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Scot 275 scrub
what’s the score? í
verb
to make a goal
or point in a match
ć They scored three
goals in the first twenty minutes.
ć She
scored sixty-five!
Scot
Scot /skɒt/
noun
a person from Scotland
Scotch
Scotch /skɒtʃ/
adjective
used for refer-
ring to some things, especially food and
drink, from Scotland
Scotland
Scotland /skɒtlənd/
noun
a country to
the north of England, forming part of
the United Kingdom
ć He was brought
up in Scotland.
ć Scotland’s most fa-
mous export is whisky.
Scots
Scots /skɒts/

adjective
Scottish ć ‘Not
proven’ is a decision in Scots Law.
Scottish
Scottish /skɒtʃ/
adjective
relating to
Scotland
scramble
scramble /skrmbəl/
verb
1. to climb
using your hands and knees
ć He
scrambled up the steep bank.
2. to hurry
to do something
ć They scrambled to
get a seat.
scrap
scrap /skrp/
noun
1. a little piece ć a
scrap of paper
ć There isn’t a scrap of
evidence against him.
ć She is collect-
ing scraps of cloth to make a quilt.
2.
waste materials ć to sell a car for scrap

ć The scrap value of the car is £200. í
verb
1. to throw something away as use-
less
ć They had to scrap 10,000 faulty
spare parts.
2. to give up or stop work-
ing on a plan
ć We’ve scrapped our
plans to go to Greece.
(NOTE: scraps –
scrapping – scrapped)
scrape
scrape /skrep/
verb
1. to scratch some-
thing with a hard object which is pulled
across a surface
ć She scraped the paint
off the door.
ć He fell off his bike and
scraped his knee on the pavement.
2. to
remove something from the surface of
something
ć She scraped the paint off
the door.
scratch
scratch /skrtʃ/
noun

1. a long wound
on the skin
ć Put some antiseptic on the
scratches on your arms.
2. a long mark
made by a sharp point
ć I will never be
able to cover up the scratches on the car
door.
í
verb
1. to make a long wound on
the skin
ć His legs were scratched by
the bushes along the path.
2. to make a
mark on something with a sharp point
ć
I must touch up the car where it has
been scratched.
3. to rub a part of the
body which itches with your fingernails
ć He scratched his head as he wondered
what to do next.
ć Stop scratching – it
will make your rash worse!
scream
scream /skrim/
noun
a loud cry of pain

or excitement
ć He let out a scream of
pain.
í
verb
to make a loud cry of pain
or excitement
ć People on the third
floor were screaming for help.
ć They
screamed with pain.
ć She screamed at
the class to stop singing.
screen
screen /skrin/
noun
1. a flat surface
which acts as protection against some-
thing, e.g. fire or noise
ć a screen deco-
rated with flowers and birds
ć The
hedge acts as a screen against the noise
from the motorway.
2. a flat glass sur-
face on which a picture is shown
ć a
computer screen
ć a TV screen ć I’ll
call the information up on the screen.

3.
a flat white surface on which things
such as films or slides are shown
ć a
cinema complex with four screens
ć
We’ll put up the screen on the stage. í
verb
to show a film in a cinema or on
TV
ć Tonight’s film will be screened
half an hour later than advertised.
screw
screw /skru/
noun
a type of nail which
you twist to make it go into a hard sur-
face
ć I need some longer screws to go
through this thick plank.
ć The plate
was fixed to the door with brass screws.
í
verb
1. to attach something with
screws
ć The picture was screwed to the
wall.
2. to attach something by twisting
ć He filled up the bottle and screwed on

the top.
ć Screw the lid on tightly.
scribble
scribble /skrb(ə)l/
verb
1. to make
marks which don’t have any meaning
ć
The kids have scribbled all over their
bedroom walls.
2. to write something
hurriedly and badly
ć She scribbled a
few notes in the train.
scrub
scrub /skrb/
verb
to clean something
by rubbing it with a brush
ć a well-
scrubbed kitchen table
ć Scrub your fin-
gernails to get rid of the dirt.
(NOTE:
scrubs – scrubbing – scrubbed)
í
noun
1. an area of land with a few small
bushes
ć They walked for miles through

the scrub until they came to a river.
2.
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sculpture 276 second-class
the action of scrubbing ć After a game
of rugby you will need a good scrub.
sculpture
sculpture /sklptʃə/
noun
a piece of
art that is a figure carved out of stone or
wood or made out of metal
sea
sea /si/
noun
an area of salt water be-
tween continents or islands which is
large but not as large as an ocean
ć
Swimming in the sea is more exciting
than swimming in a river.
ć The sea’s
too rough for the ferries to operate.
ć
His friends own a house by the sea. ć
The North Sea separates Britain from

Denmark and Germany.
seagull
seagull /sil/
noun
a large white sea
bird
seal
seal /sil/
noun
a large animal with short
smooth fur which eats fish and lives
near or in the sea
í
verb
to close some-
thing tightly
ć a box carefully sealed
with sticky tape
search
search /stʃ/
noun
the action of trying
to find something
ć Our search of the
flat revealed nothing.
ć They carried
out a search for the missing children.
ć
I did a quick search on the Internet for
references to Proust.

