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INTRODUCTION
1. OBJECTS OF RESEARCH AND REASONS TO SELECT SUBJECT
HOMONYM and POLYSEMY is the general event concerned closely with the
linguists. However this event and its connects are still got a lot of differences. There have
not been any professional projects on discussing deeply about this event yet. This following
thesis would be researched through out the perfect system of this event in the Vietnamese
Language.
2. HISTORY OF PROBLEM
0.2.1. In Vietnam, before 1945 homonym and polysemy events were mentioned in
some dictionaries and in some Vietnamese grammatical projects written by the Vietnamese.
During this time it was understood by the part of theory, some as: (1) distinguishing
between the purely Vietnamese of homonym units and the original Chinese ones, (2)
between popular homonymous events and local ones, (3) between homonymous units and
polysemy ones… the logic problems were mentioned from 1945 to 1975, specially in
relation with the principal of dictionary. During the period of 1976’s up to now composed:
(1) the relations of conversion phenomenon of words and the establishment of homonyms,
(2) classification of homonyms, (3) homonyms from the rhetoric regard, (4) the origin of
homonyms, (5) the limits between homonyms and polysemy, (6) the causes of establishment
of homonyms and polysemy events, (7) the distinguish between homonyms and polysemy
words, (8) the roles of writing in the identification of homonyms in the Vietnamese
language, (9) polysemy units data and the distribution of incident of polysemy in
signification capacity with the principal words, (10) the different relations of significations
in the meaning structure of polysemy, (11) the examined standard of homonym units and
the same original homonyms, (12) positive and negative effects of homonyms and
polysemy, (13) homonym and polysemy under geometry aspect, (14) established reasons of
homonym units, (15) characters of Vietnamese homonym, (16) incident of monosyllabic
homonym and multi syllabic homonym, (17) Vietnamese homonym under the look of
foreign style…
0.2.2. In China during 1950-1976 the mentioned problems were: (1) extended and
restricted conceptions of homonym and polysemy, (2) classification of homonym, (3)
positive and negative effects basic homonym words and polysemy ones, (4) methods of the

change in the meanings of word, (5) basic units of the meaning of word, (6) conditional
apart form polysemy to homonym, (7) origin of homonym, (8) the different relations of the
meaning of word in the structure of word meaning of polysemy…
During period 1972-1999 the principal problems were mentioned that composed: (1) the cause
of many produces of homonym in current Chinese, (2) classification of homonym and polysemy
words…The works of researching at the beginning of the 21
st
century were attached to describe
statistics, in deeply thinking and careful consideration from the old problems to the new logic ones,
such as : (1) turn up side down the particular problems of morphous homonym and polysemy, (2)
statistics and analytic defects in the using of morphous homonym, (3) classification of dual syllabic
homonym in the aspect of structure of word…
3. DUTIES OF THESIS
Statistic and classification of homonym and polysemy units in Vietnamese dictionary
in 2006. Determined locations of dual syllabic homonym, same original homonym in the
general homonym of Vietnamese language. Determined locations both homonym and
polysemy with in the area of same original homonym in the general of polysemy and
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homonym in Vietnamese language. Compared homonym with polysemy, both homonym
and polysemy in the Vietnamese language and the modern Chinese.
4. METHODS OF RESEARCH AND LINGUISTIC DATA
The principles of thesis are used the methods of research such as: (1) the methods of
statistic language, (2) the methods of description, (3) the methods of reversion, (4) the
subdivision and opposition of the analytic meaning of words…linguistic data in used and
checked in thesis from the Vietnamese dictionary in 2006 (written by Hoang Phe) and from
the one in 2005 ( written by Commercial affairs publisher ).
5. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THESIS
In theory, thesis will be taken part in general, the marked characters, the functions and
the important locations of homonym, polysemy and the same original homonym, specially,
both the homonym and polysemy into the same original homonym in Vietnamese language.

Thesis was proceed in statistics, described and classified the details of symbols of
homonym and polysemy phenomenon, indicated the particular qualities of homonym
phenomenon as well as polysemy in Vietnamese language and in modern Chinese. At the
same time. Thesis was also explained clearly the causes of those symbols and those
phenomenons. In some aspects, the homologies and the differences of the homonym and
polysemy phenomenoms, both homonym polysemy phenomenons in the Vietnamese
language and modern Chinese were all identified and explained clearly in thesis by the
scientific basic statistics, described and compared widely in the nearer categories only in
general features of the two languages. In practical aspect, it was also presented the up date
data about those same ones in modern Chinese language. To some extent, this data would be
useful in preparing the teaching materials and the research fast through it in all the time
learning the Vietnamese or Chinese. The materials of thesis are also used the fundamental
language or the translation in computer.
6. DISPOSITIONS OF THESIS
Out of the introduction and the conclusion, thesis is all composed by 4 chapters:
- Chapter 1: general basic theories
- Chapter 2: homonym phenomenons in the Vietnamese language compare with the
modern Chinese.
- Chapter 3: polysemy phenomenons in the Vietnamese language compare with the
modern Chinese.
- Chapter 4: homo-polysemy word in the Vietnamese language compare with the
modern Chinese
Thesis is composed by 182 original pages, 207 reference pages, and 177 appendix pages.
Chapter 1:
GENERAL LOGICALLY BASIC FOUNDATIONS
1.1. WORD AND WORD MEANING STRUCTURE
1.1.1. Word is one of the basic units in language (phoneme, morpheme, word,
phrase,sentence ) but up to now there haven’t been any enough conceptions of words in any
languages. There are two opposite conceptions in the words. They are: (1) denied by L.V.
Sherba [57]…Acknowledged by V.M.Solncev, B.A. Serebrennikov [57]…not only

Acknowledged by Vietnamese languists but also divided into two tendencies (1) tendency
of Tongue from (syllable ) Nguyen Tai Can [08], Nguyen Thien Giap [44], Cao Xuan Hao
[49], [54], [52], Nguyen Quang Hong [60], [61]… (2) tendency of morpheme from Nguyen
Kim Than [120], Do Huu Chau [16], [21], Tran Ngoc Them [128]…thesis was accepted
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with tendency 2 to explain theories about syllable / sound / monosyllable / morpheme
which were the same in the three useful forms that must be correspond point to thesis.
1.1.2. According to John Lyons [89 p.37-38-57] with the conception of language
“Langue’’, “ parole’’conception of meaning and the meaning of word were not unified up to
day. Conception in thesis is “meaning of word (some as units in the other languages) must
be attached with something out of itself’’. About the word meaning structure was supposed
that (1) there are a lot real composition presented in the word meaning. They are (a) thing
diagram meaning (exist in the real word ) (b) express meaning (the basic seed, the settled
thing and the centre of word) (c) attitudinal meaning. (2) word meaning structure is the scale
of rank structure composed with word meaning, sememe which are the least of symbol to
distinguish a word meaning is the meaning in series (the general meaning among the rank
meanings). Conception of meaning in series is equivalent of the one of sememe in
Vietnamese language )
1.2. CONVERSED WORD PHENOMENON
Conversed word phenomenon is the popular one in a lot of languages. It’s also called
the same original word but it’s different form, homonym meaning word phenomenon,
phenomenon of word and kind…In the change form of English language, this phenomenon
is usually made from the form of word in the formation of word (by the prefix or suffix)
Ex: happy (adj) – happiness (n) sad (adj) – sadness… In Vietnamese, this phenomenon is
the only one. It’s not made by subordinated word such as: Lan vác cuốc (n) ra vườn để cuốc
(v) đất (noun – verb).
In Chinese, almost parts of conversed word phenomenon are not made by the
subordinated ones except the derivative word. This phenomenon is connected closely with
the units of the same original homonym and the morphous homonym in Vietnamese and in
modern Chinese.

