TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH NÔNG NGHIỆP – PHẦN 5 ppt

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The trees are planted closely together in widely spaced rows. Close planting helps the tree
trunks to grow straight. You will also need to take into account the canopy diameter of the
manure trees when you plant the tree and row spacing. Most tree catalogues and books give
these figures.
Grazing animals are brought into the forest after three to six years (depending on growth
rate, climate and species). Grazing is controlled through light stocking rates. By this stage, the
short-lived pioneer species will have either died naturally, or will have been harvested for
their short-term yields, e.g. mulch, poles and firewood.
At maturity your structural forest will consist of 250 to 500 high value trees per acre and
will support grazing animals.
2. Comprehension check.(pair-work)
Answer the following questions.
a. What is the first step for establishing a new forest?
b. What trees should be planted first?
c. When should the grazing animals be brought into the forest?
d. How can the animals be controlled?
e. What should you do to graze your animals in the forest?
f. Is it necessary to grow a diversity of trees? Why?
g. Should the trees be planted closely? Why?
h. What should you do when you plant trees and row placing?
3. Write out the steps of building a farm on which trees, forests and animals are grown
together in a combination.
- First,
- Next,
- Then,
- After that,
- Finally,

4. Translation. Translate the reading passage into Vietnamese.
5. Design sustainable ecosystems. Try the following things.
- Consider your local area. If you were a farm-planner:
- Where would you want to plant windbreak to shop in comfort, to protect schoolyards,
etc? Would you aim to reduce the impact of hot dry winds, cold harsh winds or dirty
winds? What are the plant characteristics needed to do this? What species would you
use?
- What animals would you introduce? What crops would you plant and where you would
plant them, etc?








timber windbreak coconut pear orange longan




tomato grass runner bean cherry nitrogen-fixing peanut carrot


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cow fish pig duck chicken

Put the words showing the plants and animals you intend to grow on your farm and give
your reasons to support your ideas.

Your farm

__ __ _
__ __ __-
__ __ __
__ __ _
__ __ __-
__ __ __
__ __ _










6. Fill in the gaps with given words in the box.

allowing ; consist ; protected ; harvest ; several
develop ; involves ; allowed ; enough ; so that

Forest and indigenous animals
Again, start with windbreaks and water systems. You will plant …(1)… every two
years you will cut or coppice one row of trees. Copying …(2)… cutting a tree at about chest
height, and is carried out so that you can …(3)… firewood, mulch, etc. on a renewable basis,
without having to fell the entire tree. After …(4)… years coppiced trees grow many new
limbs.
The initial tree planting will …(5)… of pioneer species interplanted with long-term
valuable trees. Over the years the shorter-lived trees are removed, …(6)… the final climax
species to …(7)… without trees from competition for light or nutrients.
Young trees must be …(8)… from rabbits and grazing animals; however, once they are
large …(9)…, the local indigenous animal species are …(10)… in to maintain forest
functions.
______________

The highest tree has the greatest fall



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§ UNIT 12 LAND-USE PLANNING?
I. Word study.
A. Put the right word into the blanks.
- allocation - outset - equity - inequalities - efficiency
- achieved - viable - destroy - forfeited - benefit
- yield - undertook - combined - involved - redistribution
1. Goals should be specified at the . . . . . . . . . of the particular planning project.
2. We have spent out entire. . . . . . . . for the year.
3. The . . . . . . . . of referee's decision was accepted by everyone.

4. He has . . . . . . . . the right to represent the people.
5. I have . . . . . . . . only half of what I'd hoped to do.
6. Increasingly, farmland is . . . . . . . . to property development
7. He . . . . . . . . . to finish he job by Friday.
8. . . . . . . . . . in wealth cause social unrest.
9. The strike . . . . . . . . . many people in the area.
10. Success was achieved by the . . . . . . . . . efforts of the whole team.

II. READING A.
1. Pre-reading task,
a. Have you ever planned your work or time?
b. What does land-use planning mean?
c. What are the goals of a planning project?
WHAT IS LAND-USE PLANNING?
Land-use planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives
for land use and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land use
options. Its purpose is to select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the
needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future.
Goals of land-use planning should be specified at the outset of a particular planning
project. Goals may be grouped under the three headings of efficiency, equity and
acceptability and sustainability.
1. Efficiency.
Land use must be economically viable, so one goal of development planning is to make
efficient and productive use of the land. For any particular land use, certain areas are better
suited than others. Efficiency is achieved by matching different land uses with the areas that
ill yield the greatest benefits at the least cost.
Efficiency means different things to different people, however. To the individual land
user, it means the greatest return on capital and labour invested or the greatest benefit from
the area available. Government objectives are more complex: they may include improving the
foreign exchange situation by producing for export or for import substitution.

