tài liệu sinh thái học cơ bản

6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
1
CHƯƠNG I
KHÁI QUÁT VỀ SINH THÁI HỌC
1. ĐỊNH NGHĨA
7KXұWQJӳVLQKWKiLKӑF(FRORJ\EҳWQJXӗQWӯWLӃQJ+\/ҥS2LNRVYjORJRVRLNRVOj
QKjKD\QѫLӣYjORJRVOjNKRDKӑFKD\KӑFWKXұW1ӃXKLӇXPӝWFiFKÿѫQJLҧQWKuVLQKWKiL
KӑFOjNKRDKӑFQJKLrQFӭXYӅ³QKj´³QѫLӣ´FӫDVLQKYұW+LӇXUӝQJKѫQVLQKWKiLKӑFOj
NKRDKӑFQJKLrQFӭXPӕLTXDQKӋJLӳDVLQKYұWKRһFPӝWQKyPKD\QKLӅXQKyPVLQKYұWYӟL
P{LWUѭӡQJ[XQJTXDQK
7KXұWQJӳVLQKWKiLKӑF[XҩWKLӋQWӯJLӳDWKӃNӹ;,;0ӝWÿӏQKQJKƭDFKXQJOҫQÿҫX
WLrQYӅVLQKWKiLKӑFÿѭӧFQKjNKRDKӑFQJѭӡLĈӭFOj+DHFNHO(QrXUDYjRQăP7KHR
{QJ³&K~QJWDÿDQJKLӇXYӅWәQJJLiWUӏNLQKWӃFӫDWӵQKLrQQJKLrQFӭXWәKӧSFiFPӕL
WѭѫQJWiFFӫDFRQYұWYӟLP{LWUѭӡQJFӫDQyYjWUѭӟFWLrQOjPӕLTXDQKӋ³EҥQEq´YjWKÿӏFK
YӟLPӝWQKyPÿӝQJWKӵFYұWPjFRQYұWÿyWLӃS[~FWUӵFWLӃSKRһFJLiQWLӃS´1yLWyPOҥL
VLQKWKiLKӑFOjP{QKӑFQJKLrQFӭXWҩWFҧFiFPӕLTXDQKӋWѭѫQJWiFSKӭFWҥSPj&'DUZLQ
JӑLOjFiFÿLӅXNLӋQVӕQJ[XҩWKLӋQWURQJFXӝFÿҩXWUDQKVLQKWӗQ
0ӝWÿӏQKQJKƭDNKiFYӅVLQKWKiLKӑF6LQKWKiLKӑFOjPӝWWURQJQKӳQJP{QKӑFFѫVӣ
FӫD6LQKKӑFQJKLrQFӭXYӅPӕLTXDQKӋWѭѫQJWiFJLӳDVLQKYұWYӟLVLQKYұWYjVLQKYұWYӟL
P{LWUѭӡQJӣPӑLPӭFWәFKӭFNKiFQKDXWӯFiWKӇTXҫQWKӇÿӃQTXҫQ[mYjKӋVLQKWKiL
6LQKWKiLKӑFOjPӝWQJjQKNKRDKӑFWUҿVRQJQKӡNӃWKӯDWKjQKWӵXFӫDFiFOƭQKYӵF
NKRDKӑFVLQKKӑFFNJQJQKѭFiFQJjQKNKRDKӑFNKiFQyWUӣWKjQKF{QJFөÿӇFRQQJѭӡL
NKiPSKiWӵQKLrQVӕQJKjLKzDYӟLWӵQKLrQ
2. SỰ RA ĐỜI VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CỦA SINH THÁI HỌC
.KLFRQQJѭӡLUDÿӡLWUѭӟFKӃWKӑELӃWWuPQѫLӣFKӛNLӃPăQWUiQKWK~GӳYjFiF
ÿLӅXNLӋQEҩWOӧLFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJ1KӳQJÿLӅXÿyÿmJҳQEyFRQQJѭӡLYӟLWӵQKLrQYjÿmGҥ\
FKRFRQQJѭӡLQKӳQJKLӇXELӃWYӅWӵQKLrQYӅPӕLTXDQKӋFӫDWKӵFYұWÿӝQJYұWYӟLQKDXYj
YӟLP{LWUѭӡQJ&KҷQJKҥQKӑSKҧLSKkQELӋWJLӳDFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWFyWKӇăQÿѭӧFYӟLQKӳQJ
ORjLFyÿӝFELӃWÿѭӧFWKӡLJLDQ[XҩWKLӋQFӫDPӝWORjLÿӝQJYұWQjRÿyÿӇVăQEҳQ« 1Kѭ
Yұ\QKӳQJNLӃQWKӭFPjWDJӑL OjNLӃQWKӭFVLQKWKiLKӑFÿmWUӣWKjQKQKXFҫXKLӇXELӃWFӫD

FRQQJѭӡL7URQJWLӃQWUuQKOӏFKVӱFK~QJÿѭӧFWtFKONJ\YjWUX\ӅQOҥLWӯWKӃKӋQj\ÿӃQWKӃKӋ
NKiF7ӯNKLWuPUDOӱDYjELӃWFKӃWҥRF{QJFөFRQQJѭӡLÿmOjPFKRWKLrQQKLrQELӃQÿәLYj
khi WKLrQQKLrQELӃQÿәLPҥQKFRQQJѭӡLSKҧLELӃWWҥLVDRYjWuPPӑLELӋQSKiSYӯDÿӇSKiW
WULӇQQӅQ YăQ PLQKFӫD PuQKYӯD GX\WUu Vӵ әQÿӏQKFӫDWKLrQQKLrQ'RÿyQKӳQJNLQK
QJKLӋPYjKLӇXELӃWYӅPӕLTXDQKӋJLӳDFRQQJѭӡLYӟLWKLrQQKLrQUӡLUҥFEDQÿҫX ÿѭӧFWtFK
ONJ\YjSKiWWULӇQÿӇWUӣWKjQKQKӳQJNKiLQLӋPYjQJX\rQOêNKRDKӑFWKӵFVӵÿӫQăQJOӵFÿӇ
TXҧQOêPӑLWjLQJX\rQTXҧQOêWKLrQQKLrQYjTXҧQOêFҧKjQKYLFӫDFRQQJѭӡLÿӕLYӟLWKLrQ
QKLrQĈyFNJQJOjFRQÿѭӡQJÿѭDÿӃQVӵUDÿӡLYjSKiWWULӇQPӝWOƭQKYӵFNKRDKӑFPӟL³6LQK
WKiLKӑF´YjFNJQJOjFRQÿѭӡQJÿӇVLQKWKiLKӑFWӵKRjQWKLӋQFҧYӅQӝLGXQJOүQSKѭѫQJSKiS
OXұQFӫDPuQK
7ӯQăP ÿѭDUDPӝWNKRDKӑFPӟLOj VLQK WKiL KӑF6DXÿyFiF QKjWKӵFYұW
QJX\rQFӭXVLQKWKiLFiWKӇWKӵFYұWFzQFiFQKjÿӝQJYұWQJKLrQFӭXVLQKWKiLFiWKӇÿӝQJ
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
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YұW7ӯÿҫXWKӃNӹ;;VLQKWKiLKӑFFKX\ӇQVDQJQJKLrQFӭXVLQKWKiLKӑFFӫDTXҫQ[mVLQK
YұWJӗPÿӝQJYұWWKӵFYұWYjFҧYLVLQKYұW7URQJQKӳQJQăPFӫDWKӃNӹQj\VLQKWKiL
KӑFSKiWWULӇQPӝWEѭӟFTXDQWUӑQJYjSKӭFWҥSKѫQ1yQJKLrQFӭXFѫEҧQKӋVLQKWKiLQKѭOj
PӝWÿѫQYӏFѫVӣWURQJÿyFyKDLKӋWKӕQJQKӓTXҫQ[mVLQKYұWYjP{LWUѭӡQJ
7ӯQăPWUӣOҥLÿk\VLQKWKiLKӑFKLӋQÿҥLÿLVkXYjRQJKLrQFӭXVLQKWKiLKӑF
ӭQJGөQJWURQJ FiFOƭQKYӵFVҧQ[XҩWFӫDVLQKYұWWUrQFҥQWURQJFiFYӵFQѭӟFYjWURQJFiF
FRQWjXYNJWUөQѫLPjQJѭӡLWDWKӱQJKLӋPQX{LWUӗQJPӝWVӕVLQKYұWYjFKӃELӃQQKӳQJYұW
OLӋXF{QJQJKLӋSWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJNK{QJWUӑQJOѭӧQJ1Jj\QD\VLQKWKiLKӑFWUӣWKjQK PӝW
P{QNKRDKӑFWUӵFWLӃSVҧQ[XҩW
3. ĐỐI TƯỢNG NGHIÊN CỨU CỦA SINH THÁI HỌC
ĈӕLWѭӧQJVLQKWKiLKӑFEDRJӗPQKӳQJFҩSÿӝWәFKӭFFӫDFiFFѫWKӇVӕQJFyTXDQKӋ
YӟLP{LWUѭӡQJWӯFiWKӇÿӃQTXҫQWKӇWӭFOjPӝWQKyPFiWKӇFӫDPӝWORjLVLQKYұWWUrQQӳD
OjTXҫQ[mJӗPWҩWFҧTXҫQWKӇWURQJWӯQJNKXYӵF&DRKѫQOjKӋVLQKWKiLWӭFOjTXҫQ[mVLQK
YұWYjP{LWUѭӡQJY{FѫFӫDQy
1ӝLGXQJFѫEҧQFӫDVLQKWKiLKӑFJӗPQKӳQJYҩQÿӅFѫEҧQGѭӟLÿk\