1.3. THE ROLES OF CHARACTER IN THE RESEARCH ON HOMONYM
AND POLYSEMY PHENOMENON
1.3.1. The role of character written with morpheme
Character is the system of the symbols of stroke to rewrite the speaking word. There
are many forms of writing word. Up to now, the Vietnamese people have made use of three
kinds of writing: Chữ Hán (Chinese character) Chữ Nôm (Native character–the hieroglyph)
and Chữ Quốc Ngữ (national language). Writing by phoneme has not any roles in the
research on homonym and polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese and modern Chinese
language. On contrary it has the difficulty in the field of identification and classification of
these units.
1.3.2. The role of writing ideographic character
The writing word of expression (Chinese, native word) has the important role in the
research on homonym and polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese and modern Chinese.
Writing word together with the criterion of sound and meaning is made by the important
criterion (form–sound–meaning) that helped us to distinguish the possession of incident
worth in Vietnamese and Chinese language.
1.4. CONCEPTION OF HOMONYM, POLYSEMY AND HOMO – POLYSEMY
WORD
1.4.1. According to Keith Brown [206 p. 27] homonyms are the different lexemes in
the same forms “and the homophones need to be spoken with the same syllable’’ meanwhile
“the homographs are made of the same form of writing”. And the pholysemy is made of the
origin in the process and the relations of meaning and useful words, meanwhile the meaning
words are developed or transferred into lexical item taken the distinguished meanings.
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1.4.2. In Vietnam there are very few achievements to present the conception of
homonym and homonym. They composed into three groups: (1) group of examining
homonym with three criterions: similar writing and sound, different from meanings. (2)
group of examining homonym with the similar sound, different from meanings and from
structures. (3) group of examining the similar sound, different from meanings. These
authors of three groups haven’t clearly spoken yet about the conception of homonyms by

the two criterions: similar sounds, different from meanings. According to us, homonyms in
Vietnamese language are the words with similar sound and different meanings. And they are
not relative one another. The Vietnamese linguists denied the foundation of two criterions
when they examined the conception of homonyms: the quantity of meanings, the sememe of
meanings and the relations among the meanings. That’s the conception of thesis.
1.4.3. There are two conceptions in China (1) the conception of analogy phonetics and
the perfect different meanings, both are homonym, such as the authors: Ton Thuong Tu
[200] Luu Thuc Tan [187] and some are Truong Vinh Ngon [182] with the addition of “
similar writing’’. To build the conception of polysemy, the Chinese linguists have based on
two criterions: the quantity of meanings, sememe and the relation among meanings.
1.4.4. Homonym and polysemy are the conceptions to be used as an unit with two
parallel existent characters: they are both homonym (one unit among homonym ranks ) and
polysemy (over two meanings). Polysemy problem of homonym is a different one compared
with the usual polysemy (different from the relation of meanings between the units in series
and the meaning of units ).
1.5. ABOUT THE NAME OF “ HOMONYM AND POLYSEMY”
This name is understood by two ways: (1) to indicate both homonym (any homonym)
and polysemy (over two meanings). This name has two conceptions: “ homonym word’’
and “polysemy word’’, both are cement relationship. (2) homo-polysemy word composed
two objects - they are “homonym word’’ and “polysemy word’’ apart from each other, but
not necessary to be cement together. Thesis is understood with the first way.
1.6. DEFINITION OF CRITERIONS HOMONYM UNITS, POLYSEMY AND
HOMO- POLYSEMY WORDS
1.6.1. In language there are usually three criterions presented to definite the homonym
unit. They are: (1) criterion about phonetics (similar), (2) criterion about meanings
(different) (3) criterion about the relation ship (not relative together). However some
linguists also proposed the other criterions to definite homonym by script form.
1.6.2. In language the criterions are generally used to definite a polysemy. They are:
(1) the quantity of meanings (over two meanings) (2) the relationship (sememe sometimes is
still relative) (3) etymo-word ( relation of etymology )

1.6.3. A homo- polysemy is a word both homonym (in any homonym in series) and
polysemy (with the relative character in meaning). In Vietnamese the homo- polysemy word
is presented into two areas: in the same original meanings and in the non- original
meanings.
1.7. THE LIMIT OF HOMONYM, POLYSEMY UNITS
The limit of homonym and polysemy unit are discussed a lot and it is still the current
news (problems) in English, there are two criterions which are connected into this problems.
Those are: criterion of etymologic word (historical bybrid word) and “criterion of meaning
relative character’’. In Vietnamese and modern Chinese, criterions are usually given in
relation with this problem, that is “among the polysemy meanings are still / or not relative
any more’’
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1.8. CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYM UNITS. POLYSEMY UNITS AND
HOMO- POLYSEMY UNITS
1.8.1. Classification of homonym units in English is different in compare with
Vietnamese and Chinese: John Lyons [89 p.75] classified homonyms in English into
absolute homonymes and partial homonymes. In China, Cao Danh Khai [1969], Ton
Thuong Tu [200], Chu To Mac [177] based on the origin to classify the homonym units,
Phu Pho Thanh [177] based on three criterions: form-syllable-meaning and the methods to
create in classification of homonyms. In Vietnam, Nguyen Thien Giap [44], [47 p.174-178]
divided homonym into: (1) homonym between word and word (the most fundamental) (2)
homonym between phrase and syntactic group (the back ground achievement in the use
period of language) Nguyen Van Khang [69, p.144-476], Phan Ngoc [100, p.67] based on
the origin and the method to create and classify the homonym units. Bui Minh Toan [133
p.65 ] based on the method to create the syllable quantity into the building to classify the
homonym…
1.8.2. The classification of polysemy had also many of opinions: Phu Pho Thanh based
on meaning in series and structure of sentence to classify the polysemy: Do Huu Chau [19
p.131] based on the units of language to divide into: polysemy units and polysemy
sentences: Nguyen Thien Giap [47, p.148] based on the units of language to divide into:

polysemy units and polysemy phrases: Nguyen Thien Giap [47, p.150] and Le Quang
Thiem [130p.178-179,184 ] have the statistic in classifying the homonym and polysemy
units, of Vietnamese under the corner of the kind of word, the meaning quantity, the syllable
quantity which are taken part in the formation of word…
1.8.3. About the classification of homonym and polysemy units, based on the
criterions, the meanings of a homonym and polysemy units contained / not perfectly
contained the sememe. Thesis divided into (i) polysemic homonym with absolute multi-
meanings (ii) polysemic homonym with non-absolute multi- meanings.
1.9. LOCATIONS OF THE SAME-ORIGINAL HOMONYM IN THE
GENERAL OF VIETNAMESE HOMONYM
The same-original homonym has the biggest density in the general of Vietnamese
homonym that hold 36,1% with 3060 units and 1480 in series. To examine the same-
original homonym word with both homonym and polysemy in the area of the same-original
homonym; on the hand we could see clearly the characters and the most important standard
of the conversion phenomenon in Vietnamese. On the other, that is the foundation of
research of the interference between the homonym and the polysemy (in the field of the
same feature and different between homonym units and polysemy ones).
1.10. IDENTIFICATION OF HOMONYMS, POLYSEMY, AND HOMO-
POLYSEMIES IN THE DICTIONARY
In Vietnamese dictionary in 2006, every homonym unit is a column word. It is united
into the homonym in series. The chance homonym units (The same-original homonym) in
series are analyzed into the first particular column, which is distinguished by the symbol
arabian numeral numbers 1,2,3,4…the same-original homonym units by the symbol Roman
numeral numbers I,II,III…In Vietnamese dictionary there are two kinds of homonyms in
Vietnamese language: monosyllable and multi syllable - they are all words and phrases. The
meanings of polysemy units are distinguished by the symbol Arabian numeral numbers
1,2,3…In the modern Chinese dictionary in 2005. There are settled into: (1) the same-
original homonym units (the morphous homonym ) as 月
1
(yuè) month và: 月

2
(yuè) moon
… (2) the non-original homonym units (the different-form homonyms), these units are
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analyzed into the first special columns as 尝 (cháng) taste và 尝 (cháng) long…The
polysemy units in the modern Chinese dictionary in 2005 composed the monophous syllable
units, the multi- syllable units most kinds of words: nouns, verbs, epithets …include of
word, sentences and form creations (graphs, the fix…) the meanings of polysemy unit are
also distinguished one another by the symbol Arabian numerals 1,2,3…
1.11. CONCLUSION IN CRITERIONS
Chapter one is presented as a duty of the basic theory in the fundamental statistic, the
research and the description of the problems connected with the homonym units the
polysemy ones in general of language and in particular of Vietnamese and modern Chinese-
according to the conception of thesis, those are the research, making a study of homonym
units and polysemy units in Vietnamese. On the hand, the modern Chinese both in
succession of knowledge and in grasp the logical achievements of the general language, on
the other, it is necessary the needs of setting out the characters in the forms of research
objects. The logical bases and the discussions presented in chapter I will be the basic
problem for the thesis in comparing with the homonym units and polysemy ones, the homo-
polysemy words in Vietnamese and in modern Chinese are in the following chapters.
Chapter 2:
HOMONYM PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
COMPARED WITH THE MODERN CHINESE
2.1. HOMONYM PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
2.1.1. The general conception of homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese
Vietnamese is the typical simple fundamental language with many of homonyms. In
Vietnamese dictionary there are 3691 homonyms in series with 8408 units hold 21,06%.
2.1.2. Classification of homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese
2.1.2.1. Classification of homonym phenomenon in criterion of the origin.
(1) Homonym units form modern Chinese. For examples đảo chính I,II (revolution)

tiểu tư sản I,II xã hội chủ nghĩa I.II (Dic.p. 992, 1140)…(2) the pure Vietnamese homonym
units. Ex: cóc
1,2,3
, chan chát
1,2
(Dic.p.196, 132) cọc cà cọc cạch
1,2
…(3) the homonym units
from original european. Ex: bít
1
(biary digit) ba
2
(bar) VN Dic.2006 p.70,21 ) bonsevich
I,II…
2.1.2.2. Classification of homonym phenomenon in criterion of syllable quantities
and in criterion in relations of meanings
From these 2 criterions above, we have the board as follows: statistic board of
homonym units in series and in quantities in Vietnamese dictionary in 2006 monosyllabic
homonyms:
* Non-original homonyms: 1913 in series - 4843 units
* Same-original homonyms: 807 in series - 1598 units
2720 in series - 6441 units
- Multi syllabic homonyms:
02 Syllables:
* Non-original homonyms: 282 in series - 577 units
* Same-original homonyms: 673 in series - 1356 units
955 in series - 1933 units
03 Syllables:
* Non-original homonyms: 4 in series - 10 units
* Same-original homonyms: 3 in series - 06 units

