Bài giảng địa chất các mỏ khoáng

Bài giảng Địa chất các mỏ khoáng



 !"#$"%&"&'&' ()*#$
+'&,-.& /"0*1234&5#6#%7 !
&5#68589:;(
<8&&+'&:.'2=>7"%?48@8&A? 2%
*2<->2+#6:-5"%*4"%(
B3"C*D"0*1"+ E?F?&:>,>*:#%7
)*#$#%&G:23-DH1&GIJK>>&#%7&G"+
 E?F,>&'*)"L>*#$#%23-D*IM(
&+>N E?F+'&K:M!OIP2QP#4"&'
N+-4G?(
8& E"R>*"+"&'8& E->1
#.8S8*!7>7"&'-R"C8&#2"T.9 U777
;7!8&7?&?&2+8"&'V"7WX7(
VIII.1. Điều kiện thành tạo
1.1. Yếu tố khí hậu:Y"&'N83*#$*G#IZ !"&'
2%8& ERIR
3:F9C*%;[
\&'83+-:*G*D"+"#$#%I!HH"#$#%#>R
#%M'RG2+4T!.#%]'&R2?&:>.+-(BN23-
>]23"C*D(
3:F43"$&N+'&8& E#[
^( >*
_( I>TX
`( aGWX7
b( c&?&
d( e25
385:[

eG*Df\#$#%I!H"%H"#$#%#>R#%&IM
#6:*G$?&N"0*1các muối k – Mg,
NaCl, thạch cao-andydrit, dolomite, và hàng loạt các mỏ photphorit.
38&:"+&N?&:>:>1IJE($?4,>
-R!V"7WX77g85K"*h>9.&5#6:>1
85$?;R85'&*#$V"7WX7
3Ii+
j&C*4?R:>12+ :> !"#$
85*8D
&*]8C83+-#6:+?8>78
#%8>2+85?<"%?(
Các khoáng sản liên quan là sét, á sét, đá tảng, cuội sỏi, đôi khi có vàng (ở
Alaska-Mỹ)
&*]8C?+&9.#%#%;
j&5#6:8L&T->&R$?4"0*1#6::>J
4?(
"&'8& E:"R>"+WX
_k
7


_k
7_g7c-*G 9&X.>;7g
/ 
1.2. Nước
:`2>K
• B3-D
• K>>23"C
• <-?<.J&N9?<.JH1X&*'7?<
.J:>1X&..J32+..J8X&;

1.3. Nhiệt độ
& !#6$?7C.J&>*&'3 :D"R*lmn
^mm
m
(!234hH>+8!8(G?*]8C3"$
).-D2++'&.8
1.4. yếu tố kiến tạo
&'*8'&o*JN#6'&>^2=>7^<8&2+o*J
2]*#6?#H7*#6#%.!(
&'*8'&TE->'p2+'&RR*H2J*J>N85
o*JN&2q#6M]2=>2+]>-*o2]
*#6?#H7*#6#%.!(
&+-!RK% !-!8E#Z%N
#[
• eJ>N
• 5#6"0*17*G*D*-IM*J>
• e!
• &'*,>%hH
• +?*2+G!'&23"C
VIII.2. Sự phân dị trong quá trình trầm tích
2.1. Sự phân dị trong trầm tích cơ học
*#$23-D&5#6#%723"C2PH1.-DX&`
?#Hr[
• U&"R
• \iK
• E-:
&N.-D7) p"0*1X&-"34*J9?<
.JH1;# >[B3"C:8#%"%7=1>&2+*+
K8UN"0*1#%7I62+#$"'23"C2P:8#%7
=17*+K!N"0*1 >7T>I6(

