discovery box how is milk made

£ 4.15 (UK only) Issue 155 July/August 2011 - ISSN 1366-9028
N. 155
World History Science Nature
Jellyfish
attack!
Pollen
allergies
Yuri Gagarin
First man in
space
Dogs
poster
+
How is
milk
made?
2
Tony and Alberto, n°2 by Dab’s © Glénat Editions.
Uh?
What are
you doing?
Can’t you see?
I’m flattening
this flower!
Hey, Tony!
That’s funny!
It looked like
you were
smelling it!
No way!
Do you think

I’m a sissy?
STAMP
STAMP
3

D I Y
M ore in
D I Y
M ore in
D I Y
M ore in
D I Y
M ore in
Va sur
le b
log
Bonus
Va sur
le b
log
Labo
Va sur
le b
log
A child who weighs 33kg
has 21 litres of water
in their body. A jellyfish that
weighs 33kg contains more than
32 litres of water!
That’s amazing isn’t it?

To find out more go to
Jellyfish attack!
page 4
You probably
drink milk every day.
Have you ever wondered:
How is milk made?
To find go to
page 12
Chamo
Our best friend!
To show obedience, a dog puts:
its tail between its legs
its ears back
To find out go to
page 25
Super
fire engine
The latest truck
has a long arm that can
rise 32m up into the air.
To find out more
go to page 38
This panel sends you to
the DIY section at the back of
DiscoveryBox where there will
be an activity for you to do.
DiscoveryBox
is printed on chlorine-
free paper from

managed
forests.
www.bayard-magazines.co.uk
Photo: Thomas Louapre. Cover photo: Carole Gauthier (background),
Alice Houdou (milk bottles). Cover illustration: Pronto.
Go to our
website:
www. bayard-magazines.co.uk
Have a giggle with
the comic strips (pages
2, 10, 18, 36 and 37) and
discover lots of amazing
funfacts (pages 10,
18, 28 and 36).
Yuri Gagarin
was the first man:
in space
on the Moon
To find out go to
page 20
p. 41
DiscoveryBox is a 2010 and
2011 winner of a Parents’ Choice
Recommended Award.
Look out!
It’s allergy
time!
How many people suffer
from pollen allergies?
1 in 2

1 in 5
To find out go to
page 29
Readers’
survey
page 41.
Sometimes we will have extra stuff
to look at or download. Go to:
www.bayard-magazines.co.uk
and click on DiscoveryBox Extras.
Look out for
these symbols:
4
Imagequestmarine.com
Olindias jellyfish
Real size: bell is
5cm across
5
Jellyfish sometimes get
washed up on the sand
in the summer.
They look soft and fragile…
but they’re not what they seem.
They’re awesome creatures in
the water. Watch out for
a jellyfish attack!
Nature
6
A. Nekrasov/Imagequestmarine.com
of the third kind

Jellyfish are made almost totally of water. They have no head, brain, heart, bones or tail.
Their jelly-like bodies are shaped like bells and contain a mouth and a stomach. From the
bell’s edges hang poisonous tentacles that can be up to 35m long! The smallest jellyfish are
tiny (with bells of less than 1cm) and the biggest can have a bell that’s 2.5m in diameter and
weigh 220kg. These strange creatures look a bit like extraterrestrials!
Rhizostoma pulmo
Real size: bell can be up to
50cm across
Lives: in the Mediterranean
Sea and the Black Sea
Nature
7
Imagequestmarine.com
Portuguese man o’ war
(Physalia physalis)
Real size: bell can be up
to 30cm long
Lives: in warm waters in the
Atlantic Ocean. As it floats on
top of the water and is carried
by sea currents, it’s often seen
quite far north. Its common
name refers to a kind of 18th
century armed sailing ship.
8
For at least 500 million years, jellyfish have haunted the oceans, pushed by currents, like ghosts.
Their transparent tentacles stretch out behind them, sometimes so thin that they are invisible.
Bad luck for any shrimps or fish that touch those deadly wisps…
P. Kobeh
Ghostly threat