2. Equity and acceptability
Land use must also be socially acceptable. Goals include food security, employment and
security of income in rural areas. Land improvements and redistribution of land may be
undertaken to reduce inequality, to attack absolute poverty.
One way of doing this is to set a threshold standard of living to which those of target
groups should be raised. Living standards may include levels of income, nutrition, food
security and housing. Planning to achieve these standards then involves the allocation of land
for specific uses as well as the allocation of financial another resource.
3. Sustainability


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Sustainable land use is what which meets the needs of the present while, at the same time,
conserving resources for future generations. This requires a combination of production and
conservation: the production of the goods needed by people now is combined with the
conservation of the natural resources on which that production depends so as to ensure
continued production in the future.
A community that destroys its land forfeits its future. Land use has to be planned for the
community as a whole because the conservation of soil, water and other land resources is
often beyond the means of individual land users.
2. Comprehension check.
Are the sentences true or false? Correct the false ones.
a.__Land-use planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential in order to
select and adopt the best land use options.
b.__The purpose of land-use planning is to select and put into practice those land uses that
will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future.
c.__Goals of a planning project should be specified at the beginning of the project.
d.__Goals may be grouped under the four headings of efficiency, equity, acceptability and
sustainability.
e.__Efficiency is achieved by getting the greatest benefits at the most cost.

f.__Goals never include food security, employment and security of income in rural areas.
g.__Efficiency means the greatest return on capital and labour invested or greatest benefits
from the area available.
h.__Living standards include levels of income, nutrition, food security and housing.
i.__Sustainability in land-use planning is meeting the needs of the present as well as
conserving resources for future generations.
3. Speaking. (group-work)
Each of the groups will talk about the main goals of a planning project.
a. What are the main goals of a planning project?
b. What does efficiency/equity/acceptability/sustainability/ mean?

4. Writing Summary.
a. What purpose of land-use planning is.
b. What the goals of a planning project are.







II. GRAMMAR. Adverbial clause of purpose
- Purpose can be expressed by clauses.
- Purpose clauses are usually expressed by: so that ; in order that ; that . . .
* Example:
- They wrote the notices in several languages so that foreign tourists could understand them.
- The burglar cut the telephone wires in order that I couldn't call the police.
A. Practice.
1. Fill in the gaps with one of the following conjunctions: so that; in order that; so as (not)
to; in order to; to . . .

a. Ships always carry lifeboats . . . . . . . . the crew can escape if the ships sink.


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b. The production of the goods needed now must combine with the conservation of the
national resources on which that production depends . . . . . . . .ensure continued
production in the future.
c. Land-sue planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternative
for land use and economic and social conditions. . . . . . . . . .select and adopt the best
land-use options.
d. They built a high wall round the garden . . . . . . . . .their fruit wouldn't be stolen.
e. Please, shut the gate . . . . . . . . . . the cows won't get out of the field.
f. Artificial fertilizers need to be soluble compounds…………….plants can absorb the
nutrients.
g. planting a diverse range of species ……………no one pest can attack all the trees.
2. Combine the following pair to make a new sentence, using: so that; in order that; so as
(not) to; in order to; to . . .
a. I'm putting nets over my strawberry plants. I don't want the birds to eat all the
strawberries.
b. He wore a false beard. He didn't want anyone to recognize him.
c. We took off our shoes. We didn't want to make any noise.
d. The town council has forbidden coal fire. They are trying to keep the air clean.
e. He telephoned from a public call-box. He didn't want the call to be traced to his own
address.
f. They got up very early. They wanted to get to the top of the hill before sunrise.
g. As Bill went through the forest he marked the trees. He wanted the rest of the party to
know which way he had gone.
h. Indigenous forests involved over millions of years with all the pressures of natural
selection operating. Finally what we see is a highly refined complex which is
beautifully honed to survive in the surrounding environment.

i. Your garden is balanced. It will be perfectly self-sustaining if left undisturbed.

PART B
I. Word study.
A. Match the word with its definition.
1. catchment
2. concept
3. discern
4. dwelling
5. ecosystem
6. emphasis
7. empower
8. ethic of caring
9. habitat
10. harmonious
11. incorporate
12. integration
13. interrelationship
14. methodology
15. perennial
16. shelter
17. site
18. standpoint
19. strive
20. symbiotic
- arranged together in a pleasing, orderly way.
- make something part of a whole.
- place of residence, house, flat.
- set of methods used in doing something.
- make something logical or justifiable.

- position from which things are seen and opinions are formed.
- area from which rainfall flows into a river.
- general notion, idea.
- see something clearly.
- ecological unit consisting of a group of plants and animals
interacting with each other and with their surroundings.
- special meaning, value or importance on something.
- lasting for a long time.
- place where a building, town is situated or something happened
- combine effort.
- try very hard to obtain or achieve something.
- system of moral principles, rules.
- various parts fitting well together.
- having relationship between two species, organism living closely.
- give lawful power or authority to act.


