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instant 168 interest
bullying in our local school. ć In this in-
stance, we will pay for the damage.
ȣ
for instance as an example ć Why
don’t you take up a new sport – golf, for
instance?
instant
instant /nstənt/
noun
a moment or sec-
ond
ć For an instant, he stood still and
watched the policemen.
í
adjective
im-
mediate
ć A savings account can give
you instant access to your money.
instantly
instantly /nstəntli/
adverb
so soon af-
ter an event that no time appears to have
passed in between
instead
instead /n

sted/, instead of
adverb

in
place of
ć We haven’t any coffee –
would you like some tea instead?
ć If
you can’t go, can I go instead?
ć I’m
going instead of him, because he’s ill.
ć
Instead of stopping when the police of-
ficer shouted, he ran away.
institute
institute /nsttjut/
noun
an organisa-
tion set up for a special purpose
ć They
are proposing to set up a new institute of
education.
ć She goes to the research
institute’s library every week.
institution
institution /nst

tjuʃ(ə)n/
noun
1. an
organisation or society set up for a spe-
cial purpose
ć A prison is an institution

which houses criminals.
2. a permanent
custom
ć British institutions such as
cream teas and the royal family
ć The
lottery has rapidly become a national
institution.
3. the process of setting
something up
ć the institution of legal
action against the president
instruct
instruct /n

strkt/
verb
to show some-
one how to do something
(
formal
) ć We
were all instructed in the use of the fire
safety equipment.
instruction
instruction /n

strkʃən/
noun
1. a

statement telling someone what they
must do
2. something which explains
how something is to be done or used
ć
She gave us detailed instructions how to
get to the church.
instructor
instructor /n

strktə/
noun
a teacher,
especially of a sport
instrument
instrument /nstrυmənt/
noun
a piece
of equipment or a tool
ć The technical
staff have instruments which measure
the flow of electricity.
insult
insult
1
/nslt/
noun
a rude word said to
or about a person
ć That is an insult to

the government.
ć The crowd shouted
insults at the police.
insult
insult
2
/n

slt/
verb
to say rude things
about someone
ć He was accused of in-
sulting the president’s wife.
insulting
insulting /n

sltŋ/
adjective
rude ć
I’m used to hearing insulting things
about my business.
insurance
insurance /n

ʃυərəns/
noun
an agree-
ment with a company by which you are
paid money for loss or damage in return

for regular payments of money
ć Do
you have insurance for your travel?
intelligence
intelligence /n

teldəns/
noun
1. the
ability to think and understand
ć His in-
telligence is well above average.
2. in-
formation provided by the secret servic-
es
ć Intelligence gathered by our net-
work of agents is very useful to us in
planning future strategy.
intelligent
intelligent /n

teldənt/
adjective
able
to understand and learn things very well
ć He’s the most intelligent child in his
class.
intense
intense /n


tens/
adjective
very strong
or extreme
ć There was a period of in-
tense activity to try to finish the work be-
fore they went on holiday.
ć She had an
intense period of study before the ex-
ams.
intention
intention /n

tenʃən/
noun
an aim or
plan to do something
ć I have no inten-
tion of going to the party.
ć The fans
came with the deliberate intention of
making trouble.
interest
interest /ntrəst/
noun
1. special atten-
tion to something
ć She takes a lot of in-
terest in politics.
ć He has no interest in

what his sister is doing.
ć Why doesn’t
he take more interest in local affairs?
2.
a thing that you enjoy doing ć Her main
interest is canoeing.
ć List your special
interests on your CV.
3. a payment made
to someone who lends money
ć Deposit
accounts pay more interest.
ć How
much interest do I have to pay if I bor-
row £1000?
í
verb
to attract someone ć
He’s particularly interested in old cars.
ć Nothing seems to interest him very
much.
ć The book didn’t interest me at
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interested 169 interview
all. ć He tried to interest several com-
panies in his new invention.

