Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics Language Skills Practice phần 3 pdf

Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice
91
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GRAMMAR
NAME CLASS DATE
Review A: Independent and Subordinate Clauses
EXERCISE A Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences. Then, identify that
clause by writing above it ADJ for adjective clause,ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause.
Example
1.
As soon as we saw the cat, we wanted to adopt him.
1.
My family and I adopted a Siamese cat, whom we named Chang.
2.
That we have pampered Chang is an understatement.
3.
Chang certainly senses that he is an important member of our family.
4.
At times, in fact, he treats us as if we were his pets.
5.
When we sit down to eat, Chang leaps promptly to the top of a nearby table.
6.
Sitting there quietly, he purrs his contentment with the food that we give him.
7.
Chang usually will eat what we like to eat.
8.
Although he prefers tuna, he also enjoys other kinds of food.
9.
Chang does not leave his table until we have cleared away the dishes from our meal.
10.
After eating, Chang lies down in his basket, where he sleeps until snack time.

EXERCISE B Identify the underlined clause in each of the following sentences by writing above it I
for independent clause,ADJ for adjective clause,ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause.
Example
1.
Chang never doubts for a moment that he is entitled to go with us on trips.
11.
Aunt Jo has a fox terrier that becomes a nervous wreck on seeing Jo packing for a vacation.
12.
Chang does not quiver a whisker, though, for he believes that cats always go on vacations.
13.
When our car is packed and ready, he hops in cheerfully.
14.
He avoids the driver’s seat, willingly leaving the driving to whoever wants to drive.
15.
Sleeping is what Chang likes best about a car trip.
16.
He slips under the front seat to take the long midday nap that every other sensible cat takes.
17.
He curls up politely and gives whoever is sitting in the front seat plenty of legroom.
18.
That the rest of us remain awake probably baffles him.
19.
In his view, the smartest traveler is one who arrives at his or her destination with the least
worry and trouble.
20.
Chang always seems content when we arrive at our destination.
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GRAMMAR
Review B: Clauses and Their Functions
EXERCISE A Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences. Then, identify that
clause by writing above it ADJ for adjective clause,ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause.
Example
1.
I went to a dance that was sponsored by the American Field Service Club.
1.
At the dance I met Michelle, a student whose hometown is Paris.
2.
When Michelle first arrived, her English was somewhat stilted.
3.
Since we met, her speech has improved.
4.
Michelle understands that it is important to practice English.
5.
Sometimes, though, what she says surprises me.
6.
Because she is athletic, Michelle loves sports jargon.
7.
She readily learns the new terms that we teach her.
8.
Baseball, which is my favorite game, confuses her.
9.

However, she “talks” soccer as if she were a professional player.
10.
What Michelle wants to become is a sports announcer.
EXERCISE B Identify the underlined clause in each of the following sentences by writing above it I for
independent clause,ADJ for adjective clause,ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause. For each adjec-
tive or adverb clause,circle the word or words that the clause modifies. For each noun clause, indicate
how the clause is used by writing above it S for subject,DO for direct object, IO for indirect object,PN for
predicate nominative, or OP for object of a preposition.
Examples
1.
What has a long, silky coat, a plumed tail, and flared ears that resemble butterflies?
2.
Did you know that a papillon is not just a butterfly?
11.
I laughed when my father brought home a papillon.
12.
Don’t you think that a cat or a dog would make a better pet?
13.
That is what I asked upon hearing of his strange purchase.
14.
Imagine my surprise at the time when I learned the truth.
15.
Papillon, which is French for “butterfly,” is also the name of a breed of dog.
16.
What distinguishes the papillon from other toy spaniels is its unusual, butterflylike ears.
17.
A breed that is becoming popular in the United States, the papillon is an intelligent dog.
18.
If one can judge from our Papou, the breed is also very friendly.
19.

Our Papou, for example, readily responds to whoever takes note of him.
20.
More than a show dog, he gives whoever loves him plenty of affection in return.
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GRAMMAR
NAME CLASS DATE
Review C: Sentence Structure
EXERCISE Classify each of the following sentences by writing on the line provided S for simple sentence,
CD for compound sentence,CX for complex sentence, or CD-CX for compound-complex sentence.
Example
1.
I use the Dictionary of American Biography to research famous Americans.
1.
If you like to read about contemporary people, you might enjoy Current Biography.
2.
Actually, The Guinness Book of World Records is my favorite source of biographical trivia.
3.
Because Philo T. Farnsworth helped invent television, his name is in encyclopedias.
4.
A statue of Buddha in Tokyo, Japan, is the world’s tallest statue.

5.
In 1946, Estée Lauder founded a cosmetics firm and marketed beauty care products.
6.
In 1871, the entertainer P. T. Barnum opened a circus, which he later called “The
Greatest Show on Earth”; he was later elected mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut.
7.
In 1955, the cartoonist Charles Schulz won the Reuben Award from the National
Cartoonists Society; he won the award again in 1964.
8.
The baseball player Sadaharu Oh, who has hit more than eight hundred home runs in
his career, has been called the “Babe Ruth of Japan.”
9.
I know that in 2008 Mark set a record for hitting the most home runs on our little
league team, but I am not sure whether he still holds that record.
10.
The Guinness Book of World Records includes many other interesting facts and figures.
11.
With twenty-two letters, superextraordinarisimo is the longest word in Spanish.
12.
I learned that every known language includes the sound “ah,” as in the word father.
13.
Chi-n-chi-ku-ri-n, which means “a very short person,” is the longest word in Japanese.
14.
The English language includes approximately 1,016,500 words; that any English
speaker uses more than 60,000 of these words is highly unlikely.
15.
William Shakespeare, a playwright and poet, had a vocabulary of about 33,000 words.
16.
Are you interested in geographical trivia?
17.

