Irrigation — United States . 7-167
Section 7J Irrigation — World. . . 7-204
Section 7K Livestock . . . . . . 7-215
Section 7L Navigation and Waterways . 7-217
Section 7M Waterborne Commerce 7-233
Section 7N Water–Based Recreation . . . 7-240
Section 7O Fisheries . . . . . . 7-251
Section 7P Water in Foods . . 7-275
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SECTION 7A WATER USE — UNITED STATES
Well
Factory
Sewage
Treatment
Plant
Recharge Well
Rural Home
Well

Septic Tank
City
Municipal
Water Works
Hydroelectric
Plant
Recreation
Farm Pond
Irrigation
Steam Power
Plant
Navigation
Factory
Figure 7A.1 The many uses of water. (From Laas and Beicos, The Water in Your Life, Popular Library In 2nd Edition, 1967.)
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Figure 7A.2 Total water withdrawals for all off-stream water-use categories in the United States, 2000. (From Hutson, S.S. et al., 2004,
Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, www.usgs.gov/
pubs/circ/2004/circ1268.)
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0
50
100
150
200
250
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Groundwater withdrawals (bill gal/day)

Other industrial
Public supply
Rural
T
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
Irrigation
Note: The 2000 data for rural domestic and livestock and other industrial are partial totals.
Figure 7A.3 Total water withdrawal for public supply, rural, irrigation, thermoelectric power, and other industries in the United States,
1950–2000. (Based on data from Hutson, S.S. et al., 2004, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S.
Geological Survey Circular 1268, www.usgs.gov.)
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Table 7A.1 Trends in Estimated Water Use in the United States, 1950–2000

Year
Percentage
Change
1950
a
1955
b
1960
c
1965
d
1970
d
1975
c
1980
c
1985
c
1990
c
1995
c
2000
c
1995–2000
Population (million) 150.7 164 179.3 193.8 205.9 216.4 229.6 242.4 252.3 267.1 285.3 7
Offstream use
Total withdrawals 180 240 270 310 370 420 440 399 408 402 408 2
Public supply 14 17 21 24 27 29 34 36.5 38.5 40.2 43.3 8

Rural domestic and livestock
Self-supplied domestic 2.1 2.1 2 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.4 3.32 3.39 3.39 3.59 6
Livestock and
aquaculture
1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.2 4.47
e
4.5 5.49
f
—
Irrigation 89 110 110 120 130 140 150 137 137 134 137 2
Industrial
Thermoelectric
power use
40 72 100 130 170 200 210 187 195 190 195 3
Other industrial use 37 39 38 46 47 45 45 30.5 29.9 29.1
g
—
Source of water
Ground
Fresh 34 47 50 60 68 82 83 73.2 79.4 76.4 83.3 9
Saline
h
0.6 0.4 0.5 1 1 0.9 0.65 1.22 1.11 1.26 14
Surface
Fresh 140 180 190 210 250 260 290 265 259 264 262 K1
Saline 10 18 31 43 53 69 71 59.6 68.2 59.7 61 2
Note: Data for 1995 and earlier from Solley and others (1998). The water-use data are in billion gallons per day (thousand million gallons per day) and are rounded to two significant figures
for 1950–80, and to three significant figures for 1985–2000; percentage change is calculated from unrounded numbers. —, not available.
a
48 States and district of Columbia, and Hawaii.

b
48 States and district of Columbia.
c
50 States and district of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands.
d
50 States and district of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
e
From 1985 to present this category includes water use for fish farms.
f
Data not available for all States; partial total was 5.46.
g
Commercial use not available; industrial and mining use totaled 23.2.
h
Data not available.
Source: From Hutson, S.S. et al., 2004, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, .
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S
elf-
s
u
p
p
l
ie
d
i
n
d
u

s
trial
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Groundwater withdrawals (bill gal/day)
Irrigation
Thermoelectric
Public supply
Self-supplied domestic
Total groundwater withdrawals
Figure 7A.4 Trends in groundwater use in the United States, 1950–2000. (Based on information from Dziegielewski, B. et al., 2002,
Analysis of Water Use Trends in the United States: 1950–1995 University of lllinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Water
Resources Center, Special Report 28, February 2002, environ.uivc.edu/iwrc and Hutson, S.S. et al., 2004, Estimated use of
water in the United States in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, www.usgs.gov.)
Table 7A.2 Changes in Sectoral Withdrawals in the United States, 1950–1995
Withdrawals (bgd) Change (bgd) Percent Change
Sector 1950 1980 1995 1980–1995 1980–1995 1950–1980 1980–1995
Domestic 17.6 39.6 49.1 22.0 9.5 C125.0 C24.0
Irrigation 89.0 150.0 134.0 61.0 K16.0 C68.5 K10.7
Thermoelectric 40.0 210.0 190.0 170.0 K20.0 C425.0 K9.5

Industrial 37.0 45.0 29.1 8.0 K15.9 C21.6 K35.3
Total 183.6 444.6 402.2 261.0 K42.4 C142.2 K9.5
Note: This sectoral breakdown of the 1980–1995 change in total withdrawals shows a consistent decline in off-stream withdrawals for all
sectors, with the exception of public supply and domestic use.
Source: From Dziegielewski, B. et al., 2002, Analysis of Water Use Trends in the United States: 1950–1995. Southern Illinois
University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, February 28, 2002. Reprinted with permission, />geography_info/research/.
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Table 7A.3 Percent of United States Population Relying on
Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water, 1995
Alabama 40
Alaska 42
Arizona 57
Arkansas 42
California 43
Colorado 14
Connecticut 41
Delaware 57
Florida 92
Georgia 28
Hawaii 96
Idaho 94
Illinois 24
Indiana 51
Iowa 71
Kansas 45
Kentucky 14
Louisiana 56
Maine 31
Maryland 16

Massachusetts 41
Michigan 25
Minnesota 72
Mississippi 91
Missouri 43
Montana 37
Nebraska 84
Nevada 26
New Hampshire 37
New Jersey 46
New Mexico 88
New York 27
North Carolina 24
North Dakota 44
Ohio 35
Oklahoma 26
Oregon 17
Pennsylvania 22
Rhode Island 17
South Carolina 26
South Dakota 63
Tennessee 37
Texas 42
Utah 55
Vermont 35
Virginia 12
Washington 52
West Virginia 21
Wisconsin 57
Wyoming 42

Total United States Including P.R. and V.I. 41
Source: Abstracted from Solley, W.B. et al., 1998, Estimated use of water in the
United States in 1995, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1200.
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Source
Use
Domestic-commercial
Industrial-mining
Thermoelectric
Consumptive use
Surface water
Public supply
0.8%
4.8%
14.8%
85.2%
2.5%
14.0%
9.9%
53.4%
70.7%
22.7%
97.5%
38.7%
99.5%
84.9%
64.7%
8.2%
16.9%

18.4%
19.2%
8.0%
4.1%
3.3%
84.6%
29.3%
80.8%
10.3%
12.2%
6.9%
49.6%
62.5%
87.9%
11.8%
0.3%
0.4%
63.2%
60.7%
39.3%
36.8%
40.9%
0.1%
37.5%
77.6%
33.2%
9.5%
19.7%
5.6%
6.7%

