ngữ pháp luyện thi TOEIC
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Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology
1
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GRAMMAR
Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology
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NOUN 1
Countable Noun
><
Uncountable N
o
un
S
i
ngu
l
a
r
P
l
u
r
a
l
w
i
t
hou
t a/an/
-s
a /an/the
R
e
gu
l
a
r
I
rregu
l
a
r
Note
1
Noun
–
s
/
es
a
m
ea
n
s
/
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
s
p
e
c
i
e
s
–
means
a
c
h
il
d
–
c
h
il
d
r
e
n
a
f
oo
t –
f
ee
t
a
tooth –
teeth
a
l
ou
s
e
–
li
c
e
a person
–
p
e
op
l
e
a goose
–
geese
a mouse
–
m
i
c
e
a man
–
men
a woman
–
women
on ox -
oxen
a
fi
s
h
-
fi
s
h
a carp
–
carp
a
cod – cod
a
s
a
l
mon
–
s
a
l
mon
a
d
ee
r –
d
ee
r
a sheep
-
sheep
a
c
r
i
s
i
s
–
c
r
i
s
e
s
a t
h
e
s
i
s
– t
h
e
s
e
s
a
d
i
a
gno
s
i
s
-
d
i
a
gno
s
e
s
a
h
y
po
t
h
e
s
i
s
–
hypotheses
a
p
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
-
p
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
an
a
x
i
s
-
a
x
e
s
an
o
a
s
i
s
-
oases
a phenomenon
–
phenomena
a
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
on
-
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
a memorandum
–
memoranda
a
c
u
rr
i
c
u
l
um
–
c
u
rr
i
c
u
l
a
a
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
um
-
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
a
s
y
ll
a
bu
s
–
s
y
ll
a
b
i
a cactus
–
c
a
c
t
i
a
f
ungu
s
–
f
ung
i
a
s
t
i
mu
l
u
s
–
s
t
i
mu
li
a ra
d
i
u
s
– r
a
d
ii
an
a
pp
e
nd
i
x –
a
pp
e
nd
i
c
e
s
an
i
nd
e
x –
i
nd
i
c
e
s
Note
2: Tw
e
l
ve
nouns
e
nd
i
ng
i
n
f
o
r
fe
drop
the
f
o
r
fe
and ad
ves
But:
a
c
a
lf
-
c
a
l
v
e
s
a
h
a
lf
-
h
a
l
v
e
s
a k
n
if
e
- k
n
i
v
e
s
a
l
ea
f
-
l
ea
v
e
s
a
lif
e
–
li
v
e
s
a
l
o
a
f
-
l
o
a
v
e
s
-
s
e
lf
- -
s
e
l
v
e
s
a
s
h
ea
f
-
s
h
ea
v
e
s
a
s
h
e
lf
-
s
h
e
l
v
e
s
a t
h
i
e
f
- t
h
i
e
v
e
s
a w
if
e
- w
i
v
e
s
a w
o
lf
–
w
o
l
v
e
s
a
hoo
f
–
hoo
v
e
s
/
hoo
f
s
a r
oo
f
– r
oo
f
s
a
c
liff
–
c
liff
s
a
s
a
f
e
–
s
a
f
e
s
a
h
a
nd
k
e
r
c
h
i
e
f
–
h
a
nd
k
e
r
c
h
i
e
f
s
a
b
e
li
e
f
-
b
e
li
e
f
s
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NOUN 2:
Compound N
o
un
s
1. N
o
rm
a
ll
y
the
l
a
st
word
i
s
made
p
l
u
r
a
l
boy
fri
e
n
d
s
travel a
ge
n
t
s
shop
w
i
n
do
w
s
h
i
t
c
h
-
h
i
k
e
r
s
traffic
w
a
r
de
n
s
river
b
a
n
k
s
c
i
t
y
s
t
r
ee
t
s
corner
s
h
op
s
s
t
r
ee
t
ma
r
k
e
t
s
s
p
ri
n
g
fl
o
w
e
r
s
N
ove
m
be
r f
og
s
church
be
ll
s
co
ll
ege
li
b
r
a
ri
e
s
driving li
ce
n
s
e
s
2. But
when
man
and
woman
i
s
pre
fi
xed
both
parts are made
p
l
u
r
a
l
men
d
ri
ve
r
s
women
d
ri
ve
r
s
3.
The
fi
rst
word
i
s
made
p
l
ura
l
w
i
t
h
compounds
f
o
rm
e
d
o
f
verb +
er
or
compounds
composed o
f
noun +
prepo
s
i
t
i
on
+ noun
l
oo
k
e
r
s
-o
n
r
unn
e
r
s
-u
p
s
i
s
te
r
s
-i
n
-l
a
w
NOUN
3: Q
uan
tifi
e
r
s
1.
Ma
n
y
/
s
eve
r
a
l/
v
a
ri
o
u
s
/
nu
m
e
r
o
u
s
/
d
i
ve
r
s
e
><
Mu
c
h
2.
A
number
o
f/
nu
m
b
e
r
s
of
><
An
amount of/amounts of
3.
(A) few
><
(A)
little
4.
F
e
w
e
r/
the fewest
><
L
e
ss
/
the l
e
a
s
t
NOUN 4: N
u
m
b
e
r
s
1. a
/two/three…
hun
d
r
e
d
/
th
o
u
s
a
n
d
/
m
illi
o
n
/
b
illi
o
n
/
tr
illi
o
n
+
Noun
2.
hun
d
r
e
d
s
/
th
o
u
s
a
n
d
s
/
m
illi
o
n
s
/
b
illi
o
n
s
+ OF +
Noun
3.
Compound
a
d
j
ec
ti
ve
s
A t
h
r
ee
-
ye
a
r
-o
l
d
bo
y
A
16,000-
page
boo
k
4.
one/two/three
p
e
r
ce
n
t
(no –
s
) of Noun
;
but
a/the
p
e
r
ce
n
t
a
g
e
of Noun
VERB
Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology
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(1)
S
ub
j
e
ct
_
V
e
rb
A
g
r
ee
men
t
(2) T
e
n
ses
(3)
A
ct
i
ve
><
P
a
ssi
v
e
T
ran
si
t
i
ve
V +
O
b
j
V + No
O
b
j
e
ct
/
P
repo
s
i
t
i
on
a
l
phrase
(by,
i
n,
w
i
t
h
…)
(4) Form
a.
Aft
e
r
modal v
e
r
b
+
Ba
r
e
inf
(can, cou
l
d,
may, might,
sh
a
ll
,
sh
ou
l
d,
must, w
ill
,
w
ou
l
d,
w
ou
l
d
rather, had better, have
to, ought to,
be
to,
be supposed
to)
V-
ing
(
a
ct
i
v
e
/
con
t
i
nuou
s
t
e
n
se
s)
b.
A
f
t
e
r
‘
b
e
’
P. P
(passive)
Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology
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c. Aft
e
r
‘
hav
e
’
+ P. P (
p
e
rf
e
ct
t
e
n
se
s)
d. G
e
r
und
><
I
n
fi
n
iti
v
e
e.
Fi
n
it
e
V
e
r
b
><
Pa
r
ti
c
i
p
l
e
(
P
re
se
n
t
P
a
rt
i
ci
p
l
e
><
Past
p
a
rt
i
c
i
p
l
e
)
PARALLEL
S
T
RUC
T
URE
1. ,
2. and
3. but
4.
o
r
5.
e
it
h
e
r
…or
6.
n
e
it
h
e
r
…
n
o
r
7.
not only…
but
a
l
s
o
8.
both
… and
9.
r
a
t
h
e
r
than
10.
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
…
o
r
11.
as
well
as
P
RONOUN
1.
P
r
o
n
o
un
/N
o
un
A
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t
they
><
i
t/
h
e
/
sh
e
/w
e
t
h
e
i
r ><
i
t
s/
h
i
s/
h
e
r/
ou
r
them><
i
t/
h
i
m/
h
e
r/
u
s
t
h
e
mse
l
v
e
s><i
t
se
lf
/
h
i
mse
lf
/
h
e
rse
lf
/
ou
rse
l
v
es
who/whom>< w
h
i
ch
2.
W
h
i
c
h
type?
that
(o
f
) ><
those
(o
f
)
(p
l
u
r
a
l
)
a. S
ub
j
e
ct
i
ve
Pronouns
(I
/
Y
ou
/H
e
/
S
h
e
/
I
t/ W
e
/
Y
ou
/T
h
e
y)
Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology
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-
S
ub
j
e
ct
o
f
a
V
e
rb
- After
‘
B
e
’
b.
O
b
j
e
ct
i
ve
Pronouns (me
/
yo
u
/
h
i
m/
h
e
r/
i
t/
u
s/
yo
u
/t
h
e
m)
-
O
b
j
e
ct
o
f
a
V
e
r
b
-
O
b
j
e
ct
o
f
a
P
repo
si
t
i
on
c.
