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HUE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
FACULTY OF AGRONOMY


Dr. LE DINH HUONG.
B.Sc. ENGLISH LANGUAGE

ENGLISH FOR AGRICULTURE


HUE CITY, 2010
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Unit 1
Lesson 1

The parts of plant and their function

I. Reading

Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They include familiar
organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae.
The scientific study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350,000 extant
species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes, ferns and fern allies. As of 2004,
some 287,655 species had been identified, of which 258,650 are flowering and 18,000
bryophytes. Green plants obtain most of their energy from sunlight via a process called
photosynthesis.
The basic parts of a plant are flower, fruit, seed, leaf, stem, root and shoot.

A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in
flowering plants. The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male
sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds.
Fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are
sweet and edible in the raw state, such as apples, oranges, grapes, and bananas, or the
similar-looking structures in other plants, even if they are non-edible or non-sweet in the
raw state, such as lemons and olives. In biology (botany), a "fruit" is a part of a flowering
plant that derives from specific tissues of the flower, mainly one or more ovaries. Often
the botanical fruit is only part of the common fruit, or is merely adjacent to it. On
the other hand, the botanical sense includes many structures that are not
commonly called "fruits", such as bean pods, corn kernels, wheat grains,
tomatoes, and many more. However, there are several variants of the
biological definition of fruit that emphasize different aspects of the enormous
variety that is found among plant fruits.

II. Glossary
1. In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system (such as
animal, plant, fungus, or micro-organism).
2. An herb is a plant that is valued for flavor, scent, medicinal or other
qualities other than its food value. Herbs are used in cooking, as
medicines, and for spiritual purposes
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3. A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody
plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground
on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance
4. A shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and
lower height, usually less than 5–6 m (15–20 ft) tall. A large number of
plants can be either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing
conditions they experience.

5. Grasses are monocotyledonous, usually herbaceous plants with narrow
leaves growing from the base. They include the "true grasses", of the
Poaceae (or Gramineae) family, as well as the sedges (Cyperaceae) and
the rushes (Juncaceae).
6. A vine in the broad sense refers to any climbing or trailing plant. The
narrower and original meaning is the grapevine
7. A fern (dương xỉ) is any one of a group of about 12,000 species of plants.
Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem (making them vascular
plants). They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants.
Ferns do not have either seeds or flowers (they reproduce via spores).
8. Mosses (rêu) are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm (0.4–4 in)
tall, though some species are much larger. They commonly grow close
together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. They do not
have flowers or seeds, and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry
stems.
9. The green algae (tảo xanh) (singular: green alga) are the large group of
algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged.
10. Botany, plant science(s), phytology, or plant biology is a branch of
biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a
wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants,
algae and fungi, including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism,
development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary
relationships between taxonomic groups. Botany began with early
human efforts to identify edible, medicinal and poisonous plants,
making it one of the oldest sciences. Today botanists study over 550,000
species of living organisms.
11. Extant is a term commonly used in biology to refer to taxa (taxon) (such
as species, genera or families) that are still in existence (living). The
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term
extant
contrasts with
extinct
. For example, Brandt's Cormorant is
an extant species, while the Spectacled Cormorant is an extinct species.
12. In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or group of
taxa. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death
of the last individual of that species (although the capacity to breed and
recover may have been lost before this point).
13. In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification
and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of
organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or
differing measures are often used, such as similarity of DNA,
morphology or ecological niche. Presence of specific locally adapted
traits may further subdivide species into subspecies.
14. Seed plants, called the spermatophytes (from the Greek word ) (also
known as phanerogams) comprise those plants that produce seeds.
They are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants.
15. Bryophytes (rêu) are all embryophytes ('land plants') that are
non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but
they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither have
flowers nor produce seeds, reproducing via spores.
16. Fern ally is a general term covering a somewhat diverse group of
seedless vascular plants that are not true ferns. Like ferns, these
plants disperse by shedding spores to initiate an alternation of
generations.
17. Bryophytes are all embryophytes ('land plants') that are non-vascular:
they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack

vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither have flowers nor
produce seeds, reproducing via spores.
18. Photosynthesis (from the Greek
[photo-]
, "light," and
[synthesis]
,
"putting together", "composition") is a process that converts carbon
dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy
from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and many
species of bacteria, but not in archaea. Photosynthetic organisms are
called
photoautotrophs
, since they can create their own food
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19. The term bloom refers to one or more flowers on a flowering plant, to a
cut flower, to the aesthetic experience derived from flowers or
comparable to that derived from flowers.
20. Blossom is a term given to the flowers of stone fruit trees (genus Prunus) and of
some other plants with a similar appearance that flower profusely for a period of
time in spring. Blossom normally appear in spring before the fruit actually grows.
Blossoms provide pollen to pollinators such as bees, and initiate cross-pollination
necessary for the trees to reproduce by producing fruit.
21. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete
organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but
from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then
formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. The study of tissue
is known as histology or, in connection with disease, histopathology.

III. Comprehension Précis and Composition
Answer these questions in not more than 55 words
1. Plants are living organisms?
2. List the familiar organisms of the plant?
3. What are basic parts of a plant?
4. What is the biological function of a flower?
5. What is a fruit?

IV. Practice
Fill each of the following gaps with suitable word/words
1. Plants are …………………… belonging to the ………………
Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as ……… , …………,
……………., ,………… , ……………, ………… , …………., ………………,
and ………………
2. The scientific study of plants, known as …………… , has identified
about 350,000 ………………… of plants, defined as ………………….,
…………………… , …………… and …………………
3. As of 2004, some 287,655 species had been identified, of which 258,650 are
…………………. and 18,000 …………………. Green plants obtain most of
their energy from …………… via a process called …………………….

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V. Grammar review

Basic Question Types
There are 3 basic types of question:
1. Yes/No Questions (the answer to the question is "Yes" or "No")
2. Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information")
3. Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question")

1. Yes/No Questions
auxiliary verb
subject
main verb

Answer
Yes or No
Do
You
Want
dinner?
Yes, I do.
Can
You
drive?

No, I can't.
Has
She
Finished
her work?
Yes, she has.
Did
They
Go
home?
No, they didn't.
Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Is
Anne
French?
Yes, she is.

Was
Ram
at home?
No, he wasn't.

2. Question Word Questions
question word
auxiliary verb
Subject
main verb

Answer
Information
Where
Do
You
live?

In Paris.
When
Will
We
have
lunch?

At 1pm.
Who
Did
She
meet?

She met Ram.
Why
hasn't
Tara
done
it?
Because she can't.
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Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Where
Is
Bombay?
In India.
How
Was
she?
Very well.
3. Choice Questions
auxiliary verb
subject
main verb

OR

Answer
In the question
Do
you
want
Tea
or
coffee?
Coffee, please.
Will
we
meet
John
or
James?
John.
Did
she
go
to London
or
New York?
She went to London.
Exception! verb be simple present and simple past


Is
your car

White
or
black?
It's black.

Were
they
$15
or
$50?
$15.

VI. Home work:
Working Group: each group chooses one of topics as following, and presentation at
next time: (1) trees, (2) herbs, (3) bushes, (4) grasses, (5) vines, (6) ferns, (7) mosses,
and (8) green algae.(9) Flowers of a plant and their functions. (10) Fruit.

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Lesson 2

The parts of plant and their function (continue)

I. Reading.
A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually
with some stored food. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and
angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother
plant. Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of
flowering plants, relative to more primitive plants like mosses, ferns and liverworts,
which do not have seeds and use other means to propagate themselves. This can be seen
by the success of seed plants (both gymnosperms and angiosperms) in dominating
biological niches on land, from forests to grasslands both in hot and cold climates.
Seeds serve several functions for the plants that produce them. Key among these
functions are nourishment of the embryo, dispersal to a new location, and dormancy
during unfavorable conditions. Seeds fundamentally are a means of reproduction and
most seeds are the product of sexual reproduction which produces a remixing of genetic
material and phenotype variability that natural selection acts on.
In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this
purpose, a leaf is typically flat (laminar) and thin. As an evolutionary trait, the flatness of
leaves works to expose the chloroplasts to more light and to increase the absorption of
carbon dioxide at the expense of water loss. Leaves are also the sites in most plants where
transpiration and guttation take place. Leaves can store food and water, and are modified
in some plants for other purposes.