67.3%
0.7%
22.4%
264,000
Mgal/d
40,200
Mgal/d
41,700
Mgal/d
100,000
Mgal/d
28,000
Mgal/d
132,000
Mgal/d
241,000
Mgal/d
139,000
Mgal/d
76,400
Mgal/d
Groundwater
Irrigation-livestock
Disposition
Return flow
Figure 7A.5 Source, use, and disposition of freshwater in the United States, 1995. For each water-use category, this diagram shows the
relative proportion of water source and disposition and the general distribtion of water from source to disposition. The lines
and arrows indicate the distribution of water from source to disposition for each category; for example, surface water was
77.6 percent of total freshwater withdrawn, and going from "Source" to "Use" columns, the line from the surface-water block
to the domestic and commercial block indicates that 0.8 percent of all surface water withdrawn was the source for 4.8 percent

of total water (self-supplied withdrawals, public-supply deliveries) for domestic and commercial purposes. In addition, going
from the "Use" to "Disposition" columns, the line from the domestic and commercial block to the consumptive use block
indicates that 19.2 percent of the water for domestic and commercial purposes was consumptive use; this represents 8.0
percent of total consumptive use by all water-use categories. (From Solley, W.B. et al., 1998, Estimated use of water in the
United States in 1995, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1200, www.usgs.gov.)
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Table 7A.4 Surface Water Withdrawals by Water-Use Category, 2000
Public
Supply Domestic Irrigation Livestock Aquaculture
Industrial Mining
Thermoelectric
Power Total
State Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Total
Alabama 553 0 28.7 — 1.44 777 0 — — 8,190 0 9,550 0 9,550
Alaska 50.7 0.25 0.02 — — 3.8 3.86 27.4 49.5 28.9 0 111 53.4 164
Arizona 613 0 2,660 — — 0 0 4.43 0 26.2 0 3,300 0 3,300
Arkansas 289 0 1,410 — 10.4 66.8 0 2.57 0 2,170 0 3,950 0 3,950
California 3,320 28.6 18,900 227 380 5.65 13.6 2.71 0.46 349 12,600 23,200 12,600 35,800
Colorado 846 0 9,260 — — 96.4 0 — — 122 0 10,300 0 10,300
Connecticut 358 0 13.4 — — 6.61 0 — — 186 3,440 565 3,440 4,010
Delaware 49.8 0 7.89 0.22 0 42.5 3.25 — — 366 738 466 741 1,210
District of
Columbia
0 0 0.18 — — 0 0 — — 9.69 0 9.87 0 9.87
Florida 237 0 2,110 1.51 0.21 74.7 1.18 57.8 0 629 12,000 3,110 12,000 15,100
Georgia 968 0 392 17.7 7.72 333 30 2.05 0 3,240 61.7 4,960 91.7 5,060
Hawaii 7.6 7.22 193 — — 0 0 — — 0 0 208 0 208
Idaho 25.3 0 13,300 7.2 1,920 19.7 0 — — 0 0 15,300 0 15,300
Illinois 1,410 0 4.25 0 — 259 0 — — 11,300 0 12,900 0 12,900

Indiana 326 0 45.4 14.6 — 2,300 0 78.3 0 6,700 0 9,460 0 9,460
Iowa 79.8 0 1.08 27.1 — 11.7 0 30.3 0 2,530 0 2,680 0 2,680
Kansas 244 0 288 23.5 2.27 6.74 0 17.4 0 2,240 0 2,820 0 2,820
Kentucky 455 8 28.2 — — 222 0 — — 3,250 0 3,970 0 3,970
Louisiana 404 0 232 3.31 115 2,400 0 — — 5,580 0 8,730 0 8,730
Maine 72.5 0 5.23 — — 237 0 — — 108 295 423 295 718
Maryland 740 0 12.6 3.18 14.8 49.9 227 4.1 0.02 377 6,260 1,200 6,490 7,690
Massachusetts 542 0 106 — — 26.2 0 — — 108 3,610 783 3,610 4,390
Michigan 896 0 73.2 1.15 — 589 0 — — 7,710 0 9,260 0 9,260
Minnesota 171 0 36.6 0 — 97.8 0 581 0 2,260 0 3,150 0 3,150
Mississippi 40.4 0 99.1 — 49.8 124 0 — — 318 148 632 148 781
Missouri 594 0 48.1 54.1 81.3 33.5 0 12.8 0 5,620 0 6,450 0 6,450
Montana 92.4 1.29 7,870 — — 29.3 0 — — 110 0 8,100 0 8,100
Nebraska 63.8 0 1,370 17.4 — 2.6 0 122 0 2,810 0 4,390 0 4,390
Nevada 478 0 1,540 — — 5 0 — — 24.7 0 2,050 0 2,050
New Hampshire 64.1 0.16 4.25 — 13.1 37.9 0 6.72 0 235 761 362 761 1,120
New Jersey 650 0 117 0 0 66.2 0 104 0 648 3,390 1,590 3,390 4,980
New Mexico 33.8 0 1,630 — — 1.67 0 — — 45 0 1,710 0 1,710
New York 1,980 0 12.1 — — 152 0 — — 4,040 5,010 6,190 5,010 11,200
North Carolina 779 0 221 32.3 0 267 0 — 0 7,850 1,620 9,150 1,620 10,800
North Dakota 31.2 0 73.2 — — 10.7 0 — — 902 0 1,020 0 1,020
Ohio 966 2.71 17.8 17.1 0 645 0 35.5 0 8,590 0 10,300 0 10,300
Oklahoma 562 0 151 97.2 16.1 19.1 0 0.23 0 143 0 990 0 990
Oregon 447 7.97 5,290 — — 183 0 — — 12.8 0 5,940 0 5,940
Pennsylvania 1,250 0 12.5 — — 1,030 0 20.9 0 6,970 0 9,290 0 9,290
(Continued)
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Table 7A.4 (Continued)
Public

Supply Domestic Irrigation Livestock Aquaculture
Industrial Mining
Thermoelectric
Power Total
State Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Total
Rhode Island 102 0 2.99 — — 2.09 0 — — 2.4 290 110 290 400
South Carolina 462 0 162 — 514 0 — — 5,700 0 6,840 0 6,840
South Dakota 39.1 0.01 236 25.2 — 1.96 0 — — 4.01 0 306 0 306
Tennessee 569 0 15.1 — 785 0 — — 9,040 0 10,400 0 10,400
Texas 2,970 0 2,130 172 1,200 906 91.5 0 9,760 3,440 16,300 4,350 20,700
Utah 274 0 3,390 — 0 8.38 0 17.7 177 49.2 0 3,740 177 3,920
Vermont 40.6 0.25 3.45 — — 4.86 0 — — 355 0 404 0 404
Virginia 650 0 22.8 — — 365 53.3 — — 3,850 3,580 4,880 3,640 8,520
Washington 552 0.02 2,290 — — 439 39.9 — — 518 0 3,800 39.9 3,840
West Virginia 149 0.81 0.02 — — 958 0 — — 3,950 0 5,060 0 5,060
Wisconsin 293 0 1.57 6.02 30.4 364 0 — — 6,090 0 6,780 0 6,780
Wyoming 49.4 0 4,090 — — 1.47 0 20.7 0 242 0 4,400 0 4,400
Puerto Rico 425 0 57.5 — — 0 0 — — 0 2,190 483 2,190 2,670
U.S. Virgin
Islands
5.57 1.69 0.21 — — 3.12 0 — — 0 136 10.6 136 147
Total 27,300 58.9 80,000 747 2,640 14,900 1,280 1,240 227 135,000 59,500 262,000 61,000 323,000
Note: Figures may not sum of totals because of independent rounding. All values are in million gallons per day. —, data not collected.
Source: From Hutson, S.S. et al., Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, 2004, />THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-10
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Table 7A.5 Groundwater Withdrawals for Off-Stream Water-Use Categories in the United States, 2000
Public
Supply Domestic Irrigation Livestock Aquaculture
Industrial Mining
Thermo-