interested
interested /ntrəstd/
adjective
with a
personal interest in something
ć He’s
interested in old churches.
ć She’s in-
terested in crime fiction.
interesting
interesting /ntrəstŋ/
adjective
at-
tracting your attention; enjoyable
ć
There’s an interesting article in the
newspaper on European football.
ć She
didn’t find the TV programme very in-
teresting.
ć What’s so interesting about
old cars? – I find them dull.
interfere
interfere /ntə

fə/
verb
˽ to interfere
in or with something to get in the way
of something, to be involved in some-

thing in such a way that it does not work
well
ć His mother is always interfering
in his private life.
ć Stop interfering
with the TV controls.
interference
interference /ntə

fərəns/
noun
1. an
involvement with someone else’s life or
business
ć His parents’ interference in
his travel plans annoyed him.
2. a noise
which affects radio or TV programmes
interjection
interjection /ntə

dekʃən/
noun
an
exclamation, a word used to show an
emotion such as surprise
intermittent
intermittent /ntə

mt(ə)nt/

adjective
stopping and starting in an irregular way
ć Intermittent showers are expected
over the weekend.
internal
internal /n

tn(ə)l/
adjective
inside
international
international /ntə

nʃ(ə)nəl/
adjec-
tive
between countries ć an internation-
al conference on the environment
ć an
important international company
í
noun
a sportsperson who has played for
his or her country’s team against anoth-
er country
ć There are three England
internationals in our local team.
Internet
Internet /ntənet/
noun

an international
network allowing people to exchange
information on computers using tele-
phone lines
ć We send messages over
the Internet to hundreds of users of our
products.
ć He searched the Internet for
information on cheap plane tickets.
(NOTE: also called simply the Net)
interpret
interpret /n

tprt/
verb
to translate
what someone is saying into a different
language
ć His brother knows Greek, so
he will interpret for us.
interpretation
interpretation /n

tpr

teʃ(ə)n/
noun
1. a meaning ć A poem can have
many interpretations.
ć The book puts

quite a different interpretation on the
meaning of the rule.
2. the act of trans-
lating what someone is saying into a dif-
ferent language
3. a way of playing a
piece of music
ć Two of the young mu-
sicians were praised for their interpre-
tations of Bach.
interrupt
interrupt /ntə

rpt/
verb
to start talk-
ing when someone else is talking
ć Ex-
cuse me for interrupting, but have you
seen the office keys anywhere?
interruption
interruption /ntə

rpʃən/
noun
something that interrupts or stops you
from working
interval
interval /ntəv(ə)l/
noun

1. a period of
time between two events or points in
time
ć There will be bright intervals
during the morning, but it will rain in
the afternoon.
ć There will be a short
interval during which the table will be
cleared.
2. a period of time between two
acts in a play
ć Anyone arriving late
won’t be allowed in until the first inter-
val.
interview
interview /ntəvju/
noun
1. a conver-
sation between a famous or interesting
person and a journalist, broadcast on ra-
dio or TV, or printed in a newspaper
ć
She gave an interview to the Sunday
magazine.
2. a formal meeting in which
one or more people ask you questions to
find out if you are suitable for some-
thing such as a particular job or a course
at university
ć We asked six candidates

for interview.
ć He’s had eight inter-
views, but still no job offers.
ć When
will you attend your first interview?
í
verb
1. to ask a famous or interesting
person questions about themselves and
their work in order to publish or broad-
cast what they say
ć The journalist in-
terviewed the Prime Minister.
2. to meet
a person who is applying for something
such as a job or a place on a university
course, to see if he or she is suitable
ć
We interviewed ten candidates, but did
not find anyone we liked.
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into 170 Irish
into
into /ntə, ntυ, ntu/
preposition
1.

used for showing movement towards the
inside
ć She went into the shop. ć He
fell into the lake.
ć Put the cards back
into their box.
ć You can’t get ten peo-
ple into a taxi.
ć We all stopped talking
when he came into the room.
ć The bus
is going into the town centre.
2. hitting
against something
ć The bus drove into
a lamp post.
3. used for showing a
change
ć The tadpole changed into a
frog.
ć Water turns into steam when it is
heated.
4. used for showing that you are
dividing something
ć Try to cut the cake
into ten equal pieces.
introduce
introduce /ntrə

djus/

verb
to tell
someone another person’s name when
they meet for the first time
ć He intro-
duced me to a friend of his called Anne.
ć She introduced me to her new teacher.
introduction
introduction /ntrə

dkʃən/
noun
1. a
part at the beginning of a book which
describes the subject of the book
ć Read
the introduction which gives an expla-
nation of the book’s layout.
2. a book
which gives basic information about a
subject
ć He’s the author of an intro-
duction to mathematics.
invent
invent /n

vent/
verb
1. to create a new
process or a new machine

ć She invent-
ed a new type of computer terminal.
ć
Who invented this indexing system? 2.
to make up an excuse ć When she asked
him why he was late he invented some
story about the train not arriving.
invention
invention /n

venʃən/
noun
1. the act of
creating a new process or a new ma-
chine
ć The invention of computers was
made possible by developments in elec-
tronics.
2. a machine or process that
someone has invented
inventor
inventor /n