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21. synergy
22. trellis
23. validate
- natural environment of an animal or a plant.
- relating to each other.
- condition of being protected, kept safe from disaster.
- framework of crossing strips of wood, bamboo to support
climbing plants.
B. Fill in the gaps with the words above.
1. Permaculture can be applied to create productive………………from the human-
use………………or to help degraded ecosystems recover health and wildness.
2. Permaculture is about designing ecological human………………and food production

system
3. This ………………is further enhanced by mimicking patterns found in nature.
4. A central theme in permaculture is the design of ecological ………………that produce
food
5. Permaculture is a sustainable design system stressing the harmonious ………………of
humans, plants, animals and the earth.
6. Permaculture is one of the most holistic, integrated systems analysis and design
………………found in the world.
7. Permaculture values and ………………traditional knowledge and experience.
8. Permaculture………………sustainable agriculture practices and land management
techniques and strategies from around the world.
9. Permaculture promotes organic agriculture which does not use………………to pollute
the environment.
10. Permaculture aims to maximize……………… and………………relationship between
site components.

II. READING B.
1. Pre-reading questions.
a. What does permaculture mean?
b. What does it study?
c. Who was the word coined by?
d. When was the word coined?
e. In what country was the word coined?

PERMACULTURE
Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable human environments.
The word “permaculture” was coined in 1978 by Bill Mollison, an Australian ecologist,
and one of his students, David Holmgren. It is a contraction of ''permanent agriculture” or
“permanent culture”.
Permaculture is about designing ecological human habitats and food production system. It

is a land use and community building movement which strives for the harmonious integration
of human dwellings, microclimate, annual and perennial plants, animals, soils and water into
stable, productive communities. The focus is not on these elements themselves, but rather on
the relationships created among them by the way we place them in the landscape. This
synergy is further enhanced by mimicking patterns found in nature.
A central theme in permaculture is the design of ecological landscapes that produce food.
Emphasis is placed on multi-use plants, cultural practices such as sheet mulching and
trellising, and the integration of animals to recycle nutrients and graze weeds.
However, permaculture entails much more than just food production. Energy-efficient
buildings, waste water treatment, recycling, and land stewardship in general are other
important components of permaculture. More recently, permaculture has expanded its
purview to include economic and social structures that support the evaluation and


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development of more permanent communities, such as co-housing projects and eco-villages.
As such, permaculture design concepts are applicable to urban as well as rural settings, and
are appropriate for single households as well as whole farms and villages.
''Integrated farming'' and ''ecological engineering'' are terms sometimes used to describe
perma-culture, with ''cultivated ecology'' perhaps coming the closest. Though helpful, these
terms alone do not capture the holistic nature of permaculture; thus, the following definitions
are included here to provide additional insight.
- Permaculture: the use of ecology as the basis for designing integrated system of food
production, housing, appropriate technology, and community development. Permaculture is
built upon an ethic of caring for the earth and interacting with the environment in mutually
beneficial ways.
- Permaculture is a sustainable design system stressing the harmonious interrelationship of
humans, plants, animals and the earth.
- Permaculture is a practical concept, which can be applied in the city, on the farm, and in
the wilderness. Its principles empower people to establish highly productive environments

providing for food, energy, shelter and other material and non-material needs, including
economic. Carefully observing natural patterns characteristic of a particular site, the
permaculture designer gradually discerns optimal methods for integrating water catchments,
human shelter, and energy systems with tree crops, edible and useful perennial plants,
domestic and wild animals and aquaculture.
2. Comprehension check. Are the following statements true or false?
a.__Permaculture is one of the most holistic, integrated systems analysis and design
methodologies found in the world.
b.__Permaculture can be applied to create productive ecosystems from the human-use
standpoint or to help degraded ecosystems recover health and wildness.
c.__Permaculture can be applied in any ecosystems, no matter how degraded.
d.__Permaculture values and validates traditional knowledge and experience.
e.__Permaculture incorporates sustainable agriculture practices and land management
techniques and strategies from around the world.
f.__Permaculture promotes organic agriculture which does not use pesticides to pollute the
environment.
g.__Permaculture aims to maximize symbiotic and synergistic relationship between site
components.
h.__Permaculture is urban planning as well as rural land design.
i.__Permaculture design is site specific, client specific, and culture specific.
2. Speaking. (pair-work) Ask and answer the following questions.
a. What words does 'permaculture' derive from?
b. What do designers base on to design permaculture ecosystem?
c. What factors are important for permaculture designers?
d. What should they take into account before planning their land?
e. What benefits does permaculture bring to them?
3. Write out the characteristics of permaculture.
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

4. Fill in the gaps with given words in the box.

production ; implies ; protecting ; erosion ; available ; applied


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because ; acceptable ; inducement ; conservation ; between ; conserve

CONSERVATION PROGRAMME
An ambitious soil conservation program has concentrated on…(1)…steep slopes by
bunding and afforestation. This has made a substantial impact on soil…(2)…,but has not
contributed much to increased agricultural…(3)… . Large- scale afforestation is also
unpopular with local people…(4)…it reduces the area…(5)…for livestock grazing while
forest protection…(6)…denying access for fuel wood collection. A balance…(7)…the
competing requirements of…(8)…and production is clearly needed if popular support for
soil conservation work is to continue without…(9)…such as the food-for-work programme.
A land-use plan to…(10)…steeper slopes by restoring good vegetative cover through
closure, followed by controlled grazing, has been found to be more…(11)…to the local
people than large-scale afforestation…(12)…in isolation.

