Soil and Environmental Science DICTIONARY - Part 4 (end) pps

561

Appendix A

UNITS

TABLE A.1
SI Prefixes

Factor Name Symbol

10

24

yotta Y
10

21

zetta Z
10

18

exa E
10

15

peta P
10

12

tera T
10

9

giga G
10

6

mega M
10

3

kilo k
10

2

hecto h
10

1

deka da
10

-1

deci d
10

-2

centi c
10

-3

milli m
10

-6

micro

m

10

-9

nano n
10

-12

pico p
10

-15

femto f
10

-18

atto a
10

-21

zepto z
10

-24

yocto y

TABLE A.2
SI Base Units

SI Base Unit
Base Quantity Name Symbol

length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd

3115_book Page 561 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix A 562 Units

TABLE A.3
Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units (Soil Science Society of America, 1997)

To Convert Column 1 into
Column 2, Multiply by Column 1 SI Unit Column 2 non-SI Units
To Convert Column 2 into
Column 1, Multiply by
Length

0.621 kilometer, km (10

3

m) mile, mi 1.609
1.094 meter, m yard, yd 0.914
3.28 meter, m foot, ft 0.304

3.28 meter, m foot, ft 0.304
1.0 micrometer,

m

m (10

-6

m) micron,

m

1.0
3.28 meter, m foot, ft 0.304
3.94

¥

10

-2

millimeter, mm (10

-3

m) inch, in 25.4
10 nanometer, nn (10

-9

m) Angstrom, Å 0.1

Area

2.47 hectare, ha acre 0.405
247 square kilometer, km

2

(10

3

m)

2

acre 4.05

¥

10

-3

0.386 square kilometer, km

2

(10

3

m)

2

square mile, mi

2

2.590
2.47

¥

10

4

square meter, m

2

acre 4.05

¥

10

3

10.76 square meter, m

2

square foot, ft

2

9.29

¥

10

-2


1.55

¥

10

-3

square millimeter, mm

2


(10

-3

m)

2

square inch, in

2

645

Volume

9.73

¥

10

-3

cubic meter, m

3

acre-inch 102.8
35.3
cubic meter, m

3

cubic foot, ft

3

2.83

¥

10

-2

6.10

¥

10

4

cubic meter, m

3

cubic inch, in

3

1.64

¥

10

-5


2.84

¥

10

-2

liter, L (10

-3

m

3

)
bushel, bu 35.24
1.057
liter, L (10

-3

m

3

)
quart (liquid), qt 0.946
3.53

¥

10

-2

liter, L (10

-3

m

3

) cubic foot, ft

3

28.3
0.265
liter, L (10

-3

m

3

)
gallon 3.78
33.78
liter, L (10

-3

m

3

)
ounce (ßuid), oz
2.96 x 10

-2

2.11
liter, L (10

-3

m

3

)
pint (ßuid), pt 0.473

Mass

2.20

¥

10

-3

gram, g (10

-3

kg)
pound, lb 454
3.52

¥

10

-2

gram, g (10

-3

kg)
ounce (avdp), oz 28.4
2.205 kilogram, kg pound, lb 0.454
0.01 kilogram, kg quintal (metric), q 100
1.10

¥

10

-3

kilogram, kg ton (2000 lb), ton 907
1.102 megagram, Mg (tonne) ton (U.S.), ton 0.907
1.102 tonne, t ton (U.S.), ton 0.907

Yield and Rate

0.893 kilogram per hectare, kg ha

-1

pound per acre, lb acre

-1

1.12
7.77

¥

10

-2

kilogram per cubic meter,
kg m

3

pound per bushel, lb bu

-1

12.87
1.49

¥

10

-2

kilogram per hectare, kg ha

-l

bushel per acre, 60 lb 67.19
1.59

¥

10

-2

kilogram per hectare, kg ha

-1

bushel per acre, 56 lb 62.71
1.86

¥

10

-2

kilogram per hectare, kg ha

-1

bushel per acre, 48 lb 53.75
0.107 liter per hectare, L ha

-1

gallon per acre 9.35
893 tonne per hectare, t ha

-1

pound per acre, lb acre

-1

1.12

¥

10

-3

continued

3115_book Page 562 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix A 563 Units