ventə/
noun
a person who
invents new processes or new machines
invest
invest /n


vest/
verb
1. to use your mon-
ey for buying things such as property or
shares in a company, so that you will
make a profit
ć She was advised to in-
vest in government bonds.
ć He invested
all his money in a fish-and-chip restau-
rant.
2. to spend money on something
which you believe will be useful
ć We
have invested in a new fridge.
investigate
investigate /n

vestet/
verb
to try to
find out about something
ć The detec-
tive is investigating the details of the
case.
ć We are investigating the possi-
bility of going to live abroad.
investigation
investigation /n


vest

eʃ(ə)n/
noun
a close examination ć a police investi-
gation into the causes of the crash
invisible
invisible /n

vzb(ə)l/
adjective
which
cannot be seen
ć The message was writ-
ten in invisible ink and hidden inside the
pages of a book.
invitation
invitation /nv

teʃ(ə)n/
noun
a letter
or card, asking someone to do some-
thing or go somewhere
ć He received
an invitation to his sister’s wedding.
ć
She had an invitation to dinner.
invite
invite /n


vat/
verb
to ask someone to do
something, especially to come to a so-
cial event such as a party
ć We invited
two hundred people to the party.
ć She
invited us to come in.
ć She’s been invit-
ed to talk to the club.
invoice
invoice /nvɔs/
noun
a note sent to ask
for payment for services or goods
ć Our
invoice dated November 10th has still
not been paid.
ć They sent in their in-
voice six weeks late.
ć Ask the sales as-
sistant to make out an invoice for £250.
involve
involve /n

vɒlv/
verb
1. to include

someone or something in an activity or
situation
ć a competition involving
teams from ten different countries
ć We
want to involve the local community in
the decision about the bypass.
ć Mem-
bers of the local council are involved in
the company which has won the con-
tract for the new road.
2. to make an ac-
tivity necessary
ć Going to Cambridge
from here involves taking a bus and then
the train.
inwards
inwards /nwədz/
adverb
towards the
inside
ć These doors open inwards.
Ireland
Ireland /aələnd/
noun
a large island
forming the western part of the British
Isles, containing the Republic of Ireland
and Northern Ireland
ć These birds are

found all over Ireland.
Irish
Irish /arʃ/
adjective
referring to Ireland
ć The Irish Sea lies between Ireland and
Britain.
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iron 171 itself
iron
iron /aən/
noun
1. a common grey metal
ć The old gates are made of iron. (NOTE:
no plural in this sense:
some iron,
lumps of iron, pieces of iron
) 2. an ob-
ject with a flat metal bottom, which is
heated and used to make clothes smooth
after washing
ć Don’t leave the iron
there – it will burn the clothes.
ć If your
iron is not hot enough it won’t take the
creases out.

í
verb
to make cloth
smooth using an iron
ć She was ironing
shirts when the telephone rang.
ć Her
skirt doesn’t look as if it has been
ironed.
irresponsible
irresponsible /r

spɒnsb(ə)l/
adjec-
tive
acting or done in a way that shows a
lack of good sense
irritable
irritable /rtəb(ə)l/
adjective
easily an-
noyed
ć He was tired and irritable, and
snapped at the children.
irritate
irritate /rtet/
verb
to make someone
feel angry or impatient
ć It irritates me

when the trains run late.
irritation
irritation /r

teʃ(ə)n/
noun
a feeling
of being annoyed and impatient
ć She
watched with irritation as he tried to fix
the wheel again.
is
is /z/ 3rd person singular present of be
island
island /alənd/
noun
a piece of land
with water all around it
ć They live on a
little island in the middle of the river.
ć
The Greek islands are favourite holiday
destinations.
issue
issue /ʃu/
noun
1. an occasion when
something is officially given out
ć The
issue of identity cards has been delayed.

2. a newspaper or magazine which is
published at a particular time
ć We
bought the January issue of the maga-
zine.
í
verb
1. to make something avail-
able for use
ć The new set of stamps will
be issued next week.
2. to give some-
thing out officially
ć Each soldier was
issued with a gun.
3. to come out ć
Smoke began to issue from the hole in
the ground.
it
it /t/
pronoun
1. used to refer to some-
thing which has just been mentioned
ć
What do you want me to do with the
box? – Put it down.
ć Where’s the box?
– It’s here.
ć She picked up a potato and
then dropped it on the ground.