5. Translation. Translate the passage into Vietnamese.

________________


Every medal has its reverse

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§ UNIT 13 INSECTS
I. Word study.
1. Match the word with its definition.
a. larva
b. nymph
c. suck
d. hatch
e. cotton bolls
f. stalk borer
g. piercing
h. aphids
i. fluid
j. pupa
k. stem
l. enclose
m. maturity
n. arthropods
o. exoskeleton
p. exceed
q. metamorphosis
- insect in the first stage of its life after coming out of the egg.
- insect in the stage of development between a larva and an adult
- a young insect emerges from an egg.
- very small insect that sucks the juice from plants.
- any liquid substance.
- draw a liquid or air into the mouth.

- be greater or more numerous.
- going into or through with sharp-pointed instrument.
- change of form by natural growth.
- adult stage.
- main central part of a plant.(not a tree)
- solid external skeleton.
- put a wall, fence round something.
- insect with hard outer body and joined legs (limbs).
- a young insect
- insect mouth like a bore which makes hole in stem of a plant.
- cotton seed-case.
2. Fill in the gaps with words above.
a. Insects are classified as …………… which have……………… and segmented bodies
which are …………… by a hard and rigid …………… or external skeleton.
b. Insect undergo changes in form as they increase in size and…………….
c. In the case of aphids the adult female…………… eggs on a leaf which becomes the food
store for the ……………, i.e. the young insects.
d. The nymphs feed by …………… the leaf with their mouthparts and …………… the fluid
from the leaf.
e. When the number of …………… on a plant exceeds the number, some of them grow
wings and fly to new plants.
f. In a second type of metamorphosis, complete metamorphosis, the insect develops through
four stages: egg, ……………, …………… and adult.
g. In insects showing complete metamorphosis the eggs …………… into larvae.
h. The cotton stainer kills cotton…………… and the…………… makes holes in
the…………… of maize plants and eats the …………… and cobs.
i. During the…… …stage the insect changes in form from the larva to the adult insect.

II. READING A.
1. pre-reading task. Answer the following before reading the passage.

a. Are there harmless insect? Are there useful insect? Why are they useful?
b. How many legs does an insect have?
2. Write the names of insect you know under the two headings.

Harmful insect
- grass hopper
- …………………………
- …………………………
- …………………………
- …………………………
Harmless insect
- lizards
- …………………………….
- …………………………….
- …………………………….
- …………………………….


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- …………………………
- ……………………………

HOW INSECTS DEVELOP
Insects are classified as arthropods, i.e. they have joined legs. They have segmented bodies
which are enclosed by a hard and rigid exoskeleton or external skeleton.
Insect undergo changes in form as they increase in size and maturity. These changes are
described as metamorphosis, occurs in many important tropical pests, e.g. nymph and adult.
In the case of aphids the adult female lays eggs on a leaf which becomes the food store for the
nymphs, i.e. the young insects. The nymphs feed by piercing the leaf with their mouthparts
and sucking the fluid from the leaf. When the number of aphids on a plant exceeds the

number that can be supported by the plant, some of them grow wings and fly to new plants.
Thus, if they are not controlled they can easily destroy a crop. The nymph reaches maturity in
about a week.
In a second type of metamorphosis, complete metamorphosis, the insect develops through
four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Like insects showing incomplete metamorphosis, the
adult female lays eggs on a suitable host. However, in insects showing complete
metamorphosis, e.g. flies and beetles, the eggs hatch into larvae. The larval stage is a feeding
stage and is remarkably different from the adult in appearance, usually in habitat, and in food
consumed. Many larvae cause serious damage to crops. For example, the cotton stainer kills
cotton bolls and the stalk borer makes holes in the stems of maize plants and eats the leaches
and cobs. When the larvae are fully fed they form a cocoon and the pupal stage begins.
During the pupal stage the insect changes in form from the larva to the adult insect.
3. Comprehension check.
A. Answer the following questions.
a. How are insect classified?
b. How do insect change in form?
c. How do insect develop?
d. Why are insect harmful to crops?
e. How do people control insect?
f. What methods do farmers often use to protect their crops from insect?
B. Look at this chart which gives the information in the passage in note form. The left-hand
side of the chart has been completed. Complete the right-hand side by referring to the
passage.


locusts
cháu
cháúu

aphids

rãûp
væìng

a.

b.


Incomplete
metamorphos
is

INSECT

c.









Eggs



d.

Nymphs

Feed on
fluids
In plants

f.

e.









adults

Feed on
fluids

g.



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In plants












h.