P
o
ssess
i
ve
A
d
j
e
ct
i
v
es
(my/
yo
u
r/
h
i
s/
h
e
r/
i
t
s/
ou
r/
yo
u
r/t
h
e
i
r)
- B
e
f
ore
a
Noun
-
B
e
fo
r
e
a G
e
r
und
:
We
a
r
e
s
u
r
p
r
i
s
e
d
by t
h
e
i
r
n
e
s
t
i
n
g
i
n
such harsh
c
ond
i
t
i
on
s
d.
P
o
ssess
i
ve
Pronouns
(m
i
n
e
/
yo
urs/h
i
s/
h
e
rs/ours/
yo
urs/
t
h
e
i
rs)
e.
R
e
fl
e
xi
ve
Pro
(
m
y
s
e
lf
/y
ou
r
s
e
lf
/
h
i
m
s
e
lf
/
h
e
r
s
e
lf
/
i
t
s
e
lf
/
ou
r
s
e
l
v
e
s
/y
ou
r
s
e
l
v
e
s
/t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
)
3.
W
r
o
n
g
s
p
e
lli
n
g
(
h
i
ss
e
lf
/ t
h
e
i
r
s
e
l
v
e
s
/
ou
r
s
e
lf
/ t
h
e
m
s
e
lf
)
4.
T
h
e
><
P
o
ss
e
ss
i
v
e
A
d
j
ec
ti
v
e
Ex:
H
i
s
s
n
a
k
e
i
s
a re
p
t
il
e
.
He devoted
the
lif
e
to
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
.
5.
Double
s
ub
j
ec
t/
o
b
j
ec
t
Ex:
Black
I
s
l
a
nd
i
n
Long
I
s
l
a
nd
Sound
it
i
s
surrounded
by
c
o
l
d,
dangerous waters.
6. U
nn
ece
ss
a
r
y
r
e
l
a
ti
v
e
p
r
o
n
o
un
>< N
ece
ss
a
r
y
r
e
l
a
ti
v
e
p
r
o
n
o
un
Ex:
C
e
rt
a
i
n
types
o
f
t
u
rt
l
e
s
that
may
li
v
e
as
l
ong
as
100
years.
The woman
li
v
e
s
next
door i
s
too
nosy.
WORD FORM
Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology
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-
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
><
g
e
n
e
r
a
ll
y
-
po
ss
i
b
l
e
><
po
ss
i
b
l
y
-
b
a
s
i
c
><
b
a
s
i
c
a
ll
y
-
p
r
ob
a
b
l
e
><
p
r
ob
a
b
l
y
-
p
a
rt
i
c
u
l
a
r
><
p
a
rt
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
-
u
s
u
a
l
><
u
s
u
a
ll
y
1. A
d
j
ec
ti
v
e
s
a. B
e
f
ore
nouns
Ex:
an
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
me
e
t
i
ng
b.
A
f
t
e
r
„
b
e
‟
and other
li
n
k
i
ng
ve
rb
s
-
b
e
/
b
ec
o
m
e
- l
oo
k
/
s
ee
m
/
a
pp
e
a
r/
s
o
un
d
-
t
a
s
t
e
/f
ee
l/
s
m
e
ll
-
s
t
a
y
/r
e
m
a
i
n
( =
continue to
b
e
)
-
turn/get/grow/go
(=
b
ec
o
m
e
)
-
prove/find
Ex:
She
l
oo
k
s
angry.
c.
Some
a
d
j
e
ct
i
v
es
end
i
n
–
l
y: fri
e
n
d
l
y
/
c
o
s
t
l
y
/
c
o
w
a
r
d
l
y
/l
o
ve
l
y
/li
ve
l
y
/
lonely/likely/ugly/early/monthly/weekly/daily/hourly/nightly/year
l
y
/
q
ua
r
t
e
rl
y
/
t
i
m
e
l
y
/
s
c
h
o
l
a
rl
y
/
w
o
m
an
l
y
/
m
an
l
y
/
m
o
t
h
e
rl
y
/f
a
t
h
e
rl
y
/
kindly
2. A
dv
e
r
b
s
a.
M
od
if
y
verbs:
Ex: Ann
e
a
g
e
r
l
y
accepted the c
h
a
ll
e
ng
e
.
b.
M
od
if
y
a
d
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
Ex:
Ted seemed
e
x
t
r
e
m
e
l
y
c
u
r
i
ou
s
about that top
i
c
.
c.
M
od
if
y
p
a
rt
i
c
i
p
l
e
s
Ex: A rapidly c
h
a
ng
i
ng
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
on
/ A
b
r
i
g
h
tl
y
c
o
l
o
r
e
d
d
r
e
ss
.
d.
M
od
if
y
p
r
e
po
s
i
t
i
on
s
/
c
l
a
u
s
e
markers:
soon
a
f
t
e
r /
immediately
a
f
t
e
r/
long
b
e
f
o
r
e
/
s
h
o
r
tl
y
b
e
f
o
r
e
e.
M
od
if
y
adverbs:
Ex:
The
a
cc
i
d
e
n
t
occurred
i
n
c
r
e
d
i
b
l
y
qu
i
c
k
l
y
.
f
.
M
od
if
y
the w
ho
l
e
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
-
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
><
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
ll
y
-
i
nn
a
t
e
><
i
nn
a
t
e
l
y
Ex:
G
e
n
e
r
a
ll
y
,
I li
k
e
my
c
l
a
ss
7
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3.
Note
a.
f
a
st
(ad
j
)
f
a
st
(adv)
b.
l
ong
(
a
d
j
)
l
ong
(adv)
c.
hard (ad
j
)
hard
><
h
a
rd
l
y
d.
h
i
gh
(
a
d
j
)
h
i
gh
><
h
i
gh
l
y
(f
i
gura
t
i
v
e
m
ea
n
i
ng
)
e.
ea
r
l
y
(ad
j
)
ea
rl
y (adv)
f. good (
a
d
j
)
w
e
ll
(adv)
VERB
NOUN
AD
J
EC
T
I
V
E
VERB
NOUN
AD
J
EC
T
I
V
E
D
iff
e
r
D
iff
e
renc
e
D
iff
e
ren
t
R
e
st
ri
ct
R
e
st
ri
ct
i
on
R
e
st
ri
ct
i
ve
I
nven
t
I
nven
t
i
on
I
nven
t
i
ve
C
u
l
t
i
va
t
e
C
u
l
t
ure
C
u
l
t
ura
l
Compete
C
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
on
C
o
mp
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
A
g
ri
cu
l
t
ure
A
g
r
i
cu
l
t
u
r
a
l
F
e
rt
ili
ze
F
e
rt
ili
z
e
r/
f
e
rt
ili
ty
F
e
rt
il
e
Empower
Power
P
o
w
e
rf
u
l
Decide
D
e
c
i
si
on
Decisive
I
mp
o
rt
a
n
ce
I
mp
o
rt
a
n
t
P
ro
h
i
b
i
t
P
ro
h
i
b
i
t
i
on
P
ro
h
i
b
i
t
i
ve
S
i
gn
ifi
ca
nc
e
S
i
gn
ifi
c
a
n
t
Prevent
P
reven
t
i
on
P
re
v
e
n
t
i
ve
A
n
a
l
yze
A
n
a
l
ysi
s
A
n
a
l
yt
i
ca
l
B
ea
u
t
if
y
Beauty
B
ea
u
t
if
u
l
F
a
mi
li
a
r
i
ze
F
a
mi
li
a
ri
ty
F
a
mi
li
a
r
O
ri
g
i
n
a
t
e
O
ri
g
i
n
O
ri
g
i
n
a
l
P
opu
l
a
ri
ze
P
opu
l
a
ri
ty
P
opu
l
a
r
Emphasize
Emp
h
as
i
s
Emp
h
a
t
i
c
C
l
a
ssi
f
y
C
l
a
ssi
fi
ca
t
i
on
C
l
a
ssi
fi
a
b
l
e
G
l
o
r
if
y
G
l
o
ry
G
l
o
r
i
ou
s
C
a
t
e
go
r
i
ze