7 in series - 16 units
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04 Syllables:
* Non-original homonyms: 2 in series - 4 units
* Same-original homonyms: 7 in series - 9 units
9 in series - 18 units
Total: 3691 in series ; 8408 units
As the result of statistic, we see: (1) inVietnamese language, the majority of homonym
units have the simple formation and they are almost the non-original homonyms. (2) the
distribution of the same-original homonym units in Vietnamese are not equal but in general
the quantities of non-original homonym units are always much more as the same-original
homonym units (5434 non-original homonym units / 8408 units total, hold 64,63%) (3) the
homonyms made of mono – syllable, dual – syllable had kept and still keep the main role.
That made the principal face of the Vietnamese homonym phenomenon. (4) In Vietnamese,
homonym phrases quantities, just only the achievement in background, not the “principal
personage’’ of the Vietnamese homonym phenomenon.
2.1.2.3. Classification of homonym phenomenon from the respect of linguistic units
(1) Phenomenon of mono-syllabic homonym with mono-syllabic word
Ex: cóc
1,2,3
(VN Dic. P.196)…
(2) Phenomenon of dual-syllabic homonym with dual-syllabic word.
Ex: độc lập I,II; anh hùng I,II ( V.Dic.p.40,07 )
(3) Phenomenon of mono-syllabic homonym with the morpheme of created word.
Ex: sợ tái
1
cả mặt ___ bệnh cũ lại tái
2
phát.
(4) Phenomenon of homonym phrase with phrase.

Ex: điều hòa nhiệt độ I,II; điều khiển từ xa I,II (V.Dic p.321)
(5) Phenomenon of the morpheme- homonym with the morpheme.
Ex: hóa học - xanh hóa…
2.1.2.4. Classification of homonym phenomenon from the respect of class word
(1) homonym phenomenon in the internal of a word it composed: noun-noun, verb-
verb, adjective-adjective. (2) homonym phenomenon in different kind of word. It composed:
(a) homonym phenomenon among 2 kinds of word (with 22 little kind) (b) the train of
homonym phenomenon (homonym among over 3 kinds of word) (with 39 little kinds ). In
there, homonym among noun- verb – adj with many of quantities.
2.2. Compare some homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese with the modern
Chinese
2.2.1. Homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese from the criterion of syllable
quantity taken part in the formation
See from this criterion the homonym units in modern Chinese composed: (1) mono-
syllabic units (words a graphs). They are the most quantity as: 叫
1
(jiào) kêu, gáy and 叫
2
(jiào) bảo cho, làm cho. (2)multi-syllabic units (by words and phrases) as 案子
1
(àn.zi) and
và 案子
2
(àn.zi) (Dic modern Chinese p.11 ) 尝口
1
(chā//kǒu) and 尝口
2
(chā kǒu) (Dic C.
Chinese p.141) 成家
1

(chéng//jiā) and 成家
2
(chéng//jiā) (Dic. Chinese p.172 ).
2.2.2. Homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese in the criterion of form- sound-
meaning.
2.2.2.1 Same form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese
The same form homonym is the conception used to indicate the units with the same
speaking and the same form word. This phenomenon composed (1) same-form homonym
phenomenon between word and graph. Ex: 尝
1
(qióng) nghèo homonym with 尝
2
(qióng) is
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the element of created word with 尝途 (qióng tú) (2) same–form homonym phenomenon with
between graph and graph. Ex: graph 工
1
(gōng) in 工尝 (gōng yè) công nghiệp homonym with
grap 工
2
(gōng) in 工作 (gōng zuò) in business, word in produce (3) same-form homonym
phenomenon between word and word. Ex: dual-syllabic word 海口
1
(hǎi kǒu) and và 海口
2
(hǎi kǒu) (Dic. Chinese p.530-790 ).
2.2.2.2. Different-form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese language
The conception of different- form homonym phenomenon used to indicate the units
with the same-sound speaking, the form of writing has some differences or perfect
differences, and different meaning. These units divided into two kinds (1) half and half the

same form of word. Ex: 尝尝 (huì yì) hội nghị and 尝意 (huì yì) hiểu ý, biết ý. (2) perfect
different form of word. Ex: 尝 (cháng) nếm homonym with 尝 (cháng) dài; 密封 (mì fēng)
đóng kín, gói kín homonym with 蜜蜂 (mì fēng) mật ong…
Out of these two kinds: the different-form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese
also composed: (a) word and graph in different form homonym as 布
1
(bù) chỉ vải
homonym with 簿(bù) in 簿子 (bù zi) sổ sách, vở ghi chép nói chung. (b) graph and graph
in different form homonym as 尝 (qū) thân thể homonym with 祛 (qū) trừ bỏ… In Chinese,
the different-form homonym units have more amount than same- form homonym units, and
they are made of the principal face of homonym phenomenon in the modern Chinese.
2.2.3. Homonym derivation phenomenon in the modern Chinese from the view
corner of the structure of word
Derivative homonym with the conception is used to indicate “the words at the
beginning of different sound speaking, after having the change of sound which is become
homonym’’ (Phu Pho Thanh 1983 p.77). At first, thesis searched to understand the kind of
derivation homonym brought by 尝化
Ex: 尝(pán): chậu rửa tay >尝尝 (pár): cái khay, cái mâm
牌(pái): nhịp điệu > 牌尝 (pár): tấm biển của cửa hiệu
Examine those pair of words above we see: when they had not any effects of 尝化 they
had not been different syllable words ,just similar of tones and they had the same end of
syllable models. After they had got the effects of 尝化 they both became homonym words.
These derivation of homonym are not in old Chinese and in Vietnamese language. From
those results above we see (i) The modern Chinese has many homonym units with the little
syllables and simple structure leading into the high ability nature. (ii) as in Vietnamese
language, the homonym units have been able to classify of the criterions as the origin, the
syllable quantity taken part in creation, the linguistic units in the modern Chinese, the
classification of homonym units in the criterions of the syllable taken part in criterion from
the triple of criterions: form – sound – meaning, corner of created word… that is the
classification correspond with the special character in modern Chinese, it has the highest use

in explaining. (iii) the research of understanding homonym phenomenon of modern Chinese
is closely concerned with the research of multi-meaning phenomenon and writing system
theory…(iv) although they are all isolating languages the homonym phenomenon in
Vietnamese and modern Chinese have still got the fixed differences and the typical
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derivation of homonym units after 尝 化 and different-form homonyms those are model
examples .
Chapter 3:
COMPARE POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
WITH MODERN CHINESE

3.1. POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
3.1.1. The general conception about polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese
language
Vietnamese is the language with a mention incident of polysemy units ,Vietnamese
dictionary in 2006 was statistics 5.420 polysemy units total. (hold 13,58% in linguistic data)
3.1.2. Classification of polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese
From the structure of phrases and meanings characters, the polysemy units of
Vietnamese are classified into: phenemenons of polysemy with thing diagram meanings
expression meanings and attitudinal meanings.
3.1.2.1. Phenomenon of polysemy with thing diagram meanings
Analyze from the structure of phrase and meaning of the word âu
1
(VN. Dic.p_____):
has 2 diagram meanings that ̣̣̣̣ indicated (1) âu tàu (2) ụ the units containing with the
structure of phrase and meaning as âu
1
that is the polysemy with thing diagram meaning.
3.1.2.2. Phenemenons of polysemy with expression meaning and their
classifications

