batch, subject, speciality and course report management system

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, VIETNAM
HUT-MATI JOINT TRAINING PROGRAM
o0o
BATCH, SUBJECT, SPECIALITY AND COURSE REPORT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Advisor: Prof. Prof. Balakiriev N.E
Prof. Dr Nguyen Thi Viet Huong
Student: Nguyen Thi Hong Linh
Hanoi, 2010
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
When all the last parts of the project were finished and all the corrections were
made, my group is so happy and proud for all I have done in the project developing
process. At the beginning, it was realized that working in a group with a cooperative spirit
is not easy at all. With the results that my get today, all team’s members have tried our
best. However, having the today’s results, First of all, I want to give a special thank to
Prof. Balakiriev N.E. who is my adviser. He helps me much during my project with a
hardly consultancy.
I would like to give special thank to Prof Dr. Nguyen Thi Viet Huong, who was very
dedicated. She has spent a lot of time on reviewing and editing our system analysis and
design as well as system developing process. She also makes a assistance and consultancy
to our documents, language and presentation
I would like to send our thanks to our lectures, friends, and family members who have
helped, encouraged and supported us enthusiastically to complete the project.
I also will never forget the kind support of other teachers as well as the staffs of
International Joints Training program – Hanoi University of Technology and HUT – Mati
Joint Training Program School.
Hanoi, 2010
Nguyen Thi Hong Linh
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1. INTRODUCTION TO CURRICULUM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CMS).1
Organization Chart of the Joint Program HUT-Genetic Singapore: 2

Kinds of DBMS 6
3.1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 9
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM
1.1. INTRODUCTION TO CURRICULUM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(CMS)
With the current development of Information Technology will play a role than most
The impact of information technology has been felt all over the word and in all areas of
life. Today, education has put the teaching of the Information Technology on the top.
Because this has brought many significant successes aiming to promote the development
of education.
Genetic is technology-training center was established in 1983 in Viet Nam and
trained with many different industries such as software technicians and engineer
information technology, language computer. Genetic is a university education centre in
forward-looking domains of information technology. With the quick development,
Genetic got a training network all over the world. Genetic has had training centre in 33
other countries.
Hanoi University of Technology (HUT) - Genetic Singapore joint programmed was
set up in 1995, situated in Hanoi-VietNam. During 14 years development, the
programmed has come over the difficult stages and has created a sustainable belief in
everyone about Vietnamese Education. Annually, there are hundreds of high-educated
students graduating and contributing to human resources in Information Technology of
Vietnam
Realizing an important thing, that curriculum management is done manually.
Curriculum Management for center is done by staffs of the programmed. This now has
met some problems such as: Waste a lot of time and effort, Difficult for staffs to manage
for a large amount of papers, Data stores in file base so difficult to manage and control,
and other unfortunate problems…And “Curriculum Management System” is built to
help the staffs.
This system focuses on program for curriculum management. Manager will provide
each staff with unique account. Therefore, staff can see all information which relevant to

curriculum. Staff can know all curriculum, subject and batch information. From it,
manager can view reports for batch, subject and curriculum information.
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Organization Chart of the Joint Program HUT-Genetic Singapore:
Figure 1.1: Organization Chart of the Joint Program HUT-Genetic Singapore
Describe the organizational chart:
System management of the Joint Program HUT-Genetic Singapore including:
-Center Director Head of Program: Supervise and manage the internal department,
receive information from Singapore to create programs for each course and each
speciality of Genetic school.
- Vice Center Director and Head of Program: Collect information from the different
department to edit and give accurate information to the Director.
- Officer: Reception and manages student records, manage school hours, class hours of
teachers and students.
- Inspector: Check and supervise action of departments in Genetic.
- Equipment Department: equip and provide teaching equipment and learning equipment
to strengthen teaching quality.
- Technical: make good and repair the problems or the problems relating to machines in
Genetic school.
- General Accountancy: collect and receive information relating to school activities.
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1.2. PROJECT FEASIBILITY
Normally, an information system is built because of main purposes as follow:
• Business process benefits purpose: increasing process ability; meeting
management requirements reliably, accuracy, safety and security.
• Economic benefits purpose: reducing number of staffs; reducing costs;
increasing staff’s income; repay sum of capital…
• Overcome many shortcoming of existing system; supporting long-term
development strategies; meeting priors, drawbacks and constrains.
This project is feasible because it meets the following feasibility requirements:

• Technical Feasibility: We have full of tools and machines that support for
building project.
• Economical Feasibility: People who develop this project are studying in
Information Technology speciality to building project cost is low.
• Operational Feasibility: After finish, this project will be used and owned by
Genetic – HUT.
• Schedule Feasibility: It takes about 2 months to analyses designs and write
program.
1.3. PROJECT SCOPE
1.3.1 Scope and function requirements:
Curriculum Management System is designed to help arranging batches and
subjects systematically as well as providing a mean for the managers to manage
reports and back up database of the system.
This project has the ability to manage information of curriculum, batch, course,
subject, and generate reports, backup and recovery management. Together with the
above main functions of the system, it extends some functions help managers easily
look up information of course, batch, subject, speciality.
The new system must contain the following sub functions:
• Curriculum Management: the officers use this function to manage curriculums’
information. This function has some sub functions:
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 Create new Curriculum
 Update Curriculum
 Print Curriculum
• Batch Information Management: the officers use this function to manage the
batches’ information. This function has some other sub functions:
 Add new Batch
 Update Batch
 Search Batch
• Course Information Management: the officers use this function to manage the

Course’ information. This function has some other sub functions:
 Add new Course
 Update Course
 Search Course
• Subject Information Management: the officers use this function to manage
subjects’ information. This function has some other sub functions:
 Add new Subject
 Update Subject
 Search Subject
• Report: the officers use this function to create and view reports about Course,
Batch, Subject, Speciality.
• Search Supporting: Support the officers search information about Curriculum,
Batch, Subject, Speciality.
• Backup and Recovery: managers and training bureau use to backup and recovery
data.
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1.3.2 Hardware requirement
Hardware Recommended Minimum
Processor Pentium III 500 MHz (or faster) Intel Pentium or Celeron 233 MHz
RAM 1024 MB (or higher) 512 MB
Hard disk space 40 GB IDE 10 GB IDE
Video Adapter AGP Card with 32 MB VRAM
(or higher)
Super VGA card support display
mode: 16 bit color 800x600
resolution
1.3.3 Software requirement
• Windows XP professional (Service Pack 2 or later) or Windows 2000
Professional (Service Pack 2)
• Microsoft SQL Server 2005 (Standard/Enterprise version)

• Dot Net Framework 2005
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGIES
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2.1. DATABAMSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ASSESSMENT
Introduction to Database Management System (DBMS)
A database management system (DBMS) is a software system used to create
access and control the database. . The DBMS serves as a bridge or interface, between the
database and the application programs, systems analysts, and end users of the database.
DBMS is a software system that enables users to define, create and maintain the
database and which provides controlled access to this database.
The DBMS is the software that interacts with the users’ application programs and
the database.
Kinds of DBMS
There are many types of DBMS, ranging from small systems that run on personal
computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. Each one has many advantages,
along with disadvantages. The following popular DBMS:
 Oracle
Oracle is a relational database system from Oracle Corporation extensively used in
product and internet-based applications in different platforms. Oracle is a powerful
relational database management system that offers a large feature set. Along with
Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle is widely regarded as one of the two most popular full-
featured database systems today. Oracle is only used for databases with huge size, from
millions to tens millions of records. Oracle database provides large company system
products for transaction processing and decision support. This DBMS provides a perfect
solution to the development and deployment of Clients/Server’s application. Because of
complexity of database so disadvantages of Oracle are high cost of maintaining database
and training IT staff.
 Microsoft SQL Server 2000
SQL Server 2000 is an RDBMS that uses Transact-SQL to send requests between
a client computer and a SQL Server 2000 computer. An RDBMS includes databases, the

