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rib 265 ring
rib
rib /rb/
noun
one of 24 curved bones
which protect your chest
ć He fell down
while skiing and broke two ribs.
ribbon
ribbon /rbən/
noun
a long thin piece of
material for tying things or used as dec-
oration
rice
rice /ras/
noun
the seeds of a tropical
plant which are cooked and eaten
ć She
only had a bowl of rice for her evening
meal.
(NOTE: no plural:
some rice, a
bowl of rice, a spoonful of rice
)
rich
rich /rtʃ/
adjective
1. who has a lot of
money

ć If only we were rich, then we
could buy a bigger house.
ć He never
spends anything, and so he gets richer
and richer.
2. made with a lot of cream,
butter, or eggs
ć This cream cake is too
rich for me.
rid
rid /rd/
adjective
˽ to get rid of some-
thing to throw something away
ć Do
you want to get rid of that old bookcase?
ć We have been told to get rid of twenty
staff.
ć She doesn’t seem able to get rid
of her cold.
ride
ride /rad/
noun
a pleasant trip, e.g. on a
horse or a bike or in a car
ć Does any-
one want to come for a bike ride?
ć Can
I have a ride on your motorbike?
ć He

took us all for a ride in his new car.
ć
The station is only a short bus ride from
the college.
í
verb
to go on a horse, on
a bike, etc.
ć He rode his bike across the
road without looking.
ć She’s never rid-
den (on) an elephant.
ć My little sister
is learning to ride, but she’s frightened
of big horses.
(NOTE: rides – riding –
rode /
rəυd/ – ridden /rd(ə)n/)
rider
rider /radə/
noun
a person who rides ć
The rider of the black horse fell at the
first fence.
ć Motorcycle riders must
wear helmets.
ridiculous
ridiculous /r

dkjυləs/

adjective
ex-
tremely silly or unreasonable
rifle
rifle /raf(ə)l/
noun
a gun with a long
barrel which you hold with two hands,
against your shoulder
ć The gunman
was on a roof with a rifle.
ć He was
shooting at a target with an air rifle.
right
right /rat/
adjective
1. correct ć She
didn’t put the bottles back in the
ć
You’re right – the number 8 bus doesn’t
go to Marble Arch.
ć She gave the right
answer every time.
ć He says the an-
swer is 285 – quite right!
ć Is the station
clock right?
ć Is this the right train for
Manchester?
ı all right 2. on the same

side as the hand which most people use
to write with
ć In England cars don’t
drive on the right side of the road.
ć The
keys are in the top right drawer of my
desk.
ć He was holding the suitcase in
his right hand.
í
noun
the side opposite
to the left
ć When driving in France re-
member to keep to the right.
ć When
you get to the next crossroads, turn to
the right.
ć Who was that girl sitting on
the right of your father?
ć Go straight
ahead, and take the second road on the
right.
í
adverb
1. directly, or in a
straight line
ć Instead of stopping at the
crossroads, he drove right on across the
main road and

ć To get to the police sta-
tion, keep right on to the end of the road,
and then turn left.
ć Go right along to
the end of the corridor, you’ll see my of-
fice in front of you.
2. exactly ć The pub
is right at the end of the road.
ć The
phone rang right in the middle of the TV
programme.
ć She stood right in front of
the TV and no one could see the screen.
3. towards the right-hand side ć To get
to the station, turn right at the traffic
lights.
ć Children should be taught to
look right and left before crossing the
road.
í
interjection
agreed, OK ć
Right, so we all meet again at 7 o’clock?
right-hand
right-hand /rat hnd/
adjective
on
the right side
right-handed
right-handed /rat hndd/

adjective
using the right hand more often than the
left for things like writing and eating
right-wing
right-wing /rat wŋ/
adjective
be-
longing or relating to the conservative
political parties
rigid
rigid /rdd/
adjective
stiff and not
bending much
rim
rim /rm/
noun
1. the edge of something
round, like a wheel or a cup
ć The rim
of the glass is chipped.
2. a frame of a
pair of spectacles
ć He wears glasses
with steel rims.
ring
ring /rŋ/
noun
1. a round object, espe-
cially a piece of jewellery

ć She has a
gold ring in her nose.
ć He wears a ring
on his little finger.
2. a circle of people
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rinse 266 road
or things ć The teacher asked the chil-
dren to sit in a ring round her.
3. the
noise of an electric bell
ć There was a
ring at the door.
4. a space where a cir-
cus show takes place or where a boxing
match is held
ć The horses galloped
round the ring the ring.
ć The ringmas-
ter came into the ring with his top hat
and whip.
í
verb
1. to make a sound
with a bell
ć The postman rang the