3.1.2.2.1. Phenemenons of polysemy with expression meaning
Analyze from the phrasal and meaning structure of the word anh (VN.Dic.p.06 ) we see:
this is the word with both thing diagram meaning and expression meaning specific examples.
The word “anh’’ has 4 thing meanings the quantity of plereme (structure of expression
meaning) of the word “anh’’ as follows: in the meaning 1, there are 2 pleremes. Analyse the
structure of phrase and meaning of the adjective “đỏ’’(VN.Dic.p.327) we see, “đỏ’’ has 4
thing-meanings. adj “đỏ’’ has the structure of expression meaning as follows: the meaning 1
and 2 didn’t contain the less plereme. The meaning 3 and 4 contained the less plereme as:
“thuộc về cách mạng vô sản, có tư tưởng vô sản” (belonged to the proletation revolution- have
the thinking of proletation) and “ có được sự may mắn ngẫu nhiên nào đó, trái với đen” (have
some chance in surprise, opposite of “black”) both of word “anh, đỏ” are the words both thing
meaning polysemy and expression meaning one.
3.1.2.2.2. Classification of expression meaning polysemy phenomenon
(1) Phenomenon of non-perfect expression meaning polysemy: it is the
phenomenon that contained one or almost meanings of a polysemy unit indude the less
plereme. The units in having the structure of meaning as the word “đỏ”, that means the
polysemy of non-perfect expression meaning.
(2) Phenomenon of perfect expression meaning polysemy: it is the phenomenon in
all meanings of the structure of an polysemy unit that contained the less plereme the perfect
expression meaning units are the one which have the structure of phrase and meaning as the
word “anh”. In Vietnamese language the non perfect expression meanings are much more
quantity than the perfect expression meaning ones.
From the criterion of meaning capacity, the polysomic units are divided into the two
phenomenons (i) the polysomic units are usually contact and (ii) the polysomic units are
rarely contact.
3.1.2.3. Phenomenon of polysomic units are usually contact
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It is the conception used to indicate the popular phenomenon it made the principal face
for the Vietnamese polysomic phenomenon. (only for the polysomic unit with the quantity
of meaning in a word from 2 or 6 meanings, hold 98,58% of the Vietnamese polysomic

phenomenon).
3.1.2.4. Phenomenon of polysomic units are rarely contact
It is the conception to indicate the non-popular polysomic phenomenon in Vietnamese
language (only 72 units having from 7 to 27 meanings hold 1,42% of they the polysomic
phenomenon in Vietnamese. Although didn’t made the principal face for the Vietnamese
polysomic phenomenon, they were the units with the most of meanings, they are usually the
notional words belonged the basic grammatical vocabulary of Vietnamese language.
Classify the polysomic phenomenon from the corner of linguistic units, we have two
phenomenons : (i) polysomic word and (ii) polysomic phrase.
3.1.2.5. Phenomenon of polysomic word
In Vietnamese language, phenomenon of polysomic word is the main phenomenon
(approximately 99% of the words of the polysomic units in Vietnamese). It contained into
two phenomenons: (1) phenomenon of mono-syllabic polysomic words: they are the base
and the importance of the polysomic phenomenon in Vietnamese because they have the
most quantity, the highest meaning capacity (all units having from 7 to 27 meanings, they
are all the kind of words as nouns, adjectives and verbs… but if they are counted from the
meaning capacity they will be in order: verbs, nouns, adjectives…they composed of the
presentation of the Vietnamese polysomic phenomenon as: the polysomic thing diagram
meaning, expression meaning and attitudinal meaning (2) phenomenon of dual syllabic
polysomic words: they are the base and the main importance of the polysomic phenomenon
in Vietnamese language. They have the quantity just under the series of the one of mono-
syllabic polysomic words. Almost they have the low meaning capacity (from 2 to 3
meanings, the units from 4 to 6 meanings not worth mentionning) the most is the original
Chinese units, the pure Vietnamese ones, and the original european’s.
3.1.2.6. Phenomenon of polysomic phrase
It is rarely contact in Vietnamese (only 24 units mainly of the non-noted kind of
words). They have the low meaning capacity (from 2 to 5 meanings) for the most part of 2
meanings. They composed of the two following groups: group of the fixed phrases (idioms)
are created for syllable “ăn sống nuốt tươi”, group of articles and habitual collocations
created into 2, 3 syllable “ ra dáng, ra tuồng, ra vẻ…”

3.2. COMPARE SOME POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMES
LANGUAGE WITH THE ONES IN MODERN CHINESE
3.2.1. The polysomic units in modern Chinese
As Vietnamese, the polysomic phenomenon in modern Chinese has also a lot of
abundant symbol (1) from the corner of linguistic unit, the polysomic units in modern
Chinese could be: the mono-syllabic, multi-syllabic units (from 2 to 6 syllables ) as 尝
(chā),尝 (cháng); 有一搭, 尝一搭 (yǒu yī dā, méi yī dā)…; or as word, phrase: 尝 (bào), 尝
告 (bào gào), 尝王鞭 (b wáng bin); 吃白尝 (chī bái fàn), 站住脚 (zhàn zhù jiǎo)…; or as
kind of words belonged to nouns, verbs, epithets: 阿 (ā), 尝 (ér), 尝 (yuán).… popularity of
the units of meanings in series belonged the different kind as : 阿姨 (ā yí), 安排 (ān pái), 安
尝 (àn jìng) 犁(lí)…. in there, the most of the units belonged nouns, verb, epithets (3) from
the corner of phrasal and word meanings, the polysomic units of modern Chinese could be
the units of polysomic thing meanings as 尝 手 (bān shǒu)…. sometimes they are either
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polysomic attitudinal meanings as 尝 (ài)…. or the units of polysomic expression meanings
as 矛盾 (máo dùn)….; or the units arranged in types: from concrete to generality as 尝尝
(biāo hào)…., according to identified order as 尝兵 (biāo bīng )….,or to parallel as 按
1
(ān)
…., or to “mix” as 正面 (zhèng miàn)….;From narrow sense to broad one as 尝腔 (bāng
qiāng)….; or to opposite (have the opposite plereme in the structure of meaning ) as 尝尝
(zhàn bài)…. they are usually much contact as four types of structure of meanings: type1:
all meanings in series are the meanings of word as 缺 (què) type 2: one or some
meanings in series of the rest of words are the meanings of polysomic graphs as 折 (zhé).….
type 3: word with many of meanings in series include the meanings of polysomic graphs as
尝 (fēng)… type 4 : all are the meanings of graphs as 元
1
(yuán)….
3.2.2. Classification of polysemous units in modern Chinese
3.2.2.1. Classification them from the criterion of taking part in formation

From this criterion, they composed 2 kinds: mono-syllable (hold minor incident) multi-
syllable (hold main incident created by 2 -6 syllables). Almost are the parallel syllable as:
尝人(ài rén), 安尝 (ān jìng)…The parallel polysomic units with the high incident but they
have the low meaning capacity (only 2, 3 meanings).
3.2.2.2. Classification in criterion of meaning capacity
The polysomic units in modern Chinese have from 2 to 25 meanings. In there, the units
with 2, 3 meanings hold the majority. The unit with many of meanings is 打 (đả, with 25
meanings) In general, modern Chinese has not only more quantity of polysomic units but
also the units with the complex structure of meaning, and more polysomic phenomenon than
Vietnamese. Both languages are the typical relations of phrase and meaning as, the
conductivity, the parallel interpose between the conductivity and the parallel, or the branch
of form. However the typical words with the opposite meaning structure in modern Chinese
are more popular than Vietnamese which has not the morpheme created from polysomic
words.
3.2.3. Compare the phrasal and word structure of words “ăn, hoa, hồng, đỏ” in
Vietnamese language with the words
吃
1
，花
1
，红
,
赤
in modern Chinese
3.2.3.1. Base of comparison
Both of Vietnamese and modern Chinese are belonged the from of mono- linguistic,
non- inflexion. There are many units used with the others. (70% Vietnamese vocabulary
having the original Chinese words)
3.2.3.2. Compare the structure of phrase and meaning the use of word “hoa” in
Vietnamese with the word

花
1
in modern Chinese
According to the result of research in the structure of meaning, the capacity of
combination…of “hoa
1
” in Vietnamese and 花
1
(huā) in Chinese we see (i) the degree of
development of their meanings are not the same: 花
1
in modern Chinese is three times as
much as “hoa
1
” in Vietnamese. In other speaking, they are the same in the original basic
meaning, they are different from the derivation plereme (ii) beside the equivalent meanings
in 1, 2, 3, 6 of “hoa” in Vietnamese and the ones of 1, 2, 3, 6 of 花
1
in modern Chinese, they
have the different symbols of the plereme and the rest of meanings in series in both
languages which are very clear (iii) “Hoa
1
” in Vietnamese and “花
1
” in Chinese are all the
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units which have the capacity to combine with the other elements to create many fixed
metaphoric words in the language. These ones have the same in basic, but they are different
from non-basic feature. (metaphor relative to “Hoa
1