893 megagram per hectare,
Mg ha

-1

pound per acre, lb acre

-1

1.12

¥

10

-3

0.446 megagram per hectare, Mg
ha

-l

ton (2000 lb) per acre, ton
acre

-1

2.24
2.24 meter per second, m s

-1

mile per hour 0.447

Specific Surface

10 square meter per kilogram,
m

2

kg

-1

square centimeter per
gram, cm

2

g

-1

0.1
1000 square meter per kilogram,
m

2

kg

-1

square millimeter per
gram, mm

2

g

-1

0.001

Pressure

9.90 megapascal, MPa (10

6

Pa) atmosphere 0.101
10 megapascal, MPa (10

6

Pa) bar 0.1

1.00 megagram, per cubic meter,
Mg M

-3

gram per cubic centimeter,
g cm

-3

1.00
2.09

¥

10

-2

Pascal, Pa pound per square foot, lb ft

-2

47.9
1.45

¥

10

-4

Pascal, Pa pound per square inch lb in

-2

6.90

¥

10

3

1.45

¥

10

-4

Pascal, Pa pound per square inch lb in

-2

6.90

¥

10

3

Temperature

1.00 (K - 273) kelvin, K Celsius, °C 1.00 (°C + 273)
(9/5 °C) + 32 Celsius, °C Fahrenheit, °F 5/9 (°F – 32)

Energy, Work, Quantity of Heat

9.52 x 10

-4

joule, J British thermal unit, Btu 1.05

¥

10

3

0.239 joule, J calorie, cal 4.19
10

1

joule, J Erg 10

-7

0.735 joule, J Foot-pound 1.36
2.387

¥

10

-5

joule per square meter, J m

-2

calorie per square
centimeter (langley)
4.19

¥

10

4

10

5

newton, N Dyne 10

-5

1.43

¥

10

-3

watt per square meter, W m

-2

calorie per square
centimeter minute
(irradiance), cal cm

-2


min

-1

698
minute (irradiance), cal
cm

-2

min

-1

Transpiration and Photosynthesis

3.60

¥

10

-2

milligram per square meter
second, mg m

-2

s

-1

gram per square decimeter
hour, g dm

-2

h
-1
27.8
5.56 ¥ 10
-3
milligram (H
2
0) per square
meter second, mg m
2
s
-1
micromole (H
2
0) per
square centimeter
second, mmol cm
-2
s
-1
180
10
-4
milligram per square meter
second, mg m
-2
s
-1
milligram per square
centimeter second, mg

cm
-2
s
-1
104
continued
TABLE A.3 (continued)
Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units (Soil Science Society of America, 1997)
To Convert Column 1 into
Column 2, Multiply by Column 1 SI Unit Column 2 non-SI Units
To Convert Column 2 into
Column 1, Multiply by
3115_book Page 563 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
Appendix A 564 Units
35.97 milligram per square meter
second, mg m
-2
s
-1
milligram per square
decimeter hour, mg dm
-2

h
-1
2.78 ¥ 10
-2
Plane Angle
57.3 radian, rad degrees (angle), ° 1.75 ¥ 10

-2
Electrical Conductivity, Electricity, and Magnetism
10 siemen per meter, S m
-1
millimho per centimeter,
mmho cm
-1
0.1
10
4
tesla, T gauss, G 10
-4
Water Measurement
9.73 ¥ 10
-3
cubic meter, m
3
acre-inch, acre-in 102.8
9.81 ¥ 10
-3
cubic meter per hour, m
3
h
-1
cubic foot per second,
ft
3
s
-1
101.9