doorbell.
ć Is that your phone ringing?
2. to telephone someone ć He rang me
to say he would be late.
ć Don’t ring to-
morrow afternoon – the office will be
closed.
ć Don’t ring me, I’ll ring you.
(NOTE: rings – ringing – rang /rŋ/ –
rung /
rŋ/) ȣ to ring a bell to remind
someone of something
ć The name
rings a bell.
ć Does the name Arbuthnot
ring any bells?
ring up
phrasal verb
to speak to some-
one using a telephone
rinse
rinse /rns/
verb
to put things covered
with soap or dirty things into clean wa-
ter to remove the soap or the dirt
ć Rinse
the dishes before putting them on the
draining board to dry.
í

noun
the act of
washing something in clean water to get
rid of soap
ć Give your shirt a good
rinse.
riot
riot /raət/
noun
noisy and usually vio-
lent behaviour by a crowd of people
ć
The protesters started a riot.
rip
rip /rp/
noun
a tear in cloth ć He lost the
race because of a rip in his sail.
í
verb
1. to tear something roughly ć I ripped
my sleeve on a nail.
ć She ripped open
the parcel to see what he had given her.
ć The old bathroom is being ripped out
and new units put in.
2. to go through
something violently
ć The fire ripped
through the building.

(NOTE: rips – rip-
ping – ripped)
ripe
ripe /rap/
adjective
ready to eat or to be
picked
ć Don’t eat that apple – it isn’t
ripe yet.
ripple
ripple /rp(ə)l/
noun
a little wave ć Even
a little stone thrown into the water will
make ripples.
ć In the desert, the wind
creates ripples on the sand.
rise
rise /raz/
noun
a movement or slope up-
wards
ć There is a gentle rise until you
get to the top of the hill.
ć Salaries are
increasing to keep up with the rise in the
cost of living.
ć The recent rise in inter-
est rates has made mortgages more ex-
pensive.

í
verb
to go up ć The sun al-
ways rises in the east.
ć The road rises
steeply for a few miles.
ć Prices have
been rising steadily all year.
ć If you
open the oven door, the cake won’t rise
properly.
(NOTE: rises – rising – rose
/
rəυz/ – risen /rz(ə)n/)
risk
risk /rsk/
noun
a possible bad result ć
There is not much risk of rain in August.
ć The risk of going blind is very remote.
ć There is a financial risk attached to
this deal.
ć At the risk of looking fool-
ish, I’m going to ask her to come out
with me.
í
verb
to do something which
may possibly harm you
ć The fireman

risked his life to save her.
ć He risked
all his savings on buying the bookshop.
risky
risky /rski/
adjective
which is danger-
ous
(NOTE: riskier – riskiest)
rival
rival /rav(ə)l/
adjective
who competes
ć Two rival companies are trying to win
the contract.
ć Is this the rival product
you were talking about?
ć Simon and I
are friends but we play for rival teams.
í
noun
a person or a company that com-
petes
ć Do you know if he has any ri-
vals?
ć We keep our prices low to un-
dercut our biggest rival.
ć We keep our
prices low to compete with our rivals.
river

river /rvə/
noun
a large mass of fresh
water which runs across the land and
goes into the sea or into a large lake
ć
London is on the River Thames. ć The
river is very deep here, so it’s dangerous
to swim in it.
(NOTE: With names of riv-
ers, you usually say the River:
the Riv-
er Thames
;
the River Amazon
;
the Riv-
er Nile
.)
road
road /rəυd/
noun
a hard surface which
vehicles travel on
ć The road to York
goes directly north from London.
ć
Drivers must be careful because roads
are icy.
ć Children are taught to look

both ways before crossing the road.
ć
Our office address is: 26 London Road.
(NOTE: often used in names:
London
Road, York Road
, etc., and usually
written Rd:
London Rd
, etc.)
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roar 267 room
roar
roar /rɔ/
verb
to make a deep loud noise
ć He roared with laughter at the film. ć
The lion roared and then attacked.
roast
roast /rəυst/
verb
to cook food over a fire
or in an oven
ć You can either roast pi-
geons or cook them in a casserole.
í

ad-
jective
which has been roasted ć What a
lovely smell of roast meat!
ć We had
roast chicken for dinner.
rob
rob /rɒb/
verb
to attack and steal from
someone
(NOTE: robs – robbing –
robbed)
robber
robber /rɒbə/
noun
a person who at-
tacks and steals from someone
robot
robot /rəυbɒt/
noun
a machine which is
designed to work like a person automat-
ically
rock
rock /rɒk/
noun
1. a large stone or a large
piece of stone
ć The ship was breaking

up on the rocks.
2. a hard pink sweet
shaped like a stick, often with the name
of a town printed in it, bought mainly by
tourists
ć a stick of Brighton rock 3.
rock music
loud popular music with a
strong rhythm
ć Rock is the only music
he listens to.
í
verb
to move from side
to side, or to make something move
from side to side
ć The little boat rocked
in the wake of the ferry.
ć The explosion
rocked the town.
rocket
rocket /rɒkt/
noun
1. a type of space
vehicle that looks like a tall tower
2. a
type of firework which flies up into the
sky
ć We stood in the square and
watched the rockets lighting up the sky.