” in VN with more sides than modern
Chinese). Ex: “hoa cái, hoa tay’’ are the metaphors exist in Vietnamese more than in
Chinese.
3.2.2.3. Compare the words “hồng, đỏ” in Vietnamese with the ones
红
,
赤
in modern
Chinese
According to the result of research in the structure of meaning, the capacity of
combination…of “hồng, đỏ ” in Vietnamese with 尝 , 赤 in Chinese, we see (i) both
Vietnamese and Chinese have many units with the role of reflect of the objective thing
phenomenon of attribute to “đỏ” or “hồng” and the quantity of units much used with other
of the objects of both languages. (ii) examine about the quantity of the units in Chinese used
to reflect of the objects thing phenomenon of attribute to “đỏ” or “hồng” in more than
Vietnamese. (iii) if in Vietnamese, both words “đỏ and hồng” are two units are used mainly
(the symbols), the modern Chinese words 尝, 赤 would be the pattern words used to reflect
the objective thing phenomenon of attribute to “đỏ” or “hồng” (iv) in the two units “hồng”:
and “đỏ” in Vietnamese, the word “đỏ” has the tendency of development which is stronger
feature and higher frequency compare with the word “hồng”. in Chinese the word 赤 has
more meaning features than the word 尝, but the frequency used much higher than the word
赤 both (v)“hồng” “đỏ” in Vietnamese and 尝, 赤 in Chinese are the aspects used to create
the rhetoric metaphor of expressed aspect as metaphor about revolution, of chance, the
fair…
3.2.2.4. Compared the structure of phrase and word, the use of the word “ăn” in
Vietnamese with the word “吃
1
” in modern Chinese
According the result of examining the structure of phrase and word, the capacity of
combination…of the word “ăn” in Vietnamese and the word “ 吃

1
” in Chinese, we see:
although they have same points (meanings 1,6,7 are the same of the meanings in series 1, 4,
6 of the word “吃
1
” but the different points among them are still basic plereme and the rest
of meanings in series in both of two languages) specific examples: (i) the direction of the
objects of verb “ăn” in Vietnamese is richer in many sides than the ones of the verb “吃
1
”.
(ii) The subject of verb “ăn” is also more sides than the one of verb “吃
1
” (iii) expression
meaning of word “ăn” in Vietnamese is also richer and more sides than the word “吃
1
” (iv)
different from modern Chinese, the Vietnamese language seems having clearly the contrary
or the distinguish between the problem of (ăn) “eating” the solid or heavy food and the
“eating” the liquid food.
3.3. CONCLUSION IN CRITERION
According to the statistic, the examine and the comparison of the polysomic units in
Vietnamese and modern Chinese, we see: (1) the resemble points: (a) both two languages
there still are existent the account noted quantity of the polysomy units (polysomy words,
polysomy phrases ) but the centre is still the polysomic word. There in only one rule of the
polysomy units in Vietnamese and in Chinese: the polysomy units are in short structure,
useful and excusal words, they also have higher in meaning capacity than the units in
complex structure that are symeategorematic and unuseful words. Most of polysomy units
belonged to nouns, verbs, adjectives… (b) based on the phrasal and word meaning structure,
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the frequency of the use of polysomy units; based on the creation, the rank, the plereme in

the meanings of word of both languages that are able to divide into: (i) thing diagram
meaning phenomenon, expression meaning or attitudinal meaning. (ii) polysomy
phenomenon usual contact and rare contact. (iii) polysomy morpheme phenomenon,
polysomy word and polysomy phrase (iv) expression multi- meaning phenomenon (perfect
and non-perfect) (v) monosyllabic word phenomenon of polysemy, multi- syllabic
polysomy word phenomenon (2) the differences: (a) in modern Chinese, polysomy units of
the complex structure with the high meaning capacity are more than the one in Vietnamese.
In Chinese, beside the popular phenomenon as: polysomy word (single word, compound
word) polysomy phrase include of morpheme- phenomenon. In Vietnamese there are no
morpheme phenomenon created polysomy. (b) structure of phrase and word of polysomy
phenomenon in modern Chinese is stable tendency. It is hardly dissolved as the one in
Vietnamese. It is lied by the elements: form- syllable-meaning in a blocked symbol (c) in
both the two languages, Vietnamese and Chinese, are still exist the worth maintaining of a
lot of polysomy worth with the fain common use as hoa, hồng, xích… but the period of
development the phrase and the meaning of words in both languages is not perfect the same.
Chapter 4:
COMPARE HOMONYM AND POLYSOMY
IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE WITH MODERN CHINESE
4.1. ABOUT THE HOMONYM AND POLYSOMY PHENOMENON IN THE
DICTIONARY
As in the column 1.4 and 1.5 spoken, the homonym and polysomy phenomenons are
the units with the characters both homonym and polyseme. They are belonged to the cross
area between homonym phenomenon and polysemy phenomenon. In Vietnamese dictionary
2006 collected many of these units. If it checked only the same original meaning units.
There would be 594 units in series (composed both monosyllabic and multi- syllabic) with
the quantity in the general total of homonyms in Vietnamese.
4.2. CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYM AND POLYSEMY UNITS IN
VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
In Vietnamese, homonym and polysemy units composed two kinds which are
distributed into two areas: same- original homonyms and different – original homonyms. As

follows the result of statistic, the research and their descriptions.
4.3. CHARATERS OF HOMONYM AND POLYSOMY UNITS IN THE AREA
OF SAME- ORIGINAL HOMONYM
4.3.1. About the origin
These are the units with the same syllable spoken by chance that are arranged to join
into homonyms in series. They created the ranks of homonym in Dictionary . They have the
forms of symbol as follows (1) total of homonym units in series in all of Chinese-
Vietnamese words as homonym in series having the syllabic speaking as “ bản vị” and “bất
tử” (VN. Dic p. 31.p.52) ( 2) total of homonym units in series is all of pure Vietnamese
words as homonym in series having the syllabic speaking as “bánh” and “ang” (VN
Dic.p.06.p.34) (3) being the Vietnamese Chinese homonym units with the pure Vietnamese
units as the homonym in series having the syllabic speaking “biểu” (VN.Dic.p.66) (4) being
the pure Vietnamese units with the original european units as homonyms in series having
the syllabic speaking “ban” (VN.Dic.p.28)…
4.3.2. About the meaning capacity
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The homonym and polysemy units in this area have low meaning capacity. Almost
units have 2 or 3 meanings. The units has the most meanings with 12 meanings in the only
unit, that is “lại
2
” (VN.Dicp…)
4.3.3. About the formation
They created maximum with 4 syllables as: “cọc cà cọc cạch” in there, the units have
the formation with 1 syllable as “bê
2
, ải
1
…” (the most capacity) next, the units have the
formation with 2 syllables as “bà mụ
2

, bản vị
1
, bẻ bai
2
, bo bo
4
….)
4.3.4. About the relation of phrasal meaning
4.3.4.1. Relations of phrasal meaning among units in homonyms series.
Homonym and polysemy units in series have never relations of the meanings one another.
4.3.4.2. Relations of phrasal meaning among the meaning in a homonym- polysemy unit.
Belonged one of the three types as follows: (1) only having the relation of derivation in
the phrasal meaning as “ác
1
”and “ác
2
” (VN.Dic.p.02 ) (2) only having the parallel relation
in the phrasal…meaning as “bớt
2
, bà mụ
3
” (VN.Dic.p22,87) (3) both having the relation of
derivation and the parallel relation in the phrasal meaning as “bố
1
bầu
1
” (VN.Dic.p 78,52 ).
According to the statistic and the research, we see: in the three types of phrasal
meaning relations, the third type is the one having less quantity of units than the type 1 and
type 2. And the relation among the meanings of a homonym polysemy units belonged the