Hilo, Hawaii, is the southernmost city in the U.S., and Barrow, Alaska, is the northernmost.
18.
Covering about forty-five acres, the Quetzalcóatl Pyramid near Mexico City is not only
the world’s largest pyramid but also the largest monument ever built.
19.
The Gateway to the West arch is the world’s tallest monument; it rises 630 feet.
20.
I like trivia games that are challenging; so does Irene.
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GRAMMAR
Review D: Clauses and Sentence Structure
EXERCISE A Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences. On the line provided,
identify the clause by writing ADJ for adjective clause,ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause.
Example
1.
While we were shopping, we lost one of our packages.
1.
The forest fire started because someone had not smothered a campfire.
2.
The family that bought the house next door is from Seattle.
3.
Did you know that Joel is the new team captain?

4.
Mr. O’Brien will buy the store if the bank will lend him the money.
5.
The girl who won the golf match has practiced diligently.
EXERCISE B For each of the following sentences, underline each independent clause once and each
subordinate clause twice. Then, identify each sentence according to structure. On the line provided,
write S for simple sentence,CD for compound sentence,CX for complex sentence, or CD-CX for compound-
complex sentence.
Example
1.
I’ve enjoyed this class since we’ve been studying Yellowstone National Park.
6.
Did you know that Yellowstone National Park is the oldest of our national parks?
7.
I don’t know if you have ever visited Yellowstone, but you should plan to see it soon.
8.
The first recorded trip to the Yellowstone geysers was made in 1807 by John Colter.
9.
Colter’s reports of rainbow-colored pools, spouting geysers, and boiling mudholes
were dismissed as hallucinations.
10.
After 1810, a number of trappers and scouts visited the region, but few people
believed the stories that these explorers brought back.
11.
In 1870, an expedition that was headed by Henry D. Washburn and Nathaniel P.
Langford finally discovered the truth behind the stories.
12.
The next year, Dr. Ferdinand Hayden, head of the U.S. Geological Survey, led a scien-
tific expedition to Yellowstone; he brought with him an artist and a photographer.
13.

Their reports captured the interest of the nation, and Congress quickly acted to
preserve the region as a national park.
14.
In 1988, much of Yellowstone’s forest and meadowland was consumed by fire, which
was allowed to burn unchecked.
15.
In the event of fire, park policy is to let nature take its course.
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NAME CLASS DATE
Number
A word that refers to one person, place, thing, or idea is singular in number. A word that refers to
more than one is plural in number.
SINGULAR building he woman knife country
PLURAL buildings they women knives countries
EXERCISE A On the line,write S for each singular word and P for each plural word.
Example 1. several
1.
vegetables
2.
valley
3.
it
4.
mice

5.
we
6.
wrenches
7.
chicken
8.
honesty
9.
children
10.
ourselves
11.
contest
12.
strawberries
13.
dandelion
14.
monkey
15.
office
16.
men
17.
wolves
18.
them
19.
peach

20.
loss
21.
somebody
22.
pennies
23.
her
24.
catalog
25.
wharves
26.
anything
27.
truth
28.
few
29.
piano
30.
oats
EXERCISE B On each line,complete each word group with a correct singular or plural word. Write S after
a singular word and P after a plural word.
Example 1. those breathtaking
31.
twelve strange
32.
an excellent
33.

several satisfied
34.
neither of the
35.
these interesting
36.
many talented
37.
another large
38.
thirty-five
39.
some mysterious
40.
a pair of
41.
a delicious
42.
a few more
43.
a thousand
44.
every
45.
a herd of
46.
numerous
47.
that small
48.

each of the
49.
many important
50.
not even a single
photographs P
P
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Agreement of Subject and Verb A
A verb should agree in number with its subject.
(1)
Singular subjects take singular verbs.
(2)
Plural subjects take plural verbs.
SINGULAR He takes music lessons. She has been sleeping.
PLURAL They take music lessons. They have been sleeping.
The number of the subject usually is not determined by a word in a phrase or clause following

the subject.
EXAMPLES That dog with big teeth scares me.
Earl, as well as his older sister, is a fantastic athlete.
EXERCISE A In each of the following sentences,two verbs appear in parentheses. Underline the verb
that agrees with its subject.
Example 1. Some members of the Spanish club (has, have) been studying Mexico.
1.
The capital of Mexico (is, are) Mexico City.
2.
The plaza at the center of the city (covers, cover) the site of an ancient Aztec temple.
3.
Today, people (calls, call) the plaza the Zócalo.
4.
Many buildings of historical and architectural interest (surrounds, surround) the Zócalo.
5.
The City Hall, as well as the National Palace, (is, are) on the Zócalo.
6.
The offices of the government (is, are) in the National Palace.
7.
The National Palace (was, were) built over three hundred years ago.
8.
Inside the Palace (is, are) several murals by Diego Rivera.
9.
One of them, titled El Mundo Azteca, (depicts, depict) people from the ancient culture.
10.
The citizens, together with tourists, (enjoy, enjoys) visiting the National Palace.
EXERCISE B Each of the sentences in the following paragraph contains an error in subject-verb
agreement. Cross out each incorrect verb and write the correct verb above it.
Example [1] The arts of illusion is essential in the world of moviemaking.
[11]

Few viewers of the film Superman: The Movie knows how Christopher Reeve soars through
the air.
[12]
Credit for the flying scenes go to special-effects crews.
[13]
These masters of illusion
creates the tricks to make the impossible appear to happen.
[14]
Superman, together with Lois
Lane, were suspended on wires from huge cranes.
[15]
The actors in the scene were moving only
their heads and arms while films of rushing scenery was projected onto large screens behind them.
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Agreement of Subject and Verb B
A verb should agree in number with its subject.
(1)
Singular subjects take singular verbs.
(2)
Plural subjects take plural verbs.
SINGULAR He sings in the choir. She has been drawing.
PLURAL They sing in the choir. They have been drawing.