3. a type of bomb which is shot through
space at an enemy
ć They fired a home-
made rocket into the police station.
rod
rod /rɒd/
noun
a long stick ć You nee d
something rigid like a metal rod to hold
the tent upright.
rode
rode /rəυd/ past tense of ride
role
role /rəυl/
noun
1. a part played by some-
one in a play or film
ć He plays the role
of the king.
2. the purpose of someone or
something in real life
ć He played an
important role in getting the project off
the ground.
(NOTE: Do not confuse with
roll.)
roll
roll /rəυl/
noun
1. a tube of something

which has been turned over and over on
itself
ć a roll of fax paper ć a roll of toi-
let paper or a toilet roll
2. a very small
loaf of bread for one person, sometimes
cut in half and used to make a sandwich
ć a bowl of soup and a bread roll í
verb
1. to make something go forward by
turning it over and over
ć He rolled the
ball to the other player.
2. to go forward
by turning over and over
ć The ball
rolled down the hill.
ć My pound coin
has rolled under the piano.
3. to make
something move on wheels or rollers
ć
The table is fitted with wheels, just roll
it into the room.
ć The patient was
rolled into the operating theatre ten
minutes ago.
4. to turn something flat
over and over
ć He rolled the poster

into a tube.
roller
roller /rəυlə/
noun
1. a heavy round ob-
ject which rolls, e.g. one used for mak-
ing lawns or cricket pitches flat
ć The
ground is so bumpy, you’ll need a roller
to flatten it.
ć They used the roller just
before the match started.
2. a plastic
tube used for rolling hair into curls
romantic
romantic /rəυ

mntk/
adjective
1. full
of mystery and love
ć romantic music ć
The atmosphere in the restaurant was
very romantic.
2. used to describe some-
thing, often a literary or artistic style,
which is based on personal emotions or
imagination
ć His style is too romantic
for my liking.

ć She has a romantic view
of life.
roof
roof /ruf/
noun
1. a part of a building
which covers it and protects it
ć The cat
walked across the roof of the green-
house.
ć She lives in a little cottage with
a thatched roof.
2. the top of the inside
of the mouth
ć I burnt the roof of my
mouth drinking hot soup.
3. the top of a
vehicle, e.g. a car, bus or lorry
ć We had
to put the cases on the roof of the car.
room
room /rum/
noun
1. a part of a building,
divided from other parts by walls
ć The
flat has six rooms, plus kitchen and
bathroom.
ć We want an office with at
least four rooms.

2. a bedroom in a hotel
ć Your room is 316 – here’s your key. ć
His room is just opposite mine. 3. space
for something
ć The table is too big – it
takes up a lot of room.
ć There isn’t
enough room in the car for six people.
ć
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root 268 routine
We can’t have a piano in our flat – there
just isn’t enough room.
root
root /rut/
noun
1. a part of a plant which
goes down into the ground, and which
takes nourishment from the soil
ć I’m
not surprised the plant died – it has
hardly any roots.
2. the part of a hair or
a tooth which goes down into the skin
ć
He pulled her hair out by the roots.

rope
rope /rəυp/
noun
a very thick cord ć
You’ll need a rope to pull the car out of
the ditch.
ć The burglar climbed down
from the balcony on a rope.
í
verb
to tie
together with a rope
ć The climbers
roped themselves together.
ć We roped
the sofa onto the roof of the car.
rose
rose /rəυz/
noun
a common garden flow-
er with a strong pleasant smell
ć He
gave her a bunch of red roses.
ć These
roses have a beautiful scent.
í past
tense of
rise
rot
rot /rɒt/

verb
to decay ć The wooden
fence is not very old but it has already
started to rot.
ı rotten (NOTE: rots –
rotting – rotted)
rotate
rotate /rəυ

tet/
verb
to turn round or
turn something round an axis like a
wheel
rotten
rotten /rɒt(ə)n/
adjective
1. decayed ć
The apple looked nice on the outside,
but inside it was rotten.
ć Don’t walk on
that plank, I think it is rotten.
2. unpleas-
ant
ć I had a rotten time at the party –
no one would dance with me.
ć We had
rotten weather on holiday.
rough
rough /rf/

adjective
1. not smooth ć
Rub down any rough edges with sand-
paper.
2. not very accurate ć I made
some rough calculations on the back of
an envelope.
3. not finished, or with no
details
ć He made a rough draft of the
new design.
4. not gentle ć Don’t be
rough when you’re playing with the
puppy.
roughly
roughly /rfli/
adverb
1. in a way that is
not gentle enough
ć Don’t play so
roughly with the children.
ć The men
threw the boxes of china roughly into the
back of their van.
2. approximately ć
There were roughly one hundred people
in the audience.
ć Ten euro s make
roughly six pounds.
ć The cost of build-