different original homonym which have many similar features to the polysemy units of the
usual contacts in Vietnamese language.
4.4. CHARACTERS OF HOMONYM POLYSEMY UNITS IN THE AREA OF
SAME- ORIGINAL MEANING HOMONYMS
4.4.1. About quatity
In Vietnamese dictionary collected and solved amount of worth mentioning of the
homonym polysemy units with the same original meaning. In there, they have 886 in series
(1772 units) just homonym and non polyseme, 479 in series (1029 units) both non-perfect
homonym and polysemy, 115 in series (235 units) with both perfect homonym and
polysemy. Total quantity is over 1480 in series (3036 units)
4.4.2. About formation
At first, we clearly see that: same- original homonym units and same- original homo-
polysemy units, in private speaking, they were born by the reclassification method. Their
reclassification sometimes happened in the interior of a kind of word (noun, verb,
adjective…) sometimes they are changed the forms into many kind of word; the most is into
2 kinds of word with models: noun – verb, noun – adjective, verb – adjective… units are
changed the forms into 3 different kind of models: noun–verb- adjective…that’s hardly
contact…Most of units are changed into 4 kinds of word. For example homonym in series
having syllable speaking as “cứ” (VN.Dic.2006p.228 ). In Vietnamese language. The
reclassification in the inferior of a word un the same. original homonym units is less than
the one of becoming into different kind of word. The reclassification into different kind of
word has the following types: (i) real word – real word “bừa, cưa” (VN.Dic.2006 p.93,288)
…(ii) form word – form word: “của, đố” (VN.Dic.2006 p.220,334) (iii) Form word – Form
word: “chứ, đã, đếch” (VN.Dic.2006 p.190,276, 309)…. same-original homonym and
same- original homonym polysemy units have the creation from 1-4 syllables; the units
have rarely 3-4 syllables (only 10 in series with 20 units) and all are phrases. In the units
having the creation from 1-2 syllables are absolute held, those are mono- syllabic words,
parallel syllabic words. There is only a little quantity of formative word element (previous
subordinate element and after noun, verb, adjective) These formative word elements are the
monosemy units. They have 3 origins, most of those ones are arranged in other:

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Vietnamese- Chinese words pure Vietnamese words and european original words. They are
present in the basic kind of words of Vietnamese language. The most is noun, verb,
adjective, adverb…
4.4.3. About meaning capacity
Same- original homonym units in Vietnamese are rather large of meanings (from 1-18
meanings) in there, the units with 2-3 meanings hold absolutely. The units having the most
meanings are mono-syllabic ones and with 2 meanings, the units with 3 meanings are all
mono-meanings units.The most amount is belonged verbs, nouns, adjective…examining
841 units both homonym and polyseme, we see: as the same of usual polysemy units the
polysemy units in the area of same original homonyms are obeyed by the rule (i) mono-
syllabic units always have more meanings than parallel meaning units. (ii) in quantity,
polysemy real words are always more than form- word units. (iii) polysemy units of nouns
have more quantity than verbs and adjectives. But if it is examined about the meaning
capacity, the units having verbs are more than the ones of nouns and adjectives.
4.4.4. About the relations of phrase and meaning
Basically they have 3 ways of relation: (i) relation of derivation (usually contact with
the units of 2, 3 meanings) as “bào II” (VN. Dic.2006. p.38 ) (ii) parallel relation (usually
contact with the units of over 4 meanings ) as “bạn I” (VN.Dic.2006. p.38 ) (iii) relation
both derivation and parallel (usually contact with the units of over 5 meanings ) as “bóng
1
I”
(VN.Dic.2006. p.74, 75)…different from the units both homonym, the homonym units in
series in the are of same-original homonym are all together in relation to the phrasal and
word meaning that we are be able to feel in. For example: the relation between the first
meaning of “bào II” (làm nhẵn mặt gỗ bằng cái bào) and a noun with same original
meaning of “bào I” (dụng cụ của thợ mộc, gồm một đoạn gỗ có lắp lưỡi thép nằm ngang,
dụng để nạo nhẵn mặt gỗ ) all are perfectly recognized. There is the relation between a noun
and its function. That’s the reason for all dictionaries joining the meanings of “bào” I,II
becoming into a polyseme.

4.5. THE BEGINNING COMPARE OF THE DIFFERENT – ORIGINAL
HOMONYM AND POLYSEMY WORD IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE WITH
MODERN CHINESE
As Vietnamese language, the modern Chinese has also 2 kinds of homonym unit. They
are (1) different- original homonyms units as and 保 (bǎo) and 尝 (bǎo), 尝 症(bin zhèng)
and 尝尝 (bin zhèng)…, (2) same original homonym units (same form homonym units) as
安
1
(ān) and 安
2
(ān),

尝王鞭
1
(b wáng bin) and 尝王鞭
2
(b wáng bin)…
4.5.1. About the quantity and the origin
About the quantity, different original homonym units have more quantity than the
same original homonym ones. In there, the mono-syllabic units in both areas are the most
quantity, next are the multi syllabic units (the biggest part is absolute in the parallel syllabic
units) that is the similar point between Vietnamese and modern Chinese. About the origin,
the different original homonym units in modern Chinese are also the units having the same
syllable spoken by chance, the meanings and different form writing. And the same original
homonyms units are the ones in relation of their origin each another, the same syllable
speaking in different meanings and the same form writing. As of Vietnamese, the same
original homonym units of modern Chinese are all the trace back to the origin from
following the method of etymology, form writing theory. Today in most of cases, we would
be able to recognize the relation of the phrasal and word meaning among them.
4.5.2. About the meaning capacity

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According to the result of research and statistic in the wide field, we see: different
original homonym units in modern Chinese are the ones having the lower of meaning
capacity than same original homonym units. (units having the most meanings in the area of
same-original homonym of Chinese is đả 打
1
(up to 25 meanings in series) that’s the most
units having the most meaning in series.
4.5.3. About the writing and the formation
Same-original homonym units in modern Chinese having the formation with 1 to 4
syllables in the different form-writing. Specific examples: there are perfectly different form
writing of the mono-syllabic units as 尝(ài) and 尝(ài), perfectly different or different from
the first constructive element word in the units created by over 2 syllables as 杯子(bēi zi)
and 背子(bēi zi), 保健 (bǎo jiàn) and 尝尝 (bǎo jiàn)…
4.5.4. About the relation of phrase and word meaning
According to the statistic, examined about the relation of the phrase and word meaning
among the homonym units in series, same as the ones of homonym- polysemy units in the
are of different form homonym in modern Chinese, we see that: (i) Among the homonym-
polysemy in series at present have never felt any relations about the phrase and word
meaning. (ii) Between the meaning in series in a homonym units and polysemy have also
the type of relation in the same of the usual polysemy units of modern Chinese. Such as (1)
All the meanings of word in Series are the relations of derivation. For example, the structure
of meaning of the word 尝 (bǎo) (Chinese Dic.2005 p.45)…(2) In the meaning of word in
series, there are some of those ones in relation of derivation, and some are the parallel
relations. Example the structure of meaning of word 保 (bǎo) (Chinese Dic. 2005 p.45)…(3)
All the meaning of the word in series are the parallel relations. For Ex the structure of
meaning of the word 尝 子 (bào zi) (Chinese Dic.2005 p.52) it’s possible to say that, the
relation between of the homonym units in series and the meaning in series in a polysemy
units in the area of different original homonym in Chinese have the same features as the
homonym polysemy units in the area of different original homonym in Vietnamese. As

follows, that is the result that we picked out from the compare the same original meanings
of homonym polysemy words in Vietnamese with the ones in modern Chinese.
4.6. AT THE BEGINNING OF COMPARE THE SAME ORIGINAL
HOMONYM POLYSEMY WORDS AND THE ONES IN MODERN CHINESE
4.6.1. The similar points
(a) As Vietnamese in general, the homonyms of Chinese have also the worth mention
quantity of the same original homonym units, the quantity of mono-syllabic of same
original homonym units are more than the multi-syllabic units. According to the statistic of
dictionary of modern Chinese 2005, there are now, only 317 in series with 645 same
original homonym units with the parallel formation, the units with 3.4 syllables in only 7 in
series with 14 units.
(b) Basically, the phrase and word relations among the same original homonym units
in modern Chinese are still recognized. For example homonym unit of (bāo jīn)包金
1
and
(bāo jīn)包金
2
and the one of with the meaning in series 1 and the one in 12 of the word 包
(c) Both of homonym and polysemy units in the area of same original homonym in
modern Chinese have also the amplitude of wide meaning ( from 2 to 27 meanings ). In
there, the units with 2, 3 meanings hold the largest incident. They covered over all polysemy
units in Chinese language as. Thing diagram meaning polysemy, expression meaning
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polysemy, attitudinal meaning polysemy, mono-meaning polysemy, graph meaning
polysemy, parallel syllabic polysemy, phrasal polysemy research of all formations of word
elements in Vietnamese, and in modern Chinese and the units commonly used together of
both languages in the area of same original homonym we see the differences as follows:
4.6.2. The different points
(a) Meantime the modern Chinese is with the non-little quantity of the formation of
word elements in polysemy, but the Vietnamese language, has always the formation of word