Electric
Power
Total
State Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Fresh Saline Total
Alabama 281 78.9 14.5 — 8.93 56 0 — — 0 440 0 440
Alaska 29.3 10.9 0.99 — — 4.32 0 0.01 90.4 4.65 50.2 90.4 141
Arizona 469 28.9 2,750 — — 19.8 0 81.2 8.17 74.3 3,420 8.17 3,430
Arkansas 132 28.5 6,510 — 187 67 0.08 0.21 0 2.92 6,920 0.08 6,920
California 2,800 257 11,600 182 158 183 0 21 152 3.23 15,200 152 15,400
Colorado 53.7 66.8 2,160 — — 23.6 0 — — 16.1 2,320 0 2,320
Connecticut 66 56.2 17 — — 4.13 0 — — 0.08 143 0 143
Delaware 45 13.3 35.6 3.7 0.07 17 0 — — 0.47 115 0 115
District of
Columbia
00 0— — 00——0 00 0
Florida 2,200 199 2,180 31 7.81 216 0 160 0 29.5 5,020 0 5,020
Georgia 278 110 750 1.66 7.7 290 0 7.75 0 1.03 1,450 0 1,450
Hawaii 243 4.82 171 — — 14.5 0.85 — — 0 433 0.85 434
Idaho 219 85.2 3,720 27.7 51.5 35.8 0 — — 0 4,140 0 4,140
Illinois 353 135 150 37.6 — 132 0 — — 5.75 813 0 813
Indiana 345 122 55.5 27.3 — 99.7 0 4.2 0 2.58 656 0 656
Iowa 303 33.2 20.4 81.8 — 226 0 2.49 0 11.9 679 0 679
Kansas 172 21.6 3,430 87.2 3.33 46.6 0 14 0 14.9 3,790 0 3,790
Kentucky 71 19.5 1.14 — — 95.2 0 — — 2.71 189 0 189
Louisiana 349 41.2 791 4.03 128 285 0 — — 28.4 1,630 0 1,630
Maine 29.6 35.7 0.61 — — 9.9 0 — — 4.92 80.8 0 80.8
Maryland 84.6 77.1 29.8 7.18 4.81 15.9 0 4.21 0 1.8 225 0 225
Massachusetts 197 42.2 19.7 — — 10.7 0 — — 0 269 0 269
Michigan 247 239 128 10.2 — 110 0 — — 0 734 0 734
Minnesota 329 80.8 190 52.8 — 56.3 0 6.9 0 4.17 720 0 720

Mississippi 319 69.3 1,310 — 321 118 0 — — 43.5 2,180 0 2,180
Missouri 278 53.6 1,380 18.3 2.01 29.2 0 4.1 0 12.2 1,780 0 1,780
Montana 56.1 17.3 83 — — 31.9 0 — — 0 188 0 188
Nebraska 266 48.4 7,420 76 — 35.5 0 5.64 4.55 6.87 7,860 4.55 7,860
Nevada 151 22.4 567 — — 5.29 0 — — 12 757 0 757
New Hampshire 33 40.9 0.5 — 3.12 6.95 0 0.08 0 0.71 85.2 0 85.2
New Jersey 400 79.7 22.8 1.68 6.46 65.3 0 6.12 0 2.24 584 0 584
New Mexico 262 31.4 1,230 — — 8.8 0 — — 11.4 1,540 0 1,540
New York 583 142 23.3 — — 145 0 — — 0 893 0 893
North Carolina 166 189 65.8 89.1 7.88 25.6 0 36.4 0 0.09 580 0 580
North Dakota 32.4 11.9 72.2 — — 6.88 0 — — 0 123 0 123
Ohio 500 132 13.9 8.2 1.36 162 0 53.1 0 7.57 878 0 878
Oklahoma 113 25.5 566 53.6 0.29 6.83 0 2.25 256 3.27 771 256 1,030
Oregon 118 68.3 792 — — 12.1 0 — — 2.47 993 0 993
Pennsylvania 212 132 1.38 — — 155 0 162 0 3.98 666 0 666
(Continued)
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Table 7A.5 (Continued)
Public
Supply Domestic Irrigation Livestock Aquaculture
Industrial Mining
Thermo-
Electric
Power
Total
State Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Fresh Saline Total
Rhode Island 16.9 8.99 0.46 — — 2.19 0 — — 0 28.6 0 28.6
South Carolina 105 63.5 106 — — 50.9 0 — — 5.83 330 0 330
South Dakota 54.2 9.52 137 16.9 — 3.16 0 — — 1.23 222 0 222

Tennessee 321 32.6 7.33 — — 56.3 0 — — 0 417 0 417
Texas 1,260 131 6,500 137 — 244 0.5 129 504 60.2 8,470 504 8,970
Utah 364 16.1 469 — 116 34.3 5.08 8.6 21.5 13.1 1,020 26.5 1,050
Vermont 19.5 20.7 0.33 — — 2.05 0 — — 0.66 43.2 0 43.2
Virginia 70.7 133 3.57 — — 104 0 — — 1.5 314 0 314
Washington 464 125 747 — — 138 0 — — 0.92 1,470 0 1,470
West Virginia 41.6 39.6 0.02 — — 9.7 0 — — 0 90.9 0 90.9
Wisconsin 330 96.3 195 60.3 39.8 83 0 — — 8.99 813 0 813
Wyoming 57.2 6.57 413 — — 4.31 0 58.8 222 1.13 541 222 763
Puerto Rico 88.5 0.88 36.9 — — 11.2 0 — — 0 137 0 137
U.S. Virgin
Islands
0.52 0 0.29 — — 0.22 0 — — 0 1.03 0 1.03
Total 16,000 3,530 56,900 1,010 1,060 3,570 6.51 767 1,260 409 83,300 1,260 84,500
Note: Figures may not sum to totals because of independent rounding. All values are in million gallons per day. —, data not collected.
Source: From Hutson, S.S. et al., 2004, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, www.usgs.gov.
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Table 7A.6 Total Off-Stream Water Withdrawals by Source and State in the United States, 2000
Withdrawals (mil gal/day)
Withdrawals
(thousand acre-feet/yr)
By Source and Type
Population
Groundwater Surface Water Total Total
State (thousands) Fresh Saline Total Fresh Saline Total Fresh Saline Total Fresh Saline Total
Alabama 4,450 440 0 440 9,550 0 9,550 9,990 0 9,990 11,200 0 11,200
Alaska 627 50.2 90.4 141 111 53.4 164 161 144 305 181 161 342
Arizona 5,130 3,420 8.17 3,430 3,300 0 3,300 6,720 8.17 6,730 7,530 9.16 7,540
Arkansas 2,670 6,920 0.08 6,920 3,950 0 3,950 10,900 0.08 10,900 12,200 0.09 12,200