- 1JKLrQFӭXÿһFÿLӇPFӫDFiFQKkQWӕP{LWUѭӡQJҧQKKѭӣQJ ÿӃQÿӡLVӕQJFӫDFiF
VLQKYұWYjWKtFKQJKLFӫDFK~QJYӟLFiFÿLӅXNLӋQQJRҥLFҧQKNKiFQKDX
- 1JKLrQFӭXQKӏSÿLӋXVӕQJFӫDFѫWKӇOLrQTXDQÿӃQFiFFKXNǤQJj\ÿrPvà các chu
NǤÿӏDOêFӫDTXҧÿҩWYjVӵWKtFKӭQJFӫDFiFVLQKYұW
- 1JKLrQFӭXÿLӅXNLӋQKuQKWKjQKTXҫQWKӇQKӳQJÿһFÿLӇPFѫEҧQYjPӕLTXDQKӋQӝL
EӝWURQJTXҫQWKӇSKkQEӕPұWÿӝVLQKWUѭӣQJVLQKVҧQWӱYRQJ«JLӳDTXҫQWKӇYӟLP{L
WUѭӡQJWKӇKLӋQWURQJVӵELӃQÿӝQJYjÿLӅXFKӍQKVӕOѭӧQJFiWKӇ
- 1JKLrQFӭXÿһFÿLӇPFҩXWU~FFӫD TXҫQ[mPӕLTXDQKӋJLӳDFiFORjLFiFTXҫQWKӇNKiF
QKDXTXiWUuQKELӃQÿәLFӫDTXҫQ[mWKHRNK{QJJLDQYjWKӡLJLDQTXDFiF ORҥLKuQKGLӉQWKӃ
- 1JKLrQFӭXVӵFKX\ӇQKRiYұWFKҩWYjQăQJOѭӧQJWURQJTXҫQ[mJLӳDTXҫQ[mYj
QJRҥLFҧQKWKӇKLӋQWURQJFiFFKXӛLYjOѭӟLWKӭFăQFiFEұFGLQKGѭӥQJYjVӵKuQKWKjQK
QKӳQJWKiSVLQKWKiLYӅVӕOѭӧQJYjQăQJOѭӧQJ
- 1JKLrQFӭXQKkQWӕY{FѫFҫQWKLӃWFKRVLQKYұWWKDPJLDYjRFKXWUuQKVLQKÿӏDKRi
WURQJWKLrQQKLrQWӯÿy[iFÿӏQKWѭӧQJTXDQWURQJKӋVLQK WKiLYӅQJKLrQFӭXQăQJVXҩWVLQK
KӑFFӫDFiFKӋVLQKWKiLNKiFQKDX
- 1JKLrQFӭXFҩXWU~FVLQKTX\ӇQJӗPQKӳQJYQJÿӏDOêVLQKYұWOӟQWUrQWUiLÿҩW
FXQJFҩSQKӳQJKLӇXELӃWWѭѫQJÿӕLÿҫ\ÿӫYӅWKӃJLӟLFK~QJWD
- ӬQJGөQJFiFNLӃQWKӭFYӅVLQKWKiLKӑFYjYLӋFWuPKLӇXWjLQJX\rQWKLrQQKLrQ
SKkQWtFKQKӳQJVDLOҫPFӫDFRQQJѭӡLWURQJYLӋFVӱGөQJSKXQJSKtWjLQJX\rQOjP{QKLӉP
P{LWUѭӡQJYjQKӳQJKLӋXTXҧWDLKҥLWӯÿyFyFiFELӋQSKiSSKөFKӗLWjLQJX\rQVLQKYұW
EҧRYӋP{LWUѭӡQJÿiSӭQJQKX FҫXFҫQWKLrWFKRVҧQ[XҩWVLQKKRҥWWKҭPPƭQJKӍQJѫL«
YjJLӳFkQEҵQJVLQKWKiL
- 7K{QJTXDFiFNLӃQWKӭFYӅVLQKWKiLKӑFÿyQJJySWtFKFӵFYjRF{QJYLӋFJLiRGөF
GkQVӕ

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Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
3
4. MỐI QUAN HỆ GIỮA SINH THÁI HỌC VỚI CÁC MÔN HỌC KHÁC
6LQKWKiLKӑFOjP{QNKRDKӑFFѫEҧQWURQJVLQKYұWKӑFQyFXQJFҩSQKӳQJQJX\rQ

WҳFNKiLQLӋPFKRYLӋFQJKLrQFӭXVLQKWKiLKӑFFiFQKyPQJjQKSKkQORҥLULrQJOҿQKѭVLQK
WKiLKӑFÿӝQJYұWVLQKWKiLKӑFWKӵFYұWKD\VkXKѫQQӳDQKѭVLQKWKiLKӑFWҧRVLQKWKiLKӑF
QҩPVLQKWKiLKӑFFKLPVLQKWKiLKӑFWK~ĈӗQJWKӡLVLQKWKiLKӑFVӱGөQJFiFNLӃQWKӭF
FӫDFiFP{QKӑFQj\PjVLQKWKiLKӑFFyWKӇJLҧLWKtFKQKӳQJÿһFÿLӇPWKtFKQJKLYӅPһWFҩX
WҥRYjFKӭFQăQJFӫDVLQKYұWWURQJQKӳQJÿLӅXNLӋQVӕQJQKҩWÿӏQKĈһFELӋWVLQKWKiLKӑFÿm
VӱGөQJNLӃQWKӭFYӅSKkQORҥLKӑFSKkQORҥLWKӵFYұWSKkQORҥLÿӝQJYұWNKLQJKLrQFӭX
FiFTXҫQWKӇTXҫQ[mYjKӋVLQKWKiL9uQӃXNK{QJELӃWÿѭӧFWrQNKRDKӑFFKtQK[iFFӫDPӝW
ORjLVLQKYұWQjRÿyWKuNKyWuPUDPӕLOLrQKӋJLӳD ORjLKD\JLӳDFiFORjL3KkQORҥLKӑFFzQ
JL~SFKRVLQKWKiLKӑFKLӇXU}VӵWLӃQKyDWURQJVLQKJLӟL(2GXPÿmQyL³6LQKWKiL
KӑFOjP{QFѫEҧQFӫDVLQKKӑFFNJQJOjPӝWSKҫQFӫDWӯQJEӝSKұQYjFӫDWҩWFҧP{QSKkQ
ORҥLKӑF´
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WѭӧQJYjÿӏDOêWӵQKLrQYuVLQKWKiLKӑFVӱGөQJNLӃQWKӭFYjNӃWTXҧQJKLrQFӭXYӅNKtKұX
ÿҩWÿDLÿӏDPҥRYjQJѭӧFOҥLVLQKWKiLKӑFÿmJL~SFKRFiFP{QKӑFQj\JLҧLWKtFKÿѭӧFQKLӅX
KLӋQWѭӧQJWӵQKLrQ
6LQKWKiLKӑFFzQVӱGөQJFiFWUDQJWKLӃWEӏSKkQWtFKFKtQK[iFFӫDYұWOêKӑFWKӕQJ
Nr [iF VXҩW Yj FiF P{ KuQK WRiQ KӑF ĈһF ELӋW JҫQ ÿk\ P{Q ÿLӅX NKLӇQ VLQK KӑF
%LRF\EHUQHWLFÿm[HPNKRDKӑFYӅKӋVLQKWKiLOjPӝWSKҫQFӫDP{QQày.
1KӡVӵSKiWWULӇQFӫDVLQKWKiLKӑFKLӋQÿҥLYjVӵNӃWKӯDWKjQKWӵXFӫDFiFOƭQKYӵF
NKRDKӑFVLQKKӑFYjFiFNKRDKӑFNKiFQKѭWRiQKӑFYұWOêKӑFWURQJVLQKKӑFFNJQJKuQK
WKjQKQrQQKӳQJNKRDKӑFWUXQJJLDQOLrQTXDQÿӃQVLQKWKiLKӑFQKѭVLQKlý - sinh thái, toán
VLQKWKiLÿӏDOê- VLQKWKiLFzQEҧQWKkQVLQKWKiLKӑFFNJQJSKkQFKLDVkXKѫQ&әVLQKWKiL
KӑF6LQKWKiLKӑFӭQJGөQJ6LQKWKiLKӑFWұSWtQK
+LӋQQD\NKLQJKLrQFӭXYӅQăQJVXҩWYjVLQKWKiLFRQQJѭӡLQKLӅXQKjVLQKWKiLKӑF
ÿmVӱGөQJFiFNLӃQWKӭFYӅ[mKӝLKӑFYjNLQKWӃKӑFQJѭӧFOҥLFiFP{QQj\QJj\FjQJVӱ
GөQJQKLӅXNLӃQWKӭFVLQKWKiLKӑF
5. PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU SINH THÁI HỌC
3KѭѫQJSKiSQJKLrQFӭXFӫDVLQKWKiLKӑFJӗPQJKLrQFӭXWKӵFÿӏDQJKLrQFӭXWKӵF
QJKLӋPYjSKѭѫQJSKiSP{SKӓQJ
- 1JKLrQ FӭX WKӵF ÿӏD KD\ QJRjL WUӡL Oj QKӳQJ TXDQ ViW JKL FKpS ÿR ÿҥF WKX