The number of the subject usually is not determined by a word in a phrase or clause following
the subject.
EXAMPLE The documentary on runners in Kenya was fascinating.
EXERCISE In each sentence below, underline the verb that agrees with its subject.
Example 1. The name of the student with the highest grades (has, have) been announced.
1.
The vase of flowers (is, are) on the table.
2.
The photographs on the table (reminds, remind) me of our recent trip.
3.
The pole vault, as well as the high jump, (is, are) Abdul’s specialty.
4.
Bears (lives, live) in those mountains.
5.
Rome, together with Venice, (has, have) many interesting sights.
6.
Lemon (enhances, enhance) the flavor in fish.
7.
The tigers at our hometown zoo (roams, roam) freely on an island.
8.
Spinach, in addition to squash, (is, are) very nourishing.
9.
The highest mountains in the world (rises, rise) in the Himalayas.
10.
The plays we read in speech class (is, are) based on historical events.
11.
The grass on the lawns (gets, get) parched when we have a hot, dry summer.
12.
Anaba, along with her brothers, (wants, want) to learn some traditional songs.
13.

That pair of scissors with the orange handles (is, are) missing.
14.
My aunt from the Netherlands (loves, love) to travel.
15.
Three students in my math class (is, are) going to the state finals.
16.
Coyotes, rattlesnakes, and lizards (thrives, thrive) in the Mexican desert.
17.
Many beautiful fish near the reef in Cozumel (swims, swim) lazily below us.
18.
The grandparents of my best friend (has, have) always lived in Guadalajara.
19.
Dust mites in the air (is, are) a problem for people with allergies.
20.
The top of those bushes (reaches, reach) almost to the second story.
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Agreement of Subject and Verb C
The following indefinite pronouns are singular: anybody,anyone,anything,each,either,everybody,
everyone,everything,neither,nobody, no one,nothing, one,somebody,someone, and something.
EXAMPLE Everyone in the cast is at rehearsal today.
The following indefinite pronouns are plural: both,few, many, and several.
EXAMPLE Several of the athletes were at the banquet.
The indefinite pronouns all,any,more,most,none, and some may be singular or plural, depending
on their meaning in a sentence.
EXAMPLES Most of our vacation is over. [Most refers to the singular noun vacation.]
Most of the days have passed. [Most refers to the plural noun days.]
EXERCISE A Each of these sentences has an indefinite pronoun as a subject. Write S above the pronoun
if it is singular and P if it is plural. Then, underline the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Example 1. Some of my neighbors (has, have) installed extra lights.
1.
Neither of the contestants (knows, know) the answer to the question.
2.
(Has, Have) all of the ice melted?
3.
Everybody in the theater (is, are) standing and cheering.
4.
Many of the tickets to the play (has, have) been sold.
5.
Both of the candidates for the job (seems, seem) capable.
6.
No one at the party (recognizes, recognize) Stefan.
7.
Each of the Maramoto brothers (has, have) applied for a scholarship.
8.
Most of the musicians (respects, respect) the conductor.
9.

Some of the story (was, were) difficult to understand.
10.
(Is, Are) either of the doctors available for an appointment tomorrow?
EXERCISE B In each of the following sentences,two verbs appear in parentheses. Underline the correct
verb form. Then, circle the subject of the sentence.
Example 1. All of Suzi’s kittens (was, were) adopted.
11.
Everything about the concert (was, were) thrilling.
12.
(Is, Are) any of the peaches ripe yet?
13.
Few of the boys (responds, respond) well to criticism.
14.
None of the dessert baked by my sisters (is, are) left.
15.
Several of the new students (speak, speaks) Spanish.
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Agreement of Subject and Verb D

The following indefinite pronouns are singular: anybody,anyone,anything,each,either,everybody,
everyone,everything,neither,nobody, no one,nothing, one,somebody,someone, and something.
EXAMPLE Neither of the girls is here now.
The following indefinite pronouns are plural: both,few, many, and several.
EXAMPLE Both of us were excited to attend the concert.
The indefinite pronouns all,any,more,most,none, and some may be singular or plural, depending
on their meaning in a sentence.
EXAMPLES All of the salad has been eaten. [All refers to the singular noun salad.]
All of the oranges are gone. [All refers to the plural noun oranges.]
EXERCISE A If the verb in a sentence does not agree with its subject,cross out the incorrect verb and
write the correct verb above it. If a sentence is already correct, write C above it.
Example 1. Many of the drivers in the race was European.
1.
Most of the children does their homework in study hall.
2.
Some of the television program were interesting.
3.
Neither of the team captains have told us what to do.
4.
Does both of the writers want to attend the workshop?
5.
Everyone who likes to sing usually joins in on the choruses.
6.
Nothing in these books contradict your theory.
7.
Everybody already know how to solve the problem.
8.
Several of the band members is planning to audition for the orchestra.
9.
None of us wants to go there in the winter.