í
verb
1. to exam-
ine something or someone very careful-
ly
ć The police searched the house but
didn’t find any weapons.
ć She was
stopped and searched by customs.
2. to
look carefully to try to find something
ć
The police searched the house for weap-
ons.
˽ to search for someone or some-
thing to try to find someone or some-
thing
ć The police searched for the
missing children.
ć I searched the Inter-
net for references to Ireland.
seaside
seaside /sidsad/
noun
an area near
the sea where people go to have a holi-
day
season
season /siz(ə)n/
noun

1. one of four
parts of a year
ć Autumn is her favourite
season.
2. a part of the year when some-
thing usually happens
ć The tourist sea-
son is very long here – from March to
September.
ć The football season lasts
from September to May.
ć London is
very crowded during the school holiday
season.
seat
seat /sit/
noun
a chair or similar object
which you sit on
ć He was sitting in the
driver’s seat.
ć Can we have two seats
in the front row?
ć Our kitchen chairs
have wooden seats.
ć Bicycle seats are
narrow.
ȣ to take a seat to sit down ć
Please take a seat, the dentist will see
you in a few minutes.

ć Please take your
seats, the play is about to begin.
ć All
the seats on the bus were taken so I had
to stand.
second
second /sekənd/
noun
1. one of sixty
parts which make up a minute
ć I’ll give
you ten seconds to get out of my room.
ć
They say the bomb will go off in twenty
seconds.
2. a very short time ć Please
wait a second.
ć Wait here, I’ll be back
in a second.
3. the thing which is
number 2 in a series
ć Today is the sec-
ond of March or March the second
(March 2nd).
ć The Great Fire of Lon-
don took place when Charles the Sec-
ond (Charles II) was king.
(NOTE: In
dates second is usually written 2nd or
2:

August 2nd, 1932
,
2 July, 1666
(American style is July 2, 1666), say
‘the second of July’ or ‘July the second’
(American style is ‘July second’). With
names of kings and queens second is
usually written II:
Queen Elizabeth II
(say ‘Queen Elizabeth the Second’).)
í
adjective
1. coming after the first and
before the third
ć February is the sec-
ond month of the year.
ć It’s his second
birthday next week.
ć Women’s clothes
are on the second floor.
ć That’s the
second time the telephone has rung
while we’re eating.
2. next after the
longest, best, tallest etc.
(
followed by a
superlative
) ć This is the second long-
est bridge in the world.

ć He’s the sec-
ond highest paid member of staff.
secondary
secondary /sekənd(ə)ri/
adjective
less
important
second-class
second-class /sekənd klɑs/
adjec-
tive
,
adverb
1. less expensive and less
comfortable than first-class
ć I find sec-
ond-class hotels are perfectly adequate.
ć We always travel second-class be-
cause it is cheaper.
2. less expensive and
slower than the first-class postal service
ć A second-class letter is cheaper than
a first-class.
ć Send it second-class if it
is not urgent.
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secrecy 277 seem
secrecy
secrecy /sikrəsi/
noun
the fact of be-
ing secret or keeping something secret
secret
secret /sikrət/
adjective
not known
about by other people
ć There is a se-
cret door into the cellar.
í
noun
some-
thing which other people do not know
about
ć Have I told you my secret?
secretary
secretary /sekrət(ə)ri/
noun
a person
who does work such as writing letters,
answering the phone and filing docu-
ments for someone
(NOTE: The plural is
secretaries.)
secretive
secretive /sikrətv/

adjective
liking to
keep things secret
ć She’s very secretive
about her holiday plans.
secretly
secretly /sikrətli/
adverb
without any-
one knowing
section
section /sekʃən/
noun
a part of some-
thing which, when joined to other parts,
makes up a whole
ć the brass section of
the orchestra
ć the financial section of
the newspaper
ć He works in a com-
pletely different section of the organisa-
tion.
sector
sector /sektə/
noun
1. a part of the
economy or of the business organisation
of a country
ć All sectors of industry

suffered from the rise in the exchange
rate.
ć Computer technology is a boom-
ing sector of the economy.
2. a part of a
circle between two lines drawn from the
centre to the outside edge
ć The circle
had been divided into five sectors.
secure
secure /s

kjυə/
adjective
firmly fixed ć
Don’t step on that plank, it’s not secure.
í
verb
to be successful in getting some-
thing important
ć He secured the sup-
port of a big bank.
ć They secured a val-
uable new contract.
securely
securely /s

kjυəli/
adverb
in a secure

way
security
security /s

kjυərti/
noun
1. safety or
protection against harm
ć There were
worries about security during the
prince’s visit.
ć Security in this office is
nil.
ć Security guards patrol the factory
at night.
2. a thing given to someone
who has lent you money and which is
returned when the loan is repaid
ć He
uses his house as security for a loan.
ć
The bank lent him £20,000 without se-
curity.
see
see /si/
verb
1. to use your eyes to notice
something
ć Can you see that tree in the
distance?