ć I put
my book down somewhere and now I
can’t find it.
ć Where’s the newspaper?
– It’s on the chair.
2. used for talking
about the weather, the date or time or
another situation
ć Look! – It’s snow-
ing.
ć It’s miles from here to the railway
station.
ć Is it the 30th today? ć It’s al-
most impossible to get a ticket at this
time of year.
ć What time is it? – It’s ten
o’clock.
ć It’s dangerous to use an elec-
tric saw when it’s wet.
(NOTE: It’s = it is
or it has. Do not confuse with its.)
IT
IT
abbr
information technology
itch
itch /tʃ/
noun
a place on the skin where
you want to scratch

ć I’ve got an itch in
the middle of my back that’s driving me
mad!
(NOTE: The plural is itches.) í
verb
to make someone want to scratch ć
The cream made his skin itch more than
before.
item
item /atəm/
noun
a thing shown in a list
ć We are discussing item four on the
agenda.
ć Please find enclosed an order
for the following items from your cata-
logue.
ć I couldn’t buy several items on
the shopping list because the shop had
sold out.
its
its /ts/
adjective
belonging to ‘it’ ć I
can’t use the car – one of its tyres is flat.
ć The company pays its staff very badly.
(NOTE: Do not confuse with it’s.)
it’s
it’s /ts/
short for

it is, it has
itself
itself /t

self/
pronoun
1. used for refer-
ring back to a thing or an animal
ć The
dog seems to have hurt itself.
ć The
screw had worked itself loose.
2. used
for emphasis
ć If the plug is all right
there must be something wrong with the
computer itself.
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J
j
j /de/, J
noun
the tenth letter of the al-
phabet, between I and K
jab
jab /db/

verb
to suddenly push some-
thing with a sharp object
ć He jabbed
the piece of meat with his fork.
ć She
jabbed me in the back with her umbrel-
la.
(NOTE: jabs – jabbing – jabbed)
jack
jack /dk/
noun
1. a tool for raising
something heavy, especially a car
ć I
used the jack to lift the car up and take
the wheel off.
2. (
in playing cards
) the
card with the face of a young man, with
a value between the queen and the ten
ć
I won because I had the jack of hearts.
jacket
jacket /dkt/
noun
a short coat ć He
was wearing a blue jacket and brown
trousers.

ć Take your jacket off if you
are hot.
ć This orange jacket shows up
in the dark when I ride my bike.
jail
jail /del/
noun
a prison ć She was sent
to jail for three months.
í
verb
to put
someone in prison
ć He was jailed for
six years.
jam
jam /dm/
noun
1. a sweet food made
by boiling fruit and sugar together
ć Do
you want jam or honey on your bread?
ć We made jam with the fruit in the gar-
den.
ć Have you any more jam – the jar
is empty?
2. a situation in which too
many things block something
ć a traffic
jam

ć There is a paper jam in the print-
er.
í
verb
1. (
of machines
) to stick and
not be able to move
ć Hold on – the pa-
per has jammed in the printer.
2. to
force things into a small space
ć Don’t
try to jam all those boxes into the car
boot.
ć The switchboard was jammed
with calls.
(NOTE: jams – jamming –
jammed)
January
January /dnjuəri/
noun
the first
month of the year, followed by February
ć He was born on January 26th. ć It’s
his birthday on January 26.
ć We never
go on holiday in January because it’s
too cold.
ć We all went skiing last Janu-

ary.
(NOTE: January 26th
or
January
26: say ‘the twenty-sixth of January’ or
‘January the twenty-sixth’; American
English: ‘January twenty-sixth’.)
jar
jar /dɑ/
noun
a container for food such
as jam, usually made of glass
ć There
was some honey left in the bottom of the
jar.
ć Use a jam jar for the water you
collect.
jargon
jargon /dɑən/
noun
a special type of
language used by a trade or profession
or a particular group of people
ć People
are confused by computers because they
don’t understand the jargon.
jaw
jaw /dɔ/
noun
the bones in the face

which hold the teeth and form the mouth
jazz
jazz /dz/
noun
a type of music with a
strong rhythm, and in which the players
often make the music up as they play;
jazz was first played in the southern
United States
jealous
jealous /deləs/
adjective
feeling an-
noyed because you want something
which belongs to someone else
ć John
was jealous of Mark because all the
girls fancied him.
ć She was jealous of
his new car.
ć Her new boyfriend is very
handsome – I’m jealous!
jeans
jeans /dinz/
plural noun
trousers made
of a type of strong cotton, often blue
ć
She came into the office in jeans. ć He
bought a new pair of jeans.