10.
Each of the girls swim every day during the summer.
EXERCISE B In each of the following sentences,two verbs appear in parentheses. Underline the correct
verb form. Then, circle the subject of the sentence.
Example 1. (Is, Are) any of the boys playing soccer this afternoon?
11.
Some of the guests (was, were) friends of his brother.
12.
Everything in your notebooks (is, are) graded weekly.
13.
(Does, Do) all of the tires on the car need air?
14.
Neither of the girls (is, are) planning to stay late.
15.
(Is, Are) both of them studying right now?
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Agreement of Subject and Verb E

Subjects joined by and generally take a plural verb.
EXAMPLE Justin Leonard and Annika Sörenstam are famous professional golfers.
Compound subjects that name only one person, place, thing, or idea take a singular verb.
Singular subjects joined by or or nor take a singular verb. Plural subjects joined by or or nor take
a plural verb.
EXAMPLE Either a doctor or a nurse checks on the hospital patients each morning.
When a singular subject and a plural subject are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the
subject nearer the verb.
EXAMPLES Neither the band members nor the singer feels ready for the performance.
Neither the singer nor the band members feel ready for the performance.
EXERCISE A Underline the verb that agrees with the compound subject of the sentence.
Example 1. Macaroni and cheese (is, are) on the menu for lunch today.
1.
Three women and a man (makes, make) up the conference committee.
2.
The leading actor and dancer (is, are) Gregory Hines.
3.
Neither her play nor her novels (is, are) widely read.
4.
Maya Angelou and Joan Didion (writes, write) about personal experiences.
5.
Neither the actors nor their director (has, have) staged a play by Wilson before.
6.
Neither the pitcher nor the outfielders (is, are) playing well today.
7.
Recycling and paper drives (is, are) helpful for the environment.
8.
The conductor and the musicians of the symphony (is, are) very talented.
9.
Either the eggs or the milk (seems, seem) spoiled.

10.
Neither the trees nor the flowers (fares, fare) well in this heat.
EXERCISE B Circle the subject and underline the verb that agrees with the subject.
Example 1. The producer and director of the film (is, are) Steven Spielberg.
11.
Neither the managers nor the workers (agrees, agree) with the negotiator.
12.
Jason Granholm and Ty Nguyen (is, are) the winners of the poetry contest.
13.
Either the puppies or their mother (has, have) torn a hole in that chair.
14.
Neither Beatriz nor her sisters (attends, attend) Southdale High School.
15.
Those plants and the ones next to the window (blooms, bloom) each spring.
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Agreement of Subject and Verb F
Subjects joined by and generally take a plural verb.
Compound subjects that name only one person, place, thing, or idea take a singular verb.
EXAMPLE My mother and father cook excellent meals.
Singular subjects joined by or or nor take a singular verb. Plural subjects joined by or or nor take
a plural verb.
EXAMPLE Neither the guests nor the hosts are dancing.

When a singular subject and a plural subject are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the
subject nearer the verb.
EXAMPLES Neither the players nor the coach is happy with the game.
Neither the coach nor the players are happy with the game.
EXERCISE A Circle the subject and underline the verb that agrees with the subject.
Example 1. Either Tom or Susan (live, lives) on the next street.
1.
The singer and songwriter of that song (is, are) a talented artist.
2.
Neither Beth nor her parents (is, are) able to come to the concert.
3.
Cynthia or Tania (want, wants) to go hiking this weekend.
4.
Either the club members or the president (has, have) the right to make the decision.
5.
Beverly and Rafael (agrees, agree) that the house needs to be painted.
EXERCISE B If a verb does not agree with its subject, cross out the incorrect verb and write the correct
verb above it. If a verb is already correct, write C above it.
Example 1. Neither my mother nor my aunts has perfect vision.
6.
Both Cocheta and Amalia buys their clothes with money from their jobs.
7.
Either Will Rogers or James Thurber are the author of that quotation.
8.
Neither the residents nor the governor want the bridge to be built.
9.
Does the Arnolds or the MacLeods always bring the salsa?
10.
Neither my sister nor my mom are willing to go with me.
11.

Neither Delores nor any of the other girls wants to go surfing with me.
12.
Neither the ghosts nor the pirates in the haunted house scares me.
13.
Either the mail carrier or the meter readers have been leaving my gate open.
14.
The hamster and the mouse seems healthier since we got the new feeders.
15.
The room and board at the dormitory seem reasonable.
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Agreement of Subject and Verb G
The contractions don’t and doesn’t should agree with their subjects.
The word don’t is the contraction of do not. Use don’t with all plural subjects and with the
pronouns I and you.

EXAMPLES I don’t speak French well. Doesn’t she like spinach?
EXERCISE In each of these sentences,the contractions don’t and doesn’t appear in parentheses.
Underline the contraction that agrees in number with its subject.
Example 1. She (don’t, doesn’t) ski very often.
1.
A desert (don’t, doesn’t) get much rain.
2.
(Don’t, Doesn’t) these kinds of fruit contain a lot of vitamin C?
3.
Some of the spectators watching the magician (don’t, doesn’t) realize he is creating illusions.
4.
The dancer performing the slow moves (don’t, doesn’t) impress me as much as the other one.
5.
Macaroni and cheese (don’t, doesn’t) taste bad at all.
6.
(Don’t, Doesn’t) he know that I want a new bicycle for my birthday?
7.
Many of the players (don’t, doesn’t) mind practicing more often.
8.
(Don’t, Doesn’t) the time go by fast when you’re having fun?
9.
If Juan Pablo and his brother (don’t, doesn’t) get here on time, we’re leaving.
10.
It really (don’t, doesn’t) matter to me whether we leave now or in fifteen minutes.
11.
That shirt you bought yesterday (don’t, doesn’t) look too good.
12.
The leaves on the pecan tree typically (don’t, doesn’t) start falling off until mid-October.
13.
(Don’t, Doesn’t) one of you belong to that national organization?