4. The following parts of the passage are out of order. Put them in the right order.
LOCUSTS
A. Why do millions of locusts suddenly appear out of the desert? Why do they appear
every few years? Why not every year? Why aren't there locusts flying around farms all
the time? Nobody knows the answers to these questions. We cannot solve the problem of
locusts until we find the answers to these questions.
B. Every few years locusts come flying out of the desert. They travel on the wind from15

to 150 kilometers a day. A locus is small. It weights only about 60 grams. However,
locusts are a terrible problem because one is never alone. There can be 100 million of
them in two square kilometers. Each one eats twice its weight in food every day.
Thousands of people can die after locusts pass through an area. The locusts eat all the
plants, and there is no food for the people.
C. We are sitting in a village in West Africa and there are millions of locusts in the air, in
the trees, and on the crops. They are eating every plant in front of them. They are eating
both the wild plants and all the crops on the farms. They are moving along slowly,
jumping or flying from one plant to the next. Sometimes the wind carries them along
quickly.
D. Governments use airplanes to poison locusts. Locusts often appear in Africa. The
countries there do not have enough money to buy planes and poison. Sometimes there are
wars, and the planes cannot fly to nearby countries to kill the locusts.

PART B
I. Word study.
A. Match the words with its definition.
1. seed
2. dust
3. insecticide
4. crop rotation
a. remove dust to clean something.
b. substance used for killing insects.
c. varying the crops grown each year on the same land.
d. part of plant from which a new plant of the same kind can grow.
B. Fill in the gaps with words in the box.
pesticide ; damaging ; rotation ; treatment ; compounds ; preventing
spread ; infection ; pests ; season ; poisonous ; active ; livestock ; care
1. Seed that is bought locally or seed produced by a farmer for his own use may carry
an…………… which will quickly …………… to the new crop.

2. Some seeds are given heat …………… which protects them against certain ……………
and diseases.
3. Crop …………… is one method of…………… this because if the pests do not attack the
new crop they may die off.
4. Most main crops are grown during the rainy…………… and this is the time when insect
pests are most …………… .
6. These pesticides are…………… to insects and other pests and large quantities will poison
…………… or humans.
7. Chemical pest controls should always be used with…………… and only the right amount
of the correct…………… should be used.
8. Many chemical…………… are made which can kill the pest without…………… the
crop or animal which is protected.

II. GRAMMAR. Time clauses
The conjunctions often used in time clauses are: when; while; as; as soon as; before; after


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Example:
- I was having dinner. Peter came.
=>While I was having dinner peter came.
- The Queen gets off the train. The Major will give her some flowers.
=> As soon as the Queen gets off the train the Major will give her some flowers.
- The teacher comes into classroom. The pupils stand up.
=> When the teacher comes into classroom the pupils stand up.
A. Practice.
1. Fill in the gaps with one of the time conjunctions above.
a. Government certified seed is not likely to carry diseases or pests……………it is bought.
b. Seeds can be dusted with an insecticide such as aldrin to protect them ……………they
are in storage and in the soil.

c. if irrigation is used it is possible to grow crops such as cabbages and tomatoes during the
dry season …………….there are fewer pests about.
d. Insect undergo changes in form …………….they increase in size and maturity.
e. …………the larvae are fully fed they form a cocoon and the pupal stage begins.
f. …………the number of aphids on a plant exceeds the number that can be supported by
the plant, some of them grow wings and fly to new plants.
g. It is a red-brown soil which becomes very hard…………… it is dry.
h. …………the soil particles are mainly sand and coarse gravel its texture is said to be
gritty.
i. …………these raw materials are broken down they become humus.
j. These organic materials will gradually add to the soil organic matter and nutrient bank
…………they break down.
2. Combine the following pairs to make a complex sentence. Use time conjunctions.
a. You do not buy commercial seafood and freshwater fish. You are helping to preserve the
ocean and river wildernesses.
b. The water table rises towards the surface. Naturally occurring salts are dissolved and
concentrated in the upper soil layer.
c. Mulches are made from organic materials, such as hay, grass clippings, straw, newspaper
and old woolen. They will gradually add to the soil organic matter and nutrient bank. The
mulches break down.
d. The light was absorbed. It is radiated back into the atmosphere as heat energy or turned
into chemical energy by green plants. They photosynthesis.
e. The green manure crop can be slashed two or three times. It is growing and then chopped
into the soil. It flowers and seeds.
f. You may feel it is not ethical to eat red meat because of the environmental cost of feeding
most of the world's grain to beef and pigs. Many people are starving; or you may be
concerned about land degradation occurring through removal of forests of grazing land.
g. Many desert regions and arid zones have been sensitively managed by people who
travelled around their lands. They hunted or tended their animals.

I. READING C.
A. Read the following passage and find the answers to these questions.
a. What is the most common method used to decrease the damage to crops caused by
insect?
b. How does crop rotation affect plant pests?
c. When are insect populations most numerous?
d. When are seeds most likely to be damaged by pests?
e. How can timing planting reduce the damage to crops?
f. Do chemical substance used for pest control affect on people's health ?