jelly
jelly /deli/
noun
a type of sweet food
made with fruit, which shakes when you
touch it or move it
ć The children had
fish fingers and chips followed by jelly
and ice-cream.
(NOTE: The plural is jel-
lies.)
jerk
jerk /dk/
noun
a sudden sharp pull ć
He felt a jerk on the fishing line. í
verb
to suddenly pull something hard, often
causing pain or injury
ć He jerked the
rope.
jersey
jersey /dzi/
noun
1. a warm piece of
clothing which covers the top part of
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jet 173 journey
your body and your arms ć She was
knitting a pink jersey for the new baby.
2. a special shirt worn by a member of a
sports team
ć After every game the
players swapped jerseys with the other
team.
jet
jet /det/
noun
1. a long narrow stream of
liquid or gas
ć A jet of water put out the
flames.
2. an aircraft with jet engines ć
Jets flew low overhead.
jet engine
jet engine /det endn/
noun
an en-
gine which gets its power from a stream
of gas
jewel
jewel /duəl/
noun
a valuable stone
such as a diamond
jewellery

jewellery /duəlri/
noun
things that
you wear as decoration round your
neck, fingers, etc., made from things
such as valuable stones, gold and silver
ć The burglar stole all her jewellery.
(NOTE: no plural)
jigsaw
jigsaw /dsɔ/
noun
˽ jigsaw puzzle
a picture made of shaped pieces of wood
or cardboard that you have to try to fit
together
ć As it’s raining, let’s stay in-
doors and try to do this huge jigsaw of
the Houses of Parliament.
job
job /dɒb/
noun
1. regular work which
you get paid for
ć She’s managed to get
a job in the local supermarket.
ć When
the factory closed, hundreds of people
lost their jobs.
2. a specific piece of
work

ć Don’t sit down, there are a cou-
ple of jobs I want you to do.
ć He does
all sorts of little electrical jobs around
the house.
3. difficulty (
informal
) ć I
had a job trying to find your house.
ć
What a job it was getting a hotel room at
the time of the music festival!
jog
jog /dɒ/
verb
1. to run fairly slowly, es-
pecially for exercise
ć He jogged along
the river bank for two miles.
ć She was
listening to her personal stereo as she
was jogging.
2. to push someone or
something slightly
ć Someone jogged
my elbow and I spilt my drink.
(NOTE:
jogs – jogging – jogged)
ȣ to jog
someone’s memory

to make someone
remember something
ć The police are
hoping that the film from the security
camera will jog people’s memories.
join
join /dɔn/
verb
1. to come together ć
Go on for about two hundred metres,
until the road joins the motorway.
ć The
two rivers join about four kilometres be-
yond the town.
2. to become a member
of a club or other organisation
ć After
university, he is going to join the police.
ć She joined the army because she
wanted to travel.
3. to do something
with someone
ć We’re going to have a
cup of coffee – would you like to join us?
ć Won’t you join us for a game of golf?
joint
joint /dɔnt/
noun
1. a place where
bones come together and can move,

such as the knee or the elbow
ć Her el-
bow joint hurt after her game of tennis.
2. a large piece of meat, especially for
cooking in an oven
ć The joint of lamb
was very tender.
ć We all sat round the
table while Father carved the joint.
í
adjective
combined, with two or more
things connected together
joke
joke /dəυk/
noun
a thing said or done to
make people laugh
ć She poured water
down his neck as a joke.
ć They all
laughed at his jokes.
ć He told jokes all
evening.
journal
journal /dn(ə)l/
noun
a book where
you write details of things that have
happened which you want to remember

ć He kept a journal during his visit to
China.
ć She wrote a journal of the
gradual progress of her illness.
journalism
journalism /dn(ə)lz(ə)m/
noun
the
profession of writing for newspapers or
magazines, or reporting on events for ra-
dio or TV
journalist
journalist /dn(ə)lst/
noun
a person
who writes for newspapers or maga-
zines, or reports on events for radio or
TV
ć Journalists asked the policeman
some very awkward questions.
ć Film
stars were greeted by journalists from
around the world at the première of the
new film.
journey
journey /dni/
noun
an occasion
when you travel somewhere, usually a
long distance

ć It’s at least two days’
journey from here.
ć They went on a
train journey across China.
ć She has a
difficult journey to work every day – she
has to change buses twice.
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joy 174 justify
joy
joy /dɔ/
noun
very great happiness ć
The birth of our baby son filled us with
joy.
judge
judge /dd/
noun
1. a person whose
job is to make legal decisions in a court
of law
ć He was convicted for stealing,
but the judge let him off with a small
fine.
2. a person who decides who
should win a competition