14.
The jazz band at María’s school (don’t, doesn’t) perform every month.
15.
My friend, who is from the Philippines, (don’t, doesn’t) mind eating my mother’s Southern
cooking.
16.
One of the girls (don’t, doesn’t) intend to go to the football game.
17.
You and she (don’t, doesn’t) have to coordinate your plans.
18.
(Don’t, Doesn’t) every person in the group have to participate to the fullest extent?
19.
Those (don’t, doesn’t) offer the same benefits.
20.
The last song (don’t, doesn’t) sound like the rest he wrote.
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Agreement of Subject and Verb H
A collective noun may be either singular or plural,depending on its meaning in a sentence.
EXAMPLES The committee is meeting today. [Committee is thought of as a unit.]
The committee are discussing several issues. [Committee is thought of as
individuals.]
EXERCISE A For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Example 1. The audience (express, expresses) its enthusiasm by applauding loudly.
1.

Each Christmas, Marco’s family (exchange, exchanges) gifts with one another.
2.
The committee in charge of the project (make, makes) its decision at 3:00 P.M. tomorrow.
3.
Graziella’s class (has, have) chosen its theme for the annual dance.
4.
Far off the shore, a fleet of ships (move, moves) away from the island one by one.
5.
The team (is, are) happy because each member has been given a victory award.
EXERCISE B Select five collective nouns, and write five pairs of sentences that show clearly how the
nouns you chose may be singular or plural. Select from the following: army,audience,class,club,
committee,fleet,flock,group, public, and team.
Examples 1.
2.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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The herd of cattle cautiously moves away from the barn.
Hearing the loud noise, the herd of cattle quickly move in separate directions.
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Agreement of Subject and Verb I
A verb agrees with its subject, but not necessarily with a predicate nominative.
EXAMPLES My favorite vegetable is peas. Peas are my favorite vegetable.
When the subject follows the verb, find the subject and make sure that the verb agrees with it.
EXAMPLES Where is your plate? Here are some sandwiches for you.
Where are your friends? Where’s your friend?
EXERCISE For each of the following sentences, underline the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Then, underline the subject of the sentence twice.
Example 1. The order we made (was, were) three pizzas.
1.
Where (is, are) the line to purchase tickets for the movie?
2.
The team’s mission (is, are) victories.
3.
When (was, were) the new books bought?
4.
There (is, are) the list of items you wanted.
5.
The items (was, were) a list of ingredients for cooking paella.
6.
Achievements (is, are) the main objective of that company.
7.
Here (is, are) the samples you requested.
8.
The New Orleans jazz bands performing at the festival (was, were) a popular appeal.

9.
There (is, are) never enough time to do all that you want to do.
10.
Why (is, are) the squirrels in our backyard so friendly?
11.
The main attraction at the circus (is, are) usually the acrobats.
12.
Where (is, are) the soccer team traveling for the next game?
13.
A popular food in south Louisiana (is, are) red beans and rice.
14.
There (was, were) more visitors expected at the exhibit this year.
15.
In biology, why (is, are) those birds a distinct category?
16.
For my mother, peas and carrots (is, are) traditional side dishes.
17.
A collection of old stamps (was, were) an interest of many visitors at the exhibit.
18.
There (is, are) the list of topics for the project.
19.
Here (is, are) the roster of names of those who plan to attend the ceremony.
20.
That group of insects (is, are) a special class.
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Agreement of Subject and Verb J
An expression of an amount (a measurement,a percentage,or a fraction, for example) may be
singular or plural, depending on how it is used.
EXAMPLES Six weeks is a long vacation. [Amount is thought of as a unit.]
Six dollars were lying on the street. [Amount is thought of as individual pieces.]
Eighty-five percent of the seniors are going on the class trip. [Percentage is plural
because it refers to the plural word seniors.]
One quarter of the term is over. [Fraction is singular because it refers to the
singular word term.]
EXERCISE For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Example 1. Three fourths of my classmates (is, are) studying Spanish.
1.
Three months (is, are) the training period for Susan’s new job.
2.
Half of the men (was, were) barefoot.
3.
Two eighths (is, are) the same as one fourth.
4.
The teacher said that 50 percent of the grade (is, are) this essay.
5.
Half of an orange (was, were) enough for me.
6.
Aren’t you surprised that almost 100 percent of the children (know, knows) the answer?
7.
Two thirds of a cup of flour (was, were) more than enough to thicken the sauce.
8.
Nine cents (was, were) found under the couch cushion.
9.

Only 10 percent of the members (wants, want) to spend money on that project.
10.
Only thirty weeks (remain, remains) until summer vacation.
11.
Half of the apples (was, were) rotten.
12.
Five dollars an hour (is, are) not even minimum wage.
13.
Of the tomatoes, two thirds (has, have) already been eaten.
14.
Ten days (is, are) the limit for returning the merchandise after purchase.
15.
I think 60 percent of the paper (has, have) been written.
16.
One third of the employees (plans, plan) to attend the training session.
17.
Seventy dollars (is, are) a lot to pay for a shirt.
18.
The director said that about one fifth of the time (was, were) spent scouting for locations.
19.
One tenth of the compound (consist, consists) of hydrogen.
20.
Fifty percent of the scientist’s time (is, are) spent doing research.
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Agreement of Subject and Verb K
Some nouns that are plural in form take singular verbs.
EXAMPLES The news is on at six o’clock.
The scissors were left on the counter.
Even when plural in form, the title of a creative work (such as a book, song, film, or painting), the
name of an organization, or the name of a country or city generally takes a singular verb.
EXAMPLE The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck.
EXERCISE For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Example 1. The news about the earthquake (was, were) a shock to everyone.
1.
The coach explained that gymnastics (is, are) a good sport for improving flexibility.
2.
Linguistics, the study of language, (include, includes) social and nonsocial aspects of language.
3.
How much (do, does) those binoculars cost?
4.
My new pajamas (fits, fit) me very loosely.
5.
“Night and Day” (is, are) a song by one of the great American songwriters, Cole Porter.
6.
Checkers (is, are) my cousin Ignacio’s favorite game.
7.
The scissors in the top drawer (has, have) to be repaired.