California 33,900 15,200 152 15,400 23,200 12,600 35,800 38,400 12,800 51,200 43,100 14,300 57,400
Colorado 4,300 2,320 0 2,320 10,300 0 10,300 12,600 0 12,600 14,200 0 14,200
Connecticut 3,410 143 0 143 565 3,440 4,010 708 3,440 4,150 794 3,860 4,650
Delaware 784 115 0 115 466 741 1,210 582 741 1,320 652 831 1,480
District of
Columbia
572 0 0 0 9.87 0 9.87 9.87 0 9.87 11.1 0 11.1
Florida 16,000 5,020 0 5,020 3,110 12,000 15,100 8,140 12,000 20,100 9,120 13,400 22,500
Georgia 8,190 1,450 0 1,450 4,960 91.7 5,060 6,410 91.7 6,500 7,190 103 7,290
Hawaii 1,210 433 0.85 434 208 0 208 640 0.85 641 718 0.95 719
Idaho 1,290 4,140 0 4,140 15,300 0 15,300 19,500 0 19,500 21,800 0 21,800
Illinois 12,400 813 0 813 12,900 0 12,900 13,700 0 13,700 15,400 0 15,400
Indiana 6,080 656 0 656 9,460 0 9,460 10,100 0 10,100 11,300 0 11,300
Iowa 2,930 679 0 679 2,680 0 2,680 3,360 0 3,360 3,770 0 3,770
Kansas 2,690 3,790 0 3,790 2,820 0 2,820 6,610 0 6,610 7,410 0 7,410
Kentucky 4,040 189 0 189 3,970 0 3,970 4,160 0 4,160 4,660 0 4,660
Louisiana 4,470 1,630 0 1,630 8,730 0 8,730 10,400 0 10,400 11,600 0 11,600
Maine 1,270 80.8 0 80.8 423 295 718 504 295 799 565 330 895
Maryland 5,300 225 0 225 1,200 6,490 7,690 1,430 6,490 7,910 1,600 7,270 8,870
Massachusetts 6,350 269 0 269 783 3,610 4,390 1,050 3,610 4,660 1,180 4,050 5,220
Michigan 9,940 734 0 734 9,260 0 9,260 10,000 0 10,000 11,200 0 11,200
Minnesota 4,920 720 0 720 3,150 0 3,150 3,870 0 3,870 4,340 0 4,340
Mississippi 2,840 2,180 0 2,180 632 148 781 2,810 148 2,960 3,150 166 3,320
Missouri 5,600 1,780 0 1,780 6,450 0 6,450 8,230 0 8,230 9,220 0 9,220
Montana 902 188 0 188 8,100 0 8,100 8,290 0 8,290 9,300 0 9,300
Nebraska 1,710 7,860 4.55 7,860 4,390 0 4,390 12,200 4.55 12,300 13,700 5.1 13,700
Nevada 2,000 757 0 757 2,050 0 2,050 2,810 0 2,810 3,140 0 3,140
New Hampshire 1,240 85.2 0 85.2 362 761 1,120 447 761 1,210 501 854 1,350
New Jersey 8,410 584 0 584 1,590 3,390 4,980 2,170 3,390 5,560 2,430 3,800 6,230
New Mexico 1,820 1,540 0 1,540 1,710 0 1,710 3,260 0 3,260 3,650 0 3,650

New York 19,000 893 0 893 6,190 5,010 11,200 7,080 5,010 12,100 7,940 5,610 13,600
North Carolina 8,050 580 0 580 9,150 1,620 10,800 9,730 1,620 11,400 10,900 1,810 12,700
North Dakota 642 123 0 123 1,020 0 1,020 1,140 0 1,140 1,280 0 1,280
Ohio 11,400 878 0 878 10,300 0 10,300 11,100 0 11,100 12,500 0 12,500
(Continued)
WATER USE 7-13
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table 7A.6 (Continued)
Withdrawals (mil gal/day)
Withdrawals
(thousand acre-feet/yr)
By Source and Type
Population
Groundwater Surface Water Total Total
State (thousands) Fresh Saline Total Fresh Saline Total Fresh Saline Total Fresh Saline Total
Oklahoma 3,450 771 256 1,030 990 0 990 1,760 256 2,020 1,970 287 2,260
Oregon 3,420 993 0 993 5,940 0 5,940 6,930 0 6,930 7,770 0 7,770
Pennsylvania 12,300 666 0 666 9,290 0 9,290 9,950 0 9,950 11,200 0 11,200
Rhode Island 1,050 28.6 0 28.6 110 290 400 138 290 429 155 326 481
South Carolina 4,010 330 0 330 6,840 0 6,840 7,170 0 7,170 8,040 0 8,040
South Dakota 755 222 0 222 306 0 306 528 0 528 592 0 592
Tennessee 5,690 417 0 417 10,400 0 10,400 10,800 0 10,800 12,100 0 12,100
Texas 20,900 8,470 504 8,970 16,300 4,350 20,700 24,800 4,850 29,600 27,800 5,440 33,200
Utah 2,230 1,020 26.5 1,050 3,740 177 3,920 4,760 203 4,970 5,340 228 5,570
Vermont 609 43.2 0 43.2 404 0 404 447 0 447 501 0 501
Virginia 7,080 314 0 314 4,880 3,640 8,520 5,200 3,640 8,830 5,830 4,080 9,900
Washington 5,890 1,470 0 1,470 3,800 39.9 3,840 5,270 39.9 5,310 5,910 44.7 5,960
West Virginia 1,810 90.9 0 90.9 5,060 0 5,060 5,150 0 5,150 5,770 0 5,770
Wisconsin 5,360 813 0 813 6,780 0 6,780 7,590 0 7,590 8,510 0 8,510
Wyoming 494 541 222 763 4,400 0 4,400 4,940 222 5,170 5,540 248 5,790

Puerto Rico 3,810 137 0 137 483 2,190 2,670 620 2,190 2,810 695 2,460 3,150
U.S. Virgin
Islands
109 1.03 0 1.03 10.6 136 147 11.6 136 148 13 153 166
Total 285,000 83,300 1,260 84,500 262,000 61,000 323,000 345,000 62,300 408,000 387,000 69,800 457,000
Note: Figures may not sum to totals because of independent rounding.
Source: From Hutson, S.S. et al., 2004, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268.
THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-14
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Percent of total water withdrawal
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Ground fresh Surface water Surface saline
Figure 7A.6 Total off-stream withdrawals by source in the United States, 1950–1995. (From Dziegielewski, B. et al., 2002, Analysis of
Water Use Trends in the United States: 1950–1995, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, February 28,
2002. Reprinted with permission. />WATER USE 7-15
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table 7A.7 Total and Percent of Withdrawals by Source in the United States, 1950–1995
Year
Total With-
drawals (bgd)