ing the new kitchen will be roughly
£25,000.
round
round /raυnd/
adjective
1. with a shape
like a circle
ć In Chinese restaurants,
you usually sit at round tables.
2. with a
shape like a sphere
ć Soccer is played
with a round ball, while a Rugby ball is
oval.
ć People used to believe that the
Earth was flat, not round.
í
adverb
,
preposition
1. in a circular way or
movement
ć The wheels of the lorry
went round and round.
ć The Earth
goes round the Sun.
ć He was the first
person to sail round the world single-
handed.
ć We all sat round the table

chatting.
ć He ran down the street and
disappeared round a corner.
2. towards
the back
ć She turned round when he
tapped her on the shoulder.
ć Don’t
look round when you’re driving on the
motorway.
3. from one person to anoth-
er
ć They passed round some papers for
everyone to sign.
ć Can you pass the
plate of cakes round, please?
4. in vari-
ous places
ć They spent the afternoon
going round the town.
round up
phrasal verb
to gather people
or animals together
ć The secret police
rounded up about fifty suspects and took
them off in vans.
ć She rounded up the
children and took them into the muse-
um.

ć The farmer is out in the fields
rounding up his sheep.
roundabout
roundabout /raυndəbaυt/
noun
1. a
place where several roads meet, and
traffic has to move in a circle
ć When
you get to the next roundabout, turn
right.
2. a heavy wheel which turns, and
which children ride on in a park
ć The
children all ran to get on the rounda-
bout.
ć A small child fell from the
roundabout and hurt his leg badly.
3. (
in
a fairground
) a large machine in a fair-
ground which turns round and plays
music, usually with horses to sit on
which move up and down
route
route /rut/
noun
a way to be followed to
get to a destination

ć We still have to de-
cide which route we will take.
routine
routine /ru

tin/
noun
the usual, regular
way of doing things
ć He doesn’t like
his daily routine to be disturbed.
ć A
change of routine might do you good.
í
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row 269 run
adjective
done as part of a regular pat-
tern of activities
ć He went to the doctor
for a routine examination.
row
row
1
/rəυ/
noun

a line of things, side by
side or one after the other
ć He has a
row of cabbages in the garden.
ć They
pulled down an old house to build a row
of shops.
ć I want two seats in the front
row.
row
row
2
/raυ/
noun
(
informal
) 1. a serious
argument
ć They had a row about who
was responsible for the accident.
2. a
loud noise
ć Stop making that dreadful
row!
royal
royal /rɔəl/
adjective
relating to a king
or queen
rub

rub /rb/
verb
to move something across
the surface of something else
ć He
rubbed his hands together to get them
warm.
ć These new shoes have rubbed
against my heel and given me a blister.
ć The cat rubbed herself against my
legs.
(NOTE: rubs – rubbing – rubbed)
rub out
phrasal verb
to remove a pen-
cil mark with a rubber
rubber
rubber /rbə/
noun
1. a strong sub-
stance that bends easily, made from the
sap of a tropical tree
ć Car tyres are
made of rubber.
ć Many years ago, we
visited a rubber plantation in Malaysia.
2. a piece of rubber used for removing
pencil marks
ć He used a rubber to try
to rub out what he had written.

rubbish
rubbish /rbʃ/
noun
1. waste, things
which are no use and are thrown away
ć
We had to step over heaps of rubbish to
get to the restaurant.
2. worthless non-
sense
ć Have you read his new book? –
It’s rubbish!
ć He’s talking rubbish,
don’t listen to him.
(NOTE: no plural)
rude
rude /rud/
adjective
not polite and likely
to offend people
ć Don’t point at people
– it’s rude.
ć The teacher asked who
had written rude words on the board.
ć
He was rude to the teacher.
rudely
rudely /rudli/
adverb
in a rude way

rug
rug /r/
noun
1. a small carpet ć This
beautiful rug comes from the Middle
East.
2. a thick blanket, especially one
used when travelling
ć Put a rug over
your knees if you’re cold.
ć We sprea d
rugs on the grass to have our picnic.
rugby
rugby /rbi/, rugby football /rbi
fυtbɔl
/
noun
a type of football played
with an oval ball which is thrown as well
as kicked
ruin
ruin /run/
verb
to spoil something
completely
ć The rain spoiled our pic-
nic.
rule
rule /rul/
noun

a strict order telling peo-
ple the way to behave
ć There are no
rules that forbid parking here at night.
ć According to the rules, your ticket
must be paid for two weeks in advance.
í
verb
to govern or to control a place or
a people
ć The president rules the coun-
try according to very old-fashioned
principles.
ruler
ruler /rulə/
noun
1. a person who gov-
erns
ć A ruler should be fair. ć He’s the
ruler of a small African state.
2. a long
piece of wood or plastic with measure-
ments marked on it, used for measuring
and drawing straight lines
ć You need a
ruler to draw straight lines.
run
run /rn/
verb
1. to go quickly on foot ć

When she heard the telephone, she ran
upstairs.
ć Children must be taught not
to run across the road.
ć She’s running
in the 200 metre race.
2. (
of buses,
trains, etc.
) to be operating ć All under-
ground trains are running late because
of the accident.
ć This bus doesn’t run
on Sundays.
3. (
of vehicles
) to work ć
He left his car in the street with the en-
gine running.
ć My car’s not running
very well at the moment.
4. to direct the
way an organisation operates
ć He runs
a chain of shoe shops.
ć I want someone
to run the sales department for me when
I’m away on holiday.
ć He runs the lo-
cal youth club.