8.
The blues, thought to have been developed after the Civil War, (is, are) traditionally an African
American form of music.
9.
Statistics, a branch of mathematics, (is, are) used to organize and interpret numerical data.
10.
The acoustics in the auditorium (was, were) excellent; we had no trouble hearing the choir.
11.
Ernest Hemingway’s The Torrents of Spring (was, were) published in 1926.
12.
My braces (has, have) to be adjusted by the dentist in four weeks.
13.
The shears in the garage (is, are) rusting because of the damp weather we have been having.
14.
Dominoes (is, are) my grandfather’s favorite pastime during the hot summer.
15.
Ethics (use, uses) reason to address questions of what is right and what is wrong.
16.
Jane says that economics (is, are) what her son has decided to study.
17.
Politics, the science of government, (is, are) Rafael’s primary interest.
18.
The Outsiders (is, are) my brother Tom’s favorite movie.
19.
The shorts I wore yesterday (was, were) inexpensive.
20.
Girls’ athletics (has, have) become popular at my high school.
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Agreement of Subject and Verb L
Subjects preceded by every or many a take singular verbs.
EXAMPLE Many a concert was performed at that arena.
When the relative pronoun that,which, or who is the subject of an adjective clause, the verb in
the adjective clause agrees with the word to which the relative pronoun refers.
EXAMPLES The home that is on the tour is next door. [That refers to the singular noun home.]
The homes that are on the tour are in my neighborhood. [That refers to the plural
noun homes.]
EXERCISE A For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Example 1. Every teacher and student (is, are) invited to the auditorium for the concert.
1.
Many a family (has, have) either a dog or cat as a pet.
2.
Every girl and boy in the class (receive, receives) merit points for good conduct.
3.
Many a play (is, are) produced at the Little Theater in my hometown.
4.
Every film at the festival (was, were) reviewed by a dozen critics.
5.
Many a farmer (grow, grows) corn or soybeans in this part of the country.
EXERCISE B For each of the following sentences, underline the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Then, underline twice the word or word group with which the verb agrees.
Example 1. Here is the picture that (show, shows) all my friends at my birthday party.
6.
The stadium that (is, are) located downtown seats up to forty thousand spectators.

7.
Everyone who (visits, visit) that monument is amazed by its grandeur.
8.
Improvisation, which (is, are) the ability to create spontaneous music, is characteristic of jazz.
9.
Mark, who (know, knows) he has a lot to do, has decided to prioritize.
10.
That is the building that (house, houses) all the offices of the computer company.
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Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent A
A pronoun should agree in number and gender with its antecedent.
EXAMPLES Gloria Estefan recorded her songs in Spanish and in English. [Her is a singular, femi-
nine pronoun referring to the antecedent Gloria Estefan.]
My cousins brought their backgammon game. [Their is a plural pronoun referring
to the antecedent cousins.]
EXERCISE Complete each of the following sentences by inserting at least one pronoun that agrees with

its antecedent. Then,underline the antecedent.
Example 1. Each girl waited for mother outside the building after school.
1.
The boy in the blue sweater just dropped notebook and calculator.
2.
Resting on the branch of the tree, the robin fluttered wings.
3.
I try to wash car every weekend when the weather is pleasant.
4.
The women entered offices at about the same time.
5.
Neither man was wearing name tag at the meeting.
6.
The treasurer needs to keep good records so that knows how much
money has been spent.
7.
Did the forwards on the girls’ soccer team do best?
8.
We never ride bicycles on the main road.
9.
Mr. Robinson gave dog a treat for being so obedient.
10.
Daniel and Roseanne said would be late.
11.
Sophia said that To Kill a Mockingbird is favorite novel.
12.
Ryan said would report on the films of the director Billy Wilder.
13.
My aunt Catherine’s cat always licks paws after eating.
14.

The students said that were happy with the results of the vote.
15.
Each member presented position on the issue in an unbiased fashion.
16.
María walks dog every morning and every evening.
17.
How many friends is Claire going to invite to party?
18.
Eric’s car had back window broken during the hail storm.
19.
We would like to add names to the petition.
20.
Three of the girls will take college entrance exam tomorrow.
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Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent B
Some indefinite pronouns are singular, and some are plural. Other indefinite pronouns can be
either singular or plural, depending on their meaning in a sentence.
SINGULAR Each of the girls thinks she can help.
Someone forgot his or her jacket.
PLURAL Both of my brothers left on their bikes.
Few of the class said they had finished.
EXERCISE Complete each of the following sentences by inserting at least one pronoun that agrees with
its antecedent.

Example 1. Several of the boys were awarded medals for charity work.
1.
One of the lizards on the patio had a twig in mouth.
2.
Did all of the people invited to the party bring dishes?
3.
Someone will have to give up seat.
4.
Both of the trained gymnasts moved bodies with ease and grace.
5.
Everyone in my family puts lots of syrup on pancakes.
6.
Most of the houses appear to have icicles on eaves.
7.
None of the cereal is left because has all been eaten.
8.
Only one of the women has finished packing suitcase for the trip.
9.
Many live lives without ever taking serious risks.
10.
Someone has left car headlights on.
11.
In spite of the bad weather, neither of the girls altered plans.
12.
Each of the boys was happy with grades.
13.
All of the water in the pond is gone; evaporated in the heat.
14.
Would one of the sopranos like to perform favorite song?
15.