PүXWjLOLӋXFӫDQKӳQJNKҧRViWQj\ÿѭӧFFKtQK[iFKRiEҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiSWKӕQJNr
- 1JKLrQFӭXWKӵFQJKLӋPÿѭӧFWLӃQKjQKWURQJSKzQJWKtQJKLӋPKD\EiQWӵQKLrQ
QKҵPWuPKLӇXQKӳQJNKtDFҥQKYӅFiFFKӍWLrXKRҥWÿӝQJFKӭFQăQJFӫDFѫWKӇKD\WұSWtQK
FӫDVLQKYұWGѭӟLWiFÿӝQJFӫDPӝWKD\PӝWVӕ\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJPӝWFiFKWѭѫQJÿӕLELӋWOұS
- 7ҩWFҧQKӳQJNӃWTXҧFӫDSKѭѫQJSKiSQJKLrQFӭXWUrQOjFѫVӣFKRSKѭѫQJSKiS
P{SKӓQJKD\P{KuQKKRiGӵDWUrQF{QJFөOjWRiQKӑFYjWK{QJWLQÿѭӧF[ӱOê.KLQJKLrQ
FӭXPӝWÿӕLWѭӧQJKD\PӝWSKӭFKӧSFiFÿӕLWѭӧQJFiFQKjVLQKWKiLWKѭӡQJVӱGөQJQKLӅX
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
4
SKѭѫQJSKiSYjQKLӅXF{QJFөPӝWFiFKFyFKӑQOӑFQKҵPWҥRQrQQKӳQJNӃWTXҧWLQFұ\
SKҧQҧQKÿ~QJEҧQFKҩWFӫDÿӕLWѭӧQJKD\FӫDSKӭFKӧSÿӕLWѭӧQJÿѭӧFQJKLrQFӭX
6. Ý NGHĨA VÀ VAI TRÒ CỦA SINH THÁI HỌC
&NJQJQKѭFiFQJjQKNKRDKӑFNKiFQKӳQJNLӃQWKӭFYӅVLQKWKiLKӑFÿmYjÿDQJÿyQJ
JySWROӟQFKRQӅQYăQPLQKFӫDQKkQORҥLWUrQFҧKDLNKtDFҥQKOêOXұQYjWKӵFWLӉQ
6LQKWKiLKӑFJL~SFK~QJWDQJj\FjQJKLӇXELӃWVkXYӅEҧQFKҩWFӫDVӵVӕQJWURQJPӕL
WѭѫQJWiFYӟLFiF\ӃXWӕFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJFҧKLӋQWҥLYjTXiNKӭWURQJÿyEDRJӗPFXӝFVӕQJ
và VӵWLӃQKyDFӫDFRQQJѭӡL+ѫQQӳDVLQKWKiLKӑFFzQWҥRQrQQKӳQJQJX\rQWҳFYjÿӏQK
KѭӟQJFKRFiFKRҥWÿӝQJFӫDFRQQJѭӡLÿӕLYӟLWӵQKLrQÿӇSKiWWULӇQQӅQYăQPLQKQJj\PӝW
FDRWKHRÿ~QJQJKƭDKLӋQÿҥLFӫDQyWӭFOjNK{QJOjPKӫ\KRҥLÿӃQÿӡLVӕQJFӫDVLQKJLӟLYj
FKҩWOѭӧQJFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJ
7URQJFXӝFVӕQJVLQKWKiLKӑFÿmFyQKӳQJWKjQKWӵXWROӟQÿѭӧFFRQQJѭӡLӭQJGөQJ
YjRQKLӅXOƭQKYӵFKRҥWÿӝQJFӫDPuQKQKѭ
- 1kQJFDRQăQJVXҩWYұWQX{LYjFk\WUӗQJWUrQFѫVӣFҧLWҥRQKӳQJÿLӅXNLӋQVӕQJFӫa
chúng.
- +ҥQFKӃYjWLrXGLӋWFiFGӏFKKҥLEҧRYӋÿӡLVӕQJFKRYұWQX{LFk\WUӗQJYjÿӡLVӕQJ
FӫDFҧFRQQJѭӡL
- 7KXҫQKyDFiFORjLVLQKYұW
- .KDLWKiFKӧSOêWjLQJX\rQWKLrQQKLrQGX\WUuÿDGҥQJVLQKKӑFYjSKiWWULӇQWjL
QJX\rQFKRVӵNKDLWKiFEӅQYӳQJ

- %ҧRYӋYjFҧLWҥRP{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJFKRFRQQJѭӡLYjFiFORjLVӕQJWӕWKѫQ
6LQKWKiLKӑFQJj\QD\OjFѫVӣNKRDKӑFOjSKѭѫQJWKӭFFKRFKLӃQOѭӧFSKiWWULӇQ
EӅQYӳQJFӫD[mKӝLORjLQJѭӡL
7. MỘT SỐ QUY LUẬT CƠ BẢN CỦA SINH THÁI HỌC
7.1. Quy luật tác động tổng hợp của các nhân tố sinh thái lên sinh vật
0{LWUѭӡQJEDRJӗPQKLӅXQKkQWӕWiFÿӝQJTXDOҥLVӵELӃQÿәLFӫDFiFQKkQWӕQj\
FyWKӇGүQÿӃQVӵWKD\ÿәLYӅOѭӧQJFyNKLYӅFKҩWFӫDFiFQKkQWӕNKiFYjVLQKYұWFKӏXҧQK
KѭӣQJFӫDELӃQÿәLÿy7ҩWFҧFiFQKkQWӕÿӅXJҳQEyFKһWFKӁYӟLQKDXWKjQKWәKӧSVLQK
WKiL9tGөNKLVӵFKLӃXViQJWURQJUӯQJWKD\ÿәLWKuQKLӋWÿӝYjÿӝҭPFNJQJWKD\ÿәLVӁҧQK
KѭӣQJÿӃQKRҥWÿӝQJFӫDKӋÿӝQJYұWÿҩWYjYLVLQKYұWWURQJOӟSÿҩWUӯQJWӯÿyҧQKKѭӣQJ
ÿӃQGLQKGѭӥQJNKRiQJFӫDWKӵFYұW
0ӛLQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLFKӍWKӇKLӋQKRjQWRjQWiFÿӝQJFӫDQyNKLFiFQKkQWӕNKiF
ÿDQJKRҥWÿӝQJÿҫ\ÿӫ9tGөWURQJÿҩWFyÿҫ\ÿӫPXӕLNKRiQJQKѭQJNKLÿӝҭPNK{QJWKtFK
KӧSWKuFk\VӁNK{QJKҩSWKөÿѭӧF
7.2. Quy luật tác động không đồng đều của nhân tố sinh thái lên chức phận sống của cơ thể
&iFQKkQWӕFyҧQKKѭӣQJNKiFQKDXOrQFKӭFSKұQFӫDFѫWKӇVӕQJQyFӵFWKXұQÿӕL
YӟLTXiWUuQKQj\QKѭQJFyKҥLKRһFQJX\KLӇPÿӕLYӟLTXiWUuQKNKiF9tGөӢQKLӋWÿӝ 40 ±
45
0
&VӁOjPWăQJTXiWUuQKWUDRÿәLFKҩWFӫDÿӝQJYұWPiXOҥQKQKѭQJOҥLNuPKmPVӵGLÿӝQJ
OjPFKRFRQYұWUѫLYjRWUҥQJWKiLÿӡÿүQYuQyQJ
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
5
1KLӅXORjLVLQKYұWWURQJFiFJLDLÿRҥQVӕQJNKiFQKDXFyQKӳQJ\rXFҫXVLQKWKiL
NKiFQKDX1ӃXNK{QJWKӓDPmQWKuFK~QJVӁFKӃWKRһFNKyFyNKҧQăQJGX\WUuQӗLJLӕQJ
7URQJOӏFKVӱSKiWWULӇQFӫDVLQKYұWÿm[XҩWKLӋQQKӳQJNKҧQăQJWKtFKQJKLPӟLEҵQJFiFK
GLFKX\ӇQQѫLӣWURQJWӯQJJLDLÿRҥQÿӇKRjQWKjQKFKXNǤVӕQJFӫDPuQK9'ORjLW{PKH
(Penaeus merguiensisӣJLDLÿRҥQWKjQKWKөFVLQKVҧQFK~QJVӕQJӣELӇQNKѫLYjVLQKVҧQӣ
ÿyJLDLÿRҥQÿҿWUӭQJYjWUӭQJQӣӣQѫLFyQӗQJÿӝPXӕLFDR- 36