II. Glossary

22. Plant embryogenesis is the process that produces a plant embryo from a fertilised
ovule by asymmetric cell division and the differentiation of undifferentiated cells
(các tế bào chưa phân hóa) into tissues and organs. It occurs during seed
development, when the single-celled zygote undergoes a programmed pattern of
cell division resulting in a mature embryo.
23. Ovule literally means "small egg." In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that
gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts:
The integuments forming its outer layer, the nucellus (or megasporangium), and
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the megaspore-derived female gametophyte (or megagametophyte) in its center.
The megagametophyte (also called embryo sac in flowering plants) produces the
egg cell for fertilization. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed.
24. Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants, whose seeds do not form inside fruits but
outside the ovum (ovum, singular; ova, plural).
25. The flowering plants (angiosperms) are the most diverse group of land plants.
Together with gymnosperms, they are the only extant groups of seed-producing
plants, but they can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of derived
characteristics. These characteristics include flowers, endosperm within the seeds,
and the production of fruits that contain the seeds.
26. Fertilisation (Sự thụ tinh) (also known as conception, fecundation and
syngamy), is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. In flowering
plant, After the carpel is pollinated, the pollen grain germinates in a response to a
sugary fluid secreted by the mature stigma (mainly sucrose). From each pollen
grain, a pollen tube grows out that attempts to travel to the ovary by creating a
path through the female tissue. The vegetative (or tube) and generative nuclei of
the pollen grain pass into its respective pollen tube. After the pollen grain adheres
to the stigma of the carpel (female reproductive structure) a pollen tube grows and
penetrates the ovule through a tiny pore called a micropyle.
27. A forest is an area with a high density of trees. There are many definitions of a

forest, based on the various criteria. These plant communities cover
approximately 9.4% of the Earth's surface (or 30% of total land area), though they
once covered much more (about 50% of total land area), in many different regions
and function as habitats for organisms, hydrologic flow modulators, and soil
conservers, constituting one of the most important aspects of the Earth's
biosphere. Although a forest is classified primarily by trees a forest ecosystem is
defined intrinsically with additional species such as fungi.
28. Grasslands (also called greenswards) are areas where the vegetation is
dominated by grasses (Poaceae) and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants (forbs).
However, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also be found.
29. Nourishment of the embryo, seeds protect and nourish the embryo or young plant.
Seeds usually give a seedling a faster start than a sporeling from a spore, because
of the larger food reserves in the seed and the multicellularity of the enclosed
embryo.
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30. Dispersal to a new location, unlike animals, plants are limited in their ability to
seek out favorable conditions for life and growth. As a result, plants have evolved
many ways to disperse their offspring by dispersing their seeds (see also
vegetative reproduction). A seed must somehow "arrive" at a location and be there
at a time favorable for germination and growth. When the fruits open and release
their seeds in a regular way, it is called dehiscent, which is often distinctive for
related groups of plants, these fruits include; Capsules, follicles, legumes, silicles
and siliques. When fruits do not open and release their seeds in a regular fashion
they are called indehiscent, which include the fruits achenes, caryopsis, nuts,
samaras, and utricles
31. A gamete is a cell that fuses (hợp nhất) with another gamete during fertilization
in organisms that reproduce sexually. In species that produce two morphologically
distinct types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a
female is any individual that produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum

(or egg)—and a male produces the smaller (con nòng nọc) tadpole-like type—
called a sperm.
32. Liverworts. Like other bryophytes, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle,
in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information.
33. In ecology, a niche is a term describing the relational position of a species or
population in its ecosystem to each other. A shorthand definition of niche is how
an organism makes a living. The ecological niche describes how an organism or
population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (e.g., by
growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and
pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (e.g., limiting
access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a
consumer of prey).
34. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms
that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free
energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set
of processes called photosynthesis.
35. Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is the loss of water vapor
from parts of plants (similar to sweating), especially in leaves but also in stems,
flowers and roots. Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called, collectively,
stomata, and in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the
foliage. The stoma are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore. Leaf
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transpiration occurs through stomata, and can be thought of as a necessary "cost"
associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon
dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and
enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots.
36. Guttation is the appearance of drops of xylem sap on the tips or edges of leaves
of some vascular plants, such as grasses. Guttation is not to be confused with dew,
which condenses from the atmosphere onto the plant surface

III. Comprehension Précis and Composition
Answer these questions in not more than 100 words
1. What are a seed and the function of seed in flowering plant?
2. What are the functions of leaves?
3. What are an ovule and the function of ovule in flowering plant?
4. What is fertilization
5. What is transpiration?

IV. Practice
Fill each of the following gaps with a suitable word/words

In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant ………specialized for……………… . For
this purpose, a leaf is typically flat (laminar) and thin. As an evolutionary trait, the
flatness of leaves works to expose the ……………….to more …………. and to increase
the ………………… of ………………. at the expense of water loss. Leaves are also the
sites in most plants where ………………… and ……………… take place. Leaves can
store ………… and …………, and are modified in some plants for other purposes.

V. Grammar review
1. The simple past, simple present and future simple tense


Simple Past
Simple Present
Future I Simple

action that takes place
once, never or several
times

He played football
every Tuesday.
He plays football
every Tuesday.
He will / is going to play
football every Tuesday.
actions that happen one
after another
He played football
and then he went
He plays football and
then he goes home.
He will play football
and then he will go
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home.
home.
State
He loved football.
He loves football.
He will love football.
Seeing some education films (the past tense, the present tense, be present tense negative,
do and did, The future tense),

2. WH Question Words
We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). We
often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy,
HoW).
Question Word

Function
Example
What
asking for information about
something
What is your name?

asking for repetition or
confirmation
What? I can't hear you.
You did what?
what for
asking for a reason, asking
why
What did you do that for?
When
asking about time
When did he leave?
Where
asking in or at what place or
position
Where do they live?
Which
asking about choice
Which colour do you want?
Who
asking what or which person
or people (subject)
Who opened the door?
Whom

asking what or which person
or people (object)
Whom did you see?
Whose
asking about ownership
Whose are these keys?
Whose turn is it?
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Why
asking for reason, asking
what for
Why do you say that?
why don't
making a suggestion
Why don't I help you?
How
asking about manner
How does this work?

asking about condition or
quality
How was your exam?
how + adj/adv
asking about extent or degree
see examples below
how far
Distance
How far is Hanoi from Hue?
how long

length (time or space)
How long will it take?
how many
quantity (countable)
How many cars are there?
how much
quantity (uncountable)
How much money do you
have?
how old
Age
How old are you?
how come
(informal)
asking for reason, asking why
How come I can't see her?

VI. Home work:
Working Group
Each group chooses one of topics as following, and presentation at next time:
(1) fertilization, (2) flowering plants (3) forests, (4) grasslands, (5) climates,
(6) transpiration, (7) guttation






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Lesson 3

The parts of plant and their function (continue)

I. Reading

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally
divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more
leaves, inflorescence (flowers), cones or other stems etc. The internodes distance one
node from another. The term shoots is often confused with stems; shoots generally refer
to new fresh plant growth and does include stems but also to other structures like leaves
or flowers. The other main structural axis of plants is the root. In most plants stems are
located above the soil surface but some plants have underground stems.
Stems have four main functions which are: 1) Support for and the elevation of leaves,
flowers and fruits. 2) The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide a place for the
plant to keep its flowers and fruits. 3) Transport of fluids between the roots and the
shoots in the xylem and phloem. Storage of nutrients. The production of new living
tissue. 4) The normal life span of plant cells is one to three years. Stems have cells called
meristems that annually generate new living tissue.
In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of
the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial (growing
above the ground) or aerating (growing up above the ground or especially above water).
Furthermore, a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either (see
rhizome). So, it is better to define root as a part of a plant body that bears no leaves, and
therefore also lacks nodes. There are also important internal structural differences
between stems and roots.
The first root that comes from a plant is called the radicle. The three major functions of
roots are 1) absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, 2) anchoring of the plant body to