ć They say eating carrots
helps you to see in the dark.
ć We ran
because we could see the bus coming.
2.
to watch something such as a film ć I
don’t want to go to the cinema this week,
I’ve seen that film twice already.
ć We
saw the football match on TV.
3. to un-
derstand something
ć I can’t see why
they need to borrow so much money.
ć
You must see that it’s very important for
everything to be ready on time.
ć Don’t
you see that they’re trying to trick you?
ć I see – you want me to lend you some
money.
4. to visit someone, e.g. a lawyer
or doctor
ć If your tooth aches that bad-
ly you should see a dentist.
ć He went to
see his bank manager to arrange a
mortgage.
(NOTE: sees – seeing – saw
/

sɔ/ – seen /sin/)
see off
phrasal verb
to go to the airport
or station with someone who is leaving
on a journey
see through
phrasal verb
1. to see
from one side of something to the other
ć I can’t see through the window – it’s
so dirty.
2. not to be tricked by some-
thing or someone
ć Won’t they quickly
see through such a poor excuse?
ć He
pretended he was helping me, but I soon
saw through him.
see to
phrasal verb
to arrange some-
thing or make sure that something is
done
seed
seed /sid/
noun
a part of a plant which is
formed after the flowers die and from
which a new plant will grow

ć a packet
of carrot seed
ć Sow the seeds in fine
earth.
ć Can you eat pumpkin seeds?
seek
seek /sik/
verb
to look for someone or
something
(
formal
) ć The police are
seeking a group of teenagers who were
in the area when the attack took place.
(NOTE: seeks – seeking – sought
/
sɔt/ – has sought)
seem
seem /sim/
verb
to give the appearance
of being something
ć She seems to like
or It seems that she likes her new job.
ć
Everyone seemed to be having a good
time at the party.
ć The new boss seems
very nice.

ć It seems to me that the par-
cel has gone to the wrong house.
ć It
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seize 278 sensation
seemed strange to us that no one an-
swered the phone.
seize
seize /siz/
verb
to grab something and
hold it tight
ć She seized the bag of
sweets in both hands and would not let
go.
seldom
seldom /seldəm/
adverb
not often
(NOTE: Note the word order when sel-
dom is at the beginning of a phrase:
you seldom hear
or
seldom do you
hear
)

select
select /s

lekt/
verb
to choose something
or someone carefully
ć She looked
carefully at the shelves before selecting
a book.
ć He was selected for the Eng-
land squad.
ć Selected items are re-
duced by 25%.
selection
selection /s

lekʃən/
noun
1. a range ć
There is a huge selection of hats to
choose from.
2. a thing which has or
things which have been chosen
ć a se-
lection of our product line
ć a selection
of French cheeses
self
self /self/

noun
your own person or char-
acter
ć She was ill for some time, but
now she’s her old self again.
ć She’s not
her usual happy self today – I think
she’s got something on her mind.
(NOTE:
The plural is selves.)
selfish
selfish /selfʃ/
adjective
doing things
only for yourself and not for other peo-
ple
sell
sell /sel/
verb
1. to give something to
someone for money
ć He sold his house
to my father.
ć She sold him her bicycle
for next to nothing.
ć We managed to
sell the car for £500.
ć The shop sells
vegetables but not meat.
2. to be sold ć

Those packs sell for £25 a dozen. ć Her
latest book is selling very well.
(NOTE:
sells – selling – sold /
səυld/)
sell off
phrasal verb
to sell goods
quickly and cheaply to get rid of them
ć
At the end of the day the market stalls
sell off their fruit and vegetables very
cheaply.
sell out
phrasal verb
1. to sell every
item of a particular type
ć Have you got
the dress in a size 12? – No, I’m afraid
we’ve sold out.
ć We’re selling out of
these hats fast.
2.
US
to sell a business
to someone
ć He sold out to his partner
and retired.
3. to give in to a group of
influential people

ć The environmental
group has accused the government of
selling out to the oil companies.
sell up
phrasal verb
to sell a business ć
He sold up and retired.
semicolon
semicolon /semi

kəυlɒn/
noun
a
punctuation mark (;) used to separate
two parts of a sentence and also used to
show a pause
semi-final
semi-final /semi fan(ə)l/
noun
one of
the last two matches in a competition,
the winners of which go into the final
game
senate
senate /senət/
noun
the upper house of
the legislative body in some countries
ć
She was first elected to the Senate in

2001.
senator
senator /senətə/
noun
a member of a
senate
(NOTE: written with a capital let-
ter when used as a title:
Senator Jack-
son
)
send
send /send/
verb
1. to make someone or
something go from one place to another
ć My mother sent me to the baker’s to
buy some bread.
ć I was sent home from
school because I had a headache.
ć He
sent the ball into the net.
ć The firm is
sending him out to Australia for six
months.
2. to use the postal services to
get something to someone
ć The office
sends 200 Christmas cards every year.
ć