category
C
a
t
e
go
r
i
ca
l
Myst
if
y
Myst
e
ry
Myst
e
ri
ou
s
A
b
se
n
t
A
b
se
nc
e
A
b
se
n
t
S
oc
i
a
li
ze
Society
S
oc
i
a
l
I
n
t
e
re
st
I
n
t
e
re
st
I
n
t
e
re
st
i
ng
G
e
n
e
ra
li
ze
G
e
n
e
ra
li
za
t
i
on
G
e
n
e
ra
l
Bore
Boredom
B
o
r
i
ng
S
i
mp
lif
y
S
i
mp
li
city
S
i
mp
l
e
Fascinate
F
a
scin
a
t
i
on
F
a
scin
a
t
i
ng
Free
Freedom
Free
Produce
P
ro
du
ct
i
on
P
ro
du
ct
i
ve
Construct
C
on
st
ruct
i
on
C
on
st
ruct
i
ve
Necessitate
Necessity
Necessary
L
i
ve
L
if
e
L
i
ve
/
li
v
i
ng
C
o
ll
e
ct
C
o
ll
e
ct
i
on
C
o
ll
e
ct
i
ve
F
I
E
L
D
PERSON
F
I
E
L
D
PERSON
F
I
E
L
D
PERSON
Mu
s
i
c
Mu
si
c
i
a
n
Surgery
Surgeon
D
e
n
t
i
st
ry
D
e
n
t
i
st
Poetry
Poet
A
rch
i
t
e
ct
ure
A
rch
i
t
e
ct
E
ng
i
n
ee
ri
ng
E
ng
i
n
ee
r
A
d
m
i
n
i
st
ra
t
i
on
A
d
mi
n
i
st
ra
t
o
r
Farming
Farmer
F
i
n
a
n
ce
F
i
n
a
nc
i
e
r
Photography
Photographer
B
i
o
l
og
y
B
i
o
l
og
i
st
P
hys
i
cs
P
h
ysi
c
i
st
A
t
h
l
e
t
i
cs
A
t
h
l
e
t
e
Theory
T
h
e
o
ri
st
S
c
i
e
n
ce
S
ci
e
n
t
i
st
P
h
il
o
s
oph
y
P
h
il
o
so
ph
e
r
Chemistry
Chemist
I
nven
t
i
on
I
nven
t
o
r
C
re
a
t
i
on
Creator
P
o
li
t
i
cs
P
o
li
t
i
ci
a
n
C
ri
me
/crimi
no
l
og
y
C
ri
m
i
n
a
l
8
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L
a
w
L
a
w
ye
r
Humor
Humorist
Mat
h
e
ma
t
i
cs
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
i
a
n
H
i
st
o
ry
H
i
st
o
r
i
a
n
B
i
ograph
y
B
i
ograph
e
r
Ma
nu
f
a
ct
ure
Ma
nu
f
a
ct
u
r
e
r
E
d
i
t
i
ng
E
d
i
t
o
r
W
ri
t
i
ng
W
ri
t
e
r
A
ct
i
ng
A
ct
o
r/
a
ct
re
ss
Ma
g
i
c
Ma
g
i
ci
a
n
Geography
Geographe
r
C
o
ll
e
ct
i
on
C
o
ll
e
ct
o
r
Forecast
Forecaster
H
un
t
i
ng
Hunter
Emp
l
o
yme
n
t
Emp
l
oye
e
/
e
r
T
ra
i
n
i
ng
T
ra
i
n
e
r
Dance
Dancer
C
o
mp
e
t
i
t
i
on
C
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
o
r
Contest
Contestant
Beauty
B
ea
u
t
i
c
i
a
n
L
a
bo
r
L
a
bore
r
D
i
sco
ve
ry
D
i
sc
overe
r
Carpentry
Carpenter
NOUN
VERB
AD
J
EC
T
I
V
E
NOUN
VERB
AD
J
EC
T
I
V
E
Strength
Strengthen
Strong
Heat
Heat
Hot
Hardness
Harden
Hard
L
i
gh
t
L
i
gh
t
e
n
L
i
gh
t
S
o
f
t
n
ess
S
o
f
t
e
n
S
o
f
t
B
ri
gh
t
n
ess
B
ri
gh
t
e
n
Br
i
gh
t/
b
ri
lli
a
n
t
Depth
Deepen
Deep
T
h
i
ckn
ess
T
h
i
cken
T
h
i
ck
R
i
p
e
n
ess
R
i
p
e
n
R
i
p
e
R
i
chn
ess
Enrich
R
i
ch
S
o
li
d
i
ty
S
o
li
d
if
y
S
o
li
d
H
u
m
i
d
i
ty
H
u
m
i
d
if
y
Humid
L
e
ng
t
h
L
e
ng
t
h
e
n
Long
F
l
a
t
n
e
ss/
fl
a
t
F
l
a
tt
e
n
F
l
a
t
Shortness
Shorten
Short
H
e
i
gh
t
H
e
i
gh
t
e
n
H
i
gh
W
e
i
gh
t
W
e
i
gh
W
e
i
gh
ty/w
e
i
gh
t
l
ess
Darkness/dark
Darken
D
a
rk
B
l
a
ckn
ess
B
l
a
cken
B
l
a
ck
W
h
i
t
e
/w
h
i
t
e
n
ess
W
h
i
t
e
n
W
h
i
t
e
Fat
Fatten
Fat
L
a
rg
e
n
ess
E
n
l
a
rg
e
L
a
rg
e
N
o
un
s
:
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
/
s
i
g
h
t/
sme
ll
/t
a
st
e
/t
ouch
V
e
r
b
s
:
h
e
a
r
/
s
ee
/
sme
ll
/t
a
st
e
/t
ouch
WORD C
H
O
I
CE
1.
W
r
o
n
g
c
h
o
i
ce
of
MAKE
o
r
DO
1) MAKE an
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t/ an
announcement/
an
attempt/an
e
ff
o
r
t/ a
decision/a d
i
sco
v
e
r
y/
an
o
ff
e
r
/
a
p
r
o
f
i
t/ a
p
r
o
m
i
se
/
advances
i
n
/ a
co
m
pa
r
i
so
n
/ a
con
t
r
i
bu
t
i
on
/ a
d
i
st
i
n
ct
i
on
/ a f
o
r
e
ca
st
/ a
l
a
w
/ a
po
i
n
t/ an
i
n
ve
stm
e
n
t/ a
p
l
an
/ a
p
r
e
d
i
ct
i
on
/ a
sound/ no
i
se
/
u
s
e
of/ a
cho
i
ce
/ a
l
oan
/
an
appo
i
n
t
m
e
n
t
2) MAKE UP OF (=
be composed
o
f
); MAKE UP (=
compose)
3) DO an
assignment/the d
i
sh
e
s/
the
w
a
sh
i
ng
-
up
/t
h
e
sh
opp
i
ng
/
the
i
r
on
i
ng
/t
h
e
cooking/a f
avo
r
/
ho
m
e
w
o
r
k/
t
h
e
l
aund
r
y/
a
pap
e
r
//
r
ese
a
r
ch
/
9
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a
j
ob
/
on
e
’
s
w
o
r
k/
business
w
i
t
h
/
j
u
s
t
i
ce
to/
w
r
ong
/ a
k
i
ndn
e
ss/
on
e
’
s
du
t
y/
ha
r
m
/
on
e
’
s
best/a
se
r
vi
ce
/
da
m
ag
e
/
w
ond
e
r
2.
W
r
o
n
g
c
h
o
i
ce
of lik
e
/
alike/like
o
r
as
1)
L
i
ke
/U
n
li
ke
A, B
+
V
e
r
b
2)
A,
li
ke
/
un
li
ke
B,
+
V
e
r
b
3)
A
i
s
li
ke
/
un
li
ke
B
4)
A and B
a
r
e
a
li
ke
5)
L
i
ke
+
Noun
Ex: My
re
su
l
t
s
were
much
like
P
a
u
l
‟
s
6)
As
+
S
ub
j
e
ct
+
V
e
r
b
Ex:
I
d
i
d
my
e
xp
e
r
i
men
t
j
u
st
as
P
a
u
l
d
i
d
7)
As
+
Noun (
=
i
n
the
r
o
l
e
of)
8)
se
r
ve
as/ f
un
ct
i
on
as/
use sth as/ be used as/ be
thought of
as/ be
r
e
f
e
rr
e
d
to
as
9)
r
e
ga
r
d
/
con
si
d
e
r
/
na
m
e
/
choo
se
/
e
l
e
ct
/
s
e
l
e
ct
/
d
e
si
gna
t
e
/
appo
i
n
t/
d
e
cl
a
r
e
/
no
m
i
na
t
e
/
p
r
o
cl
a
i
m
/
announc
e
s.o/sth (as) s.o/sth
3.