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g. How should people use the insecticides to prevent from their harmful effects?
h. Do people need to use biocides to kill insect such as fungicides, miticides and
insecticides? Why?
How damage to crops can be reduced
1. Buying good seed
Government certified seed is not likely to carry diseases or pests when it is bought. Seed
that is bought locally or seed produced by a farmer for his own use may carry an infection
which will quickly spread to the new crop. Seeds, but not food grains, can be dusted with an
insecticide such as aldrin to protect them during storage and in the soil. Some seeds are given
heat treatment which protects them against certain pests and diseases.
2. Crop rotation
If the same crop is grown on a field for several years pests and disease organisms may
collect in the soil. Crop rotation is one method of preventing this because if the pests do not
attack the new crop they may die off.
3. Timing planting
Most main crops are grown during the rainy season and this is the time when insect pests
are most active. However, if irrigation is used it is possible to grow crops such as cabbages
and tomatoes during the dry season when there are fewer pests about.

4. Chemical pest control
This is the most frequently used method of controlling agricultural pests. Many chemical
compounds are made which can kill the pest without damaging the crop or animal which is
protected. These pesticides are poisonous to insects and other pests and large quantities will
poison livestock or humans. Chemical pest controls should always be used with care and only
the right amount of the correct pesticide should be used.
B. Comprehension check.
Say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
a.__ It is likely that a seed produced locally will be infected.
b.__ An infected seed will certainly damage the crop.
c.__ Aldrin cannot poison humans.
d.__ Seeds must be given heat treatment to protect them against pests.
e.__ Insecticides are dangerous to humans in small quantities.
f.__Crop rotation may prevent plants from harmful insect.
g.__Insect are most active in sunny season.

C. Fill in the gaps with given words in the box.

palatable ; attack ; pests ; different ; reduce
infested ; polyculture ; achieved ; poultry ; birds

PEST MANAGEMENT
Healthy soil and diverse habitats greatly…(1)…pest infestations. It has been found that in
an apple monoculture up to 100% of the apples can be…(2)…with codling moth; in
a…(3)…only 4% of the apples will be affected by codling moth.
Pest management is…(4)…by:
planting a diverse range of species so that no one pest can…(5)…all the trees;
planting varieties with…(6)…harvest times. Some varieties will miss the peak pest period;
allowing…(7)…and pigs to forage through the orchard. They will eat insect …(8)…and
diseased or infested fruit;

providing habitat for insectivorous…(9)…and animals including lizards, frogs and
spiders;


89
maintaining a constant but not excessive supply of nutrients. Over-fertilized, very lush
growth attracts insect pests because it is highly…(10)…to them.

__________________
The longest day must have an end
§ UNIT 14 DAIRY FARMING
I. Word study.
1. Match the words with similar meaning.
a. formulate
b. dairy cattle
c. mature
d. lactating cow
e. pregnant
f. supplement
g. infertility
h. retard
i. consult
j. oral dosing
k. intramuscular injection
l. tissues
m. rectify
n. intravenous injection
o. gestation
p. regain
q. treatment

1. cows produce milk.
2. thing added to something else to improve or complete it.
3. create something in a precise form.
4. unable to have children.
5. ask for advice.
6. slow the development.
7. take medicine by mouth
8. cows having a baby in the womb.
9. cows kept to produce milk.
10. fully grown or developed.
11. period of time of pregnant.
12. recover
13. inject medicine within a muscle
14. process of treating an illness.
15. inject medicine within a vein.
16. put something correct repeatedly.
17. mass of cells forming the body of an animal or plant.
2. Fill in the gaps with given words in the box.
1. dairy / beef 2. supply / supplement 5. treat / treatment
2. retards / retardation 4. tissues / issues 6. gesture / gestation

a. The money I get from teaching the piano is a useful…………… to my ordinary income.
b. When the .…………… have been destroyed a scar has formed.
c. Elephants have a.…………… period of about 624 days.
d. That is the.…………… farm that produces milk and butter.
e. Scientists have found a new.…………… for cancer.
f. lack of sun.…………… plant growth.

II. READING A.
1. Pre-reading task.

a. What should you do when you look after dairy cattle?
b. What do you pay more your attention to?
c. Why do you think so?

WHAT ARE THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF DAIRY CATTLE?
The following nutrients are essential to all dairy cattle:
energy
minerals
protein
vitamins
Any diet must be formulated to provide these nutrients, which are essential for growth,
reproduction, milk production, etc.
1. What should you know about the energy needs of dairy cattle?


90
Mature dairy cattle need a sufficient supply of energy to produce milk and to maintain
their body reserves. Shortages in energy depress the reproduction function. Lactating cows
need 10 to 15% more energy to maintain their body reserves than any cows and cows that are
not pregnant.
2. What should you know about mineral nutrition?
Twenty-one minerals are essential in the nutrition of dairy cattle. Fortunately, most of the
minerals are found in sufficient quantities in the feeds eaten by the animal. Balanced
commercial feeds used as supplements usually contain sufficient minerals to, under normal
conditions, meet the needs of the dairy cow. Most of the minerals are required in very small
quantities.
Mineral deficiencies and imbalances can be the cause of infertility, low milk yield,
retarded growth, etc. Certain areas in our country are known to lack minerals, such as calcium
and phosphorus. Consult your veterinary surgeon or animal nutritionist who will be able to
advise you regarding such problems in your area.