ć The three
judges of the beauty contest couldn’t
agree.
í
verb
to make decisions in situ-
ations such as a court of law or a compe-
tition
ć He was judged guilty. ć Her
painting was judged the best and she
won first prize.
judgment
judgment /ddmənt/, judgement
noun
1. a legal decision by a judge or
court
ć We will appeal against the judg-
ment.
2. the ability to make good deci-
sions
ć He trusted his wife’s judgment
in everything.
jug
jug /d/
noun
a container with a han-
dle, used for pouring liquids
juice
juice /dus/
noun

a liquid from fruit,
vegetables or meat
ć They charged me
£1 for two glasses of orange juice.
ć She
had a glass of grapefruit juice for break-
fast.
juicy
juicy /dusi/
adjective
full of juice
(NOTE: juicier – juiciest)
July
July /dυ

la/
noun
the seventh month of
the year, between June and August
ć
July 23 ć We went to Spain last July. ć
July is always one of the busiest months
for holidays.
(NOTE: July 23rd
or
July
23: say ‘July the twenty-third’ or ‘the
twenty-third of July’; American Eng-
lish: ‘July twenty-third’.)
jump

jump /dmp/
noun
a sudden movement
up or down into the air
ć The jump was
higher than she thought and she hurt
her leg.
í
verb
1. to go suddenly into
the air from or towards the ground
ć
Quick, jump on that bus – it’s going to
Oxford Circus!
ć The horse jumped
over the fence.
ć She jumped down from
the chair.
2. to make a sudden move-
ment because you are frightened
ć She
jumped when I came up behind her qui-
etly.
ć When they fired the gun, it made
me jump.
jumper
jumper /dmpə/
noun
a warm piece of
clothing, usually made of wool, which

covers the top part of your body and
your arms
junction
junction /dŋkʃən/
noun
a place
where railway lines or roads meet ć Go
as far as the next junction and you will
see the library on your right.
ć Leave
the motorway at Junction 5.
June
June /dun/
noun
the sixth month of the
year, between May and July ć June 17
ć Last June we had a holiday in Cana-
da. (NOTE: June 17th
or
June 17: say
‘June the seventeenth’ or ‘the seven-
teenth of June’ or in US English: ‘June
seventeenth’.)
jungle
jungle /dŋəl/
noun
an area of thick
tropical forest which is difficult to travel
through
junior

junior /duniə/
adjective
intended for
younger children ć She sings in the jun-
ior choir. ć He plays for the junior hock-
ey team.
junk
junk /dŋk/
noun
useless articles, rub-
bish ć Don’t keep that – it’s junk. ć Yo u
should throw away all that junk you
keep under your bed. (NOTE: no plural)
just
just /dst/
adverb
1. exactly ć Is that
too much sugar? – No, it’s just right. ć
Thank you, that’s just what I was look-
ing for. ć Just how many of students
have got computers? ć What time is it?
– It’s just seven o’clock. ć He’s just fif-
teen – his birthday was yesterday.
2.
showing the very recent past ć The train
has just arrived from Paris. ć She had
just got into her bath when the phone
rang. 3. only ć We’re just good friends,
nothing more. ć I’ve been to Berlin just
once.

justice
justice /dsts/
noun
fair treatment in
law ć Justice must always be seen to be
done.
justify
justify /dstfa/
verb
to show that
something is fair, to prove that some-
thing is right ć How can you justify
spending all that money? ć How can
you justify your behaviour?
(NOTE: jus-
tifies – justifying – justified)
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K
k
k /ke/, K
noun
the eleventh letter of the
alphabet, between J and L
keen
keen /kin/
adjective

very sensitive ć
Bats have a keen sense of hearing.
(NOTE: keener – keenest)
keep
keep /kip/
verb
1. to continue to have
something
ć Can I keep the newspaper
I borrowed from you?
ć I don’t want
that book any more, you can keep it.
ć
The police kept my gun and won’t give it
back.
2. to continue to do something ć
The clock kept going even after I
dropped it on the floor.
ć He had to keep
smiling so that people would think he
was pleased.
ć Keep quiet or they’ll
hear you.
ć Luckily the weather kept
fine for the fair.
ć The food will keep
warm in the oven.
3. to have or to put
something in a particular place
ć I keep

my car keys in my pocket.
ć Where do
you keep the paper for the laser printer?
4. to make someone or something stay
in a place or state
ć It’s cruel to keep an-
imals in cages.
ć I was kept late at the
office.
ć They kept us waiting for half an
hour.
ć We put the plates in the oven to
keep them warm.
5. to stay ć Keep close
to me.
(NOTE: keeps – keeping – kept
/
kept/)
keep down
phrasal verb
1. to keep at a
low level
ć Keep your voice down, the
police will hear us!
2. to bend down in
order to hide from someone
ć Keep
down behind the wall so that they won’t
see us.
keep off