Groundwater
Fresh
(bgd)
Surface Water
Fresh
(bgd)
Surface Water
Saline
(bgd)
Groundwater
Fresh
(%)
Surface Water
Fresh
(%)
Surface Water
Saline
(%)
1950 180 34 140 10 19 78 6
1955 240 47 180 18 20 75 8
1960 270 50 190 31 19 70 11
1965 310 60 210 43 19 68 14
1970 370 68 250 53 18 68 14
1975 420 82 260 69 20 62 16
1980 440 83 290 71 19 66 16
1985 399 73 265 60 18 66 15
1990 408 79 259 68 19 63 17
1995 402 76 264 60 19 66 15
Source: From Dziegielewski, B. et al., 2002, Analysis of Water Use Trends in the United States: 1950–1995, Southern Illinois University at
Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, February 28, 2002. Reprinted with Permission. />research/.

Table 7A.8 Common Uses of Water in Relation to Consumptive and Nonconsumptive Uses
Common Uses of Water Consumptive Nonconsumptive
Steam generation (locomotive or stationary) Steam released to atmosphere
a
Air conditioning
Evaporative Cooling achieved by evaporation
a
Recirculating Some water evaporated with each use
a
Other cooling (recirculating) Some water evaporated with each use
a
Storage in surface reservoirs Evaporation from water surface Seepage underground
Irrigation by sprinkling Evaporation and transpiration Little seepage
Irrigation by flooding Evaporation from ponds, transpiration Seepage varies
Cooking Steam to atmosphere Contributes to sewage
Processing foods, beverages, plastics Some water goes into manufactured products Carries organic compounds
Processing
Petroleum products Proportion of consumptive use is increased by
reuse of the nonconsumptive water
Carries chemicals
Paper and pulp Proportion of consumptive use is increased by
reuse of the nonconsumptive water
Carries pulp and chemicals
Chemicals Proportion of consumptive use is increased by
reuse of the nonconsumptive water
Carries toxic or other chemicals
Metal products Proportion of consumptive use is increased by
reuse of the nonconsumptive water
Carries sludge and soluble chemicals
Atomic fission Evaporation from tanks Carries radioactive materials

Stock watering Evaporation from tanks and ponds Organic wastes into ground
Drinking Perspiration Organic wastes into sewage
Irrigation by furrow Evapotranspiration Dissolves chemicals from soil
Washing Evaporation in drying Carries sediment and soluble matter
Mining (metals, coal, oil) Carries natural brines and acids,
sediments
Cooling (once-through)
b
Water temperature increased by use
Air conditioning (once-through)
b
Water temperature increased by use
Fish culture
c
Steam heating
d
Steam condenses and is reused
Year-round heat exchange
d
Requires storage of water and heat from
one season to another
Sanitation (bath, toilet, dishwasher)
d
Sewage carries chiefly organic wastes
Hydroelectric power
e
Takes water toward oceans
Navigation
e
Inland waterways require maintenance of

flow
a
With efficient operation, nonconsumptive use is limited to that required for cooling and/or cleaning equipment.
b
Increase in water temperature may cause increased evaporation.
c
Consumptive use by evaporation from water surfaces; may be increased by aerators.
d
Consumptive use is limited to losses through leaking pipes, valves, etc.
e
Consumptive use is limited to evaporation from lakes, reservoirs, etc. that are required for continuous operation.
Source: From House of Representatives, U.S. Congress.
THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-16
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table 7A.9 United States Water Withdrawals and Consumptive Use Per Day by End Use, 1940–1995
Public supply
a
Steam
Electric
Utilities
(bil gal)Year
Total
(bil gal)
Per Capita
b
(gal)
Irrigation
(bil gal)
Total
(bil gal)

Per Capita
c
(gal)
Rural
d
(bil gal)
Industrial
and Misc
e
(bil gal)
Withdrawals
1940 140 1,027 71 10 75 3.1 29 23
1950 180 1,185 89 14 145 3.6 37 40
1955 240 1,454 110 17 148 3.6 39 72
1960 270 1,500 110 21 151 3.6 38 100
1965 310 1,602 120 24 155 4.0 46 130
1970 370 1,815 130 27 166 4.5 47 170
1975 420 1,972 140 29 168 4.9 45 200
1980 440 1,953 150 34 183 5.6 45 210
1985 399 1,650 137 38 189 7.8 31 187
1990 408 1,620 137 41 195 7.9 30 195
1995 402 1,500 134 43 192 8.9 26 190
Consumptive Use
1960 61 339 52 3.5 25 2.8 3.0 0.2
1965 77 403 66 5.2 34 3.2 3.4 0.4
1970 87 427 73 5.9 36 3.4 4.1 0.8
1975 96 451 80 6.7 38 3.4 4.2 1.9
1980 100 440 83 7.1 38 3.9 5.0 3.2
1985 92 380 74
ff

9.2 6.1 6.2
1990 94 370 76
ff
8.9 6.7 4.0
1995 100 374 81
ff
9.9 4.8 3.7
a
Includes commercial water withdrawals.
b
Based on U.S. Census Bureau resident population as of July 1.
c
Based on population served.
d
Rural farm and nonfarm household and garden use, and water for farm stock and dairies.
e
For 1940 to 1960, includes manufacturing and mineral industries, rural commercial industries, air-conditioning, resorts, hotels, motels,
military and other state and Federal agencies, and miscellaneous; thereafter, includes manufacturing, mining and mineral processing,
ordnance, construction, and miscellaneous.
f
Public supply consumptive use included in end-use categories.
Source: From U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstracts of the United States: 2000, www.census.gov.
Original Source: From 1940–1960, U.S. Bureau of Domestic Business Development, based principally on committee prints, Water
Resources Activities in the United States, for the Senate Committee on National Water Resources, U.S. Senate,
thereafter, U.S. Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995, circular 1200, and previous
quinquennial issues.
WATER USE 7-17
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
SECTION 7B WATER USE — WORLD
THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-18

q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table 7B.10 Major Withdrawal Uses of Water in Canada, 1981, 1986, 1991, and 1996
Total Intake
a
Recirculation
b
Gross Water Use
c
Total Discharge
d
Consumption
e
Year Quantity
Change
from
Previous
Period Quantity
Change
from
Previous
Period Quantity
Change
from
Previous
Period Quantity
Change
from
Previous
Period Quantity
Change