W
r
o
n
g
c
h
o
i
ce
of
so,
s
u
c
h
,
t
oo
1)
so
+
ad
j
e
ct
i
v
e
/
ad
ve
rb
+
that
S
ub
j
e
ct
+
Verb
2)
so
+
many/few
+
Noun (c) that
S
ub
j
e
ct
+
V
e
r
b
+
much
/
li
tt
l
e
+
Noun (u) that
S
ub
j
e
ct
+
V
e
r
b
3)
so
+
ad
j
e
ct
i
v
e
+
a/an
+
Noun (c,
si
ngu
l
a
r)
that
S
ub
j
e
ct
+
Verb
4)
such
+
(a/an)
+
Noun that
S
ub
j
e
ct
+
Verb
5) too
ad
j
e
ct
i
ve
+ (f
o
r
someone)
+
to do
some
t
h
i
ng
6)
enough
+
noun +( f
o
r
someone)
to do
some
t
h
i
ng
7)
ad
j
e
ct
i
ve
/
ad
ve
r
b
+
enough
+ (f
o
r
someone)
to do
some
t
h
i
ng
10
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4.
W
r
o
n
g
c
h
o
i
ce
of
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
r
b
ec
a
u
s
e
of; although
o
r
in
s
p
it
e
of /
d
e
s
p
it
e
;
when/while
o
r
du
r
i
n
g
A
dv
e
r
b
c
l
au
s
e
m
a
r
k
e
r
s
+
S+
V
P
r
e
p
o
s
iti
o
n
+
Noun/NP
because
because
of/
due
to/ on account of
a
l
t
hough
/t
hough
/
e
ve
n
though
i
n
sp
i
t
e
of/
d
e
sp
i
t
e
w
h
e
n
/
w
h
il
e
/
a
s
du
ri
ng
5.
W
r
o
n
g
c
h
o
i
ce
of
ANOTHER
o
r
OTHER
A
no
t
h
e
r
Other
A
d
j
e
ct
i
ve
another
+ Noun (
s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r
)
other
+ Noun (plural)
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
r
(the,
s
o
m
e
,
any,
e
v
e
r
y,
one, no)
+
other
+ Noun
(
s
i
n
g
)
Pronoun
another (an
a
dd
i
t
i
on
a
l
one)
Ex:
G
i
v
e
me another.
the other/the others
Ex:
O
f
the
two t
ea
c
h
e
r
s
,
one
i
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d,
and the other
i
s
not.
Note:
each other
/
one another
f
rom
one
… to
another
6. Ot
h
e
r
w
o
r
d
f
o
r
m
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
BE CAREFUL W
I
TH
THESE
P
A
I
R
S
OF
WORDS
1) no + noun >< not …
any
2) no
l
ong
e
r >< not …
any
l
ong
e
r/
a
n
y
more
3) most + Noun
most
o
f
the
Noun
a
l
m
o
st
a
ll
o
f
the
Noun/
a
l
mo
st
no + N
oun
/
a
l
mo
st
every
+ Noun
the
most
+ad
j
/
a
d
v
(sup
e
r
l
a
t
i
ve
)
4)
a
l
m
o
st
+
qu
a
n
t
ifi
e
r/
a
d
j
e
ct
i
v
e
/
a
dve
rb
(Word
Order)
5) tw
i
ce
(ad
j
e
ct
i
ve
) ><
doub
l
e
(verb)
Note: be tw
i
ce
as… as…
6)
ea
r
li
e
st
><
soonest
11
Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h
7)
one /two/three…percent o
f
><
a /the percentage
o
f
8)
a
f
t
e
r ><
a
f
t
e
rw
a
rd
(adv =
a
f
t
e
r
that
)
9)
ago
><
b
e
f
ore
10) t
e
ll
so that
><
sa
y
that/say
to
so that
Note: t
e
ll
a story/a
li
e
/
li
e
s/
t
h
e
truth/
a se
cre
t
11
)
h
a
rd
l
y
ever
><
never
12
)
h
a
rd
/
h
a
rd
l
y
13) and/but/or
14) be
a
li
ve
><
li
ve
+ Noun
15
)
o
l
d
> <
o
f
age
16) near (=close
to) ><
n
ea
r
l
y (=
a
l
mo
st
)
17) some
+ Noun ><
somewhat
+
a
d
j
e
ct
i
ve
18
)
a
ff
e
ct
so/sth
><
e
ff
e
ct
o
f
sth on
so/sth
19
)
a
l
r
ea
d
y (adv) ><
be
a
ll
ready
(
a
d
j
e
ct
i
v
e
)
20) among
(3 or
more)
><
between
( 2)
21) and
(co
n
j
un
ct
i
on
) ><
a
l
so
(adverb)
22
)
b
es
i
d
e
(=n
e
xt to) ><
besides
(=
i
n
a
dd
i
t
i
on
)
23) costume (=cl
o
t
h
i
ng
) >< custom (t
rad
i
t
i
on
a
l
pra
ct
i
ce
)
24
)
f
a
rt
h
e
r/
f
u
rt
h
e
r
(d
i
st
a
n
ce
) ><
f
u
rt
h
e
r (= more)
25
)
f
orma
ll
y
(=o
ffi
ci
a
ll
y) ><
f
o
rm
e
rl
y (=previously)
26) hard
><
h
a
rd
l
y
27
)
i
mag
i
n
a
ry (= not r
ea
l
/
fi
ct
i
on
a
l
) ><
i
mag
i
n
a
t
i
ve
(=cre
a
t
i
ve
)
28
)
l
a
t
e
r ><
l
a
tt
e
r
29
)
l
a
y
l
a
i
d
l
a
i
d
l
a
y
i
ng
+O
b
j
e
ct
(=
pu
t/
p
l
a
ce
)
li
e
l
a
y
l
a
i
n
l
yi
ng
(=
be
s
i
t
u
a
t
e
d
/
l
oc
a
t
e
d
)
12
Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h
li
e
li
e
d
li
e
d
l
yi
ng
(= not t
e
ll
the t
ru
t
h
)
30
)
l
oo
se
(
a
d
j
) ><
l
o
se
(verb)
31) no>< not><
none
32) pass
(verb) ><
past
(
a
d
j
/
noun
/
prepo
si
t
i
on
)
Note: pass
=
go/come past
33
)
qu
i
e
t
(ad
j
) ><
qu
i
t
e
(adv)
34
)
ra
i
se
+
ob
j
e
ct
/
be
ra
i
se
d
(p
ass
i
ve
) ><
ri
se
(w
i
t
hou
t
an
ob
j
e
ct
)
35) set
+
ob
j
e
ct
(=p
u
t/
p
l
a
ce
) ><
s
i
t (w
i
t
hou
t
an
ob
j
e
ct
)
36) thorough
(ad
j
) >< through (adv)
37) out >< out
o
f
+Noun
38) away>< away
f
rom
+ Noun
39
)
ou
t/
i
n
(p
repo
si
t
i
on
) ><
ou
t
e
r/
i
nn
e
r
(ad
j
e
ct
i
ve
)
40
)
li
st
e
n
to ><
h
ea
r
41
)
l
on
e
/
li
ve
/
sl
ee
p
i
ng
+ noun ><
be
a
l
on
e
/
a
li
ve
/
as
l
ee
p
7.
Redundancy
I
nv
e
r
s
i
o
n
-
connect together
-
repeat
a
g
a
i
n
-
j
o
i
n
together
-
proceed
f
o
rw
a
rd
-
advance
f
o
rw
a
rd
-
on
l
y
un
i
qu
e
-
new
i
nno
v
a
t
i
on
s
-
reread
a
g
a
i
n
- return
back
-
same
i
d
e
n
t
i
ca
l
-
su
ffi
ci
e
n
t
enough
-
se
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
away
f
rom
-
i
ncorre
ct
mistake
-
progress
f
o
rw
a
rd
-
i
mp
o
rt
a
n
t
si
gn
ifi
ca
n
t
-
ca
re
f
u
ll
y
c
a
u
t
i
ou
s
l
y
-
e
st
a
b
li
sh
e
d
f
ound
e
d
-
protect guard
-
o
ri
g
i
n
a
l
fi
rst
-
rare
l
y
se
l
do
m
- transmit
send
out
-
si
ng
l
e
on
l
y
-
around
a
pp
r
o
xi
ma
t
e
l
y
-
ch
i
e
f
ma
i
n
-
such as
f
o
r
e
xa
mp
l
e
-
n
e
ce
ssa
ry
needed
13
Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h
a)
I
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
of the v
e
r
b
after
ce
r
ta
i
n
a
d
v
e
r
b
s
H
a
r
d
l
y
ever
On no
account
H
a
r
d
l
y …
when
O
n
l
y
b
y/
i
n
/
a
t/
on
ce
/
re
ce
n
t
l
y
I
n
no
c
i
rcu
mst
a
n
ce
s
O
n
l
y
i
n
t
h
i
s
w
a
y
N
e
i
t
h
e
r/
no
r
R
a
r
e
l
y
Never
S
e
l
do
m
No
sooner… than
Sca
rce
l
y
ever
Not
on
l
y
Sca
rce
l
y …w
h
e
n
Nowhere
(So)
+
a
d
j
o
r
p
a
r
ti
c
i
p
l
e
s
(Such)
+
be
+
Noun
Ex:
I
h
a
v
e
n
‟
t got
a t
i
c
k
e
t
.