:"' /?<.JH1./>R`-![e'7=12+*+
K
X&*'[SS U
X&s1[VSWXg_S9WX7;_tb7&S'>S>uSo?
j&N?<.JH1+C#$L>"']"23"C
'&R*H8&H7 'H2+:JH92.P
'>4"#$>&&,-;
aNH1'&>+"&' >8&:J#[V7c7
gt_7WXt`7v&vgtb78#H7I-S >?>7 ?X"V"_tb
2.2. Sự phân dị trầm tích hóa học
 E?F?&:>Z.'K>>*#$23-D&#%.#%.'
..J3&G..J8X&8G?*]8C3"$N"0*1X&
-"34*J1"+?<.J:>1(
g/?<.J:>1?P2+&*K>>7&':>1,>
-R!2+$?4,>:7*c2+w,>5#67!#Hh>
>&2+>&(
Tóm tắt sơ đồ phân dị hóa học từ bờ ra xa (theo pustovalov, 1954)
Oxit – Phosphat – silicat – cacbonat – sunfat – halogen
:D34-@2348:K>>N.-D8U2+"0*1#%7
I6H
C#$"0*1:>1:DTE->.&?Er:>1,>
$?4K>>&#%7'&>4!8:>78,>&IM
&G"0*1.&8X&P9V"7WX7;&G.& /I!H,>
..J39!>77'>&7(((;&G"0*1.&&'
*,>% 239hH7 :>#>*7.>&7
?&?&7(((;
VIII.3. Khái quát quá trình tạo đá và mỏ trầm tích
aN'&*2+:D*#$>X&`68x9X&y>8&2;
3.1. Thời kỳ lắng đọng trầm tích: M`>*&'
>*&'^[*2R234&2?&:>

yE->'p&"P*J>.&N?&:>:>17H12+ 1
>*&'_[B3-D23"CTE->&b'
• j.J3[M!>"7"7gtb7"7>gtb7
>"72+?234hH(&.K 5Z]C
*%:23-Do?>I&>2+&T "M>t`7
t`7>_t`7gt_
• j.J8X&[$?4,>V"7WX77c7z777&7
• BF"H"LH1[,-M U2+?$?4,>WX7
7c7>I&>8]o7$?4,> !-R!
• U&"R9#$7"i7E-:;[ !&&4-+i
.K 5>>{&7X8&(((>+=423"C2P>ID
(
>*&'`[\0*19TX"'? /?<.J;
g/"0*1*!2%2P"H"L >8*#$*#>>&+8H
#6TE->43'?78U&.+*+Ni(
3.2. Thời kỳ tạo đá: M`>*&'
aN'&*TE->Z* <>P*+iU(
&68x+-7 E?F"0*1KZ'#%9Iq;7I|&K>2
8F2+o?*>-D. >'U0(\#$_t7&T-
& E?F"0*1RET!*8D*M6: /?<
I!234(
aN'&**#>C:>"}#><I@2]'<I@H2+I]
2hH(&N+-72 23:*'p"+>-*o
5#6&T-:>S8L(
>*&'^[tT-&#%Iq>'&*]8C&N+8'
WX7(
>*&'_[yE->&5#68L7"+T4C$?4,>2+
WX
_k
7 u>WX77cI7v72+-R!2"#$

>*&'`[?<I!8&23
&N'&*7 /3?,>-R!#6i"R4?]
"(B.PiO^7bS~(•"
3.3. Thời kỳ hậu sinh
e<-"+68x"R>* /4NX&* <78€X&C#$i
? 49"R*•mmnlmm>74?^m";2+iC*9"R%lmn^mm*;(
9^?>‚^m>;
Giai đoạn này thường xuất hiện các mỏ thạch cao-anhydrit, flourit và selestin
ZrSO4. Do ảnh hưởng của quá trình nhấn chìm, nước được giải phóng sau đó bị
muối hóa và khi tác dụng với đá thì tạo thành thạch cao, anhydrite, fluorit dạng
bột trong trầm tích biển và selestin trong các lỗ hổng của đá
Sự thành tạo dầu (dầu mỏ được thành tạo trong giai đoạn hậu sinh): cac hợp chất
hữu cơ được tách khỏi pha khí và tập trung trong các hợp phần tạo dầu mỏ. Trong
điều kiện thuận lợi sẽ di chuyển lên trên tạo các mỏ dầu.
VIII.4. Phân loại và đặc điểm các mỏ trầm tích
j/>2+&H+'&:D?<>+b"%?[H
17:>17 :>7?+&
4.1. Trầm tích cơ học
8&23I]2h&*]8C/RIJ?&:>H12+23
-D*IM"0*1'&+>"27K*#$1"++
'&IM>"2(M_:"+*2P923"CT<-./;2+ >8&
98"&'2+*}7*I};(
4.1.1. Mỏ vụn đá (cuội sỏi, cát, sét)
e'X&>>9X&+*J>4\Ry5;
^( !ƒ^mmm9^;
_( E^mmn^mmm9^mn^mm;
`( ^mn^mm9^n^m;
b( g^n^m
d( m(^n^
~( „m(m^nm(^