4.40 cubic meter per hour, m
3
h
-1
U.S. gallon per minute,
gal min
-1
0.227
8.11 hectare meter, ha m acre-foot, acre-ft 0.123
97.28 hectare meter, ha m acre-inch, acre-in 1.03 ¥ 10
-2
8.1 ¥ 10
-2
hectare centimeter, ha cm acre-foot, acre-ft 12.33
Concentrations
1 centimole per kilogram,
cmol kg
-1
milliequivalent per 100
grams, meq 100 g
-1
1
0.1 gram per kilogram, g kg
-1
percent, % 10
1 milligram per kilogram, mg
kg
-1
parts per million, ppm 1
Radioactivity

2.7 ¥ 10
-11
becquerel, Bq curie, Ci 3.7 ¥ 10
10
2.7 ¥ 10
-2
becquerel per kilogram,
Bq kg
-1
picocurie per gram, pCi g
-1
37
100 gray, Gy (absorbed dose) rad, rd 0.01
100 sievert, Sv (equivalent dose) rem (roentgen equivalent
man)
0.01
Plant Nutrient Conversion
Elemental Oxide
2.29 P P
2
O
5
0.437
1.20 K K
2
O 0.830
1.39 Ca CaO 0.715
1.66 Mg MgO 0.602
TABLE A.3 (continued)
Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units (Soil Science Society of America, 1997)

To Convert Column 1 into
Column 2, Multiply by Column 1 SI Unit Column 2 non-SI Units
To Convert Column 2 into
Column 1, Multiply by
3115_book Page 564 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

565

Appendix B

SOIL PROPERTIES

TABLE B.1
Types and Classes of Soil Structure

Type Kind Class Size (mm)

Structureless

: no
observable aggregation or
no deÞnite orderly
arrangement around natural
lines of weakness

Single grain structure

: loose,
incoherent mass of individual

particles as in sands

Amorphous (massive) structure:

a
coherent mass showing no evidence
of any distinct arrangement of soil
particles

Blocklike:

soil particles
are arranged around a point
and bounded by ßat or
rounded surfaces

Blocky (angular blocky):

faces
rectangular and ßattened, vertices
sharply angular
Fine blocky
Medium blocky
Coarse blocky
Very coarse blocky
<10
10-20
20-50
>50

Subangular blocky:

faces
subrectangular, vertices mostly
oblique, or subrounded
Fine subangular blocky
Medium subangular blocky
Coarse subangular blocky
Very coarse subangular
blocky
<10
10-20
20-50
>50

Granular:

spheroidal and
characterized by rounded vertices
Fine granular
Medium granular
Coarse granular
<2
2-5
5-10

Platelike:

soil particles are
arranged around a horizontal

plane and generally bounded
by relatively ßat horizontal
surfaces

Platy structure:

horizontal planes
more or less developed
Fine platy
Medium platy
Coarse platy
<2
2-5
>5

Prismlike:

soil particles
are arranged around a
vertical axis and bounded
by relatively ßat vertical
surfaces

Prismatic structure:

vertical faces
well deÞned, and edges sharp
Fine prismatic
Medium prismatic
Coarse prismatic

Very coarse prismatic
<20
20-50
50-100
>100

Columnar structure:

vertical
edges near top of columns not
sharp; columns ßat-topped,
round-topped or irregular
Fine columnar
Medium columnar
Coarse columnar
Very coarse columnar
<20
20-50
50-100
>100

3115_book Page 565 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix B 566 Soil Properties



FIGURE B.1

Types, kinds, and classes of

soil structure.

Reproduced from

Soil Classification Working Group

(1998), with permission of NRC Research Press, Ottawa.

FIGURE B.2

Soil texture classes. Percentages of clay and sand in the main textural classes of soil; the
remainder of each class is silt. Reproduced from

Soil Classification Working Group

(1998), with permission of
NRC Research Press, Ottawa.
fine
<2mm
medium
2–5mm
fine <2mm
coarse >5mm
medium 2–5mm
Larger
fine
<10mm
medium