the ground and 3) storage of food and nutrients. In response to the concentration of
nutrients, roots also synthesise cytokinin, which acts as a signal as to how fast the shoots
can grow. Roots often function in storage of food and nutrients. The roots of most
vascular plant species enter into symbiosis with certain fungi to form mycorrhizas, and a
large range of other organisms including bacteria also closely associate with roots.
Shoots are new plant growth, they can include stems, flowering stems with flower buds,
leaves. The new growth from seed germination that grows upward is a shoot where
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leaves will develop. In the spring, perennial plant shoots are the new growth that grows
from the ground in herbaceous plants or the new stem and/or flower growth that grows on
woody plants.

II. Glossary
37. Vascular plants (also known as tracheophytes or higher plants) are
those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water, minerals,
and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include
the ferns, clubmosses, flowering plants, conifers and other
gymnosperms. Scientific names for the group include
Tracheophyta
[2]

and
Tracheobionta
,
[3]
but neither name is very widely used
38. In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally
occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of the stem. Once formed, a bud
may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a

shoot immediately
39. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem
that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of
branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where
flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified. The
modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes
and the phyllotaxis, as well as variations in the proportions,
compressions, swellings, adnations, connations and reduction of main
and secondary axes.
40. A cone (in formal botanical usage: strobilus, plural strobili) is an organ
on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the
reproductive structures. The familiar woody cone is the female cone,
which produces seeds. The male cones, which produce pollen, are
usually herbaceous and much less conspicuous even at full maturity.
The name "cone" derives from the fact that the shape in some species
resembles a geometric cone. The individual plates of a cone are known
as scales.
41. Shoots are new plant growth, they can include stems, flowering stems
with flower buds, leaves. The new growth from seed germination that
grows upward is a shoot where leaves will develop. In the spring,
perennial plant shoots are the new growth that grows from the ground
in herbaceous plants or the new stem and/or flower growth that grows
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on woody plants.
42. In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies
below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since
a root can also be aerial (growing above the ground) or aerating
(growing up above the ground or especially above water). Furthermore,
a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either (see

rhizome). So, it is better to define
root
as a part of a plant body that
bears no leaves, and therefore also lacks nodes. There are also
important internal structural differences between stems and roots.
43. Underground stems are modified plant structures that derive from
stem tissue but exist under the soil surface.
44. A meristem is the tissue in all plants consisting of undifferentiated
cells (meristematic cells) and found in zones of the plant where growth
can take place.
45. Aerial roots are roots above the ground. They are almost always
adventitious. They are found in diverse plant species, including
epiphytes such as orchids, tropical coastal swamp trees such as
mangroves, the resourceful banyan trees, the warm-temperate
rainforest rātā (
Metrosideros robusta
) and pōhutukawa (
M. excelsa
)
trees of New Zealand and vines like Common Ivy (
Hedera helix
) and
irritating poison ivy (
Toxicodendron radicans
).
46. In botany, a rhizome (from Ancient Greek:
rhízōma
"mass of roots",
[1]

from
rhizóō
"cause to strike root")
[2]
is a characteristically horizontal
stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out
roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes may also be referred to as
creeping rootstalks or rootstocks.
47. A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem
is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds
which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence (flowers), cones or
other stems etc. The internodes distance one node from another.
48. In botany, the radicle is the first part of a seedling (a growing plant embryo) to
emerge from the seed during the process of germination. The radicle is the
embryonic root of the plant, and grows downward in the soil (the shoot emerges
from the plumule). Above the radicle is the embryonic stem or hypocotyl,
supporting the cotyledon(s).
49. Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (plant