•( gU…m(m^
•( †m(mm^nm(^
l( X&…m(mm^
e'X&>>9X&+*J>4?#H<-;
Wentworth Size Scale
Boulder (tảng) >256 mm Conglomerate
Cobble (Cuội) 64-256 mm
Pebble (sạn) 2-64 mm
Sand (cát) 1/16-2 mm Sandstone
Silt (bột) 1/256-1/16 mm Siltstone
Clay (sét) <1/256 mm Shale
  57 !4?oI2+:J5C?7"+M2"T.
>1():o‡na(<8&:.'2=>7"%?
[*#$+'&Z 57M2+2XID(Z2XID4:J2%
5C? T,-92<ESaE„N7aE>7>>n
K>7(((;
 U[Z 5M2+ID
gUZ 5M: !*G*D >[
• +?,-"+8>&"7r>$?4WX9.&#%1EZ
/8X&P,>WX;
• gUZM:*J"L>>&#.C?<I!ˆ?(
gUZID: !*G*D >[
• +?8&23*>.'M8>&"7>I>7&&&7
 &>(
• jC?<I!7I].+-"%
• +?*'85*M49.&8X&P>&#%ID;7
]23"C"0*1q2% U(gUIDr>]WX
• <8&.'2=>7"%?748
4.2. Các mỏ trầm tích hóa học
j/2+&'..J2+?#Hr"0*1:D>>8D

 >[O..J37O..J8X&7
:>2+?+&
4.2.1. Các mỏ trầm tích từ dung dịch keo
h*G#&O..J8X&"+I>TX7GWX2+(
h+-T4C&2q83:F(
M23"C&+-"+O2?&:>">X&"P*J>7 >*:)
*#$#%23-D>M2+ID(
g/?<.J,>..J8X&OI6>T>I6X&r/"+V"7WX7

I>TX[M23"C&I>TX"+2?&:>,>*
>T+V"9r>]8&23uX" ?>7 U78>&";(
&*]8C#%G7&T58$?2%234hH'&+
52+.-D>ID
&*]8C+&T-N5IJ&T-:>2+'&+8,>V"_t`(
&5#6!>"7N5IJ?,-'&>V""`(&5
#6cƒdNV""`IJ,-?<'&+ &T5(
BN8X&V"8U"*4R)"0*1I6(
+?,>GI>TXM[
• „&[V"t9t;:+0 02+r`(d7
• j> ?&[V"t_[+<?%2+7r~n•73?$?.'"722'
0T(g&2%I&Nj> ?&G H2+rH(
• II XV"9t;`[+0?%"P7r_(dn`
&GI>TX5KG? !8&23G,>WX7H"+,>
2+ !!
N,><G?P2+&*]8C&'*8'&&6
>*&'[2=>748
4'&[*G 7r
)[F
WX[
WX8?oI2+:}‰>5C?"%(

WX&2?&:>,>*>u7 R>u*#$?<E2+.-D*Z
.'..J8X&WX9t;`7?Z.'$?4hHWX
_k
2+WX
`k
7
?Z.'>I&>7I>I&>7 u>2>uWX"_(
j&:"*>&H8X&V"R8X&WX*#$>*T>I6HV"(
+?8&23[\&WXt_7&AWXt_7 &&A
WXt_(_t7X>XWX_t`7>XWX`tb7g.XWXt`72+ ">WX
# >&{7
<G:.'2=>"%?74'&r78)F
ŠB:*DWXZ>NS„0'
[
:&2?&:>,>*:#%#(((*#$#%23-D
Z.'>I&>2+8X& >
bk
(BN:*"*"%HV"2+WXR
"0*1T>I6H9ID8H;(
&23G,-,>"+[
• :&T2+ &T[>>t_(9t;_fc "&">
t(t_(__tfc-&"t_(
• :>I&>[&.&&t`7>>&>"9>7;t`7
>>& .X97WX;t`(
• : ">[&.&gt`f97>;gt`f
<G#6:.'2=>@&*>I&>(
&*%>%h>V"7WX2+"5: /-D?OO(
BN23-'h*%+-78& E*#$I>&ME_"&'HIE#V"n
WX&GWXn(
Kết hạch và kết vỏ Fe Mn