–
Neither/Nor
have
I
.
Never
be
f
o
r
e
had
I
been
a
s
k
e
d
to
accept a
b
r
i
b
e
.
Not only
do
they
rob you,
they smash
e
v
e
ryt
h
i
ng
too
On
no account
m
u
s
t t
h
i
s
s
w
i
t
c
h
be touched
Only by
s
hou
t
i
ng
w
a
s
he
a
b
l
e
to
make
h
i
m
s
e
lf
heard.
Only
in an
e
m
e
r
ge
n
cy
s
h
o
u
l
d
you
use t
h
i
s
e
x
i
t
.
Rarely
did t
h
i
s
remedy
f
a
il
So
s
u
s
p
i
c
i
o
u
s
did
he become that
…
So
co
n
f
u
s
i
n
g
w
a
s
the map that we had
to
a
s
k
a
po
li
c
e
o
ffi
c
e
r
f
o
r
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
on
s
.
Such i
s
the
popu
l
a
r
i
ty
o
f
the
p
l
a
c
e
that the theater
i
s
li
k
e
l
y to
be
f
u
ll
every n
i
gh
t
.
b)
T
h
e
s
ub
j
ec
t and
v
e
r
b
of the
s
ec
o
nd
c
l
a
u
s
e
(
not the fi
r
s
t
c
l
a
u
s
e
)
a
r
e
i
n
v
e
r
te
d
when the following
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
s
o
cc
u
r
at
the beginning of
a
s
e
n
te
n
ce
Not
un
t
il
O
n
l
y
if
O
n
l
y
un
t
il
O
n
l
y
when
O
n
l
y
because
O
n
l
y
a
f
t
e
r
Ex:
Not until he got home
did
he r
ea
li
z
e
that he had
l
o
s
t
i
t
.
Only
if
you study
hard
can
you
pass the
fi
n
a
l
exam.
14
Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h
c)
I
n
w
ri
tt
e
n
E
ng
li
sh
a
d
v
e
r
b
ph
r
a
s
e
s
i
n
tr
o
du
ce
d
by
p
r
e
p
o
s
iti
o
n
(
down, from,
in,
on,
o
ve
r
, off, out of, round, up .
e
tc
.
)
can be
f
o
ll
o
w
e
d
by
v
e
r
b
s
indicating
p
o
s
iti
o
n
(
crouch, hang, lie s
i
t,
s
ta
n
d
,
be
etc.),
by
v
e
r
b
s
of motion
.
Ex:
F
r
o
m
the r
a
f
t
e
r
s
hung
s
tr
i
ng
s
o
f
on
i
on
s
.
I
n
the
doo
r
way
s
t
oo
d
a man w
i
t
h
a
gun.
On a
pe
r
c
h
be
s
i
de
him s
a
t
a
b
l
u
e
parrot
Over the
wall
came
a shower
o
f
stone.
I
n
front of the m
u
s
e
u
m
i
s
a
s
t
a
t
u
e
.
Off
the coast
of California
li
e
the
Ch
a
nn
e
l
I
s
l
a
nd
s
.
Note:
P
r
e
po
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ph
r
a
s
e
,
S
+ V
Ex:
A
c
r
o
ss
the United
States,
the
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
movement o
f
a
i
r
masses
i
s
f
r
om
west
to
ea
s
t
.
d)
I
f +
S
ub
j
ec
t + auxiliary
can be
rep
l
a
ce
d
i
n
f
orma
l
E
ng
li
sh
by i
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
of
auxiliary
and
s
ub
j
ec
t with if
omitted
.
Ex:
I
f
I
w
e
r
e
i
n
h
i
s
shoes
…
=
Were
I
i
n
h
i
s
shoes
…
I
f
you
s
h
o
u
l
d
r
e
qu
i
r
e
a
n
yt
h
i
ng
…
=
Should you
r
e
qu
i
r
e
a
n
yt
h
i
ng
…
I
f
he had
known …
=
Had
he
known…
Double C
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
The
+
co
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
+
S
+ (V),
the
+
co
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
ve
+
S
+ (V)
Note: the
w
o
r
s
e
(not the
w
o
r
s
t),
the l
e
ss
(not the l
e
a
s
t),
the
b
e
tte
r
(not the
b
e
s
t)
Ex:
The
more
he
p
l
a
ys,
the more he
i
mpro
ve
s.
I
n
c
o
rr
ec
t A
r
ti
c
l
e
C
h
o
i
ce
a >< an
Ex: A
e
c
li
p
s
e
o
f
the sun may be e
i
t
h
e
r t
o
t
a
l
or p
a
rt
i
a
l
a/an
><
without
a/an
(uncountable noun)
15
Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h
a/an
><
the
Court
Ex:
Rose B
i
r
d
was a
fi
r
s
t
woman
i
n
the
h
i
s
t
o
ry
o
f
C
a
lif
o
r
n
i
a
to
serve
on
the
S
t
a
t
e
Supreme
a/an/the
><
without a/an/the
Ex:
S
l
a
g
c
on
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
waste
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
and
i
mpu
r
i
t
i
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
r
i
s
e
to top
o
f
m
e
l
t
e
d
m
e
t
a
l
s
.
The most
a
s
t
e
r
o
i
d
s
a
r
e
beyond the
o
r
b
i
t
o
f
the
p
l
a
n
e
t
M
a
r
s
.
the
><
po
ss
e
ss
i
v
e
a
d
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
Ex:
The Ozark
M
oun
t
a
i
n
s
o
f
A
rk
a
n
s
a
s
a
r
e
known
f
o
r
the rugged
b
ea
u
ty
Note:
- a
un
i
v
e
r
s
i
ty/ a
European/
a
one-parent
f
a
m
il
y/
a
un
i
on
/
a
un
i
c
o
r
n
/ a
un
i
qu
e
character
- an hour/ an
honest man/
an honor/ an
h
e
i
r/ an
h
e
i
r
e
ss
/ an MP/ an
F
B
I
16
Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h
1. Cl
au
s
e
m
a
r
k
e
r
(a)
S+
V(f)
(b) P
r
e
s
e
n
t P ,
S
+ V
(c) Pa
s
t P
(d) A
d
j
ec
ti
v
e
Common
c
l
au
s
e
m
a
r
k
e
r
s
:
a. Ti
m
e
:
a
ft
e
r
,
as, as
l
ong
as, as soon as, before,
by
the t
i
me
,
now that,
once, since, un
t
il
,
when,
w
h
il
e
,
w
h
e
n
e
ve
r
b. C
o
n
ce
ss
i
o
n
s
/C
o
n
t
r
a
s
t:
a
l
t
hough,
even
though, though,
even
i
f
,
whereas,
w
h
il
e
,
d
e
sp
i
t
e
the
fact that,
i
n
s
p
i
t
e
of
the
fact that,
except
t
ha
t/
ho
w
e
v
e
r
c. R
e
a
s
o
n
:
as, because, since,
i
n
that,
i
n
case
d. R
e
s
u
lt
s
:
so
that,
so
… that,
such…
that
e. M
ann
e
r
:
as
i
f
,
as
though
f.
Place
:
w
h
e
re
v
e
r
g. C
o
nd
iti
o
n
s
:
if
,
even
if
,
on
l
y
if
,
p
r
o
vi
d
e
d,
un
l
ess
(,) (1) Cl
a
u
s
e
m
a
r
k
e
r
2.
S
+ V + (
O
b
j
e
c
t) , (2) C
o
n
j
un
c
ti
o
n
S
+ V + (
O
b
j
e
c
t)
; (3) c
o
n
j
un
c
ti
v
e
a
d
v
e
r
b
s
,
C
o
n
j
un
c
ti
o
n
s
: -
and,
but,
yet,
f
o
r,
so,
or
C
o
n
j
un
c
ti
v
e
adv
s
-
besides,
li
ke
w
i
se
,
moreover,
i
n
a
dd
i
t
i
on,
a
dd
i
t
i
on
a
ll
y
-
however,
n
e
v
e
rt
h
e
l
e
ss,
on
the other hand,
i
n
contrast,
i
n
sp
i
t
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
-
t
h
e
r
e
f
ore,
as a
re
su
l
t
,
a
cco
r
d
i
ng
l
y,
con
se
qu
e
n
t
l
y
-
o
t
h
e
rw
i
se
-
then, me
a
n
w
h
il
e
-
s
i
mi
l
a
r
l
y,
co
rr
e
sp
ond
i
ng
l
y,
li
ke
w
i
se
-
f
o
r
e
xa
m
p
l
e
,
f
o
r
i
n
st
a
n
ce
17
Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h
A/AN
AR
T
I
C
L
E
S
1. B
e
f
ore
si
ngu
l
a
r
coun
t
a
b
l
e
nouns
Ex:
A
u
st
ra
li
a
i
s
a
con
t
i
n
e
n
t
2. To
i
n
t
ro
du
ce
a
su
b
j
e
ct
that has
not
men
t
i
on
e
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
Ex:
I
saw
a t
i
g
e
r.