ć The country is run by
the army.
5. to drive someone by car ć
Let me run you to the station. 6. (
of
liquid
) to flow somewhere ć The river
runs past our house.
(NOTE: runs – run-
ning – ran – run)
í
noun
1. the act of
going quickly on foot, usually as a sport
ć She entered for the 10-mile run. ć I
always go for a run before breakfast.
ć
You must be tired out after that long run.
2. a score of 1 in cricket ć He made 45
runs before he was out.
run away
phrasal verb
to escape or to
go away fast
ć They were running away
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rung 270 rut
from the police. ć She ran away from
school when she was 16.
ć The young-
sters ran away to Paris.
run into
phrasal verb
1. to go into a
place fast
ć She ran into the street,
shouting ‘Fire!’. 2. to go fast and hit
something, usually in a vehicle
ć He
didn’t look where he was going and ran
into an old lady.
ć The bus turned the
corner too fast and ran into a parked
van.
3. to amount to something ć Costs
have run into thousands of pounds.
ć
Her income runs into five figures. 4. to
find someone by chance
ć I ran into
him again in a café on the South Bank.
run out
phrasal verb
to have nothing
left of something
ć The car ran out of

petrol on the motorway.
ć I must go to
the supermarket – we’re running out of
butter.
run over
phrasal verb
to knock some-
one down by hitting them with a vehicle
ć She was run over by a taxi. ć The car
ran over a dog.
rung
rung /rŋ/
noun
one of the bars on a lad-
der
ć Put your foot on the bottom rung
to hold the ladder steady.
í past partici-
ple of
ring
runner
runner /rnə/
noun
a person or horse
running in a race
ć My horse came in
last of seven runners.
ć There are
30,000 runners in the London Mara-
thon.

running
running /rnŋ/
adjective
˽ for three
days running one day after another for
three days
ć The company have made a
profit for six years or the sixth year run-
ning.
í
noun
1. the activity of running,
as a sport or a leisure activity
2. the ac-
tion of managing
ć I now leave the run-
ning of the firm to my daughter.
ȣ to be
in the running
to be a candidate for
something
ć Three people are in the
running for the post of chairperson.
ȣ
to be out of the running to no longer
be a candidate for something
ć She’s
out of the running for the job in France.
runway
runway /rnwe/

noun
a track on which
planes land and take off at an airport
rural
rural /rυərəl/
adjective
relating to the
countryside
ć Rural roads are usually
fairly narrow.
ć We live quite close to a
town but the country round us still looks
very rural.
rush
rush /rʃ/
noun
a fast movement ć There
was a rush of hot air when they opened
the door.
ć There has been a rush to
change pounds to euros.
ć When the
film ended there was a rush for the toi-
lets.
í
verb
to hurry, to go forward fast
ć The ambulance rushed to the acci-
dent.
ć Crowds of shoppers rushed to

the shops on the first day of the sales.
rustle
rustle /rs(ə)l/
verb
to make a soft noise
like dry surfaces rubbing against each
other
ć Her long skirt rustled as she sat
down.
ć Don’t rustle the newspaper
when the radio is on, I can’t hear it
properly.
í
noun
the noise of dry leaves
or pieces of paper rubbing together
ć
Listen to the rustle of the dry leaves in
the hedge.
rusty
rusty /rsti/
adjective
covered with rust
ć She tried to cut the string with a pair
of rusty old scissors.
ć He has a rusty
old fridge in his front garden.
(NOTE:
rustier – rustiest)
rut

rut /rt/
noun
a deep track made in soft
earth by the wheels of vehicles
ć The
front wheel of the car was stuck in a
deep rut.
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S
s
s /es/, S
noun
the nineteenth letter of the
alphabet, between R and T
sack
sack /sk/
noun
a large bag made of
strong cloth or paper, used for carrying
heavy things
ć He hurt his back lifting
up the sack of potatoes.
í
verb
to force
someone to leave his or her job

ć He
was sacked because he was always late
for work.
sad
sad /sd/
adjective
not happy ć He’s sad
because the holidays have come to an
end.
ć What a sad film – everyone was
crying.
ć Reading his poems makes me
sad.
ć It was sad to leave the house for
the last time.
ć He felt sad watching the
boat sail away.
ć It’s sad that he can’t
come to see us.
(NOTE: sadder – sad-
dest)
saddle
saddle /sd(ə)l/
noun
1. a rider’s seat
on a bicycle or motorbike
2. a rider’s
seat on a horse
ć He leapt into the sad-
dle and rode away.