'2+82 0n>>?<I!|2+:+?"+&T 0
2+&T>>(8'>>2+82>>.#%*-ID:D*#$
8>&#H">#M'25q&"%"+5+"3?IE*M2+
"4-‹?P2P&Ni.K2+FIJ5C-D7I
8"&'&G.#%*-ID(BCD8>5RID
*Di.K2+8>MŒ2+*X•85*HE)+&(
Kết hạch mangan
8'>>:8#%I*oO2+*R^m7N*>
.'7.'7X"?7.'&2+N.'U&:I4#6(„]G,>8
':DŽP7:D  q.'7:D:E>*GR(c*=
,>8'#6:2ŽP7?IJ2q"4?#6:25?H2+
NqU&:7I4#6(
RG0,>8'7 />-*o2]+?8&23&8'>>
&NN+"%?,>8'*|"+&4]8':4
)?<"%?7?<*%(„]G,>28'#6:+*X*<* ‹(
'>>:G&4E82/ID#„Nj#H7•e
j#H7(((9N_(_;(8'>>@IRR"%?Iq923
"C#>+*;&GIJIq@?,"R?&G&+
&+(\&'+-#6?<I!Z82/ID <(#$"'7: !?<I!Z
82/5H7@/?R"&'*r20G23"C
+&8(+?:>1,>8'>>2+"%?>>
*|*#$IO"<#DI2]8''I]G,>923"C
S#%;2‹*>*#$>"3 5o(N71#6*]*M
}2%>*D8'>>*#$N+RH Z?D."R
,>>M234"+8&23&ID2+8&23&
#%ID7*GIC"+8&23&ID
b
(eG*D,>)I
*o4*>.'O82/ID <2+5#6ID <*:*82/
ID <8

d
73>-&‹"4-'*-ID(
8'3?]4'h2J:="C#H*!4?fH
:G<8'fH:] <O`mmmn~mmmf'82/:&'
*.#%*-ID3"$& /"4??,8'
~
fH:.K#%.#%*-
E-'f]i&T-:>'M'&5#6"0*1f2+
HI]GID3"$&N
•
7‰>"+ /20G,>
&T-(•!-*J* /3?+ !"#$"%,>8'2+8
#%,>8'"+6>8'">&N+'&(g/?
D,>8'TE->43'?9&'OhH+:G,>8
"&'M!C.J;7:D4+Ci8#%,>)%i
"R2+
•
(BN23-7NN'h82/*-ID+T> &2%
<"<-">9<N+,><8'‘;N8#%8
'+"%
l
7DC /i"R2]o+'&,>*-ID#Hr2%
8&Ei"RO<|(
Mặt cắt một kết hạch mangan
M4?234,>8&23*#$&"+E#Z* /*>.'
2]N2+8&23,>8'73>-&8'(
Rr,>’XX>II*|=>@4]I]G?.#%,>8'
r>"#$:J8"&'77v7&2+cI7&8I]GIRR
:8E#$"'
^•