3. W
i
t
h
ce
rt
a
i
n
e
xp
re
ss
i
on
s
a
dozen
a
coup
l
e
a/one
hundred
/t
hou
sa
nd
/mi
lli
on
a
great many
a
great d
ea
l
a
l
o
t
o
f
4. W
i
t
h
names
o
f
p
r
o
f
e
ssi
on
s
Ex:
He
i
s
an
e
ng
i
n
ee
r.
She
i
s
a doctor.
a/one
h
a
lf
a/one
th
i
rd
a/one
quarter
fifty mi
l
es
a
n
/
p
e
r
hour
ten
ki
l
o
m
e
t
e
rs
a
n
/
p
e
r
hour
$10
a
/
p
e
r
day
THE
1.
O
n
l
y
one
e
xa
mp
l
e
o
f
the th
i
ng
/
p
e
rson
or
the
i
d
e
n
t
i
ty
o
f
the person
or t
h
i
ng
i
s
clear
Ex:
T
h
e
moon
i
s
f
u
ll
today.
P
l
ease
open
the
door.
2. W
i
t
h
ce
rt
a
i
n
expressions
the
m
o
rn
i
ng
/
a
f
t
e
rn
oon
/
e
ven
i
ng
the
p
a
st
/
pre
se
n
t/
f
u
t
ure
the
f
ro
n
t/
b
a
ck/
ce
n
t
e
r/t
op
/
bo
tt
o
m
the
b
e
g
i
nn
i
ng
/mi
dd
l
e
/
e
nd
the
north/south/east/west
3. B
e
f
ore
a
si
ngu
l
a
r noun
repre
se
n
t
a
t
i
ve
o
f
a class
o
f
t
h
i
ng
s
(
u
su
a
ll
y
names
o
f
a
n
i
m
a
l
s
,
plants,
i
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
s
,
mu
s
i
c
a
l i
n
s
tr
um
e
n
ts
,
and
p
a
r
t
s
of the body
)
Ex:
T
h
e
t
i
g
e
r
i
s
the
l
a
r
g
e
st
cat
T
h
e
heart pumps b
l
ood
The
Wright
brothers
i
n
v
e
n
t
e
d
the
a
i
rp
l
a
n
e
.
She
p
l
a
ys
the
gu
i
t
a
r.
18
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4. B
e
f
ore
o
r
d
i
n
a
l
number (
Note: No
a
r
ti
c
l
e
i
s
u
s
e
d
b
e
fo
r
e
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
s
with
c
a
r
d
i
n
a
l
numb
e
r
s
.
)
Ex:
T
h
e
F
i
rst
World W
a
r (But: World W
a
r
One)
T
h
e
second chapter
(But:
Chapter Two
)
T
h
e
t
h
i
rd
g
a
t
e
(But:
Gate Three)
T
h
e
seventh
vo
l
ume
(But:
V
o
l
ume
Seven)
5. B
e
f
ore
decades and ce
n
t
u
ri
es
Ex:
the
1930s
the
fif
t
i
es
the
s
i
xt
i
es
the
tw
e
n
t
y-f
i
rst
century
the
1800s
the
tw
e
n
t
i
e
t
h
century
6. B
e
f
ore
su
p
e
rl
a
t
i
v
e
a
d
j
e
ct
i
v
es
Ex:
The b
i
gg
e
st
i
sl
a
nd
on
earth
i
s
G
re
e
n
l
a
nd.
7. Q
u
a
n
tifi
e
r
+
of
+
the
+
noun
Many/
s
o
m
e
/
a
ll/
mu
c
h
/
m
o
s
t/
a
few/all/
o
f
the
+ Noun
Note
: Th
ese
expressions can
a
l
so
be used w
i
t
hou
t
the ph
r
ase
of the
Ex:
Many books
not much
paper
Some water
a
f
e
w
p
i
ct
ure
s
8. B
e
f
ore
a
group
o
f
p
e
op
l
e
or
a
n
a
t
i
on
a
li
ty
Ex:
T
h
e
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
ese
are
very
h
a
rd
w
o
rki
ng
T
h
e
S
w
e
d
i
sh
are
proud
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
ancestors,
the
V
i
ki
ng
s.
Note: No
a
r
ti
c
l
e
i
s
used
b
e
f
ore
the name o
f
a
l
a
ngu
a
g
e
Ex:
She
l
ea
rn
e
d
to
sp
ea
k
V
i
e
tn
a
m
e
s
e
when she
li
v
e
d
i
n
H
a
no
i
.
9.
T
h
e
+
a
d
j
ec
ti
v
e
(=
p
e
op
l
e
who
are )
Ex:
T
h
e
rich
sh
ou
l
d
h
e
l
p
the
poor.
10. B
e
f
ore
a s
p
e
ci
fi
c
noun
Ex:
T
h
e
coffee
I
had t
h
i
s
morn
i
ng
was Braz
ili
a
n
(s
p
e
ci
fi
c)
Coffee
o
ri
g
i
n
a
t
e
d
i
n
E
t
h
i
op
i
a
.
(g
e
n
e
ra
l
)
T
h
e
r
i
ce
that
I
bought
today
i
s
i
n
the bag. (sp
e
ci
fi
c)
Rice
i
s
a
st
a
p
l
e
i
n
many
coun
t
ri
e
s.
(g
e
n
e
r
a
l
)
T
h
e
tr
ee
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
park
a
r
e
m
o
st
l
y
evergreens. (sp
e
ci
fi
c)
T
r
ee
s
p
ro
v
i
d
e
shade.
(g
e
n
e
ra
l
)
19
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11.
T
h
e
+
s
ub
j
ec
t +
of
NP
S
ub
j
ec
t
(u
s
e
d
alone)
>
no
a
r
ti
c
l
e
A
d
j
ec
ti
v
e
+
S
ub
j
ec
t >
no
a
r
ti
c
l
e
Ex:
T
h
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
of
the tw
e
n
t
i
e
t
h
ce
n
t
u
ry
T
h
e
h
i
s
to
r
y
of
The Un
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s.
But:
I
ma
j
o
r
i
n
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
I
study A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
h
i
s
to
r
y.
12. B
e
f
ore
names
o
f
c
o
un
tr
i
e
s
,
s
ta
t
e
s
,
c
iti
e
s
,
un
i
v
e
r
s
iti
e
s
,
c
o
ll
e
g
e
s
,
and
s
c
h
oo
l
s
that
contain the
w
o
r
d
"
o
f"
or
b
e
f
ore
coun
t
ri
es
that have a
plural
name
or an
a
d
j
ec
ti
v
e
in
the
name
,
e
x
ce
p
t for G
r
e
a
t Britain
Ex:
T
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
es
of
A
m
e
ri
ca
T
h
e
S
o
ci
a
li
st
R
e
pub
li
c
of
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
(but:
V
i
e
t
n
a
m)
T
h
e
S
t
a
t
e
o
f
F
l
o
r
i
d
a
(But:
F
l
o
r
i
d
a
)
T
h
e
city
o
f
Boston ( But: Boston)
T
h
e
U
n
i
ve
rsi
ty
o
f
Texas
( But: Boston U
n
i
ve
rsi
ty)
T
h
e
N
e
t
h
e
rl
a
nd
s
/
The
P
h
ili
pp
i
n
e
s
13. B
e
f
ore
a. oceans:
Ex:
T
h
e
p
a
ci
fi
c
Ocean
b.
seas
Ex:
T
h
e
B
l
a
ck
Sea
c.
gu
lf
s
Ex:
T
h
e
G
u
lf
o
f
Mex
i
co
d. r
i
ve
rs
Ex:
T
h
e
N
il
e
e.
p
l
ura
l
names
o
f
m
oun
t
a
i
n
s
Ex:
T
h
e
A
pp
a
l
a
ch
i
a
n
Mo
unta
i
n
s
(But: Mount Everest)
f
.
p
l
ura
l
names
o
f
i
sl
a
nd
s
Ex:
T
h
e
H
a
w
a
ii
a
n
I
s
l
a
nd
s
(But:
Manhattan
I
sl
a
nd
)
g.
p
l
ura
l
names
o
f
l
a
ke
s
Ex:
T
h
e
Great
La
k
e
s
(But:
L
a
ke
Mi
ch
i
g
a
n
)
14. B
e
f
ore
the names
o
f
s
h
i
p
s,
p
l
a
n
e
s,
t
ra
i
n
s
and
p
e
op
l
e
'
s
f
a
mi
l
y
names
Ex:
T
h
e
T
i
t
a
n
i
c
T
h
e
O
ri
e
n
t
Express
T
h
e
B
ro
w
n
s
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GERUND AND
I
NF
I
N
I
T
I
V
E
I
.