sadly
sadly /sdli/
adverb
1. in a sad way ć
She smiled sadly. 2. used for saying that
something makes you sad
ć Sadly, John
couldn’t join us for my birthday party.
sadness
sadness /sdnəs/
noun
a feeling of be-
ing very unhappy
safe
safe /sef/
adjective
not in danger, or not
likely to be hurt
ć In this cave, we
should be safe from the thunderstorm.
ć
All the children are safe, but the school
was burnt down.
ć Is it safe to touch this
snake?
í
noun
a strong box for keeping
things such as documents, money or
jewels in

ć Put your valuables in the ho-
tel safe.
ć The burglars managed to
open the safe.
safely
safely /sefli/
adverb
without being hurt
ć The rescue services succeeded in get-
ting all the passengers safely off the
burning train.
ć We were shown how to
handle explosives safely.
ć ‘Drive safe-
ly!’ she said as she waved goodbye.
safety
safety /sefti/
noun
1. the fact of being
safe
ć The police tried to ensure the
safety of the public.
ć I am worried
about the safety of air bags in cars.
2. ˽
for safety in order to make something
safe
ć Put the money in the office safe
for safety.
ć Keep a note of the numbers

of your traveller’s cheques for safety.
said
said /sed/ past tense and past participle of
say
sail
sail /sel/
noun
a piece of cloth which
catches the wind and drives a boat along
ć The wind dropped so they lowered the
sail and started to row.
ć They hoisted
the sail and set out across the Channel.
í
verb
1. to travel on water ć The ship
was sailing towards the rocks.
ć We
were sailing east.
ć He was the first per-
son to sail across the Atlantic single-
handed.
ć She’s planning to sail round
the world.
2. to leave a harbour ć The
ferry sails at 12.00.
sailing
sailing /selŋ/
noun
travel in a ship

sailor
sailor /selə/
noun
a person who works
on a ship
ć The sailors were washing
down the deck of the ship.
sake
sake /sek/
noun
˽ for the sake of some-
thing, for something’s sake for certain
reasons or purposes, or because of
something
ć They gave the children
sweets, just for the sake of a little peace
and quiet.
ć The muggers killed the old
lady, just for the sake of £20.
˽ for the
sake of someone, for someone’s sake
because you want to help someone or to
please someone
ć Will you come to the
party for my sake?
ć The president de-
cided to resign for the sake of the coun-
try.
˽ for old times’ sake in order to re-
member a relationship or activity from

the past
ć We always send them a
Christmas card, just for old times’ sake.
˽ for heaven’s sake, for goodness’
sake used for showing you are annoyed
or worried
ć What’s all the fuss? It’s
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salad 272 Saturday
only a little scratch, for heaven’s sake. ć
For goodness’ sake try to be quiet, we
don’t want wake everyone!
salad
salad /sləd/
noun
a mixture of cold
vegetables eaten raw, or a meal that in-
cludes such a mixture
ć a chicken salad
sandwich
ć We found some ham, toma-
toes and lettuce in the fridge, and made
ourselves a salad.
salary
salary /sləri/
noun

payment for work,
especially in a professional or office job
ć She started work at a low salary, but
soon went up the salary scale.
ć I expect
a salary increase as from next month.
sale
sale /sel/
noun
1. the act of selling
something
ć The sale of the house pro-
duced £200,000.
ć The shop only
opened this morning and we’ve just
made our first sale.
2. an occasion when
things are sold at cheaper prices
ć
There’s a sale this week in the depart-
ment store along the High Street.
ć I
bought these plates for £1 in a sale.
ć
The sale price is 50% of the normal
price.
salesperson
salesperson /selz

ps(ə)n/

noun
a
person who sells goods in a shop
salt
salt /sɔlt/
noun
a white substance that
you put on food to make it taste better or
put on roads to make snow or ice melt
salute
salute /sə

lut/
noun
a movement which
expresses respect or recognition, espe-
cially the movement of putting your
right hand up to touch the side of your
forehead
ć The officer returned the sol-
dier’s salute.
í
verb
to give a salute to
someone
ć Ordinary soldiers must sa-
lute their officers.
same
same /sem/
adjective

,
pronoun
1. be-
ing, looking, sounding, etc. exactly
alike
ć These two beers taste the same.
ć You must get very bored doing the
same work every day.
ć She was wear-
ing the same dress as me.
ć This book is
not the same size as that one.
2. showing
that two or more things are in fact one
ć
They all live in the same street. ć Should
we all leave at the same time?
ć Our
children go to the same school as theirs.
sample
sample /sɑmpəl/
noun
a small part
which is used to show what the whole is
like
ć a sample of the cloth or a cloth
sample
ć Try a sample of the local
cheese.
ć He gave a blood sample. ć We

interviewed a sample of potential cus-
tomers.
sand
sand /snd/
noun
a mass of very small
bits of rock found on beaches and in the
desert
ć a beach of fine white sand ć the
black sand beaches of the Northern
coast of New Zealand
sandal
sandal /snd(ə)l/
noun
a light shoe
with an open top
sandwich
sandwich /snwd/
noun
a light meal
made with two pieces of bread with oth-
er food between them
ć She ordered a
cheese sandwich and a cup of coffee.
ć
What sort of sandwiches do you want to
take for your lunch?
ć I didn’t have a
big meal – just a sandwich with some
beer in the pub.