(cXX>"I>2+>XWX""XXqh#68E
@G.#%,>8'?ENN+*2+
-R!&>&N*:KI]G?R,>8'DC
N"0*1,>234O#%ID
^l
(
Kết vỏ Mangan
*<-+8&>1ID3?H2+&2CRr8'*#$
+'&&5#6ID <(13?Rr]H*!2%82
uX&>>7*GIC*!2%h82/:82+&(4]or5
C?2+8&>1*|‰R8>82uX&>>+&#%8
*#$"$3O8>8'
bm
IZ !-! >[
^( 82uX&>>#6r>]&2+8"&'8977v7
c;H &2%8'R p*X"'o"#$8"&'"%H(
_( 82uX&>>+'&&5#6ID5H] &2%
8',-*#$+'&&5#6ID“(
`( 82#6?<I!&?'285T>H_mm.G9`__8S^
.G‚^(~ml`bb8;OI6ID7R4”?3*#$J#62+*E
IE&*#$>&+2]GJ
R]:*r7H23"CIq20G78&23,>WX
2+M'.#%.'2H"+8'7G.q23-2‹: !8
'*#$+'&I0MO<RIC&5#6+-
b^
(
'7WXC*'R*-„Nj#H7e'<-j#H2+•e
j#H(h"#$,>'82/R4"%74?_mnbm"h"#$
&"P*J>7&E^m
^_

47X&+"C,>•(X&(
ŠB7>&„@:oh"#$9E 2+&' ;‚8&El•–
,>E#%(
Z>&„@[!(<G.'2=>@&*25(
8&23"+>>t_(9t;_fc "&">
t(t_(_tfc-&"t_(
4.2.2. Các mỏ trầm tích từ dung dịch thật
j.J3:5#6K>>#K4K>>Z'
&"#$4(&*]8C3"$N4!+- p
"0*1'&+!7'>&7> X7>t`7I&>72+ !
G8"&'v7WX77V"7cI77(((
B.P[#%ID"+..J3r>!K>>:>"&X>"7
"7"_(__t7(((+"#$IN,>!&#%ID"+`(d–
9`d—^\;(
!
eD+'&!:*]8C >[
• 385:7"#$#%I!H?E"%H"#$#%#>2+
"#$#%RG>*
• „M*J>"+h2Q2J8U?875"3?2%ID&+8H
• *8'&&2q?Eo*
r/8!&ID# >[
>t`2+t`
>gtb
>"k>gtb
>"k_>gtb(gtb(_gtb(__t
((((
Sự thành tạo muối ở biển được giải thích theo thuyết đập chắn gồm 4 giai đoạn
như sau: (vẽ hình)
>t`"0*1#%R7?X&"+>gtb(__t8M*!&
2Q2Ji"R4?d"

M*!i"R^^"NI0*T4C>gtb(M*!
i"R__"N>"I0*P
M*!i"R~m"N!2+I0*"0*1
eDIE&M2=>!N >8"0*1?E:"%? U?,
"R2=>*:
Sự thành tạo muối ở trong lục địa có thể được giải thích theo thuyết của Vante:
#%RG2+#%K>>D!?<&*R
.C"%ME-2+&2Q#%q(&*]8C85:7
I >'N:D+'&!2%I].+-8+"%(
Một số mỏ muối được thành tạo do gió
M"%:.Cd•mm8_Z•*@IDbmm87+i3
8&E`mmm4!.#%.'IP#%.&:>%
4.2.3. Các mỏ trầm tích sinh hóa
Sự lắng đọng trong trầm tích sinh hóa:&N !7 23ZID*|
4? !-R!*D !(IJ&+"&'NT,>)K>
>&..J#%2+"0*1'& :>9*25h
H7?&?&7.>&;
4.2.4. Các mỏ trầm tích phun trào
ERr&4-+"&'WX72+ !I>TX7
?& ?&*#$+'&&?+&(
c#Hr+'&["0*1
gE?F?+&4?&&'*:DZ.'87.'
..JC.J7.'4??PI]GE*?+&7.' E?F
?+&IJ#%ID?<E72+ E?F?+&Z2XI6&GZ*-
IMIJ..J8C.J >?+&L>"Q>(

gVt˜
C[&?&:>H178&23GI]2h&
*]8C:>1?<I!&*2+G:#%78IJ?&:>2+
&>8*! pP"''&R+'&IZ6">RG*4