10–20mm
medium
coarse
20–50mm
very coarse >50mm
fine
<10mm
medium
10–20mm
coarse
20–50mm
very coarse >50mm
fine prismatic
including spikelike
fine columnar
flat top
fine columnar
round top
medium columnar
flat or round top
medium prismatic
fine
prismatic
medium
blocky
fine
blocky
medium
blocky
fine

blocky
fine
blocky
Platy
Granular
coarse 5–10mm
Angular Blocky
Fine Prismlike Structures
<20mm
Medium Prismlike
20–50mm
Subangular Blocky
faces less than 5 sides
faces more than 5 sides
fine
columnar
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
HC
SiC
SiCl
CL

SC
SiL
L
Si
SL
LS
S
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
C
SCL
HC heavy clay
C clay
SiC silty clay
SiCL silty clay loam
CL clay loam
SC sandy clay
SiL silty loam
L loam
SCL sandy clay loam
SL sandy loam
Si silt
LS loamy sand
S sand
Percent sand
Percent clay

3115_book Page 566 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
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567

Appendix C

GEOLOGICAL TIMESCALE

TABLE C.1
The Geological Time Scale and Major Geological and Biological Events

Era Period
Years BP
(Millions) Epoch Major Events

Cenozoic Quaternary 0.01 Recent The modern epoch; age of human
beings
2 Pleistocene Worldwide glaciation; appearance of
Homo sapiens
Tertiary 7 Pliocene Himalayan and late Rocky Mountain
orogenies; early homonid evolution
26 Miocene Alpine orogenies; grazing animals and
apes evolve
37 Oligocene Alpine orogenies, esp. European Alps
and Himalayas; mammalian evolution
53 Eocene Alpine orogenies; Australia and
Antarctica separate; widespread
mammals
65 Paleocene Alpine orogenies; mammalian
evolution; early primates
Mesozoic Cretaceous 136 Initial Rocky Mountain orogeny;

dinosaurs become extinct; angiosperms
and insects emerge
Jurassic 190 Early mammals and birds;
gymnosperms dominant
Triassic 225 First dinosaurs, birds and mammals
appear; gymnosperms and ferns
dominant
Paleozoic Permian 280 Assembly of supercontinent Pangea
complete; glaciation; reptiles evolve
Carboniferous Pennsylvanian 280 Extensive seas, coal swamps and
glaciation; age of amphibians; insects
and reptiles evolve; extensive forests
Mississippian 320
Devonian 346 Appalachian orogenies; age of Þshes;
land plants evolve
Silurian 395 Land plants evolve; extensive glaciation
Ordovician 430 First Þsh; molluscs, land plants and Þrst
fungi evolve
Cambrian 500 First shelled animals appear; vertebrates
evolve

continued

3115_book Page 567 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix C 568 geological timescale

Precambrian Proterozoic 2500 Earth’s crust forms; eukaryotes appear
about 1.5 billion years ago, and multi-

celled animals about 0.7 billion years
ago.
Archean 4600 Earliest bacteria and algae; earliest
fossil record aged about 3.8 billion
years

TABLE C.1 (continued)
The Geological Time Scale and Major Geological and Biological Events

Era Period
Years BP
(Millions) Epoch Major Events

3115_book Page 568 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

569

Appendix D

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

TABLE D.1
Soil Classification at Levels of Order, Great Group, and Subgroup

Order Great Group Subgroup

Brunisolic Melanic Brunisol Orthic Melanic Brunisol
Eluviated Melanic Brunisol
Gleyed Melanic Brunisol

Gleyed Eluviated Melanic Brunisol
Eutric Brunisol Orthic Eutric Brunisol
Eluviated Eutric Brunisol
Gleyed Eutric Brunisol
Gleyed Eluviated Eutric Brunisol
Sombric Brunisol Orthic Sombric Brunisol
Eluviated Sombric Brunisol
Duric Sombric Brunisol
Gleyed Sombric Brunisol
Gleyed Eluviated Sombric Brunisol
Dystric Brunisol Orthic Dystric Brunisol
Eluviated Dystric Brunisol
Duric Dystric Brunisol
Gleyed Dystric Brunisol
Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol
Chernozemic Brown Chernozem Orthic Brown Chernozem
Rego Brown Chernozem
Calcareous Brown Chernozem
Eluviated Brown Chernozem
Solonetzic Brown Chernozem
Vertic Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Rego Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Calcareous Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Eluviated Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Solonetzic Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Vertic Brown Chernozem
Dark Brown Chernozem Orthic Dark Brown Chernozem
Rego Dark Brown Chernozem
Calcareous Dark Brown Chernozem