sang
sang /sŋ/ past tense of sing
sank
sank /sŋk/ past tense of sink
sat
sat /st/ past tense and past participle of
sit
satellite
satellite /stəlat/
noun
1. an object in
space which goes round the Earth and
sends and receives signals, pictures and
data
ć The signals are transmitted by
satellite all round the world.
2. an object
like a planet which goes round a planet
ć The Moon is the only satellite of the
Earth.
satisfaction
satisfaction /sts

fkʃən/
noun
a
feeling of comfort or happiness
ć After
finishing his meal he gave a deep sigh of
satisfaction.

ć I get no satisfaction from
telling you this – you’re fired.
satisfactory
satisfactory /sts

fkt(ə)ri/
adjec-
tive
good enough, or quite good
satisfied
satisfied /stsfad/
adjective
accept-
ing that something is enough, is good or
is correct
satisfy
satisfy /stsfa/
verb
to make some-
one pleased with what he or she has re-
ceived or achieved
ć The council’s deci-
sion should satisfy most people.
ć Our
aim is to satisfy our customers.
(NOTE:
satisfies – satisfying – satisfied)
Saturday
Saturday /stəde/
noun

the sixth day
of the week, the day between Friday and
Sunday
ć He works in a shop, so Satur-
day is a normal working day for him.
ć
We go shopping in London most Satur-
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sauce 273 scared
days. ć Saturday is the Jewish day of
rest.
ć Today is Saturday, November
15th.
ć The 15th is a Saturday, so the
16th must be a Sunday.
ć We arranged
to meet up on Saturday.
sauce
sauce /sɔs/
noun
a liquid with a partic-
ular taste, poured over food
ć ice cream
with chocolate sauce
ć We had chicken
with a barbecue sauce.

ć The waitress
put a bottle of tomato sauce on the table.
saucepan
saucepan /sɔspən/
noun
a deep metal
cooking pan with a lid and a long handle
saucer
saucer /sɔsə/
noun
a shallow dish
which a cup stands on
sausage
sausage /sɒsd/
noun
a food which is
a tube of skin full of a mixture of meat
and spices
save
save /sev/
verb
1. to stop something
from being damaged
ć We m anaged to
save most of the paintings from the fire.
2. to keep things such as money, food or
other articles so that you can use them
later
ć If you save £10 a week, you’ll
have £520 at the end of a year.

ć They
save old pieces of bread to give to the
ducks in the park.
ć He saves bits of
string in case he may need them later.
3.
not to waste something such as time or
money
ć By walking to work, he saves
£25 a week in bus fares.
ć She took the
parcel herself so as to save the cost of
postage.
ć If you have your car checked
regularly it will save you a lot of ex-
pense in the future.
ć Going by air saves
a lot of time.
4. to stop someone from
being hurt or killed
ć The firefighters
saved six people from the burning
house.
ć How many passengers were
saved when the ferry sank?
5. to store
information on a computer disk
ć Don’t
forget to save your files when you have
finished working on them.

saving
saving /sevŋ/
noun
the act of using
less of something
ć We are aiming for a
10% saving in fuel.
í
suffix
which uses
less
ć energy-saving light bulbs
saw
saw /sɔ/ past tense of see í
noun
a tool
with a long metal blade with teeth along
its edge, used for cutting
ć He was cut-
ting logs with a saw.
í
verb
to cut some-
thing with a saw
ć She was sawing
wood.
ć You will need to saw that piece
of wood in half.
(NOTE: saws – sawing
– sawed – has sawn /

sɔn/)
say
say /se/
verb
1. to speak words ć What’s
she saying? – I don’t know, I don’t un-
derstand Dutch.
ć She says the fee is £3
per person.
ć Don’t forget to say ‘thank
you’ after the party.
ć The weather fore-
cast said it was going to rain and it did.
ć I was just saying that we never see
James any more.
2. to give information
in writing
ć The letter says that we owe
the bank £200.
ć The notice says that
you are not allowed to walk on the
grass.
(NOTE: says /sez/ – saying –
said /
sed/)
saying
saying /seŋ/
noun
a phrase which is
often used to describe an aspect of eve-

ryday life
scale
scale /skel/
noun
1. the size of a smaller
form of something compared to the real
size
ć a map with a scale of 1 to
100,000
ć a scale model of the new
town centre development
ć The archi-
tect’s design is drawn to scale.
2. a
measuring system in which there are
several levels
ć The Richter scale is
used to measure earthquakes.
scar
scar /skɑ/
noun
a mark left on the skin
after a wound has healed
ć He still has
the scars of his operation.
í
verb
1. to
leave a mark on the skin after a wound
has healed