# >8&X"27.X"27?&"27>"27 >8&ID(
8&23G,> >8&:*G*D >*<-[
• :1"#$R#H*!"%
• :*I]2h:>1>&&*%&T-:>
• :*I]2h2]H"}
e',>"&' >8&8*>.'7q-2+&O"&' >8&+*
'72+**M*],>'8>(j#%*<-"+IE?<>*'X&
RF,>™
Wentworth Size Scale
Boulder (tảng) >256 mm Conglomerate
Cobble (Cuội) 64-256 mm
Pebble (sạn) 2-64 mm
Sand (cát) 1/16-2 mm Sandstone
Silt (bột) 1/256-1/16 mm Siltstone
Clay (sét) <1/256 mm Shale
j#%*<-"+8&23:J,> >8&8€X&5 !2]1
"#$R,>)[
^( V9^ln^~;f
_( c9^ln^b;f
`(  >g9•;f
b( &"I7>>"n9WX7;9I7>;_t~9•nd;f
d( 97WX;’tb9•;f
~( gt_9•;f
•( >’tb9~;f
•( &>{X9X7\>7.7;9ctb7gtb;9d;fWX`tb9d;fWXt`9dnb;f
l( v&vgtb9b(d;f
^m(V"_t`9b;
^^(t_9b;
^_(>>9~nb;
^`(&?>{9~n`(d;

^b(j>&.9`(d;
& !8& ER772+’"+h"&'8& E4?oI
& >8&(:*8&Edm–8& E,>`"&'R*#$8>O
 >8&
VIII .1(e]8C*J>4+'&
Điều kiện địa chất[!"R>h>+'&!2+ >8&PD#
>
+'&!"+8& EN:DG? >8&#Hr,>
8& E4-[Bj7Vfcff97WX;’tbfgf(((!:D p'&>
 >8&Vfcff97WX;’tbfgf((#Hr
• e!"+>&N:D‚ƒ >8&[
o WXt`f
o t_f >""-X  nI&A7& > >?>-X>" &X
>.X& &8 9X ?(& X&I"X.X;7X>&?
&8 7>.> X .>">  X.X >.IX> >. ( >
&X&u>
o „X-"„X`V"_g~t^•9#6:+T>nT>"P7=&E
+2+2+M78:+0():D:G
&*I47>?X>X2+"+8&23?P,>
T<3?:+?>T;f
o v&vgtb98&23:N"iP7+ 0*.'7"+
8&23?P&*?7X 7T<3?+ ">7
*:M!O"&'R;f
o &>{X9X7\>7.7;9ctb7gtb;n+2+7<7*<7"+
8&234:!ctb2+"+8&23:J5
C?,-*!2%fM!["+8&23?PT<
&*>7X2+?X>X(
• e!"+?X>X‚ƒ >8&
o &>{X9X7\>7.7;9ctb7gtb;
o „X„X`V"_g~t^•

o gt_f
o 97WX;’tbf
o >>"9WX7;9>7I;_t~782+*X:&?X>7"+82
*DM>>"S>2+&InI
o &"I9WX7;9I7>;_t~7q5r2%>>":&
>2+?X>
• e!"+g8>‚ƒ >8&
o WX`tb7
o >’tb7
o gt_
• e!"+*>u‚ƒ >8&
o c
o WXt`
• e!"+* R>u‚ƒ >8&
o WX_tb
o j>&.
o t_
o WXt`(((
Điều kiện địa hình:
"&'*J>NI]G8>'&R"&' >8&8>[X"27
.X"27?&"27>"27 >8&ID(
Các điều kiện khác['&7837*G*D*J>4,-2i7$?4
hH7%hH7 />-*oC*7*|*#$NI+-&#H
?&:>(
VIII .2. Các loại mỏ sa khoáng
e#$+'&.&N?&:>H1"R*!&GG!:
r>8&23:JI]2h&*]8C&' 2+:=1
#H*!"%9#V7V78#H7 ?X"7&?>{7>TX72&u>(((;(g>
88&23R&>8*!7):D3?"'.#%.'
IZ6(q-2+&2J3?,>:+#6>>>"&'?&