Send me a postcard when you get to
Russia.
ć Send the letter by air if you
want it to arrive next week.
ć Send your
donations to the following address.
(NOTE: sends – sending – sent
/
sent/)
send for
phrasal verb
to ask someone
to come
senior
senior /siniə/
adjective
1. older ć the
senior members of the tribe
2. more im-
portant, e.g. in rank
ć A sergeant is sen-
ior to a corporal.
ć My senior col-
leagues do not agree with me.
sensation
sensation /sen

seʃ(ə)n/
noun
1. a gen-

eral feeling
ć I felt a curious sensation
as if I had been in the room before.
2. a
physical feeling
ć She had a burning
sensation in her arm.
3. a thing or per-
son that causes great excitement
ć The
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sense 279 serious
new ballet was the sensation of the sea-
son.
sense
sense /sens/
noun
1. one of the five
ways in which you notice something
(sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch)
ć He
may be 93, but he still has all his senses.
ć His senses had been dulled by the
drugs he was taking.
ć Dogs have a
good sense of smell.

2. a meaning ć He
was using ‘bear’ in the sense of ‘to car-
ry’.
3. the fact of being sensible ć At
least someone showed some sense and
tried to calm the situation.
ć She didn’t
have the sense to refuse.
ć I thought
Patrick would have had more sense than
that.
senseless
senseless /sensləs/
adjective
done for
no good reason
ć a senseless attack on
a little old lady
ć It’s senseless to buy
clothes you don’t need, just because
they are in the sales.
sensible
sensible /sensb(ə)l/
adjective
1.
showing good judgment and wisdom ć
Staying indoors was the sensible thing
to do.
ć Try and be sensible for once! 2.
(

of shoes
) strong and comfortable for
walking, rather than fashionable
sensitive
sensitive /senstv/
adjective
1. easily
upset
ć She’s a very sensitive young
woman.
ć Some actors are extremely
sensitive to criticism.
2. which measures
very accurately
ć a very sensitive light
meter
sent
sent /sent/ past tense and past participle
of
send
sentence
sentence /sentəns/
noun
1. a series of
words put together to make a complete
statement, usually ending in a full stop
ć I don’t understand the second sen-
tence in your letter.
ć Begin each sen-
tence with a capital letter.

2. a judgment
of a court
ć He was given a six-month
prison sentence.
ć The judge passed
sentence on the accused.
í
verb
to give
someone an official legal punishment
ć
She was sentenced to three weeks in
prison.
ć He was sentenced to death for
murder.
separate
separate
1
/sep(ə)rət/
adjective
not to-
gether or attached
ć They are in sepa-
rate rooms.
ć The house has one bath-
room with a separate toilet.
ć The dogs
were kept separate from the other pets.
ć Can you give us two separate invoic-
es?

separate
separate
2
/sepəret/
verb
1. to divide
people or things
ć The employees are
separated into permanent and tempo-
rary staff.
ć The teacher separated the
class into two groups.
2. to keep people
or things apart
ć The police tried to sep-
arate the two gangs.
ć Is it possible to
separate religion and politics?
separately
separately /sep(ə)rətli/
adverb
indi-
vidually, rather than together or as a
group
September
September /sep

tembə/
noun
the ninth

month of the year, between August and
October
ć September 3 ć The weather
is usually good in September.
ć Her
birthday is in September.
ć Tod ay is
September 3rd.
ć We always try to take
a short holiday in September.
(NOTE:
September 3rd
or
September 3: say
‘September the third’ or ‘the third of
September’ or in US English ‘Septem-
ber third’.)
sequence
sequence /sikwəns/
noun
a series of
things which happen or follow one after
the other
ć The sequence of events
which led to the accident.
sergeant
sergeant /sɑdənt/
noun
a non-com-
missioned officer in the army, or an of-

ficer of low rank in the police
(NOTE:
also used as a title before a surname:
Sergeant Jones
)
serial
serial /səriəl/
noun
a story that is
broadcast on TV or radio in separate
parts
ć an Australian police serial
(NOTE: Do not confuse with cereal.)
series
series /səriz/
noun
1. a group of
things which come one after the other in
order
ć We had a series of phone calls
from the bank.
2. TV or radio pro-
grammes which are broadcast at the
same time each week
ć There’s a new
wildlife series starting this week.
(NOTE:
The plural is series.)
serious
serious /səriəs/

adjective
1. not funny
or not joking
ć a very serious play ć
He’s such a serious little boy. ć Stop
laughing – it’s very serious.
ć He’s very
serious about the proposal.
ć The doc-
tor’s expression was very serious.
2. im-
portant and possibly dangerous
ć There
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seriously 280 settee
was a serious accident on the motorway.
ć The storm caused serious damage. ć
There’s no need to worry – it’s nothing
serious.
3. carefully planned ć The
management is making serious attempts
to improve working conditions.
seriously
seriously /səriəsli/
adverb
1. in a seri-

ous way
ć She should laugh more – she
mustn’t always take things so seriously.
2. to a great extent ć The cargo was se-
riously damaged by water.
ć Her moth-
er is seriously ill.
seriousness
seriousness /siriəsnəs/
noun
the fact
of being serious
servant
servant /svənt/
noun
a person who is
paid to work for a family
ć They employ
two servants in their London home.
ć
Get it yourself – I’m not your servant!
serve
serve /sv/
verb
1. to give food or drink
to someone
ć She served the soup in
small bowls.
ć Just take a plate and
serve yourself.