ć His arm was scarred as a
result of the accident.
2. to affect some-
one’s feelings badly
ć The bullying she
received at school has scarred her for
life.
(NOTE: scars – scarring –
scarred)
scarce
scarce /skeəs/
adjective
if something is
scarce, there is much less of it than you
need
ć This happened at a period when
food was scarce.
ć Good designers are
getting scarce.
scare
scare /skeə/
verb
to make someone feel
fear
ć The thought of travelling alone
across Africa scares me.
ć She was
scared by the spider in the bathroom.
í
noun

a fright ć What a scare you gave
me – jumping out at me in the dark like
that!
scared
scared /skeəd/
adjective
feeling or
showing fear
ć Don’t be scared – the
snake is harmless.
ć She was too scared
to answer the door.
ć I’m scared at the
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scarf 274 score
idea of driving in London’s rush-hour
traffic.
ć She looked round with a
scared expression.
scarf
scarf /skɑf/
noun
a long piece of cloth
which is worn round your neck to keep
yourself warm
ć Take your scarf – it’s

snowing.
(NOTE: The plural is scarves
/
skɑvz/.)
scatter
scatter /sktə/
verb
1. to throw some-
thing in various places
ć The crowd
scattered flowers all over the path.
2. to
run in different directions
ć When the
police arrived, the children scattered.
scene
scene /sin/
noun
1. a place where some-
thing has happened
ć It took the ambu-
lance ten minutes to get to the scene of
the accident.
ć A photographer was at
the scene to record the ceremony.
2. a
short part of a play or film
ć Did you
like the scene where he is trying to climb
up the skyscraper?

ć It was one of the
funniest scenes I have ever seen.
scenery
scenery /sinəri/
noun
1. the features of
the countryside
ć the beautiful scenery
of the Lake District
2. the objects and
backgrounds on a theatre stage that
make it look like a real place
ć They
lowered the scenery onto the stage.
ć In
between the acts all the scenery has to
be changed.
(NOTE: no plural)
scent
scent /sent/
noun
1. a pleasant smell of
a particular type
ć the scent of roses in
the cottage garden
2. perfume ć That
new scent of yours makes me sneeze.
(NOTE: Do not confuse with cent,
sent.)
sceptical

sceptical /skeptk(ə)l/
adjective
think-
ing that something is probably not true
or good
ć You seem sceptical about his
new plan.
ć I’m sceptical of the need for
these changes.
scheme
scheme /skim/
noun
a plan for making
something work
ć She joined the com-
pany pension scheme.
ć He has thought
up some scheme for making money very
quickly.
school
school /skul/
noun
1. a place where stu-
dents, usually children, are taught
ć
Our little boy is four, so he’ll be going to
school this year.
ć Some children start
school younger than that.
ć What did

the children do at school today?
ć When
he was sixteen, he left school and joined
the army.
ć Which school did you go to?
2. a section of a college or university ć
The school of medicine is one of the
largest in the country.
ć She’s studying
at law school.
í
verb
to train someone
in a particular skill
science
science /saəns/
noun
the study of nat-
ural physical things
ć She took a sci-
ence course or studied science.
ć We
have a new science teacher this term.
ć
He has a master’s degree in marine sci-
ence.
scientific
scientific /saən

tfk/

adjective
relat-
ing to science
ć We employ hundreds of
people in scientific research.
ć He’s the
director of a scientific institute.
scientist
scientist /saəntst/
noun
a person
who studies a science, often doing re-
search
ć Scientists have not yet found a
cure for the common cold.
ć Space sci-
entists are examining the photographs
of Mars.
scissors
scissors /szəz/
plural noun
a tool for
cutting things such as paper and cloth,
made of two blades attached in the mid-
dle, with handles with holes for the
thumb and fingers
ć These scissors
aren’t very sharp.
ć Have you got a pair
of scissors I can borrow?

scoop
scoop /skup/
noun
1. a deep round
spoon with a short handle, for serving
soft food such as ice cream
ć You mu st
wash the scoop each time you use it.
2.
a portion of soft food such as ice cream
ć I’ll have one scoop of strawberry and
one scoop of vanilla, please.
í
verb
to
lift something or someone up in a single
quick movement
ć She scooped up the
babies into her arms and ran upstairs.
ć
He scooped all the newspapers off the
floor.
scooter
scooter /skutə/
noun
1. a child’s two-
wheeled vehicle which is pushed along
with one foot while the other foot is on
the board
2. a vehicle like a small mo-

torbike with a platform for the feet
ć
She dodged through the traffic on her
scooter.
score
score /skɔ/
noun
the number of goals or
points made in a match
ć The final
score in the rugby match was 22–10.
ć
I didn’t see the beginning of the match –
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