:>H18>[+9X"2;7 #69.X"2;7"Q9?&"2;N2p
+?8&23G,>"&'+-#&*!7)=8
"++"#$>&H]
Mỏ eluvi-tàn tích (Sa khoáng ekuvi)
g>8IJ?&:>H17G2+*IJr"‡72š2P(ho?ˆ2+
”K>>*#$#%>*(h8&23G2+85>*#$h"'
'&+X"2(
>%,>2PX"2#6q2%.C",>'!(
#%2+2J?<I!,><G+-?P&›2+&-52+2J
?<I!,><G!(
eJ>N"œR<G!"+*]8C3"$4&+'&
+-
ŠB7 >?>Z.>8&nj>8">
Mỏ sườn tích – deluvi ( Sa khoáng deluvi )
 E?FOX"2.-DT!X&.K#%IJh"''!Q7
>!R #6)("&'+-#63?Z*!(
8& E"&'N+-?&&IHE97WX;’tb7gt_
Sa khoáng Proluvi
c<I!Z82/<).&8E,>.K'6#"Q
Sa khoáng sông (aluvi)
23"C*#$.-DX&.K#%.#%`?#Hr[\i7#$7E-
:(g/?<.JH1./>R`-![e'7=12+*+K
X&*'[SS U
X&s1[VSWXg_S9WX7;_tb7&S'>S>uSo?
X&8>X&78&231 >:*G.-D# >[
j-D[g797WX;’tb7>’tb7„>gtb((
j-DIN[WX`tb7>>7&>{X7gt_7V(((
j-DT>[& ?X"7WXt`7c7WXt_7V"_t`7(((
&+-!*'2+=17!*,>.K#%*:2>K>1
&2C23-D8&23(!*,>.K>-*oX&6>

9q>857q>#>;2+85>9#$"#7'"#;(
X&6>[B+&q>#>N!*.K'H723-D*#$]
82G*T>H(
X&85>[
eJ>N"K 5QE#Z]*#6*,>.K(*J>
N*- 5.!N#%E- 7*J>N&EN.K3H(
.C8>,>"K 5'h2J8>Q:E
#Z*!*,>.K('2Jˆ?7.KE-'H(>-
>*:'h2JZ7.KE--H(H4,>.K*‹* /
?<I!23"C8>X&*J>N"K 58
>(
 eJ>N"K 5QE#Z]*8EiI0h
8&23G'&+ >8&(*J>N*!.#%"K
5:.'"#$ :N p"+*]8C3"$*D >8&3?
(e-:.'i#> p3"$&h8&238
"&'G(N:b68xT</[T</ <ST</
>SZ"QS"4?"Q(
>*&'T</>3"$4&NP >8&9 5IJ
!8)'7'&Rh82/IM;(Š>*&'+-7.K#%.
-DOI6"œ >I6"M7>23"C: Ž&.K2+23"COI6
"œIM.0? >I6"MOO'&+"#š(
8xT</,> 5:D.”>]"7N+Rh
 5r>"%? >8&S*<-"+"%? >8&:J(N
T</ <I0**DN+R8xT</%)I0*
>*&'*<K <9T</ <;*D'&.KE-@ <H &2%.KQ(
c :"',>"Q 5Q*#$1"+] 59IG^7IG_7IG
`((;
g>8&@&.&*#$N+.&.K'6#6
85:J8.&-52+:DIJ23-D*>- >*:(
4) >8&>"2 5#RT!.#%M*% >[

• \%??,*4M7
• \%? U85r>G
• \%?r>G >8&
•  r> >8&
• e!
N<G >8& 58?r'?./>2+&*J>N,>*4- 5
8G3?(
Sa khoáng tam giac châu
"&' >8&@ZL> 57"+8D>A>T >8&
52+.>8&ID()#6:.C?<I!#6ˆ?74:J
5C?2%{&7H"+gt_(
Sa khoáng ven biển
g>8&2XID*#$+'&.#%*,>,-]2+.K2X
I6(j#%.P,>)7*%IDIJI+&K2+'&T&0
C<I@(e]8C!#*D:D+'& >8&"&'+-"+I6ID
?E:0.Co*J(g>8&2XID"5: /?<I!R2qI|
ID.& :2YI67>23"CˆO.#%#%9'2J #6;"R7*M6
> !23"CORI6T!(&'* :2+,-]"R)
#23- p"+&23"C*#$?<I!2J(j#%.P,> :7
,-]5#6723"CG85&>8 /Ih,>"%?
U0785.**#$2+*1"'Z?R,>I|
ID(q-X&&'*,>I6ID7 >8&ID:D*#$i"R'&
+ >8&]ID7&GIJ PT!'&+ >8&F>*G
*D,>(
&#6$?:.KE-2XI67 >8& p?<I!E.+.1I6ID7
:8*'%+i8(
C>- >8&ID*>"+"&'N4:J5C?7.&
?8>4?72J3"$&"#5723-D2+IG(
8& E77I7>7*>*#$8>Z]H*'CE
84>&(

