Spelling of the -ING and -ED forms _ (Qui tắc thêm -ING và-ED)

Spelling of –ING and –ED, revised and adapted from Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azar _ Lê Xuân Hồ
Spelling of –ING and –ED, revised and adapted from Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azar _ Lê Xuân Hồ
SPELLING OF THE –ING AND –ED FORMS
Consonant: phụ âm; Vowel: nguyên âm
-ING Rules -ED Rules
 Verbs that end in a consonant
and –e
Ex: date, increase, injure, live
…
dating, increasing,
injuring, living


If the word ends in a consonant and –
e, drop the –e and add –ing

Note: see-seeing, agree-agreeing

dated, increased,
injured, lived
If the word ends in –e, just add -d
 Verbs that end in a vowel
and a consonant
Ex: stop, run, rob, win, beg,
plan, commit…
stopping, running,
robbing, begging,
planning,
committing
If the word ends in a vowel and a
consonant, double the consonant and

then add –ing

Note 1: If the word has more than one
syllable and is not stressed at the last
syllable, don’t double the consonant.
Ex: visit-visiting, listen-listening,
gather-gathering (*1)

Note 2: If the word ends in two
vowels and a consonant, don’t double
the consonant.
Ex: rain-raining, fool-fooling,
complain-complaining
stopped, runned,
robbed, begged,
planned, committed

If the word ends in a vowel and a
consonant, double the consonant and
then add –ed

Note 1: If the word has more than one
syllable and is not stressed at the last
syllable, don’t double the consonant.
Ex: visit-visited, listen-listened,
gather-gathered (*1)

Note 2: If the word ends in two
vowels and a consonant, don’t double
the consonant.

Ex: rain-rained, fool-fooled
complain-complained
 Verbs that end in a consonant
and –y
+ Ex: try, study, supply, apply,
reply…

 Verbs that end in a vowel
and –y
+ Ex: buy, enjoy, pray, play,
employ
+ trying, studying,
supplying, applying,
replying …


+ buying, enjoying,
praying, playing,
employing …
If the word ends in –y, just add –ing. + tried, studied,
supplied, applied,
replied …


+ enjoyed, prayed,
played, employed
…
If the –y is preceded by a consonant,
change the –y into –ied

If the –y is preceded by a vowel, just
add -ed
 Verbs that end in –ie
Ex: lie, die
+ lying, dying If the word ends in –ie, change –ie
into –y, and then add -ing
lied, died If the word ends in –ie, just add -d

(*1) Exception:
+ plow-plowed, fix-fixed. “W” is not pronounced (mute) here, and “x” is pronounced as a cluster of two consonant /ks/.
+ travel-traveling/travelling, traveled/travelled; cancel-canceling/cancelling, canceled/cancelled. (American English: -l-, British English: -ll-)