0
/
00
ÿӝS+ ҩX
WUQJFNJQJVӕQJӣELӇQQKѭQJVDQJJLDL ÿRҥQVDXҩXWUQJ WKuFK~QJFKӍVӕQJӣQKӳQJ QѫLFy
QӗQJÿӝPXӕLWKҩS- 25
0
/
00
QѭӟFOӧFKRÿӃQNKLÿҥWNtFKWKѭӟFWUѭӣQJWKjQKPӟLGL
FKX\ӇQÿӃQQѫLFyQӗQJÿӝPXӕLFDR
7.3. Quy luật tác động qua lại giữa sinh vật với môi trường
7URQJPӕLTXDQKӋTXDOҥLJLӳDFiFTXҫQWKӇTXҫQ[mVLQKYұWYӟLP{LWUѭӡQJNK{QJ
QKӳQJP{LWUѭӡQJWiFÿӝQJOrQFK~QJPjFiFVLQKYұWFNJQJҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQFiFQKkQWӕFӫD
P{LWUѭӡQJYjFyWKӇOjPWKD\ÿәLWtQKFKҩWFӫDQKkQWӕÿy
7.4. Quy luật giới hạn của các nhân tố sinh thái
7iFÿӝQJFӫDFiFQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLOrQFѫWKӇNK{QJFKӍSKөWKXӝFYjRWtQKFKҩWFӫD
FiFQKkQWӕPjFzQSKөWKXӝFYjRFҧFѭӡQJÿӝFӫDFK~QJ6ӵWăQJKD\JLҧPFѭӡQJÿӝWiF
ÿӝQJFӫDFiFQKkQWӕUDQJRjLJLӟLKҥQWKtFKKӧSFӫDFѫWKӇVӁOjPJLҧPNKҧQăQJVӕQJ.KL
FѭӡQJÿӝWiFÿӝQJWӟLQJѭӥQJFDRQKҩWKRһF[XӕQJTXiWKҩSYӟLNKҧQăQJFKӏXÿӵQJFӫDFѫ
WKӇWKuVLQKYұWNK{QJWӗQWҥLYjSKiWWULӇQÿѭӧF
*LӟLKҥQFKӏXÿӵQJFӫDFѫWKӇYӟLPӝWQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLQKҩWÿӏQKJӑLOjJLӟLKҥQVLQK
WKiL&zQPӭFÿӝWiFÿӝQJFyOӧLQKҩWFӫDQKkQWӕÿyÿӃQFѫ WKӇVLQKYұWJӑLOjÿLӇPFӵF
WKXұQ&jQJOӋFK[DYQJQj\WKuFjQJEҩWOӧLFKRFѫWKӇ1KӳQJORjLNKiFQKDXFyJLӟLKҥQ
VLQKWKiLYjÿLӇPFӵFWKXұQNKiFQKDX&yORjLJLӟLKҥQVLQKWKiLUӝQJFNJQJFyORjLJLӟLKҥQ
VLQKWKiLKҽS9tGө/RjLFKXӝWFiWӣÿjLQJX\rQFKӏXGDRÿӝQJQKLӋWÿӝÿӃQ
0
&Wӯ
0
C

ÿӃQ-50
0
&OjORjLFKӏXQKLӋWUӝQJ/RjLFKӏXQKLӋWKҽSQKѭCopilia mirabilis JLӟLKҥQQKLӋWÿӝ
là 6
0
&Wӯ
0
&ÿӃQ
0
C).













+uQK6ѫÿӗWәQJTXiWP{WҧJLӟLKҥQVLQKWKiLFӫDVLQKYұW
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
6
7ӯTX\OXұWJLӟLKҥQVLQKWKiLYjQKLӅXGүQFKӭQJWKӵFWӃ(2GXPÿmÿѭDUDPӝWVӕ
NӃWOXұQ
- &iFVLQKYұWFyWKӇFyJLӟLKҥQUӝQJÿӕLYӟLQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLQj\QKѭQJKҽSÿӕLYӟL

QKkQWӕVLQKWKiLNKiF
- &iFVLQKYұWFyJLӟLKҥQVLQKWKiLUӝQJÿӕLYӟLWҩW FҧFiFQKkQWӕVLQKWKѭӡQJFyYQJ
SKkQEӕUӝQJ
- .KLPӝWQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLQjRÿyNK{QJWKtFKKӧSFKRORjLWKuJLӟLKҥQVLQKWKiLÿӕL
YӟLQKӳQJQKkQWӕNKiFFyWKӇEӏWKXKҽS
- *LӟLKҥQVLQKWKiLÿӕLYӟLFiFFiWKӇÿDQJӣJLDLÿRҥQVLQKVҧQWKѭӡQJKҽSKѫQVRYӟL
JLDLÿRҥQWUѭӣQJWKjQKNK{QJVLQKVҧQ
8. PHẢN ỨNG CỦA SINH VẬT LÊN CÁC TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA MÔI TRƯỜNG
6LQK YұW SKҧQ ӭQJ OrQ QKӳQJ WiFÿӝQJ FӫD ÿLӅX NLӋQ P{L WUѭӡQJ [ҧ\ UD EҵQJ KDL
SKѭѫQJWKӭFKRһFOjFKҥ\WUӕQÿӇWUiQKQKӳQJWDLKӑDFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJQJRjLSKѭѫQJWKӭF
Qj\FKӫ\ӃXӣÿӝQJYұWKRһFOjWҥRNKҧQăQJWKtFKQJKL7KtFKQJKLOjNKҧQăQJFӫDFiFVLQK
YұWFiFFѫWKӇVӕQJSKҧQӭQJKӧSOêOrQQKӳQJWiFÿӝQJWKD\ÿәLFӫDFiF\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJ
ErQQJRjLÿӇWӗQWҥLYjSKiWWULӇQ
6ӵWKtFKQJKLFӫDFiFFѫWKӇVLQKYұWÿӃQWiFÿӝQJFӫDFiF\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJFyWKӇFy
KDLNKҧQăQJWKtFKQJKLKuQKWKiLYjWKtFKQJKLVLQKOê
3KҧQӭQJWKtFKQJKL[ҧ\UDWURQJVXӕWWKӡLJLDQVӕQJFӫDFѫWKӇVLQKYұWGѭӟLWiFÿӝQJ
WKD\ÿәLFӫDFiF\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJQKѭiQKViQJQKLӋWÿӝ9tGөQKѭVӵGLFKX\ӇQFӫDOөF
OҥSWURQJWӃEjRWKӵFYұWUDWKjQKWӃEjRNKLFyWiFÿӝQJFӫDVӵFKLӃXViQJPҥQKKD\WăQJTXi
WUuQKWKRiWKѫLQѭӟFEҵQJFiFKWăQJVӕOѭӧQJYjKRҥWÿӝQJFӫDNKtNKәQJGѭӟLWiFÿӝQJFӫD
QKLӋWÿӝFDR&i WKӡQEѫQFyPjXVҳFErQQJRjLQKѭPjXVҳFFӫDÿҩWQѫLFK~QJFѭWU~ÿҩW
WUҳQJFK~QJFyPjXWUҳQJVDQJFKӛÿҩWOӕPÿӕPEӣLQKӳQJKzQÿiFXӝLÿHQWUҳQJWKuFiWKӡQ
EѫQWKD\ÿәLPjXVҳFWKjQKOӕPÿӕP6ӵWKD\ÿәLPjXGDOjPӝWSKҧQӭQJSKҧQ[ҥSKӭFWҥS
EҳWÿҫXEҵQJWKӏJLiFFӫDFiYjVDXFQJVӵSKkQSKӕLOҥLFiFKҥWPjXWURQJWӃEjRGD1KӳQJ
FRQFiWKӡQEѫQPNK{QJFyNKҧQăQJQj\1KѭYұ\WKtFKQJKLKuQKWKiL[ҧ\UDGRVӵWKD\
ÿәLFӫDFiF\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJWiFÿӝQJFiFVLQKYұWSKҧLSKҧQӭQJPӝWFiFKnhanh chóng lên
FiFWiFÿӝQJÿy