ć Has everyone been
served?
2. to go with a dish ć Fish is
served with a white sauce.
ć You usually
serve red wine with meat.
3. to help a
customer, e.g. in a shop
ć Are you being
served?
ć The manager served me him-
self.
ć Will you serve this lady next,
please?
4. (
in games like tennis
) to start
the game by hitting the ball
ć She
served two faults in a row.
ć He served
first.
service
service /svs/
noun
1. a facility which
the public needs
ć Our train service to
London is very bad.
ć The postal serv-

ice is efficient.
ć The bus service is very
irregular.
ć The hotel provides a laun-
dry service.
2. the act of serving or help-
ing someone in a shop or restaurant
ć
The food is good here, but the service is
very slow.
ć The bill includes an extra
10% for service.
ć Is the service includ-
ed?
ć The bill does not include service.
3. a regular check of a machine ć The
car has had its 20,000-kilometre serv-
ice.
4. a group of people working to-
gether
ć the ambulance service 5. a
time when you work for a company or
organisation or in the armed forces
ć
Did he enjoy his service in the army? ć
She did six years’ service in the police.
ć He was awarded a gold watch for his
long service to the company.
ć He saw
service in Northern Ireland.

6. a reli-
gious ceremony
ć My mother never
misses the nine o’clock service on Sun-
days.
7. (
in games like tennis
) the ac-
tion of hitting the ball first
ć She has a
very powerful service.
í
verb
to keep a
machine in good working order
ć The
car needs to be serviced every six
months.
session
session /seʃ(ə)n/
noun
the time when
an activity is taking place
ć All these
long sessions in front of the computer
screen are ruining my eyesight.
set
set /set/
noun
a group of things which go

together, which are used together or
which are sold together
ć He carries a
set of tools in the back of his car.
ć The
six chairs are sold as a set.
í
verb
1. to
put something in a special place
ć She
set the plate of biscuits down on the ta-
ble next to her chair.
2. to fix something
ć When we go to France we have to set
our watches to French time.
ć The price
of the new computer has been set at
£500.
3. to make something happen ć
He went to sleep smoking a cigarette
and set the house on fire.
ć All the pris-
oners were set free.
ć I had been wor-
ried about her, but her letter set my mind
at rest.
4. when the sun sets, it goes
down
ć The sun rises in the east and

sets in the west.
(NOTE: sets – setting
– set)
í
adjective
ready ć We’re all set
for a swim.
ć My bags are packed and
I’m all set to leave.
ć Her latest novel is
set to become the best-selling book of
the year.
set off
phrasal verb
1. to begin a trip ć
We’re setting off for Germany tomor-
row.
ć They all set off on a long walk af-
ter lunch. 2. to start something
happening
ć They set off a bomb in the
shopping centre. ć If you touch the wire
it will set off the alarm.
ć Being in the
same room as a cat will set off my asth-
ma.
set out
phrasal verb
to begin a journey
ć The hunters set out to cross the moun-

tains.
ć We have to set out early tomor-
row.
settee
settee /se

ti/
noun
a long seat with a
soft back where several people can sit
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setting 281 sexually
setting
setting /setŋ/
noun
the background for
a story
ć The setting for the story is
Hong Kong in 1935.
settle
settle /set(ə)l/
verb
1. to arrange or
agree something
ć Well, I’m glad every-
thing’s settled at last.

ć Have you set-
tled the title for the new film yet?
ć It
took six months of negotiation for the
union and management to settle their
differences.
2. to place yourself in a
comfortable position
ć She switched on
the television and settled in her favour-
ite armchair.
3. to fall to the ground, or
to the bottom of something, gently
ć
Wait for the dust to settle. ć A layer of
mud settled at the bottom of the pond.
settle down
phrasal verb
1. to place
yourself in a comfortable position
ć Af-
ter dinner, she likes to settle down in a
comfortable chair with a good book.
2.
to change to a calmer way of life with-
out many changes of house or much
travelling
ć He has worked all over the
world, and doesn’t seem ready to settle
down.