from
Previous
Period
Sector/industry (mill m
3
) (Percent) (mill m
3
) (Percent) (mill m
3
) (Percent) (mill m
3
) (Percent) (mill m
3
) (Percent)
Business sector
Primary resource industries
Agriculture 1981 3,125 — 0 — 3,125 — 713 — 2,412 —
1986 3,559 13.9 0 — 3,559 13.9 807 13.2 2,752 14.1
1991 3,991 12.1 0 — 3,991 12.1 902 11.8 3,089 12.2
1996 4,098 2.7 0 — 4,098 2.7 1,062 17.7 3,036 K1.7
Mining 1981 624 — 1,742 — 2,366 — 621 — 3 —
1986 544 K12.8 1,159 K33.5 1,703 K28.0 542 K12.7 2 K33.3
1991 489 K10.1 1,221 5.3 1,710 0.4 489 K9.8 1 K50.0
1996 681 39.3 1,196 K2.0 1,878 9.8 672 37.4 9 800.0
Other primary 1981 251 — 1,050 — 1,302 — 188 — 63 —
resource industries 1986 180 K28.3 873 K16.9 1,054 K19.0 118 K37.2 62 K1.6
1991 183 1.7 735 K15.8 918 K12.9 111 K5.9 71 14.5
1996 231 26.2 1,013 37.8 1,244 35.5 138 24.3 92 29.6
Manufacturing industries
Paper and allied 1981 3,170 — 4,612 — 7,782 — 2,989 — 181 —

products 1986 3,082 K2.8 3,121 K32.3 6,203 K20.3 2,876 K3.8 206 13.8
1991 2,943 K4.5 2,206 K29.3 5,149 K17.0 2,758 K4.1 185 K10.2
1996 2,505 K14.9 3,141 42.4 5,646 9.7 2,277 K17.4 228 23.2
Primary metal 1981 2,074 — 1,325 — 3,399 — 2,003 — 71 —
1986 2,057 K0.8 1,945 46.8 4,002 17.7 2,014 0.5 43 K39.4
1991 1,610 K21.7 1,689 K13.2 3,298 K17.6 1,518 K24.6 92 114.0
1996 1,428 K11.3 1,416 K16.2 2,845 K13.7 1,308 K13.8 120 30.4
Chemical and 1981 3,188 — 1,285 — 4,473 — 2,963 — 225 —
chemical products 1986 1,694 K46.9 1,494 16.3 3,189 K28.7 1,630 K45.0 64 K71.6
1991 1,326 K21.7 979 K34.5 2,305 K27.7 1,231 K24.5 95 48.4
1996 1,182 K10.9 1,357 38.6 2,539 10.2 1,083 K12.0 99 4.2
Other manufacturing 1981 1,721 — 2,286 — 4,007 — 1,588 — 133 —
industries 1986 1,548 K10.1 1,880 K17.8 3,427 K14.5 1,422 K10.5 126 K5.3
1991 1,532 K1.0 1,808 K3.8 3, 340 K2.5 1,357 K4.6 175 38.9
1996 1,282 K16.3 1,067 K41.0 2,349 K29.7 1,131 K16.7 151 K13.7
Electric power and 1981 18,166 — 1,868 — 20,034 — 18,084 — 82 —
other utilities 1986 24,963 37.4 3,776 102.1 28,740 43.5 24,702 36.6 261 218.3
1991 28,288 13.3 3,374 K10.6 31,662 10.2 28,183 14.1 105 K59.8
1996 28,664 1.3 11,617 244.3 40,281 27.2 28,183 0.0 481 358.1
(Continued)
WATER USE 7-19
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table 7B.10 (Continued)
Total Intake
a
Recirculation
b
Gross Water Use
c
Total Discharge

d
Consumption
e
Year Quantity
Change
from
Previous
Period Quantity
Change
from
Previous
Period Quantity
Change
from
Previous
Period Quantity
Change
from
Previous
Period Quantity
Change
from
Previous
Period
Sector/industry (mill m
3
) (Percent) (mill m
3
) (Percent) (mill m
3

) (Percent) (mill m
3
) (Percent) (mill m
3
) (Percent)
Other industries 1981 638 — 0 — 638 — 575 — 63 —
1986 736 15.4 0 — 736 15.4 660 14.8 76 20.6
1991 816 10.9 0 — 816 10.9 737 11.7 79 3.9
1996 880 7.8 0 — 880 7.8 796 8.0 84 6.3
Subtotal, business 1981 32,957 — 14,168 — 47,126 — 29,724 — 3,233 —
sector 1986 38,363 16.4 14,248 0.6 52,613 11.6 34,771 17.0 3,592 11.1
1991 41,178 7.3 12,012 K15.7 53,189 1.1 37,286 7.2 3,892 8.4
1996 40,951 K0.6 20,807 73.2 61,760 16.1 36,650 K1.7 4,300 10.5
Personal and 1981 3,760 — 0 — 3,760 — 3,363 — 397 —
government sectors 1986 3,719 K1.1 0 — 3,719 K1.1 3,338 K0.7 381 K4.0
1991 3,802 2.2 0 — 3,802 2.2 3,374 1.1 428 12.4
1996 3,922 3.2 0 — 3,922 3.2 3,482 3.2 440 2.8
Total, whole economy 1981 36,717 — 14,169 — 50,886 — 33,087 — 3,630 —
1986 42,083 14.6 14,248 0.6 56,330 10.7 38,109 15.2 3,973 9.4
1991 44,979 6.9 12,012 K15.7 56,991 1.2 40,659 6.7 4,320 8.7
1996 44,873 K0.2 20,807 73.2 65,682 15.2 40,132 K1.3 4,740 9.7
Note: Figures may not add up to totals due to rounding.
a
The quantity of water withdrawn from a water source.
b
The amount of water used more than once in an industrial application.
c
Gross water use equals total water intake plus recirculation.
d
The quantity of water returned to the water source.

e
Consumption is that part of water intake that is evaporated, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from the local hydrologic
environment.
Source: From Statistics Canada, “Human Activity and the Environment”, Annual Statistics 2003, Catalogue 16-201-XPE released December 3, 2003, page 12. Statistics Canada
information is used with the permission of Statistics Canada. Users are forbidden to copy this material and/or redisseminate the data, in an original or modified form, for commercial
purposes, without the expressed permission of Statistics Canada. Information on the availability of the wide range of data from Statistics Canada can be obtained from Statistics
Canada’s Regional Offices, its World Wide Web site at www.statcan.ca, and its toll-free access number 1-800-263-1136. With permission.
THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-20
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3200
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2800
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
1900 1925 1950
World
World
1975 2000 2025
Assessment
Assessment

Forecast
Forecast
Water withdrawal (km
3
)
Water withdrawal:
Water consumption:
Water consumption (km
3
)
Agricultural use Industrial use Municipal use Reservoirs
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025
Agricultural use Industrial use Municipal use Reservoirs
(a)
(b)
Figure 7B.7 Dynamics of water use in the world by kind of economic activity. (From Shiklomanov, I.A., 1999, Summary of the
Monograph “World Water Resources at the Beginning of the 21st Century” Prepared in the Framework of IHP UNESCO,
International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Scientific Programme in Water Resources, World
Water Resources and Their Use a Joint State Hydrological Institute (SHI)/UNESCO Product, />water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/. Copyright q UNESCO 1999. Reproduced by permission of UNESCO.)
WATER USE 7-21
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table 7B.11 World Wide Freshwater Resources Availability and Use
Renewable Water
Resources (annual)
a
Water Withdrawals
(annual)
Desalinated
Water
Production