database engine, and the applications that are necessary to manage the data and the
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components of the RDBMS. SQL Server 2000 can integrate in harmony with other servers
such as Internet Information Services (IIS), E-Commerce Server, Proxy Server, etc.
Although SQL Server 2000 is designed to work as the data storage engine for
thousands of concurrent users who connect over a network, it is also capable of working
as a stand-alone database directly on the same computer as an application. The scalability
and ease-of-use features of SQL Server 2000 allow it to work efficiently on a single
computer without consuming too many resources or requiring administrative work by the
stand-alone user. The same features allow SQL Server 2000 to dynamically acquire the
resources required to support thousands of users, while minimizing database
administration and tuning.
 My SQL
My SQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is
developed, distributed, and supported by My SQL AB Company; it’s also a relational
database management system. My SQL software is Open Source means it is possible for
anyone to use and modify the software. Anybody can download the My SQL software
from the Internet and use it without paying anything. The My SQL Database Server is
very fast, reliable, and easy to use. My SQL Server also has a practical set of features
developed in close cooperation with our users. My SQL Server was originally developed
to handle large databases much faster than existing solutions and has been successfully
used in highly demanding production environments for several years. Though under
constant development, My SQL Server today offers a rich and useful set of functions. Its
connectivity, speed, and security make My SQL Server highly suited for accessing
databases on the Internet. The My SQL Database Software is a client/server system that
consists of a multi-threaded SQL server that supports different back ends, several
different client programs and libraries, administrative tools, and a wide range of
application programming interfaces (APIs).
However, in my project, I chose SQL Server 2005 because it has the following
particularitys:

- Allows manage a large database up to Tera-Byte and may serve thousands of users
simultaneously, data processing speed is fast, satisfy time requirements.
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- SQL Server 2005 has reduced application downtime, increased scalability and
performance, and tight yet flexible security controls.
- SQL Server 2005 makes it simpler and easier to deploy, manage, and optimize
enterprise data and analytical applications. It enables you to monitor, manage, and tune
all of the databases in the effective way.
2.2. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT
A programming language is an artificial language used to write a sequence of
instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. The languages used to
program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar,
spelling, and punctuation must be precise. There are many different languages and each
language has a particular nature different
However, in my project, I chose C# because:
Visual Studio.Net is the new object oriented programming language that is written by
Microsoft to create a new standard for programming language. It is powerful
programming language with four major languages: C#, VB.Net, Java… However, in this
type of programming language, C# is simple, modern, and object-oriented and type safe
programming language delivered from C and C++, and bears or striking similarity to Java
in many ways. C# is a modern, type safe programming language, object oriented
language that enables programmers quickly and easy. C# is a masterpiece evolved from
today’s most popular languages and has all the best features borrowed from VB, C++ and
Java. Therefore, it is a great choice for architecting a wide range of component from
higher-level business objects to system level application. Using simple C# language
constructs, these components can be converted into XML Web services, allowing them to
be involved across the Internet, from any language running on any operating system. The
C# language allows for typed, extensible metadata that can be applied to any object. A
project architect can define domain specific attributes and so on… The developer then
can programmatically examine the attributed on each element.

It is easy to realize that C# is the best choice to develop this project.
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CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
Because system management program of the Genetic center ever be completely
done by hand so there are many disadvantages as it is difficult to find the corresponding
subject in school and study very hard in the system between case managers and teacher in
the statistical report, a very important problem is that when a document is completely lost
no opportunity to recover and can not find the list of subjects if as not meeting the
manager, the last problem is the manager will face many difficulties in preparing a detail
report.
From these reasons we need a program that functions as the simplest:
+ Quick Course Search
+ Management Report Subject
+ Administration of examinations
+ . . . .
• System Management: Includes user management function and distribution of
power between managers and users.
• Batch, Course, Term, Class Management: manager and training bureau use to
manage the batches’ information. This function has sub functions: add new, update,
delete data.
• Subject Management: manager and training bureau use to manage subjects’
information. This function has sub functions: Add new Subject, Update Subject,
and Search Subject.
• Curriculum Management: manager and training bureau use to manage
curriculums’ information. This function has sub functions: Create new
Curriculum, Update Curriculum, and Print Curriculum.
• Search supporting for curriculum management system: managers and training
bureau use to search information about curriculum, batch, subject, speciality.
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• Report Management: managers and training bureau use to manage reports and
show reports about Course, Batch, Subject, Speciality.
• Backup and Recovery: managers and training bureau use to backup and recovery
data.
• Help: Introduction about us and the Joint Program HUT-Genetic Singapore and
user guide.
However, in this project, I focus on “Batch, Subject, Speciality and Course
report management system”. Manager will provide each staff with unique accounts.
Therefore staffs can see all information which relevant to curriculum. Staffs can know all
curriculum, subject and bath information. From it, Manager can view reports for bath,
subject and curriculum information. Report management system gives information about
Course, Batch, Subject and Speciality.
Base on system requirement analysis, we can build the following Function Diagram:
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Function Diagram
Figure 3.1.1 Function Diagram for Curriculum Management System (CMS)
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3.2. PROCESSING REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS OF EXITING SYSTEM
Information Processing
Figure 3.2.1: Information Processing
Beginning of process information is collect data about batch, class, academic year. This
part is managed by Vietnamese side and in yearly April is the latest period to finish for
next year. This part is managed by Vice Center Director and Head of the program directly
at sample form of “List of batch, class, academic year”
Academic2009 – 2010
* Bath: D10, D11, D12, D13
* Class
Bath Class
D13 …B…C…E…
D12 …B…C…E…