There are various methods that could be used to supplement mineral deficiencies. The
methods most favoured are injections or oral dosing.
When injected intramuscularly, the minerals are absorbed slowly into the tissue and
provide protection against dietary deficiencies for a long period of time.
The only obvious deficiency you will probably ever experience is that of calcium in cows
suffering from ''milk fever''. The drop in the level of calcium in the blood is, however, not
necessarily caused by a deficiency in the cow's diet. The deficiency is rectified by an
intravenous injection of calcium.
3. Do cows need vitamin supplements?
Vitamin deficiencies in cattle are rare and supplementation is only required in certain
cases.
When your cows fail to become pregnant, have a shorter period of gestation, a high
percentage of retained placentas and abortions, it could probably be as a result of a vitamin A
deficiency. The eyes of the cows with a vitamin A deficiency are dull and watery. If injected
with vitamin A, the eyes will regain their normal brightness within a day or two. If necessary,
treatment may be repeated every three months.
2. Comprehension check.
Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones.
a. Minerals are one of the essential nutrients to all dairy cattle.
b. Any diet for dairy cattle must consist of energy, minerals, protein and vitamins.
c. Lactating cows need more energy than pregnant cows.
d. Dairy cows need a large quantity of minerals.
e. Lack of calcium and phosphorus causes low milk yield and retarded growth.
f. Injection is the popular method to supply mineral deficiencies to the cattle.
g. Cows need vitamin supplement every day.
h. The eyes of cow deficient in vitamin A are often dull and watery.
i. It is necessary to inject cows with vitamin A every week.

3. Writing. (work in group of 3)
a. The diet of milk cows.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. The diet of pregnant cows.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….…
………………………………………………………………………………………………


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c. How to supply vitamins and mineral nutrition to dairy cattle?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

PART B
I. Word study.
A. Match the words which have similar meaning.
a. prevent
b. inoculate
c. cure
d. endemic
e. immunity
f. calves
g. colostrum
h. infect
i. brucellosis
j. herd
k. free of disease
l. tuberculosis

m. veterinary
surgeon (vet)
n. confirm
1. inject with a vaccine
2. ability to resist infection disease.
3. avoid
4. infectious disease.
5. cause others to have a disease.
6. an infectious lung disease.
7. make definite more firmly.
8. not harm by something dangerous, or infectious disease.
9. number of animals feeding or staying together.
10. an infectious disease that affects domestic and humans who drink
infected milk.
11. liquid produced by female mammals immediately after giving birth,
rich in vitamins, antibodies and protein.
12. person who is skilled in the treatment of animal disease.
13. treat a disease.
14. very young cattle
B. Fill in the gaps with words in the box.
1. infectious ; infected ; infection 2. nutrients ; immunity ; diseases
3. cancer ; brucellosis ; cholera 4. tissues ; blood sample ; muscles
5. free of ; inoculate ; prevent 6. abortion ; herd ; calves

a. This vaccine will give cows…………….against tuberculosis for many years.
b. .………….is an infectious disease which causes abortion in cattle and fever in humans.
c. To have the correct treatment doctors must test some.………….of the patients to find the
disease.
d. The laboratory animals had been.……………with the bacteria.
e. If you have injection of cholera, you will be.………….the disease.

f. This vaccine inoculates cattle against……………. .

II. READING B
1. Read through the passage and answer the following questions.
a. How do you know your cows are ill?
b. How do you look after your ill cows?
c. How do you treat the cows' illness?
d. How can you prevent your animals from becoming ill?
HEALTH CARE
If we can prevent disease, we can reduce the cost of treatment, loss of productivity and
livestock deaths caused by disease. Preventive measures are virtually all cheaper than cures
and cures are not always successful.
Cattle can be inoculated against certain diseases, but this does not guarantee that they will
never contract the diseases.
You should consult with your veterinary surgeon to find out which diseases are endemic
to your region and whether you should inoculate your cattle against these diseases. If cattle


92
are bought in from other areas, this might be necessary. However, if the cattle were born on
your farm, the chances are good that they will have required natural immunity. This, once
again, stresses the importance of ensuring that calves are fed sufficient amounts of colostrum
soon after birth.
At law all dairy cattle must be inoculated against Brucella aborts. This disease causes
cows to abort their calves. When humans drink the milk of infected animals, they might also
be infected. In humans, brucellosis, which is extremely dangerous, is commonly known as
Malta Fever.
Your herd will also have to be free of tuberculosis. A government official, probably a
veterinary surgeon will draw blood samples from all your cattle to be tested for brucellosis
and tuberculosis. Once it is determined that the herd is free of these diseases, you will be

issued with a certificate, confirming the findings of the test.
2. Comprehension check.
Answer the following questions.
a. What disease are cows often infected?
b. What disease can humans be infected from animals?
c. How can humans be infected with the diseases
d. What disease is the most dangerous for cattle and humans? Why?

PART C THE TREATMENT OF ILLNESS
I. Word study.
1. Match the word with the appropriate definition.
a. crucial
b. observe
c. disorder
d. recovery
e. diagnose
f. symptom
g. abnormal
h. behaviour
i. alert
j. droplet
k. medication
1. watch or follow something.
2. small drop
3. manner
4. attentive and quick to think or act.
5. essential
6. confused state or lack of order.
7. medicine, medicinal substance.
8. different.