6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
7
CHƯƠNG II
CÁC NHÂN TỐ SINH THÁI
1. KHÁI QUÁT VỀ CÁC NHÂN TỐ SINH THÁI
1KӳQJ\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJNKLWiFÿӝQJYjFKLSKӕLÿӃQÿӡLVӕQJFӫDVLQKYұWWKuÿѭӧF
JӑLOjQKӳQJQKkQWӕVLQKWKiL&iFQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLÿѭӧFFKLDWKjQKQKyP
- 1KyPQKkQWӕY{VLQKEDRJӗPFiFQKkQWӕNKtKұXiQKViQJQKLӋWÿӝQѭӟFGzQJ
FKҧ\ÿҩWÿӏDKuQK1yLFKXQJÿk\OjQKӳQJWKjQKSKҫQNK{QJVӕQJFӫDWӵQKLrQ
- 1KyPQKkQWӕKӳXVLQKJӗPFiFFiWKӇVӕQJQKѭÿӝQJYұWWKӵFYұWYLVLQKYұW«
0ӛLVLQKYұWWKѭӡQJFKӏXҧQKKѭӣQJWUӵFWLӃSKRһFJLiQWLӃSFӫDFiFFѫWKӇNKiFWURQJPӕL
TXDQKӋFQJORjLKD\NKiFORjLӣ[XQJTXDQK&iFQKkQWӕQj\OjWKӃJLӟLKӳXFѫPӝWWKjQK
SKҫQUҩWTXDQWUӑQJFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJ
- 1KyPQKkQWӕFRQQJѭӡLWҩWFҧFiFKRҥWÿӝQJFӫD[mKӝLORjLQJѭӡLOjPELӃQÿәL
WKLrQQKLrQOjP{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJFӫDFiFVLQKYұWӢPӝWJӕFÿӝQKҩWÿӏQKFRQQJѭӡLYjÿӝQJ
YұWFyQKӳQJWiFÿӝQJWѭѫQJWӵÿӃQP{LWUѭӡQJQKѭQJGRVӵSKiWWULӇQWUtWXӋFӫDFRQQJѭӡL
FDRKѫQFiFÿӝQJYұWYjKRҥWÿӝQJFӫDFRQQJѭӡLÿDGҥQJKѫQFiFÿӝQJYұWUҩWQKLӅXQrQÿm
WiFÿӝQJPҥQKPӁÿӃQP{LWUѭӡQJWKұPFKtFyWKӇOjPWKD\ÿәLKҷQP{LWUѭӡQJYjVLQKJLӟL
ӣQѫLQj\KD\QѫLNKiF
0ӛLQKkQWӕP{LWUѭӡQJWiFÿӝQJNK{QJJLӕQJQKDXOrQFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWNKiFQKDX
&iFVLQKWӕY{VLQKWKѭӡQJWKD\ÿәLWKHRNK{QJJLDQYjWKӡLJLDQ6ӵWKD\ÿәLQj\FyWKӇWKHR
chu kì hay không theo chu kì rõ ràng.

2. ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA CÁC NHÂN TỐ VÔ SINH LÊN SINH VẬT
7URQJQKyPFiF\ӃXWӕVLQKWKiLY{VLQKFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJWKuQKyP\ӃXWӕNKtKұXOj
TXDQWUӑQJQKҩW 7UrQEӅPһWWUiLÿҩWNKtKұXÿDGҥQJSKөWKXӝFYjRKDL\ӃXWӕFKӫÿҥRYƭÿӝ
ÿӏDOêYjÿӝOөFÿӏD9ƭÿӝÿӏDOêOLrQTXDQFKһWFKӁYӟLFKӃÿӝQKLӋW&iFYQJӣJҫQ[tFKÿҥR
QyQJKѫQFiFYQJӣ[D[tFKÿҥR1KӳQJ YQJӣTXDQKKDLFӵFOjQKӳQJYQJOҥQKQKҩWĈӝ
OөFÿӏD[iFÿӏQKFKӃÿӝQѭӟFFKӃÿӝҭPFiFYQJJҫQELӇQҭPKѫQFjQJVkXYjRWURQJOөF
ÿӏDFjQJNK{KѫQ7X\QKLrQÿһFWUѭQJQKLӋWÿӝYjSKkQEӕOѭӧQJPѭDWURQJQăPFzQÿѭӧF
[iFÿӏQKEӣLPӝWORҥWFiF\ӃXWӕNKiF&iF\ӃXWӕNKtKұXFyê QJKƭDVLQKWKiLTXDQWUӑQJ là
iQKViQJQKLӋWÿӝYjÿӝҭP
2.1. Ảnh hưởng của ánh sáng lên sinh vật
* Ý nghĩa của ánh sáng
ÈQKViQJOjPӝW\ӃXWӕVLQKWKiLiQKViQJFyYDLWUzTXDQWUӑQJÿӕLYӟLFiFFѫWKӇ
VӕQJÈQKViQJOjQJXӗQFXQJFҩSQăQJOѭӧQJFKRWKӵFYұWWLӃQKjQKTXDQJKӧS0ӝWVӕYL
VLQKYұWGӏGѭӥQJQҩPYLNKXҭQWURQJTXiWUuQKVLQKWUѭӣQJYjSKiWWULӇQFNJQJVӱGөQJPӝW
SKҫQiQKViQJÈQKViQJÿLӅXNKLӇQFKXNǤVӕQJFӫDVLQKYұW
7\WKHRFѭӡQJÿӝYjFKҩWOѭӧQJFӫDiQKViQJPjQyҧQKKѭӣQJQKLӅXKD\tWÿӃQTXi
WUuQKWUDRÿәLFKҩWYjQăQJOѭӧQJFQJQKLӅXTXiWUuQKVLQKOêFӫDFiFFѫWKӇVӕQJ1JRjLUD
iQKViQJFzQҧQKKѭӣQJQKLӅXÿӃQQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLNKiFQKѭQKLӋWÿӝÿӝҭPNK{QJNKtÿҩW
YjÿӏDKuQK

6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
8
* Sự phân bố và thành phần quang phổ của ánh sáng
7ҩWFҧVӵVӕQJWUrQEӅPһW7UiLĈҩWWӗQWҥLÿѭӧFOjQKӡQăQJOѭӧQJFKLӃXViQJFӫD0һW
7UӡLYjRVLQKTX\ӇQ%ӭF[ҥPһWWUӡLOjPӝWGҥQJSKyQJ[ҥÿLӋQWӯYӟLPӝWELrQÿӝFiFEѭӟF
VyQJUӝQJOӟQ%ӭF[ҥPһWWUӡLNKL[X\rQTXDNKtTX\ӇQÿmEӏFiFFKҩWWURQJNKtTX\ӇQQKѭ
O
2
, O