phrasal verb
not to walk on
something
ć Keep off the grass!
keep on
phrasal verb
to continue to do
something
ć Keep on trying!
keep out
phrasal verb
1. to stop some-
one going in
ć We put up notices telling
people to keep their dogs out of the field
where the lambs are.
2. not to go in ć
There were ‘Keep Out!’ notices round
the building site.
3. not to get involved
ć He kept out of the quarrel. ć Try to
keep out of trouble with the police.
keep up with /kip p wð/
phrasal
verb
to go at the same speed as someone
ć My foot hurts, that’s why I can’t keep
up with the others.
ć His salary hasn’t
kept up with the cost of living.

kerb
kerb /kb/
noun
the stone edge of a path
along the side of a road
ketchup
ketchup /ketʃəp/
noun
a type of tomato
sauce
kettle
kettle /ket(ə)l/
noun
a container used for
boiling water
key
key /ki/
noun
1. a shaped piece of metal
that you use to open a lock or to start a
car
ć I can’t start the car, I’ve lost the
key.
ć Where did you put the front door
key?
2. one of the moving parts which
you push down with your fingers on a
typewriter, a computer or a musical in-
strument such as a piano
ć The ‘F’ key

always sticks.
ć There are 64 keys on
the keyboard.
3. a system of musical
tones
ć This piece of music is written in
the key of F major.
í
adjective
most im-
portant
ć The key person in the team is
the goalkeeper.
ć The key person in the
company is the sales manager.
ć Oil is
a key industry.
keyboard
keyboard /kibɔd/
noun
a set of keys
on something such as a computer or pi-
ano
ć She spilled her coffee on the com-
puter keyboard.
ć He practises on the
keyboard every day.
í
verb
to put infor-

mation into a computer using a key-
board
ć She was keyboarding the fig-
ures.
kick
kick /kk/
noun
1. the act of hitting some-
thing with your foot
ć The goalkeeper
gave the ball a kick.
2. a feeling of ex-
citement
ć He gets a kick out of watch-
ing a football match on TV.
í
verb
to hit
something with your foot
ć He kicked
the ball into the net.
ć She kicked her lit-
tle brother.
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kid 176 knife
kid

kid /kd/
noun
1. a child (
informal
) ć
There were a few school kids on their bi-
cycles.
ć They’re married with two kids.
2. a young goat í
verb
to make some-
one believe something which is not true
ć Are you kidding? ć She tried to kid me
that she’d had an accident.
(NOTE: kids
– kidding – kidded)
kidnap
kidnap /kdnp/
verb
to take someone
away illegally and keep them prisoner
(NOTE: kidnaps – kidnapping – kid-
napped)
kidney
kidney /kdni/
noun
one of a pair of or-
gans in animals that clean the blood and
remove waste from it
kill

kill /kl/
verb
to make someone or some-
thing die
ć Sixty people were killed in
the plane crash.
ć A long period of dry
weather could kill all the crops.
kilo
kilo /kiləυ/
abbr
kilogram (NOTE: The
plural is kilos.)
kilogram
kilogram /klərm/
noun
a measure
of weight equal to one thousand grams
(NOTE: written kg after figures:
20kg
)
kilometre
kilometre /klə

mitə/
noun
a measure
of distance equal to one thousand me-
tres
kind

kind /kand/
adjective
friendly and help-
ful
ć It’s very kind of you to offer to
help.
ć How kind of you to invite him to
your party!
ć You should always be kind
to little children.
ć He’s a kind old gen-
tleman.
í
noun
a type ć A butterfly is a
kind of insect.
ć We have several kinds
of apples in our garden.
ć We discussed
all kinds of things.
ȣ of a kind similar
ć The three sisters are three of a kind. ȣ
it’s nothing of the kind that’s not cor-
rect at all
ȣ kind of in a certain way
(
informal
) ć I was kind of annoyed
when she told me that.
kindness

kindness /kandnəs/
noun
1. the qual-
ity of being kind
ć She was touched by
his kindness.
2. a kind act
king
king /kŋ/
noun
1. a man who governs a
country by right of birth
ć The king and
queen came to visit the town.
(NOTE:
king is spelt with a capital letter when
used with a name or when referring to
a particular person:
King Henry VIII
.)
2. (
in cards
) the card with the face of a
man, coming before the ace and after
the queen in value
ć He knew he could
win when he drew the king of spades.
kingdom
kingdom /kŋdəm/
noun