9. change in the body that indicates an illness.
10. become healthy again after an illness.
11. find out the nature of an illness by observing its symptom.
B. Fill in the gaps with words in the box.

1. dialogue ; diagnosed ; ignore 2. disorder ; disease ; disaster
3. alert ; crucial ; abnormal 4. medicinal ; medical ; medication
5. symptoms ; system ; synthesis 6. discovery ; recovery ; cover

1. The doctor……………measles.
2. What is the best…………….for this condition?
3. Although he is over eighty his mind is still remarkably.…………… .
4. Everyone began shouting at once and the meeting broke up in……………. .
5. Experience will teach you which diseases are common to your area and what
……………to look out for.
6. The sooner treatment can begin, the better are the chances of ……………. .

HOW DO YOU KNOW WHEN A COW IS ILL?
It is crucial that you should be able to observe the signs of ill health at the outset of any
disorder. The sooner treatment can begin, the better are the chances of recovery. Even if you
were not able to diagnose the disease, it would assist the veterinary surgeon if you could
describe the symptoms.


93
The dairy farmer should know his animals so well that any abnormal behaviour is noted
immediately. Cow showing any of the following signs, should be examined closer:
difficulty in getting up
sudden loss in weight
heavy breathing

dull coat of hair
not eating and ruminating normally
ears should be alert
nose should be moist with little droplets
difficulty in walking
any abnormal way of standing, such as standing with a bent back.
If a cow shows any of the above signs, she should be examined more closely.
The first step should be to take her body temperature. Normal temperature is 38,8 to 39°C. A
cow showing a temperature of 39,5 °C is definitely ill. If the temperature reaches 40°C,
immediate steps should be taken. It is a good idea to always keep medication at hand which
will reduce fever. Your veterinary surgeon will be able to supply you with name of a suitable
product.
A number of diseases attack the liver. These can be diagnosed by examining the white of
the eyes, which turns yellowish; the gums, which should be pinkish, turns white, and the
urine, which should be clear and yellowish, turns dark in colour.
Experience will teach you which diseases are common to your area and what symptoms to
look out for. Experience will also teach you which medicines to keep in stock in your
refrigerator.
C. Comprehension check.
Answer the following questions?
1. How do you know when a cow is ill?
2. What symptoms of a cow show that it is ill?
3. What temperature of an ill cow is?
4. What should you do when your cow is ill?
5. Which is the best method of health care?
D. Writing.
a. Write out the methods of health care, the symptoms of illness and the treatment of the
illness.
methods of health care
the symptoms of illness

the treatment of the illness
a. ………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
b. ………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
- ………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
- ………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
- ………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………

……………………………
- ………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………

____________________

The rotten apple injures its neighbours


94




§ UNIT 15 NATURAL FORESTS
I. Word study.
A. Find the words which have similar meaning.
1. backbone
2. pressure
3. hone
4. fragments
5. coniferous
6. extend
7. refine
8. uncontaminated
9. adapted

10. verge
a. a small part or a piece broken off.
b. stone used for sharpening the cutting edges of tools.
c. make something longer or larger.
d. belong to cypress-tree and pine-tree.
e. being used to something
f. unpolluted, uninfected
g. stress of natural force
h. margin place
i. remove impurities from purity. (refine sugar; oil)
j. the most important part of human body or something
B. Match the word with its definition.
1. preserve
2. indigenous forest
3. conservation forest
4. boundary
5. sanctuary
6. mammals
7. creek
8. gully
9. slope
10. reptile
- lines distinguish different areas.
- area with rising or falling ground.(steep slope)
- narrow channel cut or formed by rain water.
- condition of being protected; kept safe.
- animals that feed their young on milk from breast.
- a natural forest with indigenous plants and animals.
- class of cold-blood, egg-laying animals with very short or no legs.
- forest protected by the government law.

- narrow stretch of water flowing inland from a coast stream or
brook.
- area where birds and wild animals are protected from hunters.
C. Fill in the gaps with words in the box.
boundary ; slopes ; verges ; sanctuary ; shelter ; indigenous
pressures ; surrounding ; reptiles ; uncontaminated ; backbone

1. …………… forests involved over millions of years with all the …………… of natural
selection operating, so that finally what we see is a highly refined complex which is
beautifully honed to survive in the…………… environment.
2. If the forest is large enough it will offer…………… to indigenous mammals, birds
and…………… .
3. Forests may be established in the areas such as: creeks, gullies, farm …………, ridges
and places with ……………greater than 15º, and roadside………… .
4. Your garden is the natural forests that are the……………and security for the whole
landscape.
5. Like your food forest and structural forest, this assembly (sæû làõp gheïp) of trees
and their organisms provides…………… and protection, and maintains air, water and
soil in…………… states.

II. GRAMMAR. adverbial clauses of cause and effects
Adverbial clauses of cause and effect are often expressed by: because; as; while; so .
A. Fill in the gaps with one of the conjunctions above.