VERB + TO
I
NF
a
ff
o
r
d
beg
expect
manage
pretend
threaten
a
g
r
ee
c
a
r
e
f
a
il
mean
p
r
om
i
s
e
want
a
pp
ea
r
consent
f
o
r
g
e
t
need
r
e
f
u
s
e
w
i
s
h
arrange
d
e
c
i
d
e
h
e
s
i
t
a
t
e
o
ff
e
r
seem
try
a
s
k
d
e
s
i
r
e
hope
p
l
a
n
s
tr
ugg
l
e
i
n
t
e
nd
attemptdeserve
l
ea
r
n
prepare
swear
Ex: Tom
wants
to become
a
doctor.
Susan pretended
to
s
l
ee
p
.
D
a
v
i
d
p
r
om
i
s
e
d
not to be
l
a
t
e
a
g
a
i
n.
II
.
VERB + OBJECT + TO
I
NF
I
N
I
T
I
V
E
a
d
v
i
s
e
c
h
a
ll
e
ng
e
f
o
r
b
i
d
order
teach
i
n
v
i
t
e
allow
c
on
v
i
n
c
e
f
o
r
c
e
p
e
r
m
it
t
e
ll
r
ec
o
mm
e
nd
a
s
k
d
a
r
e
h
i
r
e
p
e
r
s
u
a
d
e
urge
e
n
a
b
l
e
beg
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
i
n
s
tr
u
c
t
r
e
m
i
nd
want
l
ea
d
cause
expect
i
n
v
i
t
e
r
e
qu
i
r
e
warn
mo
t
i
v
a
t
e
use
Ex:
They begged us
to come.
I
warn
you
not to
d
r
i
v
e
so
f
a
s
t
.
N
o
t
e
:
a
d
v
i
s
e
/
a
ll
o
w
/
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
/
p
e
r
m
i
t
/r
ec
o
mm
e
n
d
(1)
+
ob
j
e
ct
+
to
i
n
f
(2)
+
V
-
i
ng
Ex:
He do
e
s
n
‟
t
a
ll
o
w
s
m
o
ki
n
g
i
n
h
i
s
house
He do
e
s
n
‟
t
a
ll
o
w
anyone
to
s
m
o
k
e
i
n
h
i
s
house
Nobody i
s
a
ll
o
w
e
d
to
s
m
o
k
e
i
n
h
i
s
house
III
.
VERB +
V
-
I
NG
a
dm
i
t
d
e
l
a
y
fi
n
i
s
h
postpone
r
e
s
e
n
t
m
i
ss
a
pp
r
e
c
i
a
t
e
deny
c
a
n
‟
t
h
e
l
p
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
r
e
s
i
s
t
t
o
l
e
r
a
t
e
a
v
o
i
d
d
i
s
c
u
ss
k
ee
p
qu
i
t r
i
s
k
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
c
omp
l
e
t
e
d
i
s
li
k
e
m
e
n
t
i
on
r
e
c
a
ll
stop
understand
c
on
s
i
d
e
r
e
n
j
o
y
m
i
nd
r
e
c
o
ll
e
c
t
s
ugg
e
s
t
i
n
c
l
ud
e
Ex:
I di
s
li
k
e
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
l
ong
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
I c
a
n
‟
t
h
e
l
p
w
o
rr
y
i
n
g
about
i
t
.
W
ou
l
d
you m
i
nd
not
s
m
o
ki
n
g
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
l
a
ss
?
21
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I
V
.
VERB +
V
-
I
NG/ TO
I
NF
I
N
I
T
I
V
E
b
e
g
i
n
c
on
t
i
nu
e
h
a
t
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
start
c
a
n
‟
t
stand
l
o
v
e
like
Ex:
It
began
to r
a
i
n
/ r
a
i
n
i
ng
Note: would like/love/prefer
+
to infinitive
Ex:
I w
ou
l
d
li
k
e
to
p
l
a
y t
e
nn
i
s
today.
V. AD
J
EC
T
I
V
E /
P
AR
T
I
C
I
P
L
E+ TO
I
NF
I
N
I
T
I
V
E
a
n
x
i
ou
s
d
iffi
c
u
l
t
w
illi
ng
bo
r
i
ng
ea
g
e
r
hard
a
b
l
e
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
ng
u
s
u
a
l
dangerous
p
l
ea
s
e
d
…
ea
s
y
ready
prepared
Ex: Tom
i
s
a
n
x
i
ou
s
to
see
h
i
s
f
a
m
il
y
.
It
i
s
v
e
ry
dangerous
to
d
r
i
v
e
i
n
t
h
i
s
weather.
We
a
r
e
ready
to leave
now.
Note: be
b
u
s
y
/
w
o
r
t
h
+
V-ing.
Ex:
He
i
s
busy
doing
h
i
s
homework.
The
book
i
s
worth
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
.
V
I
.
P
RE
P
O
S
I
T
I
ON +
V
-
I
NG
1. VERB +
P
RE
P
O
S
I
T
I
ON +
V
-
I
NG
approve
o
f
succeed
i
n
t
h
i
n
k
o
f
look f
o
r
w
a
r
d
to
dedicate to
g
i
v
e
up
count on
depend
on
o
b
j
ec
t
to
commit to
r
e
l
y on
keep
on
put
o
ff
c
o
n
f
e
ss
to
i
n
s
i
s
t on
t
h
i
n
k
about
dream about
devote to
Ex:
John gave
up
s
m
o
ki
n
g
three years ago.
I
am
l
oo
k
i
ng
f
o
rw
a
r
d
to
go
i
n
g
back
to
s
c
hoo
l
.
2. AD
J
EC
T
I
V
E +
P
RE
P
O
S
I
T
I
ON +
V
-
I
NG
a
f
r
a
i
d
o
f
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
o
f
t
i
r
e
d
o
f
be/get
a
cc
u
s
t
o
m
e
d
to
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
s
u
cc
e
ss
f
u
l
i
n
f
ond
o
f
be/get
u
s
e
d
to
Ex:
She
i
s
a
f
r
a
i
d
o
f
getting
m
a
rr
i
e
d
now.
To g
e
t
s
used
to
getting
up
ea
r
l
y
.
22
Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h
V
II
.
S
P
EC
I
A
L
CA
S
E
S
1. STOP
He stopped
s
m
o
ki
n
g
(He gave
up
s
mo
k
i
ng
;
he
i
s
not
go
i
ng
to
smoke any more.)
He stopped
to
s
m
o
k
e
(He stopped do
i
ng
s
om
e
t
h
i
ng
i
n
order
to
smoke)
2. TRY
TRY + TO
I
NF:
make an
e
ff
o
rt to do
s
ome
t
h
i
ng
Ex:
I
was v
e
ry t
i
r
e
.
I tri
e
d
to keep
my
e
y
e
s
open,
but
I
c
ou
l
dn
‟
t
.
TRY +
V-ING:
do
so
me
t
h
i
ng
as an
e
xp
e
ri
men
t or
test
Ex:
I
‟
v
e
got
a te
rr
i
b
l
e
headache.
I tri
e
d
taking
an
a
s
p
i
r
i
n,
but
it
d
i
d
not
h
e
l
p.
3. REMEMBER
REMEMBER + TO
I
NF: You
remember
to do
so
me
t
h
i
ng
b
e
f
ore
you do
it
Ex:
P
l
ea
s
e
remember
to
p
o
s
t
the
l
e
tt
e
r
.
(= D
on
‟
t
f
o
r
g
e
t to
post the
l
e
tt
e
r)
REMEMBER +
V-ING
:
You
remember do
i
ng
so
me
t
h
i
ng
a
f
t
e
r you do
it
E
x
:
I
c
l
ea
r
l
y
remember
locking
the
door
b
e
f
o
r
e
I l
e
f
t
.
4. NEED
NEED + TO
I
NF
(A
C
T
I
V
E
)
Ex:
John needs
to
paint
the
door.
My
f
r
i
e
nd
needed
to l
e
a
r
n
S
p
a
n
i
s
h
NEED +
V-ING
= NEED + TO BE DONE
(P
A
SS
I
V
E
)
Ex:
The g
r
a
ss
needs
cutting/ to be cut
.
The t
e
l
e
v
i
s
i
on
needs
fixing/to be fixed
.
5.
MAKE/LET/HAVE
+ OBJECT + BARE
I
NF
I
N
I
T
I
V
E
Ex:
Sad
mo
v
i
e
s
a
l
w
a
y
s
make me
c
r
y.
I
had the
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
r
e
p
a
i
r
my
car.