3
, CO
2
KѫLQѭӟF«KҩSWKөPӝWSKҫQ NKRҧQJWRjQEӝEӭF[ҥSKҧQ[ҥYjR
NKRҧQJNK{QJYNJWUөYjOrQEӅPһW
WUiLÿҩW
3KҫQiQKViQJFKLӃXWKҷQJ[XӕQJ
PһWÿҩWJӑLOjiQKViQJWUӵF[ҥiQKViQJ
PһW WUӡL FzQ SKҫQ Eӏ EөL KѫL QѭӟF 
NKX\ӃFK WiQ JӑLOj iQK ViQJ WiQ [ҥ &y
NKRҧQJ  iQK ViQJ WUӵF [ҥ Yj 
iQKViQJWiQ[ҥ
ÈQK ViQJ SKkQ Eӕ NK{QJ ÿӗQJ
ÿӅXWUrQEӅPһWWUiLÿҩWGRÿӝFRQJFӫDEӅ
PһWWUiLÿҩWYjÿӝOӋFKWUөFWUiL ÿҩWVRYӟL
PһW SKҷQJ TXӻ ÿҥR FӫD Qy TXD\ TXDQK
PһW WUӡL 'R Yұ\ ӣ FiF YQJ QKLӋW ÿӟL
QJXӗQQăQJOѭӧQJEӭF[ҥQKұQÿѭӧFOӟQ
JҩSOҫQVRYӟLYQJFӵF&jQJOrQFDRFѭӡQJÿӝiQKViQJFjQJPҥQKKѫQYQJWKҩSÈQK
ViQJFzQWKD\ÿәLWKHRWKӡLJLDQWURQJQăPӣ FiFFӵFFӫD7UiLĈҩWPDÿ{QJNK{QJFyiQK
ViQJPDKqiQKViQJFKLӃXOLrQWөFӣYQJ{QÿӟLFyPDKqQJj\NpRGjLPDÿ{QJQJj\
QJҳQ&jQJÿLYӅSKtD[tFKÿҥRWKuÿӝGjLQJj\FjQJJLҧPGҫQ
9ӅWKjQKSKҫQTXDQJSKәFyWKӇFKLDiQKViQJWKjQKSKҫQFKtQKW\WKHRÿӝGjLVyQJ
- 7LDWӱQJRҥLFyȜcWKDPJLDYjRVӵFKX\ӇQKyDYLWDPLQӣÿӝQJYұWVRQJiQK
ViQJJLjXFiFWLDWӱQJRҥLFyWKӇKӫ\KRҥLFKҩWQJX\rQVLQKYjKRҥWÿӝQJFӫDKӋHQ]\PJk\
XQJWKѭGD

+uQK6ӵSKkQEӕFӫDiQKViQJWUrQWUiLÿҩW
+uQK3KәÿLӋQWӯWURQJNK{QJNKt
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
9
- &KPWLD ViQJQKuQWKҩ\ cȜcWUӵFWLӃSWKDPJLD YjRTXiWUuQK
TXDQJKӧSTX\ӃWÿӏQKÿӃQWKjQKSKҫQFҩXWU~FFӫDKӋVҳFWӕYjSKkQEӕFӫDFiFORjLWKӵFYұW
- 7LDKӗQJQJRҥLFyȜ!cPҳWWKѭӡQJNK{QJQKuQWKҩ\ÿѭӧF7LDQj\NK{QJFy
tác GөQJ[~FWLӃQVLQKWUѭӣQJFKRVLQKYұWQKѭQJVҧQUDQKLӋWQrQFyWiFGөQJÿӃQFiFFѫ
TXDQFҧPJLiFYjWUXQJWkPÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWFӫDKӋWKҫQNLQKÿӝQJYұWYjFiFKRҥWÿӝQJVLQKOt
FӫDWKӵFYұW.
* Ảnh hưởng của ánh sáng lên thực vật
ĈӝGjLEѭӟFVyQJFyêQJKƭDVLQKWKiLY{FQJTXDQWUӑQJÿӕLYӟLVLQKYұWQyLFKXQJ
YjÿӕLYӟLÿӝQJYұWWKӵFYұWQyLULrQJÈQKViQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQWRjQEӝÿӡLVӕQJFӫDWKӵF
YұWWӯNKLKҥWQҧ\PҫPVLQKWUѭӣQJSKiWWULӇQFKRÿӃQNKLFk\UDKRDNӃWWUiLUӗLFKӃW
ÈQKViQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJNKiFQKDXÿӃQ VӵQҧ\PҫPFӫDFiFORҥLKҥW&yQKLӅXORҥLKҥW
Qҧ\PҫPWURQJÿҩWNK{QJFҫQiQKViQJQӃXFiFKҥWQj\EӏEӓUDQJRjLiQKViQJWKuVӵQҧ\
PҫPEӏӭFFKӃKRһFNK{QJQҧ\PҫPQKѭKҥWFjÿӝFGѭӧFKRһFKҥWFӫDPӝWVӕORjLWURQJKӑ
+jQK/LOLDFHDH7UiLOҥLFy PӝWVӕKҥWJLӕQJӣFKӛWӕLNK{QJQҧ\PҫPÿѭӧFWӕWQKѭKҥWFk\
SKLODRWKXӕFOiFjUӕWYjSKҫQOӟQFiFFk\WKXӝFKӑ/~D3RDFHDH
ÈQKViQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJQKҩWÿӏQKÿӃQKuQKWKiLYjFҩXWҥRFӫDFk\1KӳQJFk\PӑF
ULrQJOӁQJRjLUӯQJKD\QKӳQJFk\PӑFWURQJUӯQJFyWKkQSKiWWULӇQÿӅXWKҷQJFyWiQFkQ

ÿӕL1KӳQJFk\PӑFӣEuDUӯQJKRһFWUrQÿѭӡQJSKӕFyWѭӡQJQKjFDRWҫQJGRFyWiFGөQJ
NK{QJÿӗQJÿӅXFӫDiQKViQJӣSKtDQrQWiQFk\OӋFKYӅSKtDFyQKLӅXiQKViQJĈһFWtQK
Qj\JӑLOjWtQKKѭӟQJiQKViQJFӫDFk\
ÈQK ViQJ FzQ ҧQK KѭӣQJ
ÿӃQKӋUӉFӫDFk\ĈӕLYӟLPӝWVӕ
ORjLFk\FyUӉWURQJNK{QJNKtUӉ
khí sinh) thì ánh sáng giúp cho quá
WUuQKWҥR GLӋSOөFWURQJ UӉ QrQUӉ
FyWKӇTXDQJKӧSQKѭPӝWVӕORjL
SKRQJ ODQ WURQJ Kӑ /DQ
2UFKLGDFHDH &zQ KӋ UӉ ӣ GѭӟL
ÿҩWFKӏXVӵWiFÿӝQJFӫDiQKViQJ
UӉFӫDFiF Fk\ѭD ViQJ SKiWWULӇQ
KѫQUӉFӫDFk\ѭDEyQJ
/iOjFѫTXDQWUӵFWLӃSKҩSWKөiQKViQJQrQFKӏXҧQKKѭӣQJQKLӅXÿӕLYӟLVӵWKD\ÿәL
FѭӡQJÿӝiQKViQJ'RVӵSKkQEӕiQKViQJNK{QJÿӗQJÿӅXWUrQWiQFk\QrQFiFKVҳS[ӃSOi
NK{QJJLӕQJQKDXӣWҫQJGѭӟLOiWKѭӡQJQҵPQJDQJÿӇFyWKӇWLӃSQKұQÿѭӧFQKLӅXQKҩWiQK
ViQJWiQ[ҥFiFOiӣWҫQJWUrQWLӃS[~FWUӵFWLӃSYӟLiQKViQJQrQ[ӃSQJKLrQJQKҵPKҥQFKӃ
EӟWGLӋQWtFKWLӃS[~FYӟLFѭӡQJÿӝiQKViQJFDR
1JRjLUDFk\VLQKWUѭӣQJWURQJÿLӅXNLӋQFKLӃXViQJNKiFQKDXFyÿһFÿLӇPKuQKWKiL
JLҧLSKүXNKiFQKDX7UrQFQJPӝWFk\OiӣQJӑQWKѭӡQJGj\QKӓFӭQJOiÿѭӧFSKӫPӝW
OӟSFXWLQGj\P{JLұXSKiWWULӇQFyQKLӅXJkQYjOiFyPjXQKҥW&zQOiӣWURQJWҫQJEӏFKH
+uQK5ӉFӫDFk\ѭDViQJYjFk\ѭDEyQJ
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
10
EyQJFySKLӃQOiOӟQOiPӓQJYjPӅPFyWҫQJFXWLQPӓQJFyP{JLұXNpPSKiWWULӇQJkQtW
YjOiFyPjXOөFÿұP
ÈQKViQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQTXiWUuQKVLQKOêFӫDWKӵFYұWWURQJWKjQKSKҫQTXDQJ
SKәFӫDiQKViQJGLӋSOөFFKӍKҩSWKөPӝWVӕWLDViQJ%ҵQJQKӳQJWKtQJKLӋP7LPLULDGHSÿm