(mill m
3
)g
g
Internal Renewable Water
Resources (IRWR)
Natural Renewable Water
Resources
b
Year
Total
(mill m
3
)
Per Capita
(m
3
person)
as a % of
Renewable
Water
Resources
Sectoral Share
(Percent)
c
Groundwater
Recharge (km
3
)
d

Surface
Water
(km
3
)
d
Overlap
(km
3
)
Total
e
(km
3
)
Total
(km
3
)
Per Capita
(m
2
person)
f
Agriculture Domestic Industry
World 11,358 40,594 10,067 43,219 — — 1990 3,414,000 650 — 71 9 20 —
Asia (Excl. Middle
East)
2,472 10,985 2,136 11,321 — — — — — — — — — —
Armenia 4.2 6.3 1.4 9.1 11 2,778 1994 2,925 784 28 66 30 4 0

Azerbaijan 6.5 6.0 4.4 8.1 30 3,716 1995 16,533 2,151 58 70 5 25 0
Bangladesh 21 84 0 105 1,211 8,444 1990 14,636 133 2 86 12 2 0
Bhutan — 95 — 95 95 43,214 1987 20 13 0 54 36 10 0
Cambodia 18 116 13 121 476 34,561 1987 520 60 0 94 5 1 0
China 829 2,712 728 2,812 2,830 2,186 1993 525,489 439 20 78 5 18 0
Georgia 17 57 16 58 63 12,149 1990 3,468 635 5 59 21 20 0
India 419 1,222 380 1,261 1,897
h
1,822
h
1990 500,000 592 32 92 5 3 0
Indonesia 455 2,793 410 2,838 2,838 13,046 1990 74,346 407 3 93 6 1 0
Japan 27 420 17 430 430 3,372 1992 91,400 735 22 64 19 17 0
Kazakhstan 6.1 69 0 75 110 6,839 1993 33,674 2,010 29 81 2 17 1,328
Korea, Dem
People’s Rep
13 66 12 67 77 3,415 1987 14,160 742 22 73 11 16 0
Korea, Rep 13 62 11 65 70 1,471 1994 23,668 531 36 63 26 11 0
Kyrgyzstan 14 44 11 46 21
h
4,078
h
1994 10,086 2,231 55 94 3 3 0
Lao People’s Dem
Rep
38 190 38 190 334 60,318 1987 990 259 0 82 8 10 0
Malaysia 64 566 50 580 580 25,178 1995 12,733 636 3 77 11 13 0
Mongolia 6.1 33 4.0 35 35 13,451 1993 428 182 1 53 20 27 0
Myanmar 156 875 150 881 1,046 21,358 1987 3,960 103 0 90 7 3 0
Nepal 20 198 20 198 210 8,703 1994 28,953 1,451 17 99 1 0 0

Pakistan 55 47 50 52 223
h
2,812
h
1991 155,600 1,382 100 97 2 2 0
Philippines 180 444 145 479 479 6,093 1995 55,422 811 13 88 8 4 0
Singapore — — — — — — 1975 — — — 4 45 51 —
Sri Lanka 7.8 49 7.0 50 50 2,592 1990 9,770 574 22 96 2 2 0
Tajikistan 6.0 63 3.0 66 16
h
2,587
h
1994 11,874 2,096 81 92 3 4 0
Thailand 42 199 31 210 410 6,371 1990 33,132 605 10 91 5 4 0
Turkmenistan 0.4 1.0 0 1.4 25
h
5,015
h
1994 23,779 5,801 116 98 1 1 0
Uzbekistan 8.8 9.5 2 16 50
h
1,968
h
1994 58, 051 2,598 132 94 4 2 0
THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-22
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Vietnam 48 354 35 367 891 11,109 1990 54,330 822 7 87 4 10 0
Europe 1,318 6,223 986 6,590 — — — — — — — — — —
Albania 6.2 23 2.4 27 42 13,178 1995 1,400 440 3 71 29 0 —
Austria 6.0 55 6.0 55 78 9,629 1991 2,360 303 3 9 33 58 —

Belarus 18 37 18 37 58 5,739 1990 2,734 266 5 35 22 43 0
Belgium 0.9 12 0.9 12 18 1,781 — — — — — — — —
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
— — — 36 38 9,088 1995 1,000 292 3 60 30 10 —
Bulgaria 6.4 20 5.5 21 21 2,734 1988 13,900 1,573 58 22 3 75 —
Croatia 11 27 0.5 38 105 22,654 1996 764 164 1 0 50 50 —
Czech Rep 1.4 13 1.4 13 13 1,283 1991 2,740 266 21 2 41 57 —
Denmark 4.3 3.7 2.0 6.0 6 1,123.0 1990 1,200 233 21 43 30 27 —
Estonia 4.0 12 3.0 13 13 9,413 1995 158 106 1 5 56 39 0
Finland 2.2 107 2.0 107 110 21,223 1991 2,200 439 2 3 12 85 —
France 100 177 98 179 204 3,414 1999 32,300 547 16 10 18 72 —
Germany 46 106 45 107 154 1,878 1991 46,270 579 31 20 11 69 —
Greece 10 56 7.8 58 74 6,984 1997 8,700 826 12 87 10 3 —
Hungary 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 104 10,541 1991 6,810 659 6 36 9 55 —
Iceland 24 166 20 170 170 599,944 1991 160 622 0 6 31 63 —
Ireland 11 48 10 49 52 13,408 1980 790 232 2 10 16 74 —
Italy 43 171 31 183 191 3,330 1998 42,000 730 22 48 19 34 —
Latvia 2.2 17 2.0 17 35 14,820 1994 285 112 1 13 55 32 0
Lithuania 1.2 15 1.0 16 25 6,763 1995 254 68 1 3 81 16 0
Macedonia, FYR — 5.4 — 5.4 6 3,120.6 1996 1,850 936 30 74 12 15 —
Moldova, Rep 0.4 1.0 0.4 1.0 12 2,726 1992 2,963 678 25 26 9 65 0
Netherlands 4.5 11 4.5 11 91 5,691 1991 7,810 519 9 34 5 61 —
Norway 96 376 90 382 382 84,787 1985 2,030 489 1 8 20 72 —
Poland 13 53 12 54 62 1,598 1991 12,280 321 20 11 13 76 —
Portugal 4.0 38 4.0 38 69
h
6,837
h
1990 7,290 736 11 48 15 37 —

Romania 8.3 42 8.0 42 212 9,486 1994 26,000 1,141 12 59 8 33 —
Russian Federation 788 4,037
i
512 4,313
i
4,507
i
31,354
i
1994 77,100 519 2 20 19 62 0
Serbia and
Montenegro
3.0 42 1.4 44 209 19,815 1995 13,000 1,233 6 8 6 86 —
Slovakia 1.7 13 1.7 13 50 9,265 1991 1,780 337 4 — — — —
Slovenia 14 19 13 19 32 16,070 1996 1,280 642 4 1 20 80 —
Spain 30 110 28 111 112 2,793 1997 35,210 884 32 68 13 19 —
Sweden 20 170 19 171 174 19,721 1991 2,930 340 2 9 36 55 —
(Continued)
WATER USE 7-23
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Table 7B.11 (Continued)
Renewable Water
Resources (annual)
a
Water Withdrawals
(annual)
Desalinated
Water
Production
(mill m