ć She had lots of boyfriends, and
then got married and settled down in
Surrey.
seven
seven /sev(ə)n/
noun
the number 7 ć
There are only seven children in his
class.
ć She’s seven (years old) next
week.
ć The train is supposed to leave
at seven (o’clock).
seventeen
seventeen /sev(ə)n

tin/
noun
the
number 17
ć He will be seventeen
(years old) next month.
ć The train
leaves at seventeen sixteen (17.16).
seventeenth
seventeenth /sev(ə)n

tinθ/
adjective
,

noun
number 17 in a series ć Today is
October the seventeenth or the seven-
teenth of October (October 17th).
ć Q is
the seventeenth letter of the alphabet.
ć
It’s his seventeenth birthday next week.
ć He came seventeenth out of thirty. í
noun
the thing that is number 17 in a se-
ries
ć Today is October the seventeenth
or the seventeenth of October (October
17th).
seventh
seventh /sevənθ/
adjective
,
noun
number 7 in a series ć His office is on
the seventh floor.
ć It’s her seventh
birthday on Saturday.
ć What is the sev-
enth letter of the alphabet?
ć She came
seventh in the race.
í
noun

1. the thing
that is number 7 in a series
ć Today is
June the seventh or the seventh of June
(June 7th).
2. one of seven equal parts
seventieth
seventieth /sevəntiəθ/
adjective
number 70 in a series ć It’s his seventi-
eth birthday next week
ć He came sev-
entieth out of a hundred.
í
noun
the
thing that is number 70 in a series
seventy
seventy /sev(ə)nti/
noun
the number
70
ć She will be seventy (years old) on
Tuesday.
ć That shirt cost him more
than seventy dollars.
several
several /sev(ə)rəl/
adjective
,

pronoun
more than a few, but not a lot ć Several
buildings were damaged in the storm.
ć
We’ve met several times. ć Several of
the students are going to Italy.
ć Most of
the guests left early but several stayed
on till midnight.
severe
severe /s

və/
adjective
1. very strict ć
He was very severe with any child who
did not behave.
ć Discipline in the
school was severe.
2. having a very bad
effect
ć The government imposed se-
vere financial restrictions on importers.
ć The severe weather has closed several
main roads.
(NOTE: severer – sever-
est)
severely
severely /s


vəli/
adverb
1. strictly ć
She was severely punished for being
late.
2. to a great extent ć a severely in-
jured survivor
ć Train services have
been severely affected by snow.
sew
sew /səυ/
verb
to attach, make or repair
something by using a needle and thread
(NOTE: Do not confuse with sow. Note
also: sews – sewing – sewed – sewn
/
səυn/.)
sex
sex /seks/
noun
1. one of two groups,
male and female, into which animals
and plants can be divided
ć They’ve had
a baby, but I don’t know what sex it is.
2.
physical activity which, between a man
and a woman, could cause a baby to de-
velop

ć a film full of sex and violence ć
Sex was the last thing on her mind.
sexual
sexual /sekʃuəl/
adjective
relating to
the activity of having sex
ć Their rela-
tionship was never sexual.
sexually
sexually /sekʃυəli/
adverb
in a sexual
way
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shabby 282 sharpen
shabby
shabby /ʃbi/
adjective
(
of clothes
)
used about clothes which are of poor
quality or look worn out
ć He wore a
shabby coat with two buttons missing.

shade
shade /ʃed/
noun
1. a variety of a par-
ticular colour
ć Her hat is a rather pret-
ty shade of green.
2. a dark place which
is not in the sun
ć Let’s try and find
some shade – it’s too hot in the sun.
ć
The sun’s so hot that we’ll have to sit in
the shade.
shadow
shadow /ʃdəυ/
noun
a dark place be-
hind an object where light is cut off by
the object
ć In the evening, the trees
cast long shadows across the lawn.
ć
She saw his shadow move down the hall.
ć They rested for a while, in the shadow
of a large tree.
shaft
shaft /ʃɑft/
noun
1. the long handle of a

tool such as a spade
ć The shaft of the
spade was so old it snapped in two.
2. a
thin beam of light
ć Tiny particles of
dust were dancing in a shaft of sunlight.
3. a deep hole connecting one place to
another
ć The shaft had become blocked
with rubbish.
shake
shake /ʃek/
verb
to move something
from side to side or up and down
ć
Shake the bottle before pouring. ć The
house shakes every time a train goes
past.
ć His hand shook as he opened the
envelope.
(NOTE: shakes – shaking –
shook /
ʃυk/ – shaken)
shall
shall /ʃəl, ʃl/
modal verb
1. used to
make the future tense

ć We shall be out
on Saturday evening.
ć I shan’t say an-
ything – I shall keep my mouth shut!
ć
Tomorrow we shan’t be home until after
10 o’clock.
2. used to show a suggestion
ć Shall we open the windows? ć Shall I
give them a ring?
(NOTE: shall is mainly
used with I and we. The negative is
shan’t /
ʃɑnt/. The past tense is
should, should not usually shoul-
dn’t.)
shallow
shallow /ʃləυ/
adjective
not far from
top to bottom
ć Children were playing
in the shallow end of the pool.
ć The riv-
er is so shallow in summer that you can
walk across it.
shame
shame /ʃem/
noun
the feeling you have

when you know you have done some-
thing bad or wrong
ć She went bright
red with shame.
ć To my shame, I did
nothing to help.
shampoo
shampoo /ʃm

pu/
noun
1. liquid
soap for washing your hair or for wash-
ing things such as carpets or cars
2. the
action of washing the hair
ć She went to
the hairdresser’s for a shampoo.
shape
shape /ʃep/
noun
the form of how
something looks
ć A design in the shape
of a letter S.
ć The old table was a funny
shape.
í
verb
to make into a certain