Eluviated Dark Brown Chernozem
Solonetzic Dark Brown Chernozem
Vertic Dark Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Dark Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Rego Dark Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Calcareous Dark Brown Chernozem


continued

3115_book Page 569 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix D 570 Table D.1

Gleyed Eluviated Dark Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Solonetzic Dark Brown Chernozem
Gleyed Vertic Dark Brown Chernozem
Chernozemic Black Chernozem Orthic Black Chernozem
Rego Black Chernozem
Calcareous Black Chernozem
Eluviated Black Chernozem
Solonetzic Black Chernozem
Vertic Black Chernozem
Gleyed Black Chernozem
Gleyed Rego Black Chernozem
Gleyed Calcareous Black Chernozem
Gleyed Eluviated Black Chernozem
Gleyed Solonetzic Black Chernozem
Gleyed Vertic Black Chernozem

Dark Gray Chernozem Orthic Dark Gray Chernozem
Rego Dark Gray Chernozem
Calcareous Dark Gray Chernozem
Solonetzic Dark Gray Chernozem
Vertic Dark Gray Chernozem
Gleyed Dark Gray Chernozem
Gleyed Rego Dark Gray Chernozem
Gleyed Calcareous Dark Gray Chernozem
Gleyed Solonetzic Dark Gray Chernozem
Gleyed Vertic Dark Gray Chernozem
Cryosolic Turbic Cryosol Orthic Eutric Turbic Cryosol
Orthic Dystric Turbic Cryosol
Brunisolic Eutric Turbic Cryosol
Brunisolic Dystric Turbic Cryosol
Gleysolic Turbic Cryosol
Regosolic Turbic Cryosol
Histic Eutric Turbic Cryosol
Histic Dystric Turbic Cryosol
Histic Regosolic Turbic Cryosol
Static Cryosol Orthic Eutric Static Cryosol
Orthic Dystric Static Cryosol
Brunisolic Eutric Static Cryosol
Brunisolic Dystric Static Cryosol
Luvisolic Static Cryosol
Gleysolic Static Cryosol
Regosolic Static Cryosol
Histic Eutric Static Cryosol
Histic Dystric Static Cryosol
Histic Regosolic Static Cryosol
Organic Cryosol Fibric Organic Cryosol

Mesic Organic Cryosol
Humic Organic Cryosol
Terric Fibric Organic Cryosol


continued

TABLE D.1 (CONTINUED)
Soil Classification at Levels of Order, Great Group, and Subgroup

Order Great Group Subgroup

3115_book Page 570 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix D 571 Table D.1

Terric Mesic Organic Cryosol
Terric Humic Organic Cryosol
Glacic Organic Cryosol
Gleysolic Luvic Gleysol Solonetzic Luvic Gleysol
Fragic Luvic Gleysol
Humic Luvic Gleysol
Fera Luvic Gleysol
Orthic Luvic Gleysol
Vertic Luvic Gleysol
Gleysolic Humic Gleysol Solonetzic Humic Gleysol
Fera Humic Gleysol
Orthic Humic Gleysol
Rego Humic Gleysol

Vertic Humic Gleysol
Gleysol Solonetzic Gleysol
Fera Gleysol
Orthic Gleysol
Rego Gleysol
Vertic Gleysol
Luvisolic Gray Brown Luvisol Orthic Gray Brown Luvisol
Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol
Podzolic Gray Brown Luvisol
Vertic Gray Brown Luvisol
Gleyed Gray Brown Luvisol
Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol
Gleyed Podzolic Gray Brown Luvisol
Gleyed Vertic Gray Brown Luvisol
Gray Luvisol Orthic Gray Luvisol
Dark Gray Luvisol
Brunisolic Gray Luvisol
Podzolic Gray Luvisol
Solonetzic Gray Luvisol
Fragic Gray Luvisol
Vertic Gray Luvisol
Gleyed Gray Luvisol
Gleyed Dark Gray Luvisol
Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Luvisol
Gleyed Podzolic Gray Luvisol
Gleyed Solonetzic Gray Luvisol
Gleyed Fragic Gray Luvisol
Gleyed Vertic Gray Luvisol
Organic Fibrisol Typic Fibrisol
Mesic Fibrisol