Rosa just bought a new tennis racket, and intends to use it in the next
game.
16.
One of the fish in the tank swims around food before eating it.
17.
Several of the writers were praised for eloquence and style.
18.
Neither of the girls blamed for the accident.
19.
No one forgot to bring pencil to the exam.
20.
We really enjoyed those pears and mangos; were perfectly ripe.
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Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent C
Use a singular pronoun to refer to two or more singular antecedents joined by or or nor.
EXAMPLE Max or Kai will bring his hibachi for the cookout.

Use a plural pronoun to refer to two or more antecedents joined by and.
EXAMPLE Marlys and Simone are practicing their duet because they perform tonight.
EXERCISE A For each of the following sentences, underline the pronoun in parentheses that agrees with
its antecedent.
Example 1. Mary and Pam will have the opportunity to prove (herself, themselves) at the concert.
1.
Neither Marco nor Juan agreed to give (his, their) opinion on the subject.
2.
Sandra or Lucia will have to meet Jim at the station so that (she, they) can drive him home.
3.
The waiters and the manager at the restaurant will do (his, their) best to assist you.
4.
The singer and the orchestra performed (its, their) selection of songs with great care.
5.
Paul or Dennis arranged to have (his, their) car repaired by the mechanic.
6.
The coach and the goalie wanted to have (its, their) picture taken.
7.
Neither Mr. Lund nor Mr. Hebert believed that (his, their) job was at stake.
8.
Neither Scott nor his brother would have blamed (themselves, himself) for the mistake.
9.
My sister and her husband arrived late because (their, his and her) train was delayed.
10.
Eduardo or William will lend me one of (his, their) jackets if the weather turns cool.
EXERCISE B The following sentences contain blanks where pronouns should be. Complete the
sentences by inserting pronouns that agree with their antecedents.
Example 1. Either Patrick or Ted will bring guitar to the party.
11.
Neither my aunt Barbara nor my aunt Margaret liked new haircut.

12.
Where will Sam and Nicholas take parents tonight?
13.
Jessica or Sarah will deliver the food to the homeless shelter; then will
return to the school.
14.
Katie and Claire pride on knowledge of history.
15.
Charlie and Albert said that thought game strategy
was best.
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Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent D
The number of a relative pronoun (such as who,which, or that) is determined by its antecedent.
EXAMPLES Aluhani is a girl who is loyal to her friends. [Who refers to the singular noun girl.
Therefore, the singular form her is used to agree with who.]
The students who finished their projects early were allowed to go to the library. [Who
refers to the plural noun students. Therefore, the plural form their is used to agree
with who.]

EXERCISE A For each of the following sentences, underline the pronoun in parentheses that agrees with
its antecedent.
Example 1. The bees that were in (its, their) hive came out and stung Fernando.
1.
My uncle Joe is a person who treats (their, his) friends with the utmost kindness.
2.
Those who achieve recognition in (his, their) field typically have to work hard.
3.
Dogs that obey (its, their) owners are often given tasty treats.
4.
My neighbor who has (their, her) own unicycle rides it around the park every day.
5.
Theresa, who decorates (their, her) house every Fourth of July, enjoys the holidays a lot.
EXERCISE B Complete each of the following sentences by inserting a pronoun that agrees with its
antecedent. Then,circle the word to which the relative pronoun who refers.
Example 1. The students who received diplomas this year entered college
in the fall.
6.
Cameron is a boy who always promises to do best.
7.
People who use time wisely usually find that they have more free time.
8.
Anyone who would like to turn in report early is encouraged to do so.
9.
Many who offered assistance after the hurricane were given awards.
10.
The girl who forgot notebook has not returned yet.
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Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent E
A collective noun is singular when it refers to the group as a unit and plural when it refers to the
individual members of the group.
EXAMPLES The flock of birds wended its way south. [Flock is thought of as a unit.]
The flock of birds were grooming themselves. [Flock is thought of as individuals.]
An expression of an amount (a measurement,a percentage,or a fraction, for example) may be
singular or plural, depending on how it is used.
EXAMPLES Two minutes is a long time; it seems long when you’re on hold. [The amount is
thought of as a unit.]
Two of the ten minutes were already used up; we had spent them reading the agenda.
[The amount is thought of as individual pieces or parts.]
Singular pronouns are used to refer to some nouns that are plural in form.
EXAMPLES We like books about politics and its effects on communities.
These pants fit; they fit better than the ones you tried on yesterday. [Plural pronouns
are used to refer to some nouns that end in s but refer to a single item.]
EXERCISE For each of the following sentences, underline the pronoun that agrees with its antecedent.
Example 1. I am very interested in civics. I have been studying (it, them) for several years.
1.
The pride of lions take turns resting in the sun after (their, its) successful hunt.
2.
One half of the employees decided (it, they) needed to speak to the boss about the situation.
3.

The scissors are in the top drawer. But watch out! (It, They) may be sharp!
4.
About one fourth of the squirrels in the park grabbed the peanuts I offered (it, them).
5.
Guys and Dolls opened on Broadway in 1950. (They, It) proved to be a big success.
6.
The soccer team at our high school won seventeen of (their, its) games last season.
7.
The soccer team proved (their, its) remarkable abilities when each member scored a point.
8.
Listening to the news on the radio, we found (them, it) very troubling.
9.
One third of the committee members left the room. (It, They) returned two minutes later.
10.
My aunt and uncle live in Arlington Heights; they find (it, them) to be very pleasant.
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Review A: Subject-Verb Agreement
EXERCISE A Change the following sentences according to the directions given in parentheses. If neces-
sary,change the forms of verbs, pronouns,or other words in the sentences. Cross out words you are
changing, and write the new words above the old words.