which are all only the mono-meaning.
(b) In Vietnamese, the mono-syllabic units in the same-original meanings as cuốc,
bào,đục,cưa…always have the tendency divided into the two same-original homonym
units. And they are usually divided a noun units (just the name) and a verb unit (indicate
the function), but in modern Chinese, these types of units have the tendency gathered into
the polysemy units (usually having two meanings). In there, the first meaning (usually
noun) having the function of description, set the name. The second one (usually a verb)
having the function of describing the function of that noun. The multi-syllabic units
commonly used as “âm mưu, anh hùng, ảnh hưởng, bảo an, báo cáo” have also that same
tendency. Even from the other multi-syllabic units (composed phrase and word) as “cá
nhân, bộ phận, cá nhân chủ nghĩa…” have also that joint rule. tendencies of “dissolved”
into 3, 4 or 5 same- original homonym units in Vietnamese today are rarely contacted if
there are the only mono-syllabic units. The popular over whelming “dissolved” tendency in
Vietnamese language today is the “dissolved” type into 2 units. That is the exciting point in
both languages.
4.7. CONCLUSION IN CRITERION
From the result of research and statistic in thesis, we see: there are two different opposite
tendencies: (1) Vietnamese language has the tendency of homogenizing (divide by the meaning,
the features of polysemy units into same original homonym units. (2) The modern Chinese has
the tendency of polysemy theory. This characteristic symbol combined with the polysemy
tendency in modern Chinese will be guided into the necessity resnet as follows: (i) in general
observation, the different original homonym units in both languages usually have more quantity
than the same original homonym units. (ii) the same original homonym units always hold the
large incidence in the generality from Vietnamese homonyms and they have more incidences
than compared with the same original homonym units in the generality of the homonyms in
modern Chinese. (iii) the modern Chinese have language, the structure of phrase and word of
polysemy units in Chinese will be tighter than the ones in Vietnamese. Collection of statistic data
in the wide field is proved clearly this problem
CONCLUSION
The homonym, polysemy phenomenon in the language, as well as the homonym,

polysemy units and the homo-polysemy ones in Vietnamese and in modern Chinese are the
large question which the sphere of thesis as well as the writer with the limited capacity
could not be enough general way on the whole. However, with our own ability, we approach
into some basic and important aspect of the question as well as our fixed distribution about
statistics and theories. Those are below the convenience difficulties which we are in contact
with them during the process of thesis as well as our realized basic results and the remaining
questions have not solved in relation with the subject yet.
1. The research of homonym, polysemy phenomenon and the homo-polysemy
phenomenon in language as well as in Vietnamese, in modern Chinese is referred for along
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time and for continuing till today. That is our large condition…. In the Vietnamese
linguistic strata, the problems in relation with homonym, polysemy phenomenon, and the
homo-polysemy phenomenon are rather soon referred. However, with many reasons, this
phenomenon is not examined in system based on the block data that is conducted research
with the small and difficult scale the data has been old with the statistic in over 20 years that
made some points not to be correspond any more -nevertheless, there are still many relative
questions as same form homonym. Different form homonym, same original homonym
phenomenon, conversion phenomenon, thing meaning polysemy phenomenon, expression
meaning polysemy phenomenon and attitudinal meaning polysemy phenomenon, the
relation between language and word writing…those made Vietnamese and Chinese linguists
research and refer. Here are the important conditions. And without them we could not be
completed the proposed responsibility. With the basic practical Vietnamese use over the
statistic, the described data in Vietnamese dictionary or 2006, modern Chinese Dic 2005,
thesis was established systematically the identity and the difference between the homonym
phenomenon and polysemy phenomenon as well as the difference between the homonym,
polysemy units in the area of same original homonym and homo-polysemy units in the area
of different original homonym in Vietnamese and Chinese on the large field on the narrow
one and on some basic categories., thesis was established the position the role of same-
original homonym units in general of the homonyms of Vietnamese language and it also
proved the important grasp of the conversion phenomenon in Vietnamese, specific examples

as follows:
1.1. About homonym phenomenon, if in modern Chinese caused by the problem of
dispute only in the fixed quantity of same form homonym (units apart from the meaning in
series of a polysemy unit), for the most part of homonym units in modern Chinese had 3
criterions: form-syllable-meaning that are tied together and in the special area, The
Vietnamese language, by the reason of refusing the Chinese, the native language will be
guided into 3 faces: form-syllabic-meaning of almost 70% Vietnamese that is separated
perfectly by the classification of the basic opposites among the same units in series as
words, phrases…in Vietnamese there are some positions that must be more discussed. So
the identification, the definition and the classification of homonym units in contact with
much of difficulty and they made much of cross areas and double use that the units are in
Vietnamese Dic 2006 attached a label of phrasal and word meaning homonym as an
standard the kinds of verbs in Vietnamese as verb- adjective, noun-adjective…are also the
positions not having the clear standard, that caused much discussion in the identification,
the classified-regulations, the classification and the solution of homonym units or polysemy
ones in Vietnamese language. Next is the little difference in the conversion phenomenon of
the linguistic units that, caused…More next is the identification the limit and the separated
condition of the units which is the feature meaning of a homonym unit in order to become
into the homonym units together as well as the in considerable challenge. At last, to
compose with the difference from the conception or the different method of solution to the
constructions of dictionaries and the phrasal brought into the different data, not joined
together, even of the discrepancy through the periods caused of waves, even from the
writer’s misunderstanding- those are right things that caused for the difference of
identifying, classifying and describing the homonym, polysemy units in Vietnamese
language and it is necessary that they lead into the truth either to accept a lot of exceptions
or into the dim or cross area, or find out new criterions to classify or have to unit absolutely
with the bunch of criterions together in the block data thesis not only to choose the
direction of contact, to classify homonym units in Vietnamese language that are not from
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the pure phrase and word criterion or the original criterion but also to unite with the two

criterions: the syllabic quantity taken part in the formation of homonym units; and the kind
of words of those ones into statistic, classification and description of homonym units in
Vietnamese language based on the block data of 39.924 units of Vietnamese Dic 2006.
Those are not the way of new classification but they are realized and unified thoroughly and
they are the most up date data after 20 years.
From the first criterion of classification (criterion of the syllabic quantity taken pant in
the formation of homonym units), that means the start itself the basic characters of
Vietnamese (mono function: having voice /syllable – monosyllabic word- morpheme- those
are one form together in three status), that means the start and the base of the importance of
signal theory. From this criterion, the homonym units of Vietnamese are examined statistic
details to homonym in series and in every homonym unit, those are described in details
about their distributions through every area and they perfectly examined by dictionary.
From this data, the incident of homonym units in the store of data is stated the specific value
of the amount of 8408 units (hold 21,06% in Vietnamese Dic.2006) with 3691 units in
series not by the approximate amount. The maximum formation of homonym units are also
statistic and details described (4 syllables maximum). From this data, homonym units as
well as the types of homonym basic units, the non-basic ones are made clearly in
Vietnamese Language. Those are units covered by the phrase syllable responding with 2, 3
units and types of monosyllabic homonym units from the second criterion of classification
(criterion the kind of words homonym units ) that means the start of grammatical criterion,
that means the star of the outside, homonym units will divide into 3 kinds. Those are: same
kind of word of homonym (3 mini-kinds subjoined list of details below) the essential point
of these two classified criterions are able to explain the complete block data of homonyms
in Vietnamese Dic 2006 and not contacted with any hindrances or any conflicts.
From the third criterion (criterion of al the origin of homonym ) that means the start of
criterion of etymological word. Homonym units in Vietnamese that divided into 3 kinds.
They are: Vietnamese- Chinese homonym (hold majority) pure Vietnamese homonym (hold
secondary incident ), european homonym (hold the least incident).
From the criterion the phrase and word relation, we will have 2 kinds, they are:
different original homonym (not relative of the meaning, hold the most incident ) and same

original homonym (among homonym units remaining the vague relation of meaning over
the conversion method of word (hold secondary incident)
From the way adjoining and this favourable classification, we all conducted with the
block data of Vietnamese Dic.2005 to examine more explained ability of these criterions
with homonym phenomenon of the same mono foundation of language which is less
standard than Vietnamese language. The result of research in the wide field and the
comparison in the narrow one in both languages Vietnamese and Chinese are proved the
good qualities of this kind to classify their criterion. Here are below the important
conclusion taken out of the comparison of homonym phenomenon of both languages
Vietnamese and Chinese:
1.1.1. As if in Vietnamese language, homonym phenomenon of mono syllabic units are
the principal screen versions (homonym between mono-syllabic unit and those ones just in
important) and in modern Chinese the problem of homonym of multi syllabic units
(specially the parallel syllabic units) are also essential problems- those are conducted the
necessity result. That is, in modern Chinese, homonym phenomenon of graph is the
important problem, and homonym phenomenon between mono-syllabic word and that one,
between word and graph are the secondary problem.
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1.1.2. Standing on the corner of signal theory, modern Chinese with the basic syllabic
quantity that is less than Vietnamese, that’s why the incident of homonym is higher than
Vietnamese’s. Our statistic result in the large field are identified clearly this point. In
Vietnamese language we only see the mono syllabic homonym units that are principal, and
the quantity of homonym units having the complex formation (2, 3, 4 syllables) that are
very few ones (composed 1967 units, hold only 10,867% of total of homonym units in
Vietnamese) (only 4 syllables maximum) but in modern Chinese, we usually see the multi-
syllabic homonym units that are principal (almost parallel syllables) (and their formation
with over 4 syllables). Beside the kinds of homonym that are usually contacted as
homography, heteronymy…In modern Chinese there are also the special other homonym
units that are not found in Vietnamese language either in the old Chinese which is the kind
of homonym derivation behind 尝化.