FKӭQJPLQKÿѭӧFUҵQJQKӳQJWLDViQJEӏGLӋSOөFKҩSWKөPӟLSKiWVLQKTXDQJKӧS&ѭӡQJ
ÿӝTXDQJKӧSOӟQQKҩWNKLFKLӃXWLDÿӓOjWLDPjGLӋSOөFKҩSWKөQKLӅXQKҩW.KҧQăQJTXDQJ
KӧSFӫDFiFORjLWKӵFYұW& Yj&NKiFQKDXUҩWÿiQJNӇӢWKӵFYұW&TXiWUuQKTXDQJKӧS
WLӃSWөFWăQJNKLFѭӡQJÿӝEӭF[ҥYѭӧWQJRjLFѭӡQJÿӝEuQKWKѭӡQJWURQJWKLrQQKLrQӢWKӵF
YұW&TXiWUuQKTXDQJKӧSWăQJNKLFѭӡQJÿӝFKLӃXViQJWKҩSQKҩWOjFiFFk\ѭDEyQJ
Liên quan ÿӃQFѭӡQJÿӝFKLӃXViQJWKӵFYұWÿѭӧFFKLDWKjQKFiFQKyPFk\ѭDViQJ
Fk\ѭDEyQJYjFk\FKӏXEyQJ&k\ѭDViQJWҥRQrQVҧQSKҭPTXDQJKӧSFDRNKLÿLӅXNLӋQ
FKLӃXViQJWăQJOrQQKѭQJQyLFKXQJVҧQSKҭPTXDQJKӧSÿҥWFӵFÿҥLNK{QJSKҧLWURQJÿLӅX
NLӋQ FKLӃX ViQJ FӵF ÿҥL Pj ӣ
FѭӡQJ ÿӝ YӯD SKҧL 1JѭӧF OҥL
Fk\ ѭD EyQJ FKR VҧQ SKҭP
TXDQJ KӧS FDR ӣ FѭӡQJ ÿӝ
FKLӃX ViQJ WKҩS 7UXQJ JLDQ
JLӳDQKyPWUrQOjQKyPFk\
FKӏX EyQJ hay cây trung tính
QKѭQJ QKӏS ÿLӋX TXDQJ KӧS
WăQJ NKL VӕQJ ӣ QKӳQJ QѫL
ÿѭӧF FKLӃX ViQJ ÿҫ\ ÿӫ ĈһF
ÿLӇPFҩXWҥRYӅKuQKWKiLJLҧL
SKүXYj KRҥWÿӝQJ VLQKOêFӫD
các nhóm cây này hoàn toàn
NKiF QKDX WKӇ KLӋQ ÿһF WtQK
WKtFK QJKL FӫD FK~QJ ÿӕL YӟL
FiFÿLӅXNLӋQP{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJ
NKiFQKDX'RÿһFWtQKQj\PjWKӵFYұWFyKLӋQWѭӧQJSKkQWҫQJYjê QJKƭDVLQKKӑFUҩWOӟQ
ÈQKViQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJU}UӋWÿӃQTXiWUuQKVLQKVҧQFӫDWKӵFYұW7ѭѫQJTXDQJLӳD
WKӡLJLDQFKLӃXViQJYjFKHWӕLWURQJQJj\- ÿrPJӑLOjTXDQJFKXNǤ7ѭѫQJTXDQQj\NK{QJ
JLӕQJQKDXWURQJFiFWKӡLNǤNKiFQKDXWURQJQăPFNJQJQKѭ WUrQ FiFYƭWX\ӃQNKiFQKDX
4XDQJFKXNǤÿmÿѭӧF*DUQHUYj$OODQGSKiWKLӋQQăP/LrQTXDQÿӃQÿӝGjLFKLӃX
ViQJWKӵFYұWFzQÿѭӧFFKLDWKjQKQKyPFk\QJj\GjLYjFk\QJj\QJҳQ&k\QJj\GjLOjFk\

UDKRDNӃWWUiLFҫQSKDViQJQKLӅXKѫQSKDWӕLFzQQJѭӧFOҥLFk\QJj\QJҳQÿzLKӓLÿӝGjL
FKLӃXViQJNKLUDKRDNӃWWUiLQJҳQKѫQ
* Ánh hưởng của ánh sáng đối với động vật
ÈQKViQJUҩWFҫQWKLӃWFKRÿӡLVӕQJÿӝQJYұW&iFORjLÿӝQJYұWNKiFQKDXFҫQWKjQK
SKҫQTXDQJSKәFѭӡQJÿӝYjWKӡLJLDQFKLӃXViQJNKiFQKDX7\WKHRVӵÿiSӭQJÿӕLYӟL
\ӃXWӕiQKViQJPjQJѭӡLWDFKLDÿӝQJYұWWKjQKKDLQKyP:
+uQK6ӵSKkQWҫQJFӫDUӯQJPѭDQKLӋWÿӟL
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
11
- 1KyPÿӝQJYұWѭDViQJ: OjQKӳQJORjLÿӝQJYұWFKӏXÿѭӧFJLӟLKҥQUӝQJYӅÿӝGjL,
FѭӡQJÿӝYjWKӡLJLDQFKLӃXViQJ1KyPQj\EDRJӗPFiFÿӝQJYұWKRҥWÿӝng vào ban ngày,
WKѭӡQJFyFѫTXDQWLӃSQKұQiQKViQJӢÿӝQJYұWEұFWKҩSFѫTXDQQj\OjFiFWӃEjRFҧP
TXDQJSKkQEӕNKҳSFѫWKӇFzQӣÿӝQJYұWEұFFDRFK~QJWұSWUXQJWKjQKFѫTXDQWKӏJLiF
7KӏJLiFUҩWSKiWWULӇQӣPӝWVӕQKyPÿӝQJYұWQKѭF{QWUQJFKkQÿҫXÿӝQJYұWFy[ѭѫQJ
VӕQJQKҩWOjӣFKLPYjWK~'RYұ\ÿӝQJYұWWKѭӡQJFyPjXVҳFÿ{LNKLUҩWVһFVӥF{Q
WUQJYjÿѭӧF[HPQKѭQKӳQJWtQKLӋXVLQKKӑF
- 1KyPÿӝQJYұWѭDWӕLEDRJӗPQKӳQJORjLÿӝQJYұWFKӍFyFKӏXÿѭӧFJLӟLKҥQKҽSYӅ
ÿӝGjL ViQJ1KyPQj\EDRJӗPFiFÿӝQJYұWKRҥWÿӝQJYjREDQÿrPVӕQJWURQJKDQJÿӝQJ
WURQJÿҩWKD\ӣÿi\ELӇQVkX1KyPÿӝQJYұWQj\FyPjXVҳFNK{QJSKiWWULӇQYjWKkQWKѭӡQJ
FyPjX[ӍQÿHQ1KӳQJORjLÿӝQJYұWӣGѭӟLELӇQQѫLWKLӃXiQKViQJFѫTXDQWKӏJLác có
NKX\QKKѭӟQJPӣWRKRһFFzQÿtQKWUrQFiFFXӕQJWKӏW[RD\TXDQKSKtDÿӇPӣUӝQJWҫP
QKuQFzQӣQKӳQJYQJNK{QJFyiQKViQJFѫTXDQWLrXJLҧPKRjQWRjQQKѭӡQJFKRVӵSKiW
WULӇQFѫTXDQ[~FJLiFYjFѫTXDQSKiWViQJ
ӢPӝWVӕORjLÿӝQJYұWFyNKҧQăQJWLӃSQKұQQKӳQJWLDViQJNKiFQKDXFӫDTXDQJSKә
iQKViQJPһWWUӡLPjPҳWQJѭӡLNK{QJWLӃSWKXÿѭӧF0ӝWVӕORjLÿӝQJYұWWKkPPӅPGѭӟL
QѭӟFVkXYj5ҳQPDLJҫPFyWKӇWLӃSWKXWLDKӗQJQJRҥL2QJYjPӝWVӕORjLFKLPFyWKӇSKkQ
ELӋWÿѭӧFPһWSKҷQJSKkQFӵFiQKViQJPjFRQQJѭӡLKRjQWRjQNK{QJQKұQELӃWQJRjLUD
FK~QJFzQFyWKӇQKuQWKҩ\ÿѭӧFTXDQJSKәYQJVyQJQJҳQWURQJÿyFyFҧWLDWӱQJRҥLQKѭQJ
NK{QJQKұQELӃWÿѭӧFWLDViQJPjXÿӓFyÿӝGjLVyQJOӟQ2QJFKtQKQKӡWLӃSWKXÿѭӧFPһW

SKҷQJSKkQFӵFiQKViQJQrQ[iFÿӏQKÿѭӧFYӏWUtFӫDPuQKPjÿӏQKKѭӟQJÿѭӧFÿӏDSKѭѫQJ
WKұPFKtFҧNKL0һW7UӡLEӏPk\FKHOҩS
1KLӅXORjLÿӝQJYұWÿӏQKKѭӟQJQKӡWKӏJLiFWURQJWKӡLJLDQGLFѭĈһFELӋWQKҩWOj
FKLPQKӳQJORjLFKLPWU~ÿ{QJED\YѭӧWTXDKjQJngàn km ÿӃQQѫLFyNKtKұXҩPKѫQQKѭQJ
NK{QJEӏFKӋFKKѭӟQJ














+uQKҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDiQKViQJÿӃQTXiWUuQKVLQKVҧQFӫDFiKӗL(Salvelinus fontinalles)

6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
12
4XDQKLӅXF{QJWUuQKQJKLrQFӭXÿmFKӭQJPLQKUҵQJiQKViQJVDXNKLNtFKWKtFKFѫ
quDQWKӏJLiFWK{QJTXDWUXQJNKXWKҫQNLQKJk\QrQKRҥWÿӝQJQӝLWLӃWӣWX\ӃQQmRWK\Wӯÿy
ҧQKKѭӣQJWӟLVӵVLQKWUѭӣQJYjSKiWGөFӣÿӝQJYұW9tGөĈӇU~WQJҳQWKӡLJLDQSKiWWULӇQӣ
FiKӗLSalvelinus fontinallesQJѭӡLWDWăQJFѭӡQJÿӝFKLӃXViQJ+RһFQKѭFiFKpSQX{Lӣ
QKӳQJUXӝQJO~DYQJ4XӃ/kP7UXQJ4XӕFGRҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDiQKViQJPҥQKQKLӋWÿӝFDR
QrQWX\FѫWKӇFiFzQQKӓ-JDPQKѭQJÿmWKjQKWKөFVLQKGөFVӟPWXәL'ӵDYjR

KLӋQWѭӧQJÿyQJѭGkQYQJ4XҧQJĈ{QJ7UXQJ4XӕFÿmWK~Fÿҭ\FiFKpSÿҿVӟPEҵQJFiFK
KҥPӵFQѭӟFWURQJDRQX{LYjRPD[XkQÿӇWăQJFѭӡQJÿӝiQKViQJYjQKLӋWÿӝQѭӟFFKRFi
WKjQKWKөFVLQKVҧQVӟP7KӡLJLDQFKLӃXViQJFӫDQJj\FyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQKRҥWÿӝQJVLQKVҧQ
FӫDQKLӅXORjLÿӝQJYұW1JѭӡLWDQKұQWKҩ\UҵQJFiKӗLSalvelinus fontinallesWKѭӡQJÿҿWUӭQJ
YjRPDWKXQKѭQJQӃXYjRPD[XkQWăQJFѭӡQJWKӡLJLDQFKLӃXViQJKRһFJLҧPWKӡLJLDQ
FKLӃXViQJYӅPDKqFKRJLӕQJYӟLÿLӅXNLӋQFKLӃXViQJPDWKXWKuFiYүQÿҿWUӭQJ
ӢQKLӅXORjLFKLPYQJ{QÿӟLFұQQKLӋWÿӟLVӵFKtQVLQKGөF[ҧ\UDNKLÿӝGjLQJj\
WăQJ0ӝWVӕORjLWK~QKѭFiRPӝWVӕORjLWK~ăQWKӏWQKӓPӝWVӕORjLJұPQKҩPVLQKVҧQYjR
WKӡLNǤFyQJj\GjLQJѭӧFOҥLQKLӅXORjLQKDLOҥLFyWKӡLNǤVLQKVҧQӭQJYӟLQJj\QJҳQӢ
PӝWVӕORjLF{QWUQJPӝWVӕVkXEӑNKLWKӡLJLDQFKLӃXViQJNK{QJWKtFKKӧSVӁ[XҩWKLӋQ
KLӋQWѭӧQJÿuQKGөFGLDSDXVHWӭFOjFyWKӇWҥPQJӯQJKRҥWÿӝQJYjSKiWWULӇQ
2.2. Ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ đối với sinh vật
* Ý nghĩa của nhiệt độ
1KLӋWÿӝWUrQWUiLÿҩW SKөWKXӝF
YjR QăQJ OѭӧQJ PһW WUӡL Yj WKD\ ÿәL
WKHRYƭÿӝWKHRYQJÿӏDOêYjWKHRFKX
NǤWURQJQăP1KLӋWÿӝOjQKkQWӕNKt
KұXFyҧQKKѭӣQJUҩWOӟQÿӃQVLQKYұW
QKLӋW ÿӝ WiF ÿӝQJ WUӵF WLӃS KRһF JLiQ
WLӃSÿӃQTXiWUuQKVӕQJFӫDVLQKYұWVӵ
VLQKWUѭӣQJSKiWWULӇQVLQKVҧQÿӃQ
VӵSKkQEӕFӫDFiFFiWKӇTXҫQWKӇYj
TXҫQ[m
6ӵNKiFQKDX YӅ QKLӋW ÿӝ WURQJ
NK{QJJLDQYjWKӡLJLDQÿmWҥRUDQKӳQJQKyPVLQKWKiLFyNKҧQăQJWKtFKQJKLNKiFQKDX1KLӋW
ÿӝFzQҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQFiF\ӃXWӕNKiFFӫDP{LWUѭӡng QKѭÿӝҭPNK{QJNKtÿӝҭPÿҩW
*Tác động của nhiệt độ lên sinh vật
ӢVLQKYұWFyKDLKuQKWKӭFWUDRÿәLQKLӋW:
- &iFVLQKYұWWLӅQQKkQYLNKXҭQYLNKXҭQODP3URWLVWDQҩPWKӵFYұWÿӝQJYұW
NK{QJ[ѭѫQJVӕQJFiOѭӥQJWKrEzViWNK{QJFyNKҧQăQJÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇGRÿy

QKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇSKөWKXӝFYjRQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJYjOX{QELӃQÿӝQJ1JѭӡLWDJӑLQKyPVLQK
YұWQj\OjVLQKYұWELӃQQKLӋWPoikilothermKD\QKyPQJRҥLQKLӋWEctotherm).
- &iFVLQKYұWFyWәFKӭFFDRQKѭFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWFKLPWK~QKӓVӵSKiWWULӇQKRjQ
FKӍQKFѫFKӃÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWÿӝYjVӵKuQKWKjQKWUXQJWkPÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWӣQmRÿmJL~SFK~QJ
+uQK6ӵSKkQEӕFӫDQKLӋWÿӝWUrQWUiLÿҩW
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
13
GX\WUuÿѭӧFQKLӋWÿӝFӵFWKXұQWKѭӡQJ[X\rQFӫDFѫWKӇNK{QJSKөWKXӝFYjRQKLӋWÿӝFӫD
P{LWUѭӡQJQJRjL1JѭӡLWDJӑLQKyPÿӝQJ YұWQj\OjÿӝQJYұWÿҷQJQKLӋWÿӝQJYұWPiX
nóng) (HomeothermKD\QKyPQӝLQKLӋWEndothermFK~QJÿLӅXKRjQKLӋWQKӡVӵVҧQVLQK
QKLӋWWӯErQWURQJFѫWKӇFӫDPuQK
- 7UXQJJLDQJLӳDKDLQKyPQj\FyQKyPWKӭEDFiFORjLVLQKYұWWKXӝFQKyPQày vào
WKӡLNǤNK{QJWKXұQOӧLFK~QJ QJӫKRһF QJӯQJ KRҥWÿӝQJQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇKҥWKҩS QKѭQJ
NK{QJEDRJLӡ[XӕQJGѭӟL- 13
0
&1KyPQj\JӗPPӝWVӕORjLJһPQKҳPQKѭVyFÿҩW
QKtPFKXӝWVyFFKLPpQGѫLFKLPK~WPұW
.KRҧQJGDRÿӝQJQKLӋWÿӝWUrQEӅPһWKjQKWLQKÿҥWWUrQ
0
&QKѭQJVӵVӕQJFKӍ
FyWKӇWӗQWҥLWURQJJLӟLKҥQWӯ- 200
0
&í 100
0
&3KҫQOӟQFiFORjLVLQKYұWVӕQJWURQJSKҥP
YLQKLӋWÿӝ- 50
0
&KD\FzQWKҩSKѫQ7URQJFiFVXӕLQѭӟFQyQJPӝWVӕYLNKXҭQFyWKӇVӕQJ
ӣ

0
&YLNKXҭQODPӣ
0
C. Cá sóc (Cyprinodon macularisVӕQJӣQKLӋWÿӝ
0
C. Trong
NKLÿyFyORjLOҥLVӕQJӣQKLӋWÿӝUҩWWKҩSҨXWUQJVkXQJ{Pyrausta nubilarisFKXҭQEӏTXD