1. the land
ruled over by a king or queen
ć England
is part of the United Kingdom.
ć He
gave her a book of fairy stories about a
magic kingdom.
2. a part of the world of
nature
ć the animal kingdom
kiss
kiss /ks/
noun
the act of touching some-
one with your lips to show that you are
pleased to see them or that you like them
ć She gave the baby a kiss. í
verb
to
touch someone with your lips to show
that you are pleased to see them or that
you like them
ć She kissed her daughter
and walked away.
ć They kissed each
other goodbye.
kit
kit /kt/
noun
clothes and personal equip-

ment, usually kept in a bag
ć Did you
bring your tennis kit?
kitchen
kitchen /ktʃn/
noun
a room where you
can cook food
ć She put the meat down
on the kitchen table.
ć If you’re hungry,
have a look in the kitchen to see if
there’s anything to eat.
kite
kite /kat/
noun
a toy made of light wood
and paper or cloth which is flown in the
wind on the end of a string
ć He was fly-
ing his kite from the top of the hill.
kitten
kitten /kt(ə)n/
noun
a young cat
knack
knack /nk/
noun
an ability or tendency
to do something, often something

wrong
(
informal
) ć She has a knack for
talking to strangers.
ć He has this knack
of accidentally offending people.
knee
knee /ni/
noun
1. the part on your body
where the upper and the lower leg join,
where your leg bends
ć She sat the child
on her knee.
ć He was on his knees
looking under the bed.
2. the part of a
pair of trousers that covers the knee
ć
My jeans have holes in both knees.
kneel
kneel /nil/
verb
to go down on your
knees
(NOTE: kneels – kneeling –
kneeled
or
knelt /nelt/)

knew
knew /nju/ past tense of know
knife
knife /naf/
noun
an instrument used for
cutting, with a sharp metal blade fixed
in a handle
ć Put out a knife, fork and
spoon for each person.
ć You need a
sharp knife to cut meat.
(NOTE: The plu-
ral is knives.)
í
verb
to injure someone
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knit 177 knuckle
using a knife ć He was knifed in the
back during the fight.
(NOTE: knifes –
knifing – knifed)
knit
knit /nt/
verb

to make cloth out of wool
by joining threads together using two
long needles
ć My mother is knitting me
a pullover.
ć She was wearing a blue
knitted hat.
(NOTE: knits – knitting –
knit
or
knitted)
knives
knives /navz/ plural of knife
knob
knob /nɒb/
noun
1. a rounded handle that
you turn, e.g. on a door or drawer
ć To
open the door, just turn the knob.
2. a
round object which you turn to operate
a radio or TV, etc.
ć Turn the knob to in-
crease the volume.
knock
knock /nɒk/
noun
a sound made by hit-
ting something

ć Suddenly, there was a
knock at the door.
í
verb
to hit some-
thing
ć Knock twice before going in. ć
You’ll need a heavy hammer to knock
that nail in.
knock down
phrasal verb
1. to make
something fall down
ć They are going
to knock down the old house to build a
factory.
2. to hit someone or something
ć She was knocked down by a car. 3. to
reduce a price
ć They knocked the price
down to £50.
knock out
phrasal verb
to hit someone
so hard that they are no longer con-
scious
ć She was knocked out by a blow
on the head.
knot
knot /nɒt/

noun
1. one or more pieces of
string, rope, or other fibre, twisted and
fastened together
ć Boy Scouts are sup-
posed to be able to tie knots.
ć Is the
knot of my tie straight?
2. a measure of
the speed of a ship, or of the wind
ć The
ship was doing 22 knots when she hit the
rocks.
ć There’s a wind speed of 60
knots.
know
know /nəυ/
verb
1. to have learned some-
thing, to have information about some-
thing
ć Do you know how to start the
computer?
ć He didn’t know she had
died.
ć How was I to know she wasn’t
his wife?
ć You knew it would be expen-
sive.
ć Do you know the Spanish for

‘one – two – three’?
ć His secretary
doesn’t know where he is.
2. to have met
someone
ć I know your sister – we were
at school together.
ć I used to know a
man called Peter Jones who worked in
your company.
3. to have been to a place
often
ć I know Paris very well. ć She
doesn’t know Germany at all.
(NOTE:
knows – knowing – knew /
nju/ –
has known)
knowledge
knowledge /nɒld/
noun
the general
facts or information that people know
ć
No encyclopedia can contain all human
knowledge.
known
known /nəυn/ past participle of know
knuckle
knuckle /nk(ə)l/

noun
a part where
two bones join in a finger
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