X&B(c>&27 >8&ID2+*'.#H:*G*D >[
^( c<I!+.Eˆ?7@&8&EM"4h>2q,-]
"R2+,-]T!
_( ].+,>*% >8&4"%7:D*+i8#I].+-
"'4782#$^(
`( g>8&#6@R*%2XI67*58*#$"%?
X?,(
b( 8&23,> >8&:*+K!7'*]
d( &G0>7<G:.'487>*21@
2]?>ID2+*4"](
~( & E*G#"+ >8&
>( 9t_7WXt`;7
I( v&vgtbf
( C>-#6>&@:RE !8& E8:
J5C?>&#[
( >>"  9WX7  ;9>7  I;_t~9  82  +  *X  :  &
?X>7"+82*DM>>"S>2+&IS
I;
( &"I9WX7;9I7>;_t~7q5r2%>>":
&>2+?X>
( &>{X9X7\>7.7;9ctb7gtb;
•( g>8&?&+2+*P2XID#6"R>Gp2%
>8&2XID*'.#H(
Các mỏ sa khoáng có giá trị công nghiệp:
^( g>8&2+[\+"&' >8&:J47?oI4"+ >
8& 57 !9V"2;
_( c">[V"2
`( gt_S97WX;’tb:"‹>’tb[Š2C>7)?<I!Z>&
„@
b( &>{X9X7\>7.7;9ctb7gtb;[.>7„>{"

d( >>"9WX7;9>7I;_t~[„>{"7X>7&&">
~( v&vgtb"‹WXt`2+t_[V >">7g&2Xz&[(
•( j>&.[coI"+ >8&V"27& >8&#6G?c-&?7
& ?-X"7"X7"(
•( I-kg>?[g>8&>"2
l( WXt`SWX`tb[:}‰>4"+ >8&2XID

ct•V
˜az˜z
?&:>*#$N+.&8E,>N?&:>9H12+:>
1;(e:"+NI*o:>1*2+G:#%.#%*
,>+"&'-!IR&+&*]8CI]G2+I]G"+>-
*o5#6:>"},>*2+G(O*:8&232%4'&2+8
)%*#$N+(
gE?F,>N?&:>@?,/?R*!&GG!
'&R+C*J>4*"3?1"+vỏ phong hóa. 4E?&
:>*]@&2?&:>(
VII.1. Điều kiện thành tạo
1.1. Điều kiện hóa lý
Độ sâu:aN?&:>#6.”>Zđộ sâu .#%^mm748*
^mm9.&R'*2+&I]G*4‘;(e <,>N+-,
-?P2+&-!*J>'&(
Các tác nhân gây phong hóa: #%9>14;7t_7t_7$?4>T25
H7%hH7839C*7 />-*oC*;
#%[e:2>K>14
K>>723-D$?4:>1/R9t_7t_7(((;*82/*
G!"+4<I@:>12+<-?<,-*!7G!
e]5#6:>"}9c7wž*C&T-:>8L7IDJ#6*,>
N&T-:>8L;&2?&:>
M#%,-&2?&:>"+#%#>

ORI]GT! <7#%&+X&`*%92pN;[Đới thông khí
9€&8&44.&5#6+&T-2+t_R*G!IJ
?&:>C*D42+”IJL>54;f đới giao động của mực nước
ngầm9aN&T-:>.”>'p#3H7: /"0*1