Humic Fibrisol
Limnic Fibrisol
Cumulic Fibrisol
Terric Fibrisol
Terric Mesic Fibrisol


continued

TABLE D.1 (CONTINUED)
Soil Classification at Levels of Order, Great Group, and Subgroup

Order Great Group Subgroup

3115_book Page 571 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix D 572 Table D.1

Terric Humic Fibrisol
Hydric Fibrisol
Mesisol Typic Mesisol
Fibric Mesisol
Humic Mesisol
Limnic Mesisol
Cumulic Mesisol
Terric Mesisol
Terric Fibric Mesisol
Terric Humic Mesisol
Hydric Mesisol

Organic Humisol Typic Humisol
Fibric Humisol
Mesic Humisol
Limnic Humisol
Cumulic Humisol
Terric Humisol
Terric Fibric Humisol
Terric Mesic Humisol
Hydric Humisol
Folisol Hemic Folisol
Humic Folisol
Lignic Folisol
Histic Folisol
Podzolic Humic Podzol Orthic Humic Podzol
Ortstein Humic Podzol
Placic Humic Podzol
Duric Humic Podzol
Fragic Humic Podzol
Ferro-Humic Podzol Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol
Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol
Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol
Duric Ferro-Humic Podzol
Fragic Ferro-Humic Podzol
Luvisolic Ferro-Humic Podzol
Sombric Ferro-Humic Podzol
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol
Gleyed Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol
Gleyed Sombric Ferro-Humic Podzol
Humo-Ferric Podzol Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol
Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol

Placic Humo-Ferric Podzol
Duric Humo-Ferric Podzol
Fragic Humo-Ferric Podzol
Luvisolic Humo-Ferric Podzol
Sombric Humo-Ferric Podzol
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol
Gleyed Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol


continued

TABLE D.1 (CONTINUED)
Soil Classification at Levels of Order, Great Group, and Subgroup

Order Great Group Subgroup

3115_book Page 572 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix D 573 Table D.1

Gleyed Sombric Humo-Ferric Podzol
Regosolic Regosol Orthic Regosol
Cumulic Regosol
Gleyed Regosol
Gleyed Cumulic Regosol
Humic Regosol Orthic Humic Regosol
Cumulic Humic Regosol
Gleyed Humic Regosol
Gleyed Cumulic Humic Regosol

Solonetzic Solonetz Brown Solonetz
Dark Brown Solonetz
Black Solonetz
Alkaline Solonetz
Gleyed Brown Solonetz
Gleyed Dark Brown Solonetz
Gleyed Black Solonetz
Solodized Solonetz Brown Solodized Solonetz
Dark Brown Solodized Solonetz
Black Solodized Solonetz
Dark Gray Solodized Solonetz
Gray Solodized Solonetz
Gleyed Brown Solodized Solonetz
Gleyed Dark Brown Solodized Solonetz
Gleyed Black Solodized Solonetz
Gleyed Dark Gray Solodized Solonetz
Gleyed Gray Solodized Solonetz
Solod Brown Solod
Dark Brown Solod
Black Solod
Dark Gray Solod
Gray Solod
Gleyed Brown Solod
Gleyed Dark Brown Solod
Gleyed Black Solod
Gleyed Dark Gray Solod
Gleyed Gray Solod
Vertic Solonetz Brown Vertic Solonetz
Dark Brown Vertic Solonetz
BlackVertic Solonetz

Gleyed Brown Vertic Solonetz
Gleyed Dark Brown Vertic Solonetz
Gleyed BlackVertic Solonetz
Vertisolic Vertisol Orthic Vertisol
Gleyed Vertisol
Gleysolic Vertisol
Humic Vertisol
Orthic Humic Vertisol
Gleyed Humic Vertisol
Gleysolic Humic Vertisol
Source:

Soil ClassiÞcation Working Group

, 1998.