form
ć He shaped the pastry into the
form of a little boat.
shaped
shaped /ʃept/
adjective
with a certain
shape
share
share /ʃeə/
noun
a part of something that
is divided between two or more people
ć Did he get his share of the prize? ć
Take your share of the cake and leave
me the rest.
ć She should have paid her
share of the food bill.
ć There’s a lot of
work to do, so everyone must do their
share.
í
verb
1. also share out to di-
vide up something among several peo-
ple
ć Let’s share the bill. ć In her will,
her money was shared out among her
sons.
2. to use something which some-

one else also uses
ć We share an office.
ć We shared a taxi to the airport.
shark
shark /ʃɑk/
noun
a large dangerous fish
which lives in the sea and can kill peo-
ple
sharp
sharp /ʃɑp/
adjective
1. with an edge or
point which can easily cut or pass
through something
ć For injections, a
needle has to have a very sharp point.
ć
The beach is covered with sharp stones.
ć This knife is useless – it isn’t sharp
enough.
2. sudden and great ć There
was a sharp drop in interest rates.
ć The
road makes a sharp right-hand bend.
ć
He received a sharp blow on the back of
his head.
ć We had a sharp frost last
night.

3. bitter ć Lemons have a very
sharp taste.
4. quick to notice things ć
He has a sharp sense of justice. ć She
has a sharp eye for a bargain.
ć He’s
pretty sharp at spotting mistakes.
í
ad-
verb
1. exactly ć The coach will leave
the hotel at 7.30 sharp.
2. suddenly, at
an angle
ć The road turned sharp right.
sharpen
sharpen /ʃɑpən/
verb
to make some-
thing sharp
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shave 283 shift
shave
shave /ʃev/
noun
the act of cutting off

the hair on your face with a razor
ć He
decided to have a shave before going
out to dinner.
í
verb
1. to cut off the
hair on your face with a razor
ć He cut
himself shaving.
2. to cut the hair on
your head or, on a part of your body, so
that it is very short
ć I didn’t recognise
him with his head shaved.
she
she /ʃi/
pronoun
used for referring to a
female person, a female animal and
sometimes to cars, ships and countries
ć
She’s my sister. ć She and I are going on
holiday to France together.
ć I’m angry
with her – she’s taken my motorbike.
ć
She’s a sweet little cat, but she’s no
good at catching mice.
ć The customs

officers boarded the ship when she
docked.
(NOTE: When it is the object,
she becomes her:
She hit the ball
or
the ball hit her
. When it follows the verb
to be, she usually becomes her:
Who’s that? – It’s her, the girl we met
yesterday
.)
shed
shed /ʃed/
noun
a small wooden building
ć They kept the mower in a shed at the
bottom of the garden.
í
verb
to lose
something which you are carrying or
wearing
ć In autumn, the trees shed
their leaves as soon as the weather turns
cold.
ć A lorry has shed its load of wood
at the roundabout.
ć We shed our
clothes and dived into the cool water.

(NOTE: sheds – shedding – shed)
sheep
sheep /ʃip/
noun
a common farm ani-
mal, which gives wool and meat
ć a
flock of sheep
ć The sheep are in the
field.
(NOTE: The plural is sheep.)
sheer
sheer /ʃə/
adjective
1. used for empha-
sizing something
ć It was sheer heaven
to get into a hot bath after skiing.
ć She
was crying out of sheer frustration.
ć
It’s sheer madness to go out without a
coat in this weather.
2. very steep ć It
was a sheer drop to the beach below.
sheet
sheet /ʃit/
noun
1. a large piece of thin
cloth which is put on a bed, either to lie

on or to cover you
ć She changed the
sheets on the bed.
2. a large flat piece of
something such as paper, metal, ice or
plastic
ć Can you give me another sheet
of paper?
shelf
shelf /ʃelf/
noun
a flat piece of wood at-
tached to a wall or in a cupboard on
which things can be put
ć He put up or
built some shelves in the kitchen.
ć The
shelves were packed with books.
ć Put
that book back on the shelf.
ć Can you
reach me down the box from the top
shelf?
ć The plates are on the top shelf
in the kitchen cupboard.
(NOTE: The
plural is shelves.)
shell
shell /ʃel/
noun

1. the hard outside part
which covers some animals such as
snails or tortoises
ć The children spent
hours collecting shells on the beach.
2.
the hard outside part of an egg or a nut
ć I found a big piece of shell in my ome-
lette.
3. a metal tube which is fired from
a gun and explodes when it hits some-
thing
ć A shell landed on the hospital.
shelter
shelter /ʃeltə/
noun
1. protection ć We
stood in the shelter of a tree waiting for
the rain to stop.
ć On the mountain
there was no shelter from the pouring
rain.
˽ to take shelter to go somewhere
for protection
ć When the gunmen start-
ed to shoot we all took shelter behind a
wall.
2. a structure or building which
protects you from bad weather or dan-
ger

ć People stood in the bus shelter out
of the rain as they waited for the bus to
come.
í
verb
to go somewhere for pro-
tection
ć Sheep were sheltering from the
snow beside the hedge.
shelves
shelves /ʃelvz/ plural of shelf
sheriff
sheriff /ʃerf/
noun US
an official in
charge of justice in a particular part of a
state
ć the sheriff of Orange County
shield
shield /ʃild/
noun
a large plate held in
one hand, carried by people such as po-
lice as a protection
ć The policemen
cowered behind their plastic shields.
í
verb
to protect someone or something
from being reached or seen

ć He tried to
shield her from the wind.
shift
shift /ʃft/
noun
a change of something
such as position or direction
ć The com-
pany is taking advantage of a shift in the
market towards higher priced goods.
ć
There has been a shift of emphasis from
opposition to partnership.
ć I don’t un-
derstand this shift in attitude.
í
verb
to
change position or direction
ć We’ve
shifted the television from the kitchen
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shin 284 shopping
into the dining room. ć My opinion has
shifted since I read the official report.
shin

shin /ʃn/
noun
the front part of your leg
below the knee
ć He scraped his shin
climbing over the wall.
ć They kicked
him in the shins.
shine
shine /ʃan/
verb
1. to be bright with
light
ć The sun is shining and they say
it’ll be hot today.
ć She polished the ta-
ble until it shone.
ć The wine glasses
shone in the light of the candles.
ć Why
do cats’ eyes shine in the dark?
ć The
moon shone down on the waiting crowd.
2. to make light fall on something ć He
shone his torch into the cellar.
(NOTE:
shines – shining – shone /
ʃɒn/)
shiny
shiny /ʃani/

adjective
which shines
(NOTE: shinier – shiniest)
ship
ship /ʃp/
noun
a large boat for carrying
passengers and goods on the sea
ć She’s
a fine ship.
ć How many ships does the
Royal Navy have?
ć The first time we
went to the United States, we went by
ship.
(NOTE: A ship is often referred to
as she or her.)
shirt
shirt /ʃt/
noun
a light piece of clothing
which you wear on the top part of the
body
ć The teacher wore a blue suit and
a white shirt.
ć When he came back
from the trip he had a suitcase full of
dirty shirts.
ć It’s so hot that the work-
ers in the fields have taken their shirts

off.
shiver
shiver /ʃvə/
verb
to shake with cold or
fear
ć She shivered in the cold night air.
ć He was coughing and shivering, so
the doctor told him to stay in bed.
í
noun
the action of shaking because of
feeling cold or frightened
shock
shock /ʃɒk/
noun
a sudden unpleasant
surprise
ć It gave me quite a shock when
you walked in.
ć He’s in for a nasty
shock.
˽ in a state of shock reacting
badly to a sudden unpleasant surprise
ć
She was in a state of shock after hearing
of the accident.
í
verb
to give someone

a sudden unpleasant surprise
ć The con-
ditions in the hospital shocked the in-
spectors.
shocked
shocked /ʃɒkt/
adjective
having an un-
pleasant surprise
shocking
shocking /ʃɒkŋ/
adjective
very un-
pleasant, which gives someone a sudden
surprise
shoe
shoe /ʃu/
noun
a piece of clothing
which is worn on your foot
ć She’s
bought a new pair of shoes.
ć He put his
shoes on and went out.
ć Take your
shoes off if your feet hurt.
(NOTE: The
plural is shoes.)
shone
shone /ʃɒn/ past tense and past participle

of
shine
shook
shook /ʃυk/ past tense of shake
shoot
shoot /ʃut/
noun
a new growth of a
plant, growing from a seed or from a
branch
ć One or two green shoots are
already showing where I sowed my let-
tuces.
ć After pruning, the roses will
send out a lot of strong new shoots.
í
verb
1. to fire a gun ć Soldiers were
shooting into the woods.
2. to hit or kill
a person or animal by firing a gun
ć One
of the robbers was shot by a policeman
when he tried to run away.
ć We went
out hunting and shot two rabbits.
3. to
go very fast
ć When the bell rang she
shot down the stairs.

ć He started the
engine and the car shot out of the ga-
rage.
4. in some sports, to aim a ball at
the goal
ć He shot, and the ball bounced
off the post.
(NOTE: shoots – shooting
– shot /
ʃɒt/)
shop
shop /ʃɒp/
noun
a place where you can
buy things
ć Quite a few shops are open
on Sundays.
ć I never go to that shop –
it’s much too expensive.
ć The sweet
shop is opposite the fire station.
í
verb
to look for and buy things in shops ć
She’s out shopping for his birthday
present.
ć Mum’s gone shopping in
town.
ć They went shopping in Oxford
Street.

ć Do you ever shop locally?
(NOTE: shops – shopping –
shopped)
shopkeeper
shopkeeper /ʃɒpkipə/
noun
a person
who owns a shop
shopping
shopping /ʃɒpŋ/
noun
1. the activity
of buying things in a shop
ć We do all
our shopping at the weekend.
ć He’s
gone out to do the weekly shopping.
2.
things which you have bought in a shop
ć Put all your shopping on the table. ć
She was carrying two baskets of shop-
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