(I
had
my
car r
e
p
a
i
r
e
d
by
the
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
My
parents
do not l
e
t
me
go
out
l
a
t
e
at
n
i
gh
t
.
6. VERBS OF
P
ERCE
P
T
I
ON +
V-ING/
BARE
I
NF
I
N
I
T
I
V
E
see
l
oo
k
a
t
li
s
t
e
n
to
no
t
i
c
e
observe
s
m
e
ll
watch
h
ea
r
f
ee
l
Ex:
I
saw
my f
r
i
e
nd
r
unn
i
n
g
/
r
un
down
the street.
7. GO +
V-ING
bo
a
t
i
ngd
a
n
c
i
ng
j
ogg
i
ng
s
hopp
i
ng
s
w
i
mm
i
ng
GO
bo
w
li
ng
fi
s
h
i
ng
c
li
mb
i
ng
s
i
gh
t
s
ee
i
ng
c
a
mp
i
ng
h
i
k
i
ng
r
unn
i
ng
s
k
a
t
i
ng
c
a
no
e
i
ng
hun
t
i
ng
s
a
ili
ng
s
k
ii
ng
Ex: My
s
i
s
t
e
r
went
s
a
ili
n
g
yesterday
8. TO
I
NF
I
N
I
T
I
V
E
can be used
a
f
t
e
r
the fi
r
s
t,
the
s
ec
o
nd
…,
the la
s
t,
the only
and
so
me
t
i
me
s
a
f
t
e
r
su
p
e
r
l
a
t
i
ve
s.
Ex:
She
l
o
v
e
s
p
a
rt
i
e
s
.
She
i
s
a
l
w
a
y
s
the
fi
r
s
t
to come
and the
l
a
s
t
to leave
.
He
i
s
the second man
to be kill
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
way.
23
Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h
Ex: H
i
s
a
b
ili
ty to
g
e
t on w
i
t
h
p
e
op
l
e
i
s
h
i
s
ch
i
e
f
asse
t
.
ability
demand
f
a
il
u
r
e
a
mb
i
t
i
on
d
e
s
i
r
e
o
ff
e
r
a
n
x
i
e
ty
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
ti
o
n
p
l
a
n
9. TO
I
NF
I
N
I
T
I
V
E
can be used
a
f
t
e
r
c
e
rt
a
i
n
nouns
request
scheme
w
illi
n
g
n
e
ss
attempt
ea
g
e
r
n
e
ss
p
r
om
i
s
e
w
i
s
h
d
ec
i
s
i
o
n
e
ff
o
r
t
r
e
f
u
s
a
l
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
Ex:
He made an
e
ff
o
rt
to
s
t
a
nd
up.
10.
catch/find/leave
+
Ob
j
e
c
t
+
V
-
i
ng
s
p
e
nd
/
w
a
s
t
e
+
T
i
m
e
+
V
-
i
ng
have
fun/ a
good time
+
V
-
i
ng
have t
r
o
ub
l
e
/
d
iffi
c
u
lt
y
+
V
-
i
ng
have
a hard
time/ d
iffi
c
u
lt
time
+
V
-
i
ng
24
Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h
WORD END
I
NG
S
A. COMMON NOUN (
T
H
I
NG) END
I
NG
S
1.
–
i
s
m
:
bap
t
i
s
m
,
c
r
i
t
i
c
i
s
m
,
o
r
gan
i
s
m
,
h
e
r
o
i
s
m
,
pa
t
r
i
o
t
i
s
m
,
a
l
c
oho
li
s
m
,
ba
r
ba
r
i
s
m
,
dwa
r
f
i
s
m
,
pa
r
a
ll
e
li
s
m
2.
–nce
:
i
mpo
rt
an
ce
,
si
gn
i
f
i
canc
e
,
dependence, arrogance,
r
e
si
st
an
ce
,
su
b
s
i
st
e
n
ce
3.
–ness
:
b
i
tt
e
r
n
e
ss
,
c
on
c
e
i
t
e
dn
e
ss
,
da
r
k
n
e
ss
,
ha
r
dn
e
ss
,
k
i
ndh
e
a
r
t
e
dn
e
ss
4.
–ion
:
e
xc
i
s
i
on,
da
m
na
t
i
on,
po
ll
u
t
i
on,
s
ugg
e
s
t
i
on,
a
no
t
i
on,
an
a
c
t
i
on,
v
e
x
a
t
i
on,
c
on
c
o
c
t
i
on,
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
on.
5.
–ment
:
ab
r
i
dg
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
cc
o
m
p
li
s
h
m
e
n
t
,
ban
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
,
commencement,
e
m
bod
i
m
e
n
t
,
enhancement,
e
xc
i
t
e
m
e
n
t
,
f
r
ag
m
e
n
t
,
ga
r
m
e
n
t
,
o
r
na
m
e
n
t
,
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
6. –(i)ty :
pu
r
i
t
y
,
au
t
ho
r
i
t
y
,
dub
i
e
t
y
,
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
,
s
up
e
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
,
hu
m
i
d
i
t
y
,
c
r
u
e
l
t
y
,
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
,
honesty,
p
l
e
n
t
y
,
safety,
s
ub
t
l
e
t
y
7.
–age
:
baggage, c
a
rr
i
ag
e
,
c
a
r
t
ag
e
,
damage, dotage,
h
e
r
m
i
t
ag
e
,
homage
l
anguag
e
,
l
uggag
e
,
m
a
rr
i
ag
e
,
passage, t
ill
ag
e
,
tonnage, v
i
c
a
r
ag
e
,
v
ill
ag
e
.
8.
–
s
h
i
p
:
a
m
ba
ss
ado
r
s
h
i
p,
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p,
h
e
ad
s
h
i
p,
p
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
s
h
i
p,
c
ha
i
r
m
an
s
h
i
p,
f
e
ll
ow
s
h
i
p,
s
c
ho
l
a
r
s
h
i
p,
c
o
m
pan
i
on
s
h
i
p,
f
r
i
e
nd
s
h
i
p,
ha
r
d
s
h
i
p,
r
e
l
a
t
i
on
s
h
i
p,
c
r
a
ft
s
m
an
s
h
i
p,
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p,
ho
r
s
e
m
an
s
h
i
p,
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p,
c
ou
r
t
s
h
i
p
9. –th : bath,
b
i
r
t
h,
death,
oath,
g
r
ow
t
h,
s
t
e
a
l
t
h,
f
il
t
h,
h
e
a
l
t
h,
l
e
ng
t
h,
s
t
r
e
ng
t
h,
t
r
u
t
h,
depth,
b
r
e
ad
t
h,
w
e
a
l
t
h.
10.
–dom
:
e
a
r
l
do
m
,
f
r
ee
do
m
,
k
i
ngdo
m
,
o
ff
i
c
i
a
l
do
m
,
w
i
s
do
m
11.
–hood
:
c
h
il
dhood,
f
a
l
s
e
hood,
s
i
s
t
e
r
hood,
b
r
o
t
h
e
r
hood,
n
e
i
ghbo
r
hood,
li
k
e
li
hood,
li
v
e
li
hood
12.
–u
r
e
:
c
l
o
s
u
r
e
,
p
i
c
t
u
r
e
,
s
c
r
i
p
t
u
r
e
,
l
e
g
i
s
l
a
t
u
r
e
,
na
t
u
r
e
,
f
a
il
u
r
e
,
p
l
e
a
s
u
r
e
,
t
r
e
a
s
u
r
e
13.
–cy
:
ban
k
r
up
t
cy
,
c
ap
t
a
i
n
cy
,
d
e
m
o
c
r
a
cy
,
p
r
i
v
a
cy
,
d
e
li
c
a
cy
,
advocacy,
c
on
f
e
d
e
r
a
cy
,
a
cc
u
r
a
cy
,
ob
s
t
i
na
cy
,
p
i
r
a
cy
,
,
a
r
i
s
t
o
c
r
a
cy
,
expectancy,
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
,
p
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
cy
,
s
u
ff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
,
d
e
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
14. –(t)ry :
r
i
v
a
l
r
y
,
an
c
e
s
t
r
y
,
c
a
r
p
e
n
t
r
y
,
i
ndu
s
t
r
y
,
g
r
ee
n
e
r
y
,
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
r
y
,
s
c
e
n
e
r
y
,
ba
k
e
r
y
,
b
r
e
w
e
r
y
,
b
r
a
v
e
r
y
,
s
l
a
v
e
r
y
,
a
r
c
h
e
r
y
15.
–logy
:
a
r
c
ha
e
o
l
og
y
,
g
e
o
l
og
y
,
s
o
c
i
o
l
og
y
,
t
h
e
o
l
og
y
,
z
oo
l
og
y
16.
–
g
r
aphy
:
b
i
b
li
og
r
aph
y
,
b
i
og
r
aph
y