D11 …B…C…E…
D10 …B…C…E…
Figure 3.2.2: List of bath, class, academic year
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1. Beginning of the academic year, training bureau draw up a list of batches, courses, classes
and specialities to divide and create the list of subjects for each batch and each class. (Figure
3.2.2 List of batch, class in curriculum year)
2. In each batch, training bureau draw up a list of subject for each batch and speciality to
classify for each exam type of subjects, which that batch must learn. (Figure 3.2.3 List of
Subjects)
3. Training bureau receive information about batches, classes, and subjects from Director to
draw up the list of subjects for each subject and number of hours for each subject of each batch.
(Figure 3.2.4 Study Period)
4. Provide reports for batch, course, class, academic year, speciality and exam type for each
subject
After collecting data about batches and classes, we collect data about subject
list as below figure. This part is compiled by Singapore side and send to
Vietnamese side.
HUT – GENETIC Center – Viet Nam DS1
Subject
Batch No Subject Exam Code
Course
Diploma
1 A + MCQ A+
2 ASP.NET MCQ+
Wr
ASP
3 Business Accounting BA
4 Business Organization BO
5 Computer System MCQ+

Wr
CS
6 Database Design using SQL sever MCQ SQL
7 DHTML and Java script Lab HTML
8 E-Commerce E.com
9 English – E3 E3
10 iNet + MCQ iNet
11 Inter personal Skill IPS
12 Management Information System MCQ+
Wr
MIS
13 Maths Math
14 Networks + MCQ Net+
15 Object Oriented Design OOD
16 Oracle MCQ+
Wr
Oracle
17 Programming Technique using
Java
MCQ+
Wr
Java
18 Programming using C# Lab C#
19 Systems Analysis and Design SAD
20 VB.NET Programming Lab VB
21 Web and Multimedia
Development
MCQ Web
22 Windows 2000 sever MCQ Win20
00

23 Office Application Web Lab OAW
1 Advance Programming using C # Lab Adv.C
#
13
Course
Higher
Diploma
2 Advance VB.NET Pro Lab Adv.V
B
3 Artificial Interlligence AI
4 Computer Architechture CA
5 Computer Ethics and Security CES
6 Data Communication DA
7 Distributed System DS
8 E-Business Development E-Bus
9 Enterprise Solution Architechture ESA
10 Hardware Systems Design HSD
11 Information Resource
Management
IRM
12 Internet Technologies IT
13 Java Programming Lab Java
Pro
14 Knowledge Based System KBS
15 Linux System Administration MCQ Linux
16 Mobile Computing MCQ MC
17 Operation System OS
18 Programming Language PL
19 Software Engineering SE
Figure 3.2.3: List of Subjects

After taking Subject list, Vice Center Director and Head of the program will
reply on list of batches, classes in order to assign each subject as well as study
period for subject in each term to each class.