TABLE D.1 (CONTINUED)
Soil Classification at Levels of Order, Great Group, and Subgroup

Order Great Group Subgroup

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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix D 574 Table D.2

TABLE D.2
Correlation of Horizon Definitions and Designations

Canadian U.S. FAO Comments

OO H(Can. limit): organic horizon (O) >17% organic C*
(U.S. and FAO limits): lower limit of organic horizons ranges
proportionately from 20% organic matter (OM) with 0% clay to 30%
OM with >50% clay
Of Oi H
Om Oe H
Oh Oa H
Oco Oa H Coprogenous limnic material
L-F Oi-Oe O Generally not saturated with water for prolonged periods
L-H Oi-Oa O
F-H Oe-Oa O
AA A(Can. limit):

£

17% organic C; (U.S. and FAO limits): upper limit of
OM ranges proportionately from 20% OM with 0% clay to 30% OM
with clay >50%
Ah A Ah
Ahe AE (Ah-E)
Ae E E
Ap Ap Ap
AB AB or EB AB or EB Transitional horizons
BA BA or BE BA or BE
A and B A and B A/B InterÞngered horizons
AC AC A/C
BB B
Bt Bt Bt
Bf Bs Bs (Can. limit): speciÞc limits; (U.S. and FAO limits): no speciÞc limit

Bhf Bhs Bhs (Can. limit): >5% organic C
Bgf Bgs Bgs
Bh Bh Bh (Can. limit): speciÞc C to Fep ratio; (U.S. and FAO limits): no speciÞc
C to Fep ratio
Bn Bn Bn
Bm Bw Bw
CC C
HC 2C lIC
RR R
W- -Water

Other suffixes

May be used with A, B, or C horizons
bb b(Can. and U.S. limit): buried; (FAO limit): buried or bisequa
cm mSlightly altered by hydrolysis, oxidation, and/or solution
ca k k Accumulation of carbonates
-y yAccumulation of gypsum
cc m c cemented, ireversible
ggg or r (FAO): g - mottling, - strong reduction
j- -juvenile, weak expression of development
k- -Indicates presence of carbonate
-v -Plinthite
-q qSilica accumulation
sz zVisible salts

continued

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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix D 575 Table D.3

ss ss - Indicates presence of slickensides
sa y or z y or z (Can. limit): includes gypsum
(U.S. and FAO limits): y - gypsum, z - other more soluble salts
-o -Residual sequioxide concentration
u- -Turbic
uUnspeciÞed
v- -Vertic horizon
xx xFragipan
y- -Cryoturbation
zf iPermafrost layer
* 17% organic C is equivalent to about 30% organic matter.
Source:

Soil ClassiÞcation Working Group

, 1998.

TABLE D.3
Correlation of United States and FAO Diagnostic Horizons with Nearest Canadian
Equivalents

U.S. FAO Canadian Comments

Mollic Epipedon Mollic A Chernozemic A With high base status
Anthropic Epipedon Mollic A Cultivated Chernozemic A
Umbric Epipedon Umbric A Ah With low base status
Histic Epipedon Histic H Of, Om, Oh

Ochric Epipedon Ochric A light-colored A
Plaggen Epipedon - Ap
Albic horizon Albic E Ae
Argillic horizon Argillic B Bt
Agric horizon Argillic B Illuvial B Formed under cultivation
Natric horizon Natric B Bn or Brit
Spodic horizon Spodic B podzolic B
Cambic horizon Cambic B Bm, Bg, Btj
Oxic horizon Oxic B -
Duripan m c
Durinodes - cc
Fragipan x Fragipan
Calcic horizon Calcic horizon Bca or Cca
Petrocalcic Bkm Bcac or Ccac
Gypsic Gypsic Asa, Bsa, Csa (Can. limit): only if sa horizon is dominantly
CaS0

4

Salic - Asa, Bsa, Csa
Placic Thin iron pan Placic
Plinthite Plinthite -
Lithic contact - Lithic contact
Paralithic contact - IICc
g Gleyic horizon g
- sulfuric horizon - Low pH, jarosite mottles
Source:

Soil ClassiÞcation Working Group

, 1998.