3
)g
g
Internal Renewable Water
Resources (IRWR)
Natural Renewable Water
Resources
b
Year
Total
(mill m
3
)
Per Capita
(m
3
person)
as a % of
Renewable
Water
Resources
Sectoral Share
(Percent)
c
Groundwater
Recharge (km
3
)
d
Surface

Water
(km
3
)
d
Overlap
(km
3
)
Total
e
(km
3
)
Total
(km
3
)
Per Capita
(m
2
person)
f
Agriculture Domestic Industry
Switzerland 2.5 40 2.5 40 54 7,464 1991 1,190 172 2 4 23 73 —
Ukraine 20 50 17 53 140 2,868 1992 25,991 500 17 30 18 52 0
United Kingdom 9.8 144 9.0 145 147 2,464 1991 11,790 204 8 3 20 77 —
Middle East & N.
Africa
149 374 60 518 — — — — — — — — — —

Afghanistan — — — 55 65 2,790 1987 26,110 2,007 72 99 1 0 0
Algeria 1.7 13 1.0 14 14 460 1995 5,000 181 39 52 34 14 64
Egypt 1.3 0.5 0 1.8 58
h
830
h
1996 66,000 1,055 127 82 7 11 25
Iran, Islamic Rep 49 97 18 129 138 1,900 1993 70,034 1,122 59 92 6 2 2.9
Iraq 1.2 34 0 35 75
h
3,111
h
1990 42,800 2,478 80 92 3 5 0
Israel 0.5 0.3 0 0.8 2 265.0 1997 1,620 287 108 54 39 7 —
Jordan 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.7 1 169.4 1993 984 255 151 75 22 3 2.0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0.02 9.9 1994 538 306 3,097 60 37 2 231
Lebanon 3.2 4.1 2.5 4.8 4
h
1,219.5
h
1996 1,300 400 33 68 27 6 0
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
0.5 0.2 0.1 0.6 1 108.5 1999 4,500 870 801 84 13 3 70
Moroco 10 22 3.0 29 29 936 1998 11,480 399 43 89 10 2 3.4
Oman 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1 363.6 1991 1,223 658 181 94 5 2 34
Saudi Arabia 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.4 2 110.6 1992 17,018 1,056 955 90 9 1 714
Syrian Arab Rep 4.2 4.8 2.0 7.0 26
h
1,541

h
1995 12,000 844 55 90 8 2 0
Tunisia 1.5 3.1 0.4 4.2 5 576.5 1996 2,830 312 54 86 13 1 8.3
Turkey 69 186 28 227 229
h
3,344
h
1997 35,500 558 17 73 16 12 0.5
United Arab
Emirates
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0 55.5 1995 2,108 896 1,614 67 24 9 385
Yemen 1.5 4.0 1.4 4.1 4 205.9 1990 2,932 253 123 92 7 1 10
Sub-Saharab
Africa
1,549 3,812 1,468 3,901 — — — — — — — — — —
Angola 72 182 70 184 184 1,3203 1987 480 54 0 76 14 10 0
Benin 1.8 10 1.5 10 25 3,741 1994 145 27 1 67 23 10 0
Botswana 1.7 1.7 0.5 2.9 14 9,209 1992 113 86 1 48 32 20 0
THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES7-24
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Burkina Faso 9.5 8.0 5.0 13 13 1,024 1992 376 40 4 81 19 0 0
Burundi 2.1 3.5 2.0 3.6 4 538.3 1987 100 19 4 64 36 0 0
Cameroon 100 268 95 273 286 18,378 1987 400 38 0 35 46 19 0
Central African Rep 56 141 56 141 144 37,565 1987 70 25 0 74 21 5 0
Chad 12 14 10 15 43 5,125 1987 180 34 1 82 16 2 0
Congo 198 222 198 222 832 259,547 1987 40 20 0 11 62 27 0
Congo, Dem Rep 421 899 420 900 1,283 23,639 1990 357 10 0 23 61 16 0
Co
ˆ
te d’Ivoire 38 74 35 77 81 4,853 1987 709 62 1 67 22 11 0

Equatorial Guinea 10 25 9.0 26 26 53,841 1987 10 30 0 6 81 13 0
Eritrea — — — 2.8 6 1,577.7 — — — — — — — 0
Ethiopia 40 110 40 110 110 1,666 1987 2,200 51 3 86 11 3 0
Gabon 62 162 60 164 164 126,789 1987 60 70 0 6 72 22 0
Gambia 0.5 3.0 0.5 3.0 8 5,836.0 1982 20 29 1 91 7 2 0
Ghana 26 29 25 30 53 2,637 1970 300 35 1 52 35 13 0
Guinea 38 226 38 226 226 26,964 1987 740 132 0 87 10 3 0
Guinea-Bissau 14 12 10 16 31 24,670 1991 17 17 0 36 60 4 0
Kenya 3.0 17 0 20 30 947 1990 2,050 87 9 76 20 4 0
Lesotho 0.5 5.2 0.5 5.2 3
h
1,455.6
h
1987 50 32 2 56 22 22 0
Liberia 60 200 60 200 232 70,348 1987 130 59 0 60 27 13 0
Madagascar 55 332 50 337 337 19,925 1984 16,300 1,611 8 99 1 — 0
Malawi 1.4 16 1.4 16 17 1,461 1994 936 95 6 86 10 3 0
Mali 20 50 10 60 100 8,320 1987 1,360 167 2 97 2 1 0
Mauritania 0.3 0.1 0 0.4 11 4,029 1985 1,630 923 23 92 6 2 1.7
Mozambique 17 97 15 99 216 11,382 1992 605 42 0 89 9 2 0
Namibia 2.1 4.1 0.04 6.2 18
h
9,865
h
1991 249 175 2 68 29 3 0
Niger 2.5 1.0 0 3.5 34 2,891 1988 500 69 2 82 16 2 0
Nigeria 87 214 80 221 286 2,384 1987 3,630 46 2 54 31 15 0
Rwanda 3.6 5.2 3.6 5.2 5 638.2 1993 768 141 22 94 5 2 0
Senegal 7.6 24 5.0 26 39 3,977 1987 1,360 202 5 92 5 3 0
Sierra Leone 50 150 40 160 160 33,237 1987 370 98 0 89 7 4 0

Somalia 3.3 5.7 3.0 6.0 14 1,413 1987 810 119 8 97 3 0 0.1
South Africa 4.8 43 3.0 45 50 1,131 1990 13,309 366 32 72 17 11 0
Sudan 7.0 28 5.0 30 65
h
1,981
h
1995 17,800 637 32 94 4 1 0.4
Tanzania, United
Rep
30 80 28 82 91 2,472 1994 1,165 39 2 89 9 2 0
Togo 5.7 11 5.0 12 15 3,076 1987 91 29 1 25 62 13 0
Uganda 29 39 29 39 66 2,663 1970 200 21 1 60 32 8 0
(Continued)
WATER USE 7-25
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC