clauses of concession

CLAUSES OF CONCESSION
1. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ thường được giới thiệu bằng: although,
though, even though, even if.
Although / Though / Even though / Even + S + V, S + V.
Although / though / Even though / Even if he tried very hard, he couldn’t lift the
box up.
2. Các cấu trúc khác của mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ.
- Wh- question+ever
Whatever (+ noun)
Whichever (+ noun)
Whoever (+ noun) + S + V, S + V. = Cho dù…
Whenever
Wherever
However + adj / adv
* Chú ý ta đặt adj / adv ngay sau However.
Whoever he may be, I won’t believe what he says.
(Cho dù anh ấy là ai, tôi cũng không tin những gì anh ta nói.)
Whatever you do, I will favour you. (Dù cậu làm gì, tôi cũng ủng hộ)
However rich he is, he never helps the needed.
No matter + Wh- question. = Cho dù…
No matter + Wh- question + S + V, S + V .
No matter what jobs he got, he was not satisfied.
No matter how cold it was, he didn’t wear warm clothes.
- It doesn’t matter+ Wh- question.
It doesn’t matter + Wh- question) + S + V, S + V = Cho dù…
Ex: No matter who you are, I still love you.
No matter what she says, I don’t believe her.
No matter how rich you are, I don’t love you.
No matter what he does, he always tries his best.
No matter when she comes, I always welcome .her.
No matter where he lives, I always find him.

Note :
No matter who = whoever
No matter what = whatever
No matter when = whenever
No matter where = wherever
No matter how = however
Ex: Whoever you are, I still love you.
Whatever others may say, you are certainly right.
Whenever you return, she waits for you.
It doesn’t matter what she does, she is careful.
* Chú ý ta đặt ngay adj / adv sau How.
- Adj / Adv + as/ though + S + (may) + V +
Patient as he was, he had no intention of waiting for three hours.
Quietly though I had spoken, the medical superrintendent heard.
- Much as = Mặc dầu rất (kết hợp nghĩa của although và very much ).
Much as he longs our marriage, he’s completely absorbed in the making of
maps.
( Although he longs for our marriage very much, )
- Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ có thể được rút gọn thành cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ
bởi các giới từ : despite , in spite of

+ noun phrase
Despite / In spite of + V.ing
+ the fact that + S + V
Inspite of her sadness, she managed to smiled.
In spite of being sad, she managed to smile.
* Khi cả hai mệnh đề cùng một chủ ngữ ta có thể chuyển mệnh chính về dạng
V.ing.
CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF CONCESSION
I- CLAUSE OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ)

Definition: Là mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản giữa hai mệnh đề trong cõu. Bắt đầu
bằng : although, though, even though, even if (mặc dự) + clause.
Ex1: He was lazy. He passed the test.
-> Although he was lazy, he passed the test.
Ex2: We had a picnic. The weather was bad.
-> We had a picnic though the weather was bad.
II- PHRASE OF CONCESSION: (Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ)
Although
Though + Clause (S + V …)
Even though
Even if
Bắt đầu bằng IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE (mặc dù) sau nó là một cụm từ (phrase) có
thể là cụm danh từ hoặc cum danh động từ.
Ex1: Despite studying hard, he failed the final test.
Ex2: We had a picnic in spite of the bad weather.
III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (cách đổi một
mệnh đề thành cụm từ)
1- Mệnh đề có chủ từ là một đại từ (Pronoun) + be + adj khi đổi sang cụm từ ta
bỏ BE, đổi chủ từ thành tính từ sở hữu (possessive adj), đổi tính từ thành danh từ.
Ex1: Although he was lazy, he passed the test.

Despite his laziness, he passed the test.
Ex2: Though he was poor, he lived a happy life.
2- Mệnh đề cú chủ từ là danh từ (noun) + be + adj khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ
Be, đổi chủ từ thành sở hữu cỏch (possessive case), đổi tớnh từ thành danh từ.
Ex: The car didn’t crash though the driver was careless.
The car didn’t crash despite the driver’s carelessness.
3- Mệnh đề cú chủ từ + V(ordinary) khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ chủ từ đổi động
từ sang dạng V-ing.
Ex: Though he studied hard, he didn’t passed the test.

In spite of studying hard, he didn’t passed the test.
4- Mệnh đề cú There be + noun, khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ there be.
IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund phrase
Subject (pronoun) + be + adj
Possessive adj + noun
Subject (noun) + be + adj
possessive case + noun
Subject + V(ordinary)
V-ing
There + be + Noun
-> x + Noun
Ex: Although there were many people there, they couldn’t rescue him.
Despite many people there, they couldn’t rescue him.
* CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF REASON (Mệnh đề và cum từ chỉ nguyên
nhân)
I- CLAUSE OF REASON (Mệnh đề chỉ nguy ên nhân)
Definition: Là mệnh đề chỉ nguy ên nhân của hành động được nêu trong mệnh đề
chính. Bắt đầu bằng: Because (vì) + clause.
Ex: He came ten minutes late. He missed the first train.
He came ten minutes late because he missed the first train.
Main clause Clause of reason
II- PHRASE OF REASON: (Cụm từ chỉ nguyên nhânï)
Bắt đầu bằng BECAUSE OF (bởi vì) sau nó là một cụm từ (phrase) có thể là cụm
danh từ hoặc cum danh động từ.
Ex1: Because of the bad weather, they didn’t take part in the trip.
Noun phrase
Ex2: They stayed at home because of being sick.
Gerund phrase
III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (cách đổi một
mệnh đề thành cụm từ)

- Cách đổi mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân sang cụm từ giống như cách đổi mệnh đề chỉ
sự nhượng bộ sang cụm từ
Ex: I catch cold because I went out in the rain yesterday.
I catch cold because of going out in the rain yesterday.
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete these sentences.
1. _______ he likes chocolate, he tries not to eat it.
Because+ Clause (S + V …)
BECAUSE OF + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund phrase)
A. As B .Though C. Since D. Despite
2. He is a very intelligent boy, _______he is very lazy
A. but B. and C. or D. so
3. _______I moved house, I haven’t had much contact with those friends
A. though B. since C. because of D. so that
4. Last night we came to the show late _______the traffic was terrible.
A. although B. despite C. and D. because
5. Lan couldn’t pass the exam_______she was too lazy.
A. because B. because of C. although D. in spite of
6. _______ his broken leg, he didn’t come to class yesterday.
A. because B. because of C. despite D. so
7. _______there is a lot of noise in the city, I prefer living there.
A. despite B. in spite of C. becacuse of D. though
8. _______ the weather, we went sailing.
A. despite B. in spite of C. although D. A and B
9. _______Hudson led early, he lost the race.
A. though B. although C. eventhough D. all are correct
10. In spite of not speaking French, Mike decided to settle in Paris.
A. Eventhough Mike didn’t speak French, but he decided to settle in Paris.
B. Mike decided to settle in Paris despite he didn’t speak French.
C. Mike decided to settle in Paris though the fact that not speaking French.
D. Although Mike didn’t speak French; he decided to settle in Paris.

11. Mr Ba was late for the meeting though he took a taxi.
A. Even though taking a taxi, Mr Ba was late for the meeting.
B. In spite of taking a taxi, but Mr Ba was late for the meeting.
C. Mr Ba was late for the meeting despite the fact he took a taxi.
D. Mr Ba was late for the meeting although having taken a taxi.
12. We camt to the meeting on time though the traffic was heavy.
A. Despite the traffic was heavy; we came to the meeting on time.
B. In spite of the heavy traffic, we came to the meeting on time.
C. Even though the heavy traffic, we came to the meeting on time.
D. Although the traffic was heavy, but we came to the meeting on time.
13. Although he took a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert.
A. Bill arrived late for the concert whether he took a taxi or not.
B. Bill arrived late for the concert because of the taxi.
C. In spite of taking a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert.
D. Bill took a taxi to the concert, but he couldn’t catch it.
14. Although she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car.
A. She doesn’t have enough money to buy the car she likes.
B. Rich as she is, she can’t afford to buy the car.
C. The car is too expensive for her to buy.
D. She wants to buy the car but it costs a lot.
15. Although Sue felt tired, she stayed up late talking to Jill.
A. Despite feeling tired, Sue stayed up late talking to Jill.
B. In spite feeling tired, Sue stayed up late talking to Jill.
C. Sue wouldn’t feel tired despite staying up late talking to Jill.
D. Sue stayed up late talking to Jill. As a result, she was tired.
16. Even though Trung had a bad cold, he went to the concert.
A. In spite of his bad cold, Trung went to the concert.
B. Trung had a bad cold because he went to the concert.
C. Trung went to the concert despite having a bad cold.
D. Trung had a bad cold. However, he went to the concert.

17. _____it was raining heavily he went out without a raincoat.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. However D. Although
18. _____he wasn’t feeling very well; Mr Graham went to visit his aunt as usual.
A. Although B. However C. Therefore D. Still
19. He was offered the job______his qualifications were poor.
A. despite B. in spite of C. even though D. Whereas
19. ______ we were in town, we often met him.
A. For B. Although C. So D. When
20. She didn’t get the job ____ she had all the necessary qualifications.
A. because B. although C. so D. but
21. I could not eat ____ I was very hungry.
A. even though B. in spite C. despite D. in spite the fact
that
22. In pite _____, the baseball game was not cancelled.
A. the rain B. of the rain C. it was raining D. there was a rain
23. ______ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite D. Although
24. ______, he walked to the station.
A. Despite being tired B. Although to be tired
C. In spite being tired D. Despite tired
25. The children slept well, despite _____.
A. it was noise B. the noise C. of the noise D. noisy
26. She left him __________ she still loved him.
A. even if B. even though C. in spite of D. despite
27. _______ her lack of hard work, she was promoted.
A. In spite B. Even though C. in spite of D. despite of
28. _______ they are brothers, they do not look like.
A. Although B. Even C. Despite D. In spite of
29. We are concerned with the problem of energy resouces ________ we must also think
of our environment.

A. despite B. though C. as though D. but
30. ______ some Japanese women are successful in business, the majority of Japanese
companies are run by men.
A. But B. Even if C. If D. As though
Exercise 2: Combine these sentences using: though, although, even though
1. Lion dancing is very popular in Viet Nam. My friend Anny does not enjoy it.
=>

2. Bob always walks to work. He is living in the city.
=>

3. My house is near the beach. I rarely go swimming.
=>

4. My brother is working in Ha Noi. He comes home on every public holiday.
=>

5. Paul is an Australian, he enjoys Vietnamese New year.
=>

6 Most children go to see the firework show, Linh and Mai stay home watching TV.
=>

7. Nick used to smoke. He seems to be in good health.
=>

8. I couldn’t sleep. I was tired.
=>

9. Henry’s friend is a millionaire. He hates spending money.

=>

10. We couldn’t get tickets. We queued for an hour.
=>

Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in parentheses
1. She has plenty of money, but she is very mean. (although)
=>

2. They have a car, but they rarely use it. (though)
=>

3. He was innocent, but he was sent to prison. (although)
=>

4. He has a number of relatives living nearby, but he never visits them (even though)
=>

5. She never takes any kind of exercise, but she is quite fit and healthy. (even though)
=>

6.The keyboard wasn’t working well. She tried to finish the letter (although)
=>

7.The forecast said it would rain. It turned out to be a beautiful day. (although)
=>

8.I’m no better. I’ve taken the bill. (even though)
=>

9. The traffic was bad. I arrived at the airport on time. (though)
=>

10. I didn’t get the job. I had all necessary qualifications. (though)
=>

11. We enjoyed the vacation. It rained a lot. (although)
=>

12. She felt sick. She went to work. (though)
=>

13. I was really tired. I couldn’t sleep. (even though)
=>

14. He is very rich. He isn’t happy. (although)
=>

15. She couldn’t answer the question. She is very intelligent. (though)
=>

16. He tried. He was not successful. (though)
=>

17. His life is hard. He determined to study well. (although)
=>

18. He was wise and experienced. He was not taken in. (though)
=>

Exercise 4: Match the sentences in column A with the sentences in column B, using
“Though”:
A
1. They injury was serious
2. The result seem unlikely
3. She was tired
4. She is poor
5. The invention is ingenious
6. They were outnumbered
7. The food is excellent
B
a. She always buys me a birthday present
b. There is still room for improvement
c. It didn’t keep her out of the game
d. They are nevertheless correct
e. Sandra walked home
f. Nobody will ever buy it
g. They put up a good performance
Exercise 5: Complete the sentences with your own words:
1. Although my mom sing very
well,____________________________________________.
2. Although ___________________________________________, I can’t sing English
song.
3. Sue didn’t come to my birthday party last Sunday
though__________________________.
4. Although my school is far from the city, many
students____________________________.
5. We really enjoyed the trip to the museum last week
though_________________________.
6. Although my sister can draw very beautifully,

she________________________________.
Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences with the word given.
1. Although he has a very important job, he isn’t particularly well-paid.
=>In spite of

2. Although I had never seen her before, I recognized her from a photograph.
=> Despite

3. She wasn’t wearing the coat although it was quite cold.
=>In spite of

4. We thought we’d better invite them to the party although we don’t like them very
much.
=> Despite

5. Although I didn’t speak the language, I managed to make myself understand.
=>In spite of

6. Although the heat was on, the room wasn’t warm.
=> Despite

7. I didn’t recognize her although I’d met her twice before.
=>In spite of

8. We’re not very good friends although we’ve known each other a long time.
=> Despite

9. Although Minh was ill, he still came to the meeting.
=>In spite of

10. Although he promised that he wouldn’t be late, he didn’t arrive until 9 o’clock.
=> Despite

Exercise 9: Rewrite the sentences, using although or in spite of.
1. Although I was very tired, I didn’t sleep.
=> No matter

2. Although I was hungry, I didn’t eat anything.
=> No matter

3. Although he felt unwell, he went on working.
=> No matter

4. Although he was disappointed, he tried to smile.
=> No matter

5. He still goes to school although he isn’t fine.
=> No matter

6. Although the salary was low, he accepted the job.
=> Despite

7. In spite of their quarrel, they remain the best of friends.
=> Though

8. In spite of the bad weather, they went out for dinner.
=> Although

9. In spite of his age, he still leads an active life.
=> Even though

10. In spite of his hard work, Ba he failed his exam.
=> Though

11. In spite of the heavy rain, we decided to go to see the match.
=> Although

12. Although they lost, the home team played very well.
=> Despite

13. Even though it was raining, I still went to school on time.
=>In spite of

14. Although she isn’t brilliant, she studies quite well.
=> Despite

15. She isn’t brilliant but she studies quite well.
=> Although

16. The house isn’t nice, but I like the garden.
=> Even though

17. It was raining, but we went out.
=> Though

18. Everyone likes Bob even though he talkative.
=> Even though

19. Though I had an umbrella, I got very wet in the rain.
=> Though

20. We enjoyed the vacation although it rained a lot.
=> In spite of

21. I couldn’t sleep though I was very tired.
=> Much

22. I didn’t get the job even though I was extremely qualified.
=> Despite

23. He ate all the fruits although they were green.
=>No matter

24. The plane took off though the weather was bad.
=>No matter

25. He took a lot of photographs even though the sky was dark.
=>No matter

26. Although she doesn’t earn much money, she spends like a millionaire.
=> Despite

27. Tom will not pass the examination although he studies well.
=> In spite of

28. He is still fat though he has been on a diet for 2 years.
=> In spite of

29. Although they lived in poverty, they were always happy.
=> No matter

30. He got good jobs, he was not satisfied.
=> No matter what jobs
31. You do any job, you should do it devotedly.
=> Whatever
32. Although his English was good, he wasn’t chosen.
=> However
33. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is a foolish.
=> Much
34. You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out.
=> No matter
35. Although Judy was severely disabled, she participated in many sports.
=> Despite
36. However friendly he seems, he’s not to be trusted.
=> Friendly
37. I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll this problem.
=> Clever
38. She never comes to the office on time although she gets up so early.
=> No matter
39. He had enjoyed the lively company of his friends in Edinburgh. All the same, his
work, he felt, demanded solitude.
=> Much as
40. Come and sit down, whoever you are.
=> It doesn’t matter
41. It doesn’t matter how hard she tries, she never beat Sue at tennis.
=> However
42. No matter what he says, nobody believes him.
=> Whatever
43. He always woke up early no matter how late he had gone to bed.
=> However

44. Melissa’s father was very busy, but he still played with her.
=> Busy
45. She didn’t eat much though she was hungry.
=>In spite of

46. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn’t succeed in repairing this
machine.
=> Despite

47. We did the test well though it was difficult.
=>In spite of

48. Although he is strong, I’m not afraid of him.
=> Despite

49. The plane took off though the weather was bad.
=>In spite of

50. Though his English was good, he wasn’t chosen.
=> Despite

51. Although the streets are narrow, many people drive in this city.
=>In spite of

52. Mr Pike doesn’t wear glasses though he is over sixty.
=> Despite

53. He ate the chocolate cake even though he was on diet.
=>In spite of

54. He studies very well though his life was hard at that time.
=> Despite