TABLE D.2 (CONTINUED)
Correlation of Horizon Definitions and Designations

Canadian U.S. FAO Comments

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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Appendix D 576 Table D.4

TABLE D.4
Taxonomic Correlation at the Canadian Order and Great Group Levels

l

Canadian System U.S. SOIL TAXONOMY FAO System

Chernozemic Borolls Kastanozem,
Chernozem,
Greyzem,
Phaeozem
Brown Chernozem Aridic Boroll subgroups Kastanozem (aridic)
Dark Brown Chernozem Typic Boroll subgroups Kastanozem (Haplic)
Black Chernozem Udic Boroll subgroups Chernozem
Dark Gray Chernozem BoralÞc Boroll subgroups, Albolls Greyzem
Solonetzic Natric great groups, Mollisols and
AlÞsols
Solonetz

Solonetz Natric great groups, Mollisols and
AlÞsols
Mollic, Haplic, or Gleyic Solonetz
Solodized Solonetz Natric great groups, Mollisols and
AlÞsols
Mollic, Haplic, or Gleyic Solonetz
Solod Glossic Natriborolls, Natralbolls Solodic Planosol
Vertic Solonetz Haplocryerts Sodic Vertisol
Luvisolic Boralfs and Udalfs Luvisol
Gray Brown Luvisol Hapludalfs or Glossudalfs Albic Luvisol, Haplic Luvisol
Gray Luvisol Boralfs Albic Luvisol, Gleyic Luvisol
Podzolic Spodosols, some Inceptisols Podzol
Humic Podzol Cryaquods, Humods Humic Podzol
Ferro-Humic Podzol Humic Cryorthods, Humic Haplorthods Orthic Podzol
Humo-Ferric Podzol Cryorthods, Haplorthods Orthic Podzol
Brunisolic Inceptisols, some Psamments Cambisol
Melanic Brunisol Cryochrepts, Eutrochrepts, Hapludolls Cambisol, Eutric Cambisol
Eutric Brunisol Cryochrepts, Eutrochrepts Eutric Cambisol, Calcic Cambisol
Sombric Brunisol Humbric Dystrochrepts Dystric Cambisol, Umbric Cambisol
Dystric Brunisol Dystrochrepts, Cryochrepts Dystric Cambisol
Regosolic Entisols Fluvisol, Regosol
Regosol Entisols Regosol
Humic Regosol Entisols Fluvisol, Regosol
Gleysolic Aqu-suborders Gleysol, Planosol
Humic Gleysol Aquolls, Humaquepts Mollic, Umbric, Calcic Gleysol
Gleysol Aquents, Fluvents, Aquepts Eutric, Dystric Gleysol
Luvic Gleysol Argialbolls, Argiaquolls, Aqualfs Planosol
Organic Histosols Histosol
Fibrisol Fibrists Histosol
Mesisol Hemists Histosol

Humisol Saprists Histosol
Folisol Folists Histosol
Cryosolic Gelisols Cryosol
Turbic Cryosol Turbels Cryosol
Static Cryosol Orthels Cryosol
Organic Cryosol Histels Cryic Histosol
Vertisolic Cryerts Vertisol
Vertisol Haplocryerts Calcic Vertisol, Eutric Vertisol
Humic Vertisol Humicryerts Dystric Vertisol

1

Only the nearest equivalents are indicated.
Source:

Soil ClassiÞcation Working Group

, 1998.

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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
577
Appendix E
ECOZONES OF CANADA
FIGURE E.1 Terrestrial Ecozones of Canada
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC