atlas 4th edition

ATLAS
4TH EDITION

ATLAS
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,
MUNICH, AND DELHI
2
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,
MUNICH, AND DELHI
FOR THE FOURTH EDITION

Cartographic Manager David Roberts
Senior Cartographic Editor Simon Mumford
Cartographers Paul Eames, Encompass Graphics Limited
Designers Nimbus Design Editors Ben Hoare, Margaret Parrish,
Cambridge International Reference on Current Affairs (CIRCA)
3D Globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London
Systems Co-ordinator Philip Rowles Production Imogen Boase
Art Director Bryn Walls Publisher Jonathan Metcalf
Associate Publisher Liz Wheeler
FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS
Cartographic Director Andrew Heritage
Cartography
Roger Bullen,
Rob Stokes, Iorwerth Watkins
Project Editor Sam Atkinson Art Editor Karen Gregory
First published in Great Britain in 2001 by
Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL
A Penguin Company
Fourth Edition 2010
Previously published as the Ultimate Pocket Book of the World Atlas & Factfile
Copyright © 1996, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010
Dorling Kindersley Limited
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-4053-5039-6
Printed and bound in Singapore by Star Standard
Discover more at
www.dk.com

3
Key to map symbols
DRAINAGE FEATURES
River
Seasonal river
Canal
Lake
Seasonal lake
Mountain
Depression
Capital city
BORDERS
Full international
Disputed de facto
Territorial claim
Cease-fire line
Undefined
State/Province
COMMUNICATIONS
Major road
Rail
International airport
SETTLEMENTS
Major town
Minor town
Major port
ELEVATION
4000m / 13,124ft
6000m / 19,686ft
2000m / 6562ft

1000m / 3281ft
500m / 1640ft
250m / 820ft
100m / 328ft
0
Below sea level
Insight; facts, figures, and
amazing information from
around the world
4
Atlas contents
The Political World 8-9
The Physical World . . . . . . . . 10-11
Time Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-13
Atlas Opener 14-15
Western Canada & Alaska . . .18-19
Eastern Canada 20-21
USA: The Northeast 22-23
USA: Central States 24-25
USA: The West 26-27
USA: The Southwest 28-29
USA: The Southeast 30-31
Mexico 32-33
Central America 34-35
The Caribbean 36-37

Northern South America 40-41
Peru, Bolivia, & North Brazil 42-43
Paraguay, Uruguay,
& South Brazil 44-45

Southern South America 46-47
The Atlantic Ocean 48-49
Northwest Africa 52-53
Northeast Africa 54-55
West Africa 56-57
Central Africa 58-59
Southern Africa 60-61
The North Atlantic 64-65
Scandinavia & Finland 66-67
The Low Countries 68-69
The British Isles 70-71
France, Andorra,
& Monaco 72-73
Spain & Portugal . . . . . . . . . .74-75
Germany &
the Alpine States 76-77
Italy 78-79
Central Europe 80-81
Southeast Europe 82-83
The Mediterranean 84-85
North & Central
America 16–17
Europe 62–63
Africa 50–51
South America
38–39
5
Atlas contents
Bulgaria & Greece 86-87
The Baltic States

& Belarus 88-89
Ukraine, Moldova,
& Romania 90-91
European Russia 92-93
Russia & Kazakhstan 96-97
Turkey & the Caucasus 98-99
The Near East
& West Bank 100-101
The Middle East 102-103
Central Asia 104-105
Western China
& Mongolia 108-109
Eastern China & Korea 110-111
Japan 112-113
South India & Sri Lanka. . .114-115
North India & Pakistan . . .116-117
Mainland Southeast Asia . .118-119
Maritime Southeast Asia . .120-121
The Indian Ocean . . . . . . .122-123
The Southwest Pacific 126-127
Western Australia 128-129
Eastern Australia 130-131
New Zealand 132-133
The Pacific Ocean 134-135
Antarctica 136
Arctic 137

See overleaf for contents
Overseas territories 360-365
International organizations . . . 366

Abbreviations 367
Index 368-432
South & East
Asia 106–107
Australasia &
Oceania 124–125
North & West
Asia 94–95
Country Factfiles
138–359
6
Factfile contents
A
Afghanistan 153
Albania 154
Algeria 155
Andorra 156
Angola 157
Antarctica 158
Antigua & Barbuda . . 159
Argentina 160
Armenia 161
Australia 162–163
Austria 164
Azerbaijan 165
B
Bahamas 166
Bahrain 167
Bangladesh 168
Barbados 169

Belarus 170
Belgium 171
Belize 172
Benin 173
Bhutan 174
Bolivia 175
Bosnia
& Herzegovina 176
Botswana 177
Brazil 178-179
Brunei 180
Bulgaria 181
Burkina 182
Burma see Myanmar
Burundi 183
C
Cambodia 184
Cameroon 185
Canada 186-187
Cape Verde 188
Central African
Republic 189
Chad 190
Chile 191
China 192-193
Colombia 194
Comoros 195
Congo 196
Congo, Dem. Rep. . . 197
Costa Rica 198

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . 199
Croatia 200
Cuba 201
Cyprus 202
Czech Republic 203
D
Denmark 204
Djibouti 205
Dominica 206
Dominican Republic . 207
E
East Timor 208
Ecuador 209
Egypt 210
El Salvador 211
Equatorial Guinea . . . 212
Eritrea 213
Estonia 214
Ethiopia 215
F
Fiji 216
Finland 217
France 218
G
Gabon 219
Gambia 220
Georgia 221
Germany 222
Ghana 223
Greece 224

Grenada 225
Guatemala 226
Guinea 227
Guinea–Bissau 228
Guyana 229
H
Haiti 230
Honduras 231
Hungary 232
I
Iceland 233
India 234-235
Indonesia 236-237
Iran 238
Iraq 239
Ireland 240
Israel 241
Italy 242
J
Jamaica 243
Japan 244-245
Jordan 246
K
Kazakhstan 247
Kenya 248
Kiribati 249
Korea, North 250
Korea, South 251
Kosovo 252
Kuwait 253

Kyrgyzstan 254
L
Laos 255
Latvia 256
Lebanon 257
Lesotho 258
Liberia 259
7
Factfile contents
Libya 260
Liechtenstein 261
Lithuania 262
Luxembourg 263
M
Macedonia 264
Madagascar 265
Malawi 266
Malaysia 267
Maldives 268
Mali 269
Malta 270
Marshall Islands 271
Mauritania 272
Mauritius 273
Mexico 274
Micronesia 275
Moldova 276
Monaco 277
Mongolia 278
Montenegro 279

Morocco 280
Mozambique 281
Myanmar (Burma) . . . 282
N
Namibia 283
Nauru 284
Nepal 285
Netherlands 286
New Zealand 287
Nicaragua 288
Niger 289
Nigeria 290
Norway 291
O
Oman 292
P
Pakistan 293
Palau 294
Panama 295
Papua New Guinea . . 296
Paraguay 297
Peru 298
Philippines 299
Poland 300
Portugal 301
Q
Qatar 302
R
Romania 303
Russian

Federation 304-305
Rwanda 306
S
St. Kitts & Nevis 307
St. Lucia 308
St. Vincent & the
Grenadines 309
Samoa 310
San Marino 311
São Tomé & Príncipe . 312
Saudi Arabia 313
Senegal 314
Serbia 315
Seychelles 316
Sierra Leone 317
Singapore 318
Slovakia 319
Slovenia 320
Solomon Islands 321
Somalia 322
South Africa 323
Spain 324
Sri Lanka 325
Sudan 326
Suriname 327
Swaziland 328
Sweden 329
Switzerland 330
Syria 331
T

Taiwan 332
Tajikistan 333
Tanzania 334
Thailand 335
Togo 336
Tonga 337
Trinidad & Tobago. . . 338
Tunisia 339
Turkey 340
Turkmenistan 341
Tuvalu 342
U
Uganda 343
Ukraine 344
United Arab Emirates. 345
United Kingdom .346-347
United States . . . .348-350
Uruguay 351
Uzbekistan 352
V
Vanuatu 353
Vatican City 354
Venezuela 355
Vietnam 356
Y
Yemen 357
Z
Zambia 358
Zimbabwe 359
8

ABCD
1
2
4
5
3
ABCD
The Political World
TUNISIA
ALGERIA
LIBYA
WESTERN
SAHARA
(disputed)
NIGER
CHAD
SENEGAL
SUDAN
ERITREA
DJIBOUTI
EGYPT
ETHIOPIA
MALDIVES
KENYA
RWANDA
BURUNDI
SEYCHELLES
SOUTH
AFRICA
LESOTHO

SWAZILAND
MAURITIUS
COMOROS
BOTS.
ZIMBABWE
ZAMBIA
DEM. REP.
CONGO
UGANDA
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
GHANA
TOGO
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
BENIN
NIGERIA
C.A.R.
LIBERIA
SIERRA LEONE
GUINEA
GUINEA-
BISSAU
GAMBIA
CAPE
VERDE
MALI
GABON
AUSTRALIA
MICRONESIA
PALA U
EAST

TIMOR
PAPU A
NEW
GUINEA
S. KOREA
JAPAN
N. KOREA
MONGOLIA
KAZAKHSTAN
CHINA
BHUTAN
MYANMAR
(BURMA)
TAIWAN
CAMBODIA
PHILIPPINES
BANGLADESH
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
INDONESIA
MALAYSIA
BRUNEI
SINGAPORE
SRI
LANKA
THAILAND
KYRGZSTAN
INDIA
NEPAL
AFGHANISTAN
TURKMEN.

UZBEKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
SYRIA
IRAN
IRAQ
KUWAIT
BAHRAIN
U.A.E.
SAUDI
ARABIA
QATAR
JORDAN
YEMEN
ICELAND
NORWAY
FINLAND
ESTONIA
LITHUANIA
LATVIA
BELARUS
UKRAINE
MOLDOVA
AZERBAIJAN
AZ.
GEORGIA
ARMENIA
TURKEY
DENMARK
UNITED
KINGDOM

IRELAND
NETH.
POLAND
BELGIUM
LUXEMBOURG
FRANCE
SWITZERLAND
ROMANIA
BULGARIA
MAC.
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
ANDORRA
MONACO
MALTA
ALB.
ITALY
CYPRUS
ISRAEL
LEBANON
GREECE
P
A
K
I
S
T
A
N

C
O
N
G
O

S
O
M
A
L
I
A
V
I
E
T
N
A
M
LAOS
S
W
E
D
E
N
MALAWI
OMAN

MOZAMBIQUE
MADAGASCAR
TANZANIA
MOROCCO
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
MAURITANIA
BURKINA
CAMEROON
ANGOLA
NAMIBIA
ANTARCTICA
Northern Mariana
Islands (US)
Cabinda
(Angola)
Guam (US)
Svalbard
(Norway)
Jan Mayen
(Norway)
Faeroe Islands
(Denmark)
French Southern
& Antarctic Territories
(France)
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
14
13
11
12
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
INDIAN
OCEAN
SOUTHERN OCEAN
KEY TO NUMBERS
1. Germany
2. Liechtenstein
3. Czech Republic
4. Austria
5. Slovakia
6. Hungary
7. Slovenia
8. Croatia
9. Bosnia & Herzegovina
10. Serbia
11. Montenegro
12. Kosovo
(disputed)
13. San Marino
14. Vatican City

Severnaya Zemlya
Franz Josef Land
Novaya Zemlya
New Siberian Islands
Tropic of Capricorn
9
EFGH
EFGH
1
2
4
5
3
CANADA
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
GUATEMALA
BELIZE
NICARAGUA
EL SALVADOR
PANAMA
COSTA RICA
COLOMBIA
VENEZUELA
BRAZIL
SURINAME
GUYANA
ECUADOR
BOLIVIA
PARAGUAY

URUGUAY
CHILE
CHILE
NEW
ZEALAND
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
KIRIBATI
TONGA
SAMOA
NAURU
TUVALU
FIJI
VANUATU
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
BAHAMAS
DOM. REP.
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
DOMINICA
BARBADOS
GRENADA
CUBA
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
ST VINCENT &
THE GRENADINES
ST LUCIA
HAITI
JAMAICA
ST KITTS & NEVIS

M
E
X
I
C
O

P
E
R
U



A
R
G
E
N
T
I
N
A
HONDURAS
Puerto Rico (US)
Bermuda (UK)
French Guiana (France)
Falkland Islands (UK)
South Georgia &

South Sandwich Islands
(UK)
Cook
Islands
(NZ)
French
Polynesia
(France)
Pitcairn
Islands
(UK)
Midway Islands
(US)
New
Caledonia
(France)
Palmyra Atoll (US)
American
Samoa (us)
Wallis & Futuna (France)
Tokelau
(NZ)
Niue (NZ)
Alaska
(US)
Greenland
(Denmark)
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC

OCEAN
ARCTIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Galapagos Islands
(Ecuador)
Hawaii
(US)






A
l
e
u
t
i
a
n

I
s
l
a
n
d

s

(
U
S
)
Arctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Equator
South America
Africa
CONTINENTAL KEY
North & Central
America
Europe
NW/SE Asia
Australasia
& Oceania
10
ABCD
1
2
4
5
3
ABCD
The Physical World
M

i
d
-
A
t
l
a
n
t
i
c

R
i
d
g
e

Angola
Basin
Cape
Basin
Somali
Basin
S
o
u
t
h
w

e
s
t

I
n
d
i
a
n

R
i
d
g
e

S
o
u
t
h
e
a
s
t

I
n
d

i
a
n

R
i
d
g
e

N
i
n
e
t
y
e
a
s
t

R
i
d
g
e
South Indian Basin
Arctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn

Antarctic Circle
Equator
Lake Baikal
Lake Victoria
Spitsbergen
Borneo
New
Guinea
Franz Josef
Land
Novaya
Zemlya
Madeira
Mauritius
Réunion
Sri Lanka
Celebes
Kerguelen
Kyushu
Honshu
Hokkaido
Sakhalin
Tasmania
Java
Sumatra
Iceland
Taiwan
M
a
d

a
g
a
s
c
a
r

V
o
l
g
a

O
b
’
D
a
n
u
b
e

N
i
l
e

G

a
n
g
e
s

Y
a
n
g
t
z
e

Y
e
l
l
o
w

R
i
v
e
r


L
e

n
a


A
m
u
r


C
o
n
g
o

D
a
r
l
i
n
g


Y
e
n
i
s

e
y

N
i
g
e
r

Z
a
m
b
e
z
i

I
n
d
u
s

M
e
k
o
n
g

ARCTIC
M
e
d
i
t
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n

S
e
a

Arabian
Sea
South
China
Sea
Barents
Sea
North
Sea
Gulf of
Guinea

Sea of
Okhotsk
Caspian
Sea
Aral Sea
B
a
l
t
i
c

S
e
a

Sea of
Japan
(East Sea)
East
China
Sea
Philippine
Sea
Bay of
Biscay
Norwegian
Sea
Kara
Sea

Laptev Sea
Greenland
Sea
ATLANTIC
OCEAN

D
e
n
m
a
r
k

S
t
r
a
i
t



J
a
v
a

S
e

a

INDIAN
OCEAN
Timor Sea
Black Sea
SOUTHERN OCEAN
R
e
d
S
e
a

Bay of
Bengal
M
o
z
a
m
b
i
q
u
e

C
h
a

n
n
e
l

Kilimanjaro
19,340ft
(5895m)
Mount Everest
29,035ft (8850m)
Canary Islands
Cape Verde
Islands
Seychelles
M
e
l
a

Severnaya
Zemlya
New Siberian
Islands
P
h
i
l
i
p
p

i
n
e


I
s
l
a
n
d
s

British
Isles
Azores
Deccan
Kalahari
Desert
A
t
l
a
s

M
t
s
.

Z
a
g
r
o
s

M
t
s
.


T
i
e
n

S
h
a
n


A
l
p
s

Gobi

Great
Sandy Desert
K
h
r
e
b
e
t

C
h
e
r
s
k
o
g
o


East Indies
Cape of
Good Hope
N
a
m
i
b

D
e
s
e
r
t

G
r
e
a
t

R
i
f
t

V
a
l
l
e
y

G
r
e
a
t

D
i
v
i
d
i
n
g

R
a
n
g
e

S
c
a
n
d
i
n
a
v
i
a


N

o
r
t
h

E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n

P
l
a
i
n

Malay
Peninsula
Congo
Basin
Anatolia
C
a
u
c
a

s
u
s

H
i
n
d
u

K
u
s
h

Manchurian
Plain
Sahel
Ethiopian
Highlands
Syrian
Desert
Horn of
Africa
N
u
l
l
a
r

b
o
r

P
l
a
i
n

Altai
Mountains
Plateau of
Tibet
Iranian
Plateau
Iberian
Peninsula
Arabian
Peninsula
Sahara
U
r
a
l

M
o
u
n

t
a
i
n
s

H
i
m
a
l
a
y
a
s

Siberia
ANTARCTICA
ASIA
AFRICA
EUROPE
AUSTRA
11
EFGH
EFGH
1
2
4
5
3

North American
Basin
Grand Banks
of Newfoundland
M
i
d
-
A
t
l
a
n
t
i
c

R
i
d
g
e

Brazil
Basin
Argentine
Basin
Peru
Basin
E

a
s
t

P
a
c
i
f
i
c

R
i
s
e

Southwest
Pacific
Basin
Northwest
Pacific
Basin
M
i
d
-
P
a
c

i
f
i
c

M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s

Arctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Equator
Great Lakes
Great Slave
Lake
Great Bear
Lake
B
a
f
f
i

n

I
s
l
a
n
d

New
Zealand
South Georgia
Fiji
New Caledonia
Easter Island
North
Island
South
Island
Ellesmere Island
Greenland
M
a
c
k
e
n
z
i
e

M
i
s
s
i
s
s
i
p
p
i



A
m
a
z
o
n

P
a
r
a
n
á
PACIFIC

OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
OCEAN
Caribbean
Sea
Tasman
Sea
Gulf of
Mexico
Gulf of
Alaska
B
e
r
i
n
g

S
t
r
a
i
t

Bering Sea
Labrador
Sea
Coral

Sea
Beaufort Sea
Chukchi Sea
East Siberian Sea
D
r
a
k
e

P
a
s
s
a
g
e

Hudson
Bay
Baffin
Bay
Cerro
Aconcagua
22,831ft
(6959m)
Mount McKinley
(Denali)
20,322ft (6194m)
A

l
e
u
t
i
a
n

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

West Indies
South Sandwich
Islands
Falkland Islands
M
i
c
r
o
n
e
s
i
a

n
e
s
i
a

Galapagos
Islands
H
a
w
a
i
i
a
n
Queen Elizabeth
Islands
Solomon
Islands
P
o
l
y
n
e
s
i

a

I
s
l
a
n
d
s

A
p
p
a
l
a
c
h
i
a
n

M
t
s
.

C
o
a

s
t

R
a
n
g
e
s

C
o
a
s
t

M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s

Antarctic
Peninsula
Tierra del Fuego
Brooks Range

Amazon Basin
P
a
m
p
a
s

P
a
t
a
g
o
n
i
a

G
r
a
n

C
h
a
c
o

K

a
m
c
h
a
t
k
a

Cape Horn
G
r
e
a
t

P
l
a
i
n
s
R
o
c
k
y

M
o

u
n
t
a
i
n
s

A
n
d
e
s

NORTH
AMERICA
SOUTH
AMERICA
LASIA
12
ABCD
1
2
4
5
3
ABCD
Time Zones
+10+9+8+7+6+5+4+3+2+10–2 –1
–1

+1
–1
–1
–1
+1
+1
+2
+2
+2
+2
+4
+5
+5
+6
+6
+8
+8
+7
+7
+5
+7
+8
+8
+9
+8
+8
+11
+10
+10
+7

+6
+3
+3
+3
+3
+4
+6
+3
1
/
2
+4
1
/
2
+5
1
/
2
+9
1
/
2
+5
3
/
4
+6
1
/

2
+6
1
/
2
+3
+5
+5
+5
+2
+2
+1
+1
0
0
0
0
0
+4
+9
+10
+10
+3
+11
+9
+10
0
0
Greenwich Meridian
–3

ATLANTIC
OCEAN
INDIAN
OCEAN
ARCTIC
OCEAN
12:0011:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00
13
EFGH
EFGH
1
2
4
5
3
Equator
–11+11 –10–9–8–7–6–5–4–3–2
+11
+11
1
/
2
+10
1
/
2
+12
3
/
4

+12
+12
+13
+13
–11
–10
–10
+14
–9
–10
–8 –7 –6 –5
–5
–6
–5
–3
0
–1
–4
–4
–4
–4
–4
–3
–3
–3
–4
–2
–3
–10
–10

+12
–9
1
/
2
–8
–3
1
/
2
International
Dateline
–4
1
/
2
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
23:00 24:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:0010:00
14
The
world's
regions
15
16
1

2
3
4
1
2
3
4
EDB
A
C
NORTH AMERICA
North & Central America
62
134
94
95
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ARCTIC
OCEAN
Baffin
Bay
Hudson
Bay
Labrador
Sea
A
r
c
t

i
c

C
i
r
c
l
e
North
Pole
A
r
c
t
i
c

C
i
r
c
l
e
Y
u
k
o
n
M

a
c
k
e
n
z
i
e
S
n
a
k
e

Mount McKinley
(Denali)
20,322ft (6194m)
Lake Winnipeg
Reindeer
Lake
Lake Athabasca
Great Slave Lake
Great Bear
Lake
C
A
N
A
D
A

ICELAND
ALASKA(US)
Greenland
(Denmark)
Jan Mayen
(to Norway)
Svalbard
(to Norway)
Franz Josef Land
(to Russia)
R
o
c
k
y

M
o
u

B
a
f
f
i
n

I
s
l

a
n
d
L
a
b
r
a
d
o
r
Laurentian
Mountains
G
r
e
Queen Elizabeth
Islands


A
l
e
u
t
i
a
n

I

s
l
a
n
d
s
Gulf of
Alaska
Beaufort
Sea
B
e
r
i
n
g

S
t
r
a
i
t
Bering Sea
ASIA
E
U
R
O
P

E
17
5
6
7
8
5
6
7
8
0 km
10000 miles
1000
NORTH AMERICA
EDB
A
C
48
134
38
135
Gulf of Mexico
Sargasso Sea
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
T
r
o

p
i
c

o
f

C
a
n
c
e
r
Equator
Equator
S
t
.

L
a
w
r
e
n
c
e


M

i
s
s
o
u
r
i


A
r
k
a
n
s
a
s
C
o
l
o
r
a
d
o
M
i
s
s
i

s
s
i
p
p
i

O
h
i
o


R
i
o

G
r
a
n
d
e
Mount Whitney
14,495ft (4418m)
Death Valley
-282ft (-86m)
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
Lake

Michigan
Great
Lakes
Lake Huron
Lake
Superior
PANAMA
COSTA RICA
TRINIDAD
& TOBAGO
GRENADA
NICARAGUA
ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES
BARBADOS
EL SALVADOR
ST LUCIA
HONDURAS
GUATEMALA
DOMINICA
BELIZE
ANTIGUA &
BARBUDA
JAMAICA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
HAITI
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
ST KITTS
& NEVIS

M
E
X
I
C
O
C
U
B
A
BAHAMAS
Galapagos Islands
(Ecuador)
Aruba (Neth.)
Netherlands
Antilles
(Neth.)
Martinique (France)
Guadeloupe
(France)
Anguilla (UK)
British Virgin
Islands (UK)
Virgin Islands (US)
Cayman Islands
(UK)
Clipperton Island
(French Polynesia)
Turks & Caicos
Islands (UK)

Bermuda
(UK)
St Pierre &
Miquelon
(France)
Montserrat (UK)
Puerto
Rico
(US)
n
t
a
i
n
s
A
p
p
a
l
a
c
h
i
a
n

M
o
u

n
t
a
i
n
s
A
n
d
e
s

S
i
e
r
r
a

M
a
d
r
e

O
c
c
i
d

e
n
t
a
l
a
t

P
l
a
i
n
s

S
i
e
r
r
a

M
a
d
r
e

O
r

i
e
n
t
a
l
SOUTH
AMERICA
18
ABCD
1
2
4
5
3
ABCD
135
97
135
135
0 km
4000 miles
400
NORTH AMERICA
Western Canada & Alaska
Queen Charlotte
Sound
B
r
o

o
k
s

R
a
n
g
e
A
l
a
s
k
a

R
a
n
g
e
R
o
c
k
y

Y
u
k
o
n
Arctic Circle
ARCTIC
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Gulf
of
Alaska
Bering
Sea
B
e
r
i
n
g

S
t
r
a
i
t

Queen Charlotte Is.
Vancouver I.
Kodiak I.
Unalaska I.
Nunivak I.
St. Lawrence I.
Attu I.
Rat Is
Umnak I.
A
l
e
u
t
i
a
n

I
s
l
a
n
d
s
Wrangel I.
Mt McKinley
(Denali)
20,322ft (6194m)
ALASKA

YUKON
TERRITORY
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
(part of USA)
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
Anchorage
VICTORIA
JUNEAU
WHITEHORSE
Valdez
Kodiak
Cordova
Fairbanks
Prudhoe
Bay
Port Hardy
Ketchikan
Prince Rupert
Dutch Harbor
In 1867 William Henry Seward negotiated
the purchase of Alaska from Russia for
the price of $7,200,000, which amounted
to around two cents per acre (0.4 hectares).
The Aleutian Islands span some 1200 miles
(1800 km) and by crossing the 180º line of
longitude, form both the most easterly
and westerly extents of the United States.
On July 9, 1958, a massive landslide

dropped 40 million cubic yards
(30.6 million cu m) of rock into Lituya Bay,
creating a wave 1720 ft (524 m) high.
19
EFGH
EFGH
1
2
4
5
3
25
20
64
64
NORTH AMERICA
Amundsen
Gulf
Viscount
Melville
Sound
L
a
n
c
a
s
t
e
r

S
o
u
n
d
D
a
v
i
s

S
t
r
a
i
t
H
u
d
s
o
n

S
t
r
a
i

t


M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s
Lake
Athabasca
Great Bear Lake
Great Slave Lake
Lake
Winnipeg
M
a
c
k
e
n
z
i
e
D
u
b

a
w
n
t
S
a
s
k
a
t
c
h
e
w
a
n
A
r
c
t
i
c

C
i
r
c
l
e
OCEAN

Hudson
Bay
Baffin Bay
Beaufort
Sea
Axel
Heiberg
Island
Banks
Island
Bathurst I.
Devon
Island
Ellesmere
Island
King
William I.
Melville
Island
Prince
of
Wales I.
Somerset
Island
Southampton I.
B
a
f
f
i

n

I
s
l
a
n
d
Victoria
Island
Q
u
e
e
n

E
l
i
z
a
b
e
t
h

I
s
l
a

n
d
s
ALBERTA
MANITOBA
NORTHWEST
TERRITORIES
NUNAVUT
SASKATCHEWAN
ONTARIO
QUÉBEC
Greenland
(Danish external
territory)
CANADA
U S A
Calgary
Vancouver
EDMONTON
WINNIPEG
REGINA
IQALUIT
(Frobisher Bay)
YELLOWKNIFE
Inuvik
Kugluktuk
(Coppermine)
Hay River
Fort Smith
Resolute

Rankin
Inlet
Churchill
Thompson
Flin Flon
Prince Albert
Yorkton
Brandon
Estevan
Lethbridge
Leduc
Red Deer
Grande Prairie
Fort
McMurray
Fort
St. John
Kamloops
Kelowna
Prince
George
Saskatoon
Only just over 1% of Canada’s
3.5 million sq miles (9.1 million sq km)
land area is devoted to grain production,
yet this yields around 25 million tons
(tonnes) of wheat every year.
Despite an area of 808,109 sq miles
(2,092,993 sq km), the northerly province
of Nunavut has only 530 miles (850 km)

of roads and highway.
20
ABCD
1
2
4
5
3
ABCD
19
19
25
22
NORTH AMERICA
Eastern Canada
Péninsule
d'Ungava
L. Seul
L. Nipigon
Lake Erie
Lake
Huron
L. Mistassini
L. Minto
Lake Superior
Rés. Gouin
Lake
of the
Woods
Lake

Michigan
Lake
Ontario
O
t
t
a
w
a
S
e
v
e
r
n
W
i
n
i
s
k
A
t
t
a
w
a
p
i
s

k
a
t
A
l
b
a
n
y
E
a
s
t
m
a
i
n
Hudson
Bay
James
Bay
Akimiski I.
(Nunavut)
Belcher Is.
(Nunavut)
Southampton I.
Coats I.
Salisbury I.
Nottingham I.
Mansel I.

QUÉ
ONTARIO
MANITOBA
NUNAVUT
MICHIGAN
NEW
YORK
INDIANA
ILLINOIS
IOWA
MINNESOTA
WISCONSIN
PENNSYLVANIA
OHIO
CANA
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
OTTAWA
Hamilton
Kitchener
London
Windsor
Thunder Bay
Oshawa
St. Catharines
TORONTO
Wawa
Cochrane
Armstrong
Kuujjuarapik

(Poste-de-la-Baleine)
Kenora
Moosonee
Inukjuak
(Port Harrison)
Attawapiskat
Timmins
Ivujivik
Peawanuck
Sault
Sainte Marie
Sudbury
Peterborough
Kingston
North Bay
The largest hydroelectric
complex in Canada at
James Bay produces
over 16,000 megawatts
of power.
The Trans-Canada Highway,
running from St. John’s in
the east to Victoria in the
west, is 4990 miles
(8030 km) long.
Lake Superior is the largest freshwater
lake in the world, covering an area
of 31,820 sq miles (82,413 sq km).
21
EFGH

EFGH
1
2
4
5
3
48
48
48
64
0 km
3000 miles
300
NORTH AMERICA
L
a
b
r
a
d
o
r
Réservoir
Caniapiscau
Smallwood
Reservoir
L. Saint-Jean
Réservoir
Manicouagan
C

a
n
i
a
p
i
s
c
a
u
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Labrador
Sea
Ungava
Bay
Strait of Belle Isle
Cape Race
H
u
d
s
o
n

S
t
r

a
i
t
S
t
.

L
a
w
r
e
n
c
e
G
u
l
f

o
f

S
t
.

L
a
w

r
e
n
c
e
C
a
b
o
t

S
t
r
a
i
t
Newfoundland
Île d’Anticosti
Akpatok I.
(Nunavut)
Baffin I.
BEC
NEW
BRUNSWICK
NOVASCOTIA
PRINCE
EDWARD
ISLAND
NEWFOUNDLAND

& LABRADOR
MAINE
VERMONT
CONNECTICUT
MASSACHUSETTS
RHODE ISLAND
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
St Pierre
& Miquelon
(French territorial
collectivity)
DA
Montréal
QUÉBEC
HALIFAX
ST.JOHN'S
FREDERICTON
CHARLOTTETOWN
Gaspé
Schefferville
Kuujjuaq
Corner Brook
Channel-Port-
aux-Basques
Grand Falls
Cartwright
Makkovik
Hopedale
Nain

Havre-
Saint-Pierre
Sydney
Sept-Îles
Gander
Bathurst
Yarmouth
Trois-Rivières
Chicoutimi
Jonquière
Sherbrooke
Saint John
Moncton
Dartmouth
Canada has the world’s longest coastline
(including tens of thousands of islands), with a
total length of 151,019 miles (243,042 km).
The Bay of Fundy has the world’s
highest tidal range, with water’s rising
20–56 ft (5–17 m) every high tide as
around 115 billion tons (tonnes) of
water flows into the bay.
22
ABCD
1
2
4
5
3
ABCD

25
20
25
30
NORTH AMERICA
USA: The Northeast
Lake
Michigan
Lake Huron
Lake Erie
L
a
k
e

S
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
M
i
s
s
i
s
s

i
p
p
i
W
a
b
a
s
h
O
h
i
o
O
h
i
o
OHIO
INDIANA
KENTUCKY
ILLINOIS
WISCONSIN
MICHIGAN
WEST
VIRGINIA
MINNESOTA
IOWA
MISSOURI
ARKANSAS

ONTARIO
CA
Akron
Cleveland
Cincinnati
Lexington
Chicago
Rockford
Peoria
Milwaukee
Detroit
Grand Rapids
Flint
Ann Arbor
Fort Wayne
South
Bend
Gary
Evansville
Erie
Toledo
Dayton
Youngstown
Louisville
COLUMBUS
INDIANAPOLIS
FRANKFORT
SPRINGFIELD
MADISON
LANSING

CHARLESTON
Huntington
Muncie
Champaign
Terre Haute
Effingham
Hopkinsville
Rock Island
Galesburg
East St Louis
Carbondale
Superior
Eau Claire
Green Bay
Bay City
Cheboygan
Sault Ste Marie
La Crosse
Oshkosh
Waukegan
Traverse
City
Saginaw
Aurora
Joliet
Mt. Vernon
Paducah
Bloomington
Owensboro
Richmond

London
Wheeling
Decatur
Bowling
Green
Canton
Mansfield
Marquette
Iron Mountain
Ladysmith
Ironwood
The Chicago River
originally flowed into
Lake Michigan, but was
reversed in 1900 by
the completion of
a canal.
23
EFGH
EFGH
1
2
4
5
3
31
48
21
21
0 km

2000 miles
200
NORTH AMERICA
A
p
p
a
l
a
c
h
i
a
n

M
t
s
.
A
p
p
a
l
a
c
h
i
a
n

M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s
Niagara
Falls
L
a
k
e

O
n
t
a
r
i
o
H
u
d
s
o
n
ATLANTIC

OCEAN
Cape Cod
Chesapeake Bay
B
a
y

o
f

F
u
n
d
y
G
u
l
f

o
f

M
a
i
n
e
Long Island
MAINE

NEW YORK
VIRGINIA
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
CONNECTICUT
NEW JERSEY
DELAWARE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
V
E
R
M
O
N
T
N
E
W

H
A
M
P
S
H
I
R
E
NORTH CAROLINA

QUÉBEC
NEW
BRUNSWICK
NOVA
SCOTIA
NADA
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Springfield
New Haven
New York
Syracuse
Rochester
Buffalo
Newark
Wilmington
Baltimore
Newport News
Norfolk
Allentown
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Worcester
Roanoke
BOSTON
PROVIDENCE
ALBANY
DOVER
ANNAPOLIS
RICHMOND
HARTFORD

AUGUSTA
CONCORD
HARRISBURG
MONTPELIER
TRENTON
Bangor
Lewiston
Portland
Manchester
Burlington
Rutland
Watertown
Elmira
Atlantic City
Scranton
Danville
Arlington
Charlottesville
Fredericksburg
Cumberland
Williamsport
Presque Isle
Calais
Ogdensburg
Utica
Binghamton
Gettysburg
At times of peak flow, around
45 million US gallons (170 million litres)
of water plunge over the167 ft (52 m)

drop of Niagara Falls every minute.
In 1626, the Dutch bought Manhattan Island
from the local Native Americans in exchange
for goods worth around US$1000. Today, this
would buy around 50 sq in (325 sq cm) of
prime New York City real estate.
The Pentagon building in Arlington, Virginia,
contains nearly 100,000 miles (161,000 km) of
telephone cable, enough to go around the
circumference of the Earth almost four times.