Ghostly threat
Cephea jellyfish
Real size: bell can be
up to 40cm across
Lives: in the Red Sea
9
Jellyfish tentacles are covered in tiny stinging cells. These cells have a sharp sting and a sac of
poison. At the slightest touch or pressure, the sting springs up, cuts the skin of its prey and the
venom is injected into the cut. This poisonous liquid is so powerful that it can kill a shrimp
immediately. The tentacles then slowly push the prey towards the mouth of the jellyfish… so it
can feed.
D I Y
M o re i n
D I Y
M o re i n
D I Y
M o re i n
D I Y
M o re i n
Va sur
le b
log
Bonus
Va sur
le b
log
Labo
Va sur
le b
log

P. 44
Nature
J. Yonover/Imagequestmarine.com
Text: M. Beynié. Photo: Masa Ushloda/Imagequestmarine.com
Mastigias jellyfish
Real size: bell can be up
to 20cm across
Lives: in the Pacific Ocean
in tropical areas
Southern sea wasp
(Carybdea rastoni)
Real size: bell up to 3cm across
Lives: in the waters around
Australia
C
h
a
m
o
Weird
One thousand spiders
were found in luggage
belonging to a British
tourist leaving Brazil.
The spiders were
alive, too! He was
bringing them back to
sell in his pet shop.
London’s
new tower

This huge tower is being
built in London for the
2012 Olympic Games.
It was designed by the
British artist Anish
Kapoor. Visitors will be
able to climb it, or go up
in the lifts, to see fantastic
views of the city.
10
Atishoo!
Right, Miss Harriet,
show us this very rare
parchment you have
discovered…
Er…
Free meals in Korea!
2,700 volunteers got together
in Seoul, the capital, to cook an
enormous kimchi,
a traditional dish made with radishes,
cabbage and spices. They used
100 tonnes of cabbage!
2,700 volunteers got together
Cool!
Is this a new
cross between
a zebra and a frog?
No! It’s a photo that’s
been touched up on the

computer. Clever, isn’t it?
Sweet
zebroggie!
Photo touch up
Arup/London2012.com









B
o
u
r
n
e
m
o
u
t
h

N
e
w

a
n
d

P
i
c

S
e
r
v
i
c
e
/
S
i
p
a
AFP/Non Dai-Yeon
… you just
blew your nose
on it, Professor!
12
We drink milk every day. But where does it come from?
Milk is made by cows that have calves. Then it goes to a dairy
or milk processing plant.
How is milk made?

in
z
o
o
m
13
Science
Milk recipe

1 cow with a calf
+ 60–80kg of feed per day
+ 80–100 litres of water
per day
= 20 litres of milk per day
14
4. The brain receives the message.
It reacts by releasing a hormone into the blood.
Hormones are special chemicals that the body
makes. They send messages to other parts of
the body to control how those parts act.
This hormone travels to the udders.
3. The nerves are stimulated.
Pressure on the udder makes
the nerves there send
a message to the brain to say,
“Suckling is beginning!”
2. The electric milking machine
milks the cow.
This machine is attached to the cow’s
teats. It copies the action of a calf’s

mouth when it sucks. Like all
mammals, a cow’s body is
programmed to make milk to
feed her baby.
You need a cow…
This is how a cow makes milk.
Blood
vessels
Udder
Milk
producing
cells
Teat
Nerves
1
2
3
6
5
Intestine
Stomach
1. The cow digests its food.
Food is broken down in the cow’s
stomach. The grass chewed by
the cow is broken down into
water, sugar, fat and calcium.
Those elements pass into
the blood through
the wall of the
intestine.

4
15
Science
6. The milk flows.
The hormone makes the milk flow and also
makes the four teats open. After 10 minutes
the hormone runs out and the teats close up
again. Each teat produces about 2.5 litres of
milk at each milking.
5. The udder reacts.
The hormone causes the udder to
make milk, using certain elements
from the cow’s blood, such as
water and calcium.
Brain
20 litres of milk
This is the amount of milk
an average cow produces in
a day. Usually the cow is
milked twice a day. So it
produces about 6,000 litres
of milk in a year.
16
You need a dairy or
Milk made by cows is treated
here and put into bottles.
5. Some cream is put back…
The milk is then re-mixed with
a precise amount of cream.
This produces standardised milk