Academic Year
Total Hours
Theo.Hour
s
Lab.Hour
s
Hours /week /week /week
Diploma -1st year

1.Computer System-
Fundamental(Wr) 153 9 9 0 0
1st
Term
2.Computer System-
Architecture(Wr)

3.Office Application with
Web(Lab) 153 9 5 3 1

4.Mathematics-
Algera&Calculate(Wr) 136 8 8 0 0
5.Mathematics-Discrete(Wr)
14
6.English E3(Wr)
1.VB.Net Programming(Lab) 70 5 3 2 0
2.Inter Personal Skill(Wr) 56 4 4 0 0

2nd
Tern 3.Programming using C#(Lab) 112 8 5 2 1
4.A+(Wr) 70 5 4 1 0
5.Net+ (Wr) 70 5 4 1 0
6.English E3(Wr)
Diploma -2nd year
3rd
Term
1.Database Design using
SQLserver(Wr) 70 5 4 1 0
2.Window 2000 server (Wr) 74 4 4 0 0
3.DHTML and java script(Lab) 102 6 3 2 1
C 4.Object Oriented Design(Wr) 68 4 4 0 0
C
5.Web and Multimedia
Development(Wr) 68 4 3 1 0
E 4.E-Commerce(Wr) 68 4 4 0 0
E 5.iNet +(Wr) 68 4 4 0 0
B 4.Bussiness Accounting(Wr) 68 4 4 0 0
B 5.Bussiness Organization 68 4 4 0 0
1.Oracle8i(Wr) 119 7 5 2 0

2.Programming Technique
UsingJave(Lab) 70 5 4 1 0
4th
Term
3.Management Information
System(Wr) 70 5 5 0 0

4.System Analysis and

Design(Wr) 70 5 4 1 0
5.ASP.Net(Wr) 70 5 4 1 0
Diploma Project
Higher Diploma 1st-year
1st
Term 1.Operating System (Wr) 70 5 5 0 0
2.Computer Architecture(Wr) 85 5 4 1 0
3.Programming Language(Wr) 85 5 5 0 0

4.Advance Programming using
C#(Lab) 136 8 5 2 1
1.Knowledge Based System 70 5 5 0 0
2nd
Term 2.Linux Sys.Administration(Wr) 85 5 4 1 0
3.Data Communication (Wr) 70 5 5 0 0
4.Hardware System Design(Wr) 70 5 5 0 0
5.Advance VB.Net 70 5 3 2 0
15
Programming(Lab)
Higher Diploma 2nd-year

1.Computer Ethics and
Security(Wr) 85 5 5 0 0
3rd
Term 2.Software Engineering(Wr) 85 5 5 0 0
3.Distributed System(Wr) 85 5 5 0 0
4.Mobile Computing(Wr) 85 5 4 1 0
5.Java Programming (Lab) 119 7 4 2 1
6.Start Team Project
4th

Term 1.Artificial Intelligence (Wr) 84 6 6 0 0
2.E-Business Development(Wr) 90 6 6 0 0
C
3.Enterprise Solution
Architure(Wr) 90 6 6 0 0
E 3.Internet Technologies(Wr) 90 6 6 0 0
B
3.Information Resource
Management(Wr) 70 5 5 0 0
4.English E4 (Wr)
5.Complete Team Project
Figure 3.2.4 Study period
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Figure 3.2.5: Study Schedule
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3.3. DATA REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
 According to process, step 2 is sample analysis and reply on sample
form “List of batch, class, academic year” (Figure 3.2.2), we have table
to explain as follow:
No Field Meaning Example Valid
Data
Value Function to
process
1 AcademicYear Academic
Year
which has
batches,
classes
2008-2009 Number - Add
- Delete

- Search
- Update
2 Bathes Batches in
Academic
Year
D9, D10… Text - Add
- - Delete
- Search
- Update
3 Classes Classes in
Academic
Year
G912,
G913…
Text - Add
- Delete
- Search
- Update
Figure 3.3.1: Table to analyze Sample “List of batch, class,
academic year” (Figure 3.2.2)
After that, we analyze second sample: “Subject List” (Figure 3.2.3), we have
the explained table like:
No Field Meaning Example Valid Data Value
1 SubjectListID
Subject
List for
each
year
List1,List2 Text
2 Course

Courses
in
process
Basic,
Diploma,
Higher
diploma
Text
3 SubjectID
ID for
each
Subject
AI,
VB.NET
Text
4 SubjectName
Subject
Name
Bussiness
Accounting
Text
5 ExamType
Exam
Type of
each
subject
Wring,
MCQ
Text
Figure 3.3.2: Table to analyze Sample “Subject List” (Figure 3.2.3)

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Finally, we analyze sample: “Study Period”
No Field Meaning Example Valid Data Value
1 BatchID
Batch in
training
process
D10,
D11, D12
Text
2 Course
Courses in
training
process
Basic,
diploma,
higher
diploma
Text
3 Term
Terms in
Academic
Year
Term 1,
Term 2
Text
4 TotalHours
Total Hours
of each
Subject

200 Number
5
StudyHoursIn
Week
Study Hours
in a week
20 Number
6 TheoryHours
Theory Hours
in week
10 Number
7 PracticeHours
Practice
Hours in wek
2 Number
Figure 3.3.3: Table to analyze Sample: “Study Period” (Figure 3.2.4)
3.4. FUNCTION REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
3.4.1. Function Diagram
 Functional Hierarchy Diagram(FHD) of new system
A functional diagram is used to show system’s functions that will be
constructed and the implementation process of data diagram. Moreover,
function diagram will also be used to determine the appearance frequency of
smaller process in the data flow chart.
A functional diagram only shows what to do not how to do. In a
functional diagram, a function is divided into many smaller functions and each
smaller function contains even smaller ones. Constructing diagram is a process
of division, from a higher function to appropriate smaller functions. Diagrams
need to be presented clearly, simply, exactly, fully, and well balanced. Function
of the same level has the same level of difficulty need to be on the same page.
Base on function requirement about system, we can build the following

Function Diagram:
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Figure 3.4.1.1: Function Diagram
Explain the function:
1. System Management: Includes user management function and
distribution of power between managers and users.
2. Batch, Course, Term, Class Management: manager and training
bureau use to manage the batches’ information. This function has sub
functions: add new, update, delete data
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3. Subject management: Beginning academic year, after collecting
complete data about courses and classes, we collected data on the list of
subjects; this section of the Singapore compiled and sent to Vietnam.
Subject management include three sub functions are: Add New Subject,
Update Subject, Delete Subject
4. Curriculum Management: Manager and training bureau use to manage
curriculums’ information. This function has sub functions: Create new
Curriculum, Update Curriculum, and Print Curriculum.
5. Search supporting for curriculum management system: managers
and training bureau use to search information about curriculum, batch,
subject, speciality.
6.

Report Management: managers and training bureau use to manage
reports and show reports about Course, Batch, Subject, Speciality
- “Course Report”: function gives information about list subject of
course. Upon receiving the list of subjects, scientific director of the
planning study will be based on a list of courses, classes assigned to
individual subjects and the subjects of time to each class each semester. So
we have form about academic year (school year that the course, the classes

mentioned in the list), name of batch (Course during the school year of the
list), Classes.
- “Batches Report”: manages many different batches so that there are
many batch reports as list of Course, Class and Academic Year. “Batch
report” function will show: name of batch, start year of batch and
Diploma year, end Higher Diploma year.
- “Subject Report”: upon receiving the list of subjects, scientific
director based on a list of courses, classes assigned to individual subjects
and the subjects of time to each class each semester. “Subject report”
function give form about list of subject, time of subjects. Subject change
over time so that the staffs can quickly update.
- “Speciality Report” will show all speciality of program, for example:
Business (B), Electronic (E), and Computer (C). It contains speciality code
and speciality name.
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7. Backup and Recovery: managers and training bureau use to backup
and recovery data
8.

Help: Introduction about us and the Joint Program HUT-Genetic
Singapore and user guide.
3.4.2. Data Flow Diagrams
The Data Flow Diagram shows the flow of data or information through an
information system in a graphical top-down fashion. Data Flow Diagrams are
not used to show the logic of a program or any detailed processing logic. It can
be partitioned into single processes or functions. Data Flow Diagrams can be
grouped together or decomposed into multiple processes
DFD Symbols:
Process
Symbol: Circle (Yourdon notation), or a Rounded Rectangle (Gane &

Sarson notation)
A process modifies, or changes, data from one form to another form.
That is, data is input to a process, and the process transforms this data to
produce output data of a different content or form. The details of a process are
not shown in the data flow diagram; these details are documented in the
process description.
When modelling the data processing of a system, it doesn’t matter whether a
process is performed manually or by a computer.
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Process