Example 1. Of all the students in my class, perhaps one or two enjoy being the star of the class
play. (Change perhaps one or two to only one.)
1.
Most of the students in the class want to work on the play, however. (Change Most of the stu-
dents to Almost every student.)
2.
There is at least one major speaking role in this year’s play. (Change at least one major speaking
role to several major speaking roles.)
3.
The hero and the heroine, naturally, have more lines than the supporting members of the cast.
(Change The hero and the heroine to The hero or the heroine.)
4.
Two of my friends were thrilled that they were assigned to the stage crew. (Change Two to
One.)
5.
At every performance of our play, two of my three lines earn laughs from the audience.
(Change two to one.)
EXERCISE B In most of the following sentences,a verb does not agree with its subject. Strike through
each wrong verb. Then, write the correct form above it. If a verb form is already correct, write C above it.
Example 1. Nancy and her sister has tickets to the play.
6.
My aunt and I like to play tennis, although neither of us are really very good at it.
7.
Everybody likes to spend some free time relaxing.
8.
Some of the prize-winning costumes was very original.
9.
Mathematics are an easy subject for some students, but to most students either history or
English seems easier.
10.

Everybody in the movie theater were laughing hysterically.
11.
The chef and his assistant cooks excellent dishes.
12.
Neither the waiters nor the cook expect customers to return food.
13.
Paul’s closest friend doesn’t find him to be ill-tempered.
14.
My family agrees that our last two trips was a big success.
15.
Here’s the pictures we took at the beach.
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Review B: Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
EXERCISE Complete each sentence by underlining the pronoun that agrees with its antecedent. Then,
underline the antecedent twice. If the antecedent is a relative pronoun, circle the word to which the
relative pronoun refers.
Example 1. How many people who have (his or her, their) driver’s licenses live in a big city?
1.

I like studying economics. I find (them, it) very interesting.
2.
Each of my three stepsisters will update (their, her) diary tonight.
3.
Neither Jane nor Clarissa will say what (their, her) middle name is.
4.
The jazz musicians won great praise for (its, their) remarkable performance.
5.
Startled by the thunder, the flock of sheep huddled against each other and made (its, their)
way to shelter.
6.
Sarah Vaughan, a popular jazz singer, was known for (her, their) rich voice and inventive
ability to improvise.
7.
One half of the musicians arrived late. I think (they, it) must have gotten caught in the traffic.
8.
One of my brothers said that (they, he) just had a haircut.
9.
Lola or Carmen will bring salad to the potluck dinner on Friday night. (She, They) will also
pick up Rafael on the way.
10.
Alex is a man who treats all of (their, his) friends with a great deal of respect.
11.
The flock of sea gulls descended one by one to (their, its) nests on the cliff.
12.
Our teacher said that physics will fascinate us. (They, It) is a very important area of study.
13.
Nearly one fifth of the players received (its, their) awards for outstanding performance.
14.
Most of this shoreline and (their, its) natural beauty is under threat.

15.
Li-yun and Chao, two Taiwanese friends of mine, invited us to dinner at (her, their) grand-
parents’ home.
16.
The car that had (its, her) headlights on would no longer start.
17.
Few of the boys had time to eat (his, their) lunch before the bell rang.
18.
Many consider “St. Louis Blues” a classic song. I believe (it, they) must be admired by many.
19.
My grandfather said that fifteen dollars was a lot of money to pay for a book. He would never
pay (it, them).
20.
The class gathered all (its, their) backpacks and headed toward the auditorium for the assembly.
NAME CLASS DATE
for CHAPTER 5: AGREEMENT
pages 181=186
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USAGE
NAME CLASS DATE
Review C: Subject-Verb and Pronoun-Antecedent
EXERCISE For each of the following sentences, underline the correct form of the verb or pronoun in
parentheses.
Example 1. Two thirds of our assignment (has, have) been completed.
1.
Almost every game we play in gym (is, are) strenuous.
2.
The jury believes that (it, they) may have reached a decision.

3.
Few people claim that iguanas or lizards (is, are) among their favorite pets.
4.
In this band everyone can play (their, his or her) favorite instrument.
5.
In this novel, there (is, are) at least one main theme.
6.
If I get home before 3:00 P.M., my sister or my brother (don’t, doesn’t) have to walk the dog.
7.
Visitors who eat in (its, their) hotel rooms will miss a great deal of sightseeing.
8.
Neither Jim nor Matt knew that (his, their) wallet had been lost.
9.
Based on his first trip to the United States, Dickens’ American Notes (is, are) widely read.
10.
The researcher announced that genetics (is, are) going to be the topic of the next seminar.
11.
Despite many hours of grueling practice, neither of the teams (is, are) ready for the playoffs.
12.
All of the birds who visited our birdbath chirped happily while (it, they) bathed.
13.
Don’t you think that 70 percent of the votes (is, are) going to be in our favor?
14.
Either Lucia or Susan will need to call (their, her) parents for a ride.
15.
(Has, Have) Tanya and Jeffrey been told about the change in plans?
16.
Many a neighbor (decorate, decorates) his or her yard for the holiday.
17.
Most of the money (are, is) in the bank account.

18.
Both of the books were recommended by the librarian. I had already read (it, them) last year.
19.
Very few of the boys played as well as (he, they) could.
20.
Lists of terms relating to economics (appears, appear) in that book of technical jargon.
for CHAPTER 5: AGREEMENT
pages 165=186
Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice
115
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