1.1.3. By the refuse of the kind Idea writing word and by transferring into the use of
record writing word, the homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese were and being born the
complex problems, not identified and solved more than modern Chinese by the essential
with 3 sides: form-syllable-meaning of an idea writing signal word that is broken perfectly
conducting into the arbitrary nature of homonym units in Vietnamese that is much higher
than the ones in modern Chinese. According to us, to overcome this problem needs to get
the obligatory solution in the teaching and learning Vietnamese-Chinese words in all over
ranks of school (must study how to write Vietnamese-Chinese words about 500 Chinese
useful words not study from record and written by national language) those are many
linguist’s proposed opinions by the limit of time we could not make statistic, describe and
classify the whole of homonym units in modern Chinese, that is only our brief survey. Here
is the miss in thesis.
1.2. Being one of the our of problems of the vocabulary in phrase and word meaning
and the close relation with homonym phenomenon, polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese
one of the two problems that thesis is concerned and solved.
1.2.1. Starting from conception: a homonym unit is the one having over two meanings
and among the rest of meanings in relation to some general purpose of the symbol of
polysemy phenomenon in the large field, the narrow one and the general sphere. By the
solve in Vietnamese. Dic 2006, we made statistic of 5420 polysemy units (composed words,
polysemy meaning phrases hold 13,58% of the block data of Vietnamese Dic. 2006)
Choosing the way of classification and description of these 5420 units with the
criterion of the kind of words, we collected the result as follows:
1.2.1.1. Seeing from the criterion of the syllabic quantity, polysemy units in
Vietnamese will be composed 5420 units. This data collected from the way of classication
that indicated clearly the characters of polysemy units in Vietnamese. Those are: mono-
syllable gained the advantage over more than multi syllable, polysemy units in Vietnamese
are the ones of simple formation (from 1 to 4 syllables)
1.2.1.2. From the criterion of meaning capacity, polysemy homonym units of
Vietnamese, there are two phenomenons that usually contact: (i) usually contact polysemy
phenomenon (from 2–6 meanings) with 5343 units, hold 98,58% of polysemy homonym

units (ii) rare contact polysemy phenomenon (over 7 meanings) with 72 mono-syllabic units
hold 1,42% of polysemy units. Data and analysis in this way of classification clearly
indicated that the usual contact polysemy units with the nusleous of units with 2, 3 new
meanings which have just been the basic problems of Vietnamese polysemese phenomenon;
and the rarely contact polysemy units that are the non-basic phenomenon. They only took
part only in establishing the common picture about Vietnamese polysemy phenomenon. (iii)
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The rank of phrasal and word meaning phenomenon which are usually contact in
Vietnamese is the rank of formation in units with 2, 3 meanings.
1.2.1.3. From the criterion of the kind of word, we also see the other side of
Vietnamese polysemy phenomenon, those are polysemy units which are present in all kinds
of word Vietnamese, almost are nouns, verbs, adjectives…but if we examine about meaning
capacity the arrangement that will be: verbs, nouns, adjectives…This real problem is
correspond with the incident of the kind of word in Vietnamese language.
From the three criterions on one another above, the character of polysemy units in
Vietnamese exposed clearly and specifically through every area, every list that are correspond
in general linguistics and signal theory. Here is the important contribution of thesis.
1.2.2. Based on the characters of Vietnamese polysemy units coordinated with the
conception as: meaning, meaning features we proposed some following terms: mono-
syllabic polyseme, multi-syllabic polyseme, mono-pure thing diagram polyseme, non-
perfect multi meaning polyseme (non perfect expression meaning polyseme) perfect multi-
meaning polyseme (perfect expression meaning polyseme) these conceptions are built in
correspond to the internal characters of Vietnamese polysemy units and based on the real
data in Vietnamese dictionary they are in general and already explained in the block data of
Vietnamese language.
1.3. Thesis is also conducted statistic in the large field of the polysemy units of the
Chinese in modern Chinese dictionary in 2005 from the three criterions above. Statistic
result dearly indicated: it is perfectly possible to use these three criterions in the
identification, description and classification of polysemy units in modern Chinese. Here are
the following conclusions taken out of the compare the polysemy phenomenon of

Vietnamese and the one of modern Chinese.
1.3.1. Seeing from the criterion of the number of syllables taken part in the formation
of polysemy units, we see: in Vietnamese the polysemy units having the creation of 4
syllables in maximum but in the modern Chinese language can be made in over 6 syllables
(created more complex than Vietnamese) if in Vietnamese the polysemy phenomenon of the
mono-syllabic unit is the salient phenomenon but in the modern Chinese the polysemy
phenomenon of the multi-syllabic units with 2 syllables which are concerned- in other
words: in Vietnamese the mono-syllabic polysemy phenomenon is the centre, the others are
the borders, but in modern Chinese the graph polysemy problem is the centre the other
phenomenons are the borders. The far reason caused by the tendency of multi-syllable
theory had been taken and being taken place strongly in the modern Chinese. In other
speaking that is the reason in modern Chinese, the mono-foundation language that is less
model than Vietnamese language.
1.3.2. Seeing from meaning capacity, the polysemy units, we see also: in the large field
of the block data, the modern Chinese has higher meaning capacity than Vietnamese
statistic only of 72 units with over 7 meanings which are all the mono-syllabic units. In
modern Chinese, the number of polysemy units with over 7 meanings has five times as
much quantity as Vietnamese, that composed the multi-syllables, mono-syllables (in there,
mono-syllables hold absolutely)
1.3.3. Seeing from the kind of word of polysemy units, we see also: the same as
Vietnamese, the polysemy units of modern Chinese are also present in all kind of basic
words, and if to examine about the quantity, the three kinds of words having the most
number as: nouns, verbs, epithets…and if to examine about meaning capacity the order will
be: verbs, nouns, epithets…
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1.4. With the object that is made more clear, the similar and the difference of refection,
the education and the accomplished knowledge in both languages and some basic spheres
as: the phrase and word meaning structure of words in series as (màu đỏ, màu hồng) the
maintained actions for the life as (the verb “ăn”) the words in series to indicate the botanic
as (the noun “hoa” in both languages.

By the analyse compare, the similar and the difference, basically, are described and
made clear. Here is the contribution of thesis.
1.5. With the purpose made clearer the similar and the difference between the units
both homonym-polysemy in the area of different original homonym and the ones both
homonym-polysemy in the area of same original homonym, with the make a study of the
incident of the same original homonym units and the units both homonym and polysemy
one in Vietnamese and with the indication of the basic differences between the normal
polysemy units and the ones in the area of same original homonym, in chapter 4, thesis is
come into statistic, description of the units both homonym and polysemy in the two areas.
Different and same original meaning of phrase and word structure in all sides:
formation, meaning capacity, relation of phrase meaning… in Vietnamese language, and
compare this problem with modern Chinese. The compare results are taken out of this area,
one more time, that make clearer the homogeneous and different points about homonym
phenomenon, polysemy phenomenon in both languages specific examples as: (1) the units
both homonym and polysemy in the area of same original homonym of Vietnamese and
modern Chinese are all units that were born by the reclassification on method. in
Vietnamese the internal conversion in a kind of word of the same original homonym units
is changed into much kind of word. But it is contrary in modern Chinese. (2) different from
the units both homonym and polysemy in the area of different original homonym (between
a polysemy units and homonym units in series not having any relations absolutely arbitrary
nature ) the meanings of a polysemy unit or some of its meanings with homonym in series
belonged to the area of Same original homonym which always have the relation of phrase
and word meaning together, and at present we are able to feel it. (3) at meantime the
Vietnamese language has the tendency homonym theory (taken part the meanings, the
features of polysemy units becoming the same original homonym units but the modern
Chinese has the tendency of polysemy theory.
Here are above some results and some problems are still existence in relation with
thesis. It is certain that there are a lot of problems in the way of solution not to be the best
method, it needs to be filled or it must be researched more carefully in the future.
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