with a known amount of fat in it.
4. The cream is removed.
The milk is warmed to around
50°C and spun very quickly in
a centrifuge. This machine
causes the cream to separate
from the milk.
3. … then stored.
This silo can hold
100,000 litres of milk,
or the contents of
several tankers.
2. The milk is
checked…
Samples are taken
to be analysed and
the quality is checked.
1. Milk is collected.
A tanker visits many
dairy farms. It collects
the milk and carries it to
the processing plant (it
was called a dairy when
there were no machines).
The milk has to be kept
chilled at 4°C to stop
the bacteria in it from
multiplying.
6. … and mixed well!
The milk is heated to 65°C and passed

through a filter. This makes the fat
globules smaller and more even in size.
The milk is now homogenised. The
cream no longer rises to the surface.
processing plant
17
Science
7a. The milk is heated up
fast!
It’s heated to 72°C for 15 seconds,
then cooled. The heating-cooling
process destroys bacteria. This is
pasteurisation. Pasteurised milk
must be kept cool and used within
seven days or it will go off.
7b. The milk is heated more
and faster!
The milk can be heated to 140–
150°C for 2 or 3 seconds. Then it’s
cooled. This is UHT
(ultra heat treated) sterilisation.
Sterilised UHT milk must be
stored at less than 15°C (so it
doesn’t need to be kept in the
fridge). It will keep for up to
five months if the packaging isn’t
opened.
8. Last stage before
the shops.
Pasteurised and

sterilised UHT milk is
put into bottles or
cartons. There’s no air
contact to avoid bacteria.
200,000 litres
This is the volume of
milk that can be
bottled in one day in
a large milk-
processing plant.
Skimmed
Colour-coded
bottle tops*
Full fat
Semi-skimmed
UHT
MILK
UHT
MILK
Text: N. Tordjman. Illustrations: Pronto.
* different counties use different colour codes for types of milk.
UHT
MILK
UHT
MILK
UHT
MILK
UHT
MILK
Chamo

18
Puffer fish don’t look very tasty…
But when they’re scared, they blow up like
a ball…
… and that hurts!
Ou
c
h!
The scent of roses has been popular with
men and women since ancient times. Roses
were first grown 5,000 years ago in China
and Persia (called Iran today).
Hello,
puffer!
Marion Montaigne
The scent of roses has been popular with
Sweet smell of…
ROSES
Pierre-Jean Texier/Diepkloof Projetct
These are pieces of ostrich
eggshells found in South
Africa. Prehistoric people
used these eggshells as
containers 60,000 years ago.
Researchers think that the
symbols carved on them may
have been labels so people
knew what was inside.
It may be an early
form of writing.

But when they’re scared, they blow up like
But when they’re scared, they blow up like
80 billion
Illustration: G. Chapronvv
This is the number of human beings that are
thought to have lived on Earth since the time of
our prehistoric ancestors. It’s not easy to work
out the real numbers as there are no written
records until the middle of the 19
th
century. So
these figures are all guesstimates (worked out
using reasoning rather than facts). In 8,000
BCE

when farming started, there were 5 million
humans on Earth. By 1
CE
, there were 300
million. In 1880 it was more than 1 billion.
Today there are almost 7 billion of us!
Nelson Mandela

came out of prison
20 years ago
Mandela spent 27 years in prison.
He fought for the rights of black
people in South Africa, which had
a racist white government. It believed that white people
were superior to black people and practised apartheid,

a system that kept black people down and didn’t allow
them access to education and jobs. When Mandela
came out of prison, he helped abolish apartheid and
became president of his country.
DR
The scent of roses has been popular with
men and women since ancient times. Roses
were first grown 5,000 years ago in China
and Persia (called Iran today).
The scent of roses has been popular with
billion
DR
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
These are pieces of ostrich
What is it?
Chamo
Illustration: G. Chapronvv

Paris Match, cover 6/04/68
20

of Yuri Gagarin,
The true story
the
first man
in space
It was 4 o’clock in the
morning, the 12
th
of April, 1961,
at the secret Tyuratam base in
Kazakhstan in the Soviet Union*.
It was time to go.
Sergei Korolev, who built the
Vost ok spacecraft, put
his face up against Yuri
Gagarin’s helmet visor and
kissed him on the cheek.
It’s not easy to kiss a
cosmonaut** trapped inside his
suit! Korolev was very emotional.
Yuri reassured him and said
with a big smile, “Don’t worry,
Sergei. I’m about to do what
human beings have dreamed of
doing since the dawn of time. It
will be fine!”
Then he turned to those around

him. “All for one and one for all!”
Everyone cheered as Yuri went
up in the lift to the cabin of the
spacecraft. Vostok was shaped like
a large ball, a little more than 2m
wide. Fortunately Yuri was only
1.59m tall! He boarded the rocket
and two engineers strapped him
into his chair.
All the controls were in
automatic mode so Yuri would
not be piloting. His job was to
keep a flight log, writing down
everything he saw and felt. A
camera in the cabin would send
images back to the base.
6.07am – Lift-off!
Vostok shook violently as it
accelerated. Yuri was calm. The
different sections of the rocket
broke away into the atmosphere
as planned.
Then the payload shroud flew
off. This was a special cover pro-
tecting the rocket during the
launch. The cabin window was un-
covered and Yuri saw the Earth. It
looked beautiful!
“I watched the horizon, the black
sky… and the stars! The Earth is

surrounded by a beautiful blue…”
* full name the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), used at that time
for communist Russia and the countries it controlled. The Tyuratam base was
used to launch Soviet spacecraft. ** meaning ‘astronaut’ in Russian.
Illustrations: A. Soleilhac.
Life
Life

History
21
* part of the spacecraft that would carry Yuri back to Earth.
22

“Yoo-hoo! I have just
come down from space and
I need to find a telephone!”
Vostok went into orbit around
the Earth and Yuri experienced
weightlessness, although he was
safely strapped to his chair.
“What an amazing feeling!
Everything is swimming! I feel
as if I’m hanging from my safety
straps!”
In his flight log, Yuri noted
that he had no problem drinking
the water and eating the tubes of
meat paste he had been given. But
then his pencil floated away! How
would he write? Luckily, he had a

tape recorder.
Suddenly at 6.49am, everything
we nt dark .
The space-
craft was now
in the Earth’s
shadow.
Back at the base, they were
worried because Vos tok was
orbiting the Earth higher than
planned. The spacecraft was
370km above the Earth. But Yuri
knew nothing about this and was
amazed at what he saw.
“I can see the stars going by! It’s
fantastic!”
The spacecraft had gone once
around the Earth when Yuri felt
it jolt and then steady itself as it
prepared to return to Earth.
At 7.25am the retrorocket that
would push the spaceship back to
Earth fired up. Then it switched
itself off and everything began
to shake violently. Yuri knew that
something had gone wrong…
The descent module* hadn’t
separated from the equipment
module as planned. He didn’t panic
but sent a message to say that he

could see the Mediterranean Sea as
Vost ok spun through space.
Finally, the separation took
place, ten minutes late. The most
dangerous stage of the flight
23

Go to our
website:
www. bayard-magazines.co.uk
A dog called Laika
was sent into space
on board the Russian
spacecraft Sputnik 2.
The Americans
Neil Armstrong and
Edwin Aldrin walked
on the Moon during
the Apollo 11
mission.
First flight of the
American space
shuttle, the first
re-usable
spacecraft.
The International Space
Station (ISS) was started
in 1998 and is going to be
completed next year.
It’s the largest object in

orbit around the Earth.
Yuri Gagarin was
the first man in
space on board
Vostok 1. The flight
lasted 1 hour and
48 minutes.
A dog called Laika
3
rd
November 1957
First flight
of the
12
th
April 1981
The International Space
2012
Yuri Gagarin
12
th
April 1961
began: re-entry into the Earth’s
atmosphere. Yuri could see a
purple light around the edge of the
window. The outside of the capsule
caught fire but the spacecraft
survived…
Yuri was ejected from Vostok at
an altitude of 7,000m, without

so much as a scratch. His first
parachute opened, followed by
a second. He could see the River
Volga through the clouds. At 7.55am
Yuri landed gently on soft ground.
He was safe and sound!
He spotted a woman and a child
in the distance. He waved wildly
at them.
“Yoo-hoo! I’m a Soviet, like you,
who has just come down from
space and I must find a telephone!”
The woman and child were
scared by this man in a space suit
but they took him to their farm.
The Americans
20
th
July 1969
History
24
Vostok hit the ground 4km from
where Yuri landed. A farmer,
Anatoli Michanine, saw a burning
ball falling to Earth and a white
parachute. He hurried over on
his motorbike to have a look. He
was the first person to touch the
machine in which a man had
flown into space.

Inside he found the tubes of
food that would have kept Yuri
alive for ten days: redcurrant jelly,
meat puree, chocolate paste…
When the soldiers arrived at the
landing site, all the local children
had chocolate round their mouths!
People all over the world listened
to the radio and were stunned
when they heard the news: “Yuri
Gagarin, a 27-year-old Russian, has
orbited the Earth in space!”
The news came as a surprise
because the mission had been
kept top secret. The Soviets were
afraid it might fail and they were
worried about spies. Even Yuri’s
family didn’t know! His wife
Valentina was
the only one
who knew that
her husband
had been chosen
to be the world’s first cosmonaut.
But she didn’t know the date of
the flight. She heard about it on
the radio like everybody else, as
she had breakfast with her two
daughters.
D I Y

M o r e i n
D I Y
M o r e i n
D I Y
M o r e i n
D I Y
M o r e i n
Va sur
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log
Bonus
Va sur
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log
Labo
Va sur
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log
p. 46
Ullstein/Roger-Viollet. Text: P. Bouchié.
Redcurrant jelly, chocolate
paste… there was plenty of
food on board Vostok!
Ullstein/Roger-Viollet. Text: P. Bouchié.
Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet hero
● Yuri was born in 1934 in the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, the USSR. At that time,
this huge country had a communist government.
Yuri went to school and then became a metal
worker. He joined a flying club and learned to fly

a plane. He joined the air force when he was 20.
● After the Second World War, the two
superpowers, the USSR and the United
States, were in a race to see who would get
a man into space first. The Russians won
when they sent Gagarin into the cosmos
(meaning ‘space’ in Russian, we can use
this word in English too).
● Gagarin received many medals and
became a famous Soviet hero.
He died in 1968 in a plane crash.
24
daughters.
Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet hero
●
Yuri was born in 1934 in the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, the USSR. At that time,
this huge country had a communist government.
Yuri went to school and then became a metal
worker. He joined a flying club and learned to fly
a plane. He joined the air force when he was 20.
●
After the Second World War, the two
superpowers, the USSR and the United
States, were in a race to see who would get
a man into space first. The Russians won
when they sent Gagarin into the
(meaning ‘space’ in Russian, we can use
this word in English too).
●

became a famous Soviet hero.
He died in 1968 in a plane crash.
History
25
Turn the page and pull out your poster
Dogs are pack animals
Our pet dogs are descended from wolves.
Like wolves, they’re pack animals, so
are used to living in a group. This young
Samoyed is showing the adult dog it will
do as it wants. Later, it will think of its
human master as the leader of its pack.
A leader provides food and must be
obeyed. People who own dogs control
what their pets eat, when they reproduce
and even when they do wees and poos.
That’s why dog owners have to take
their dogs out several times a day!
The puppy puts its ears
back to show obedience
to the adult dog.
This male’s
ears are pricked
up and he’s looking
into the distance to
check for danger.
He’s protecting
the puppy.
Male Lapphunds
have a thick mane

around their neck.
Adult size:
53–57cm at
the shoulders
Origin:
sheepdogs
belonging to the Samoyed
people who herd reindeer
in Siberia
Type:
Nordic* sled dogs
* of the north
Breed:
Samoyed
Fact sheet
Nature
Our best friend!
Klein-Hubert/BiosPhoto
Adult size:
44–49cm at
the shoulders
Origin:
sheepdogs
belonging to the Saami
people who herd reindeer
in Finland
Type:
Nordic sheepdogs
and guard dogs
Breed:

Finnish Lapphund
Fact sheet
Finnish Lapphunds’
fur can be one, two
or three different
colours.
Samoyeds’ fur is
pure white or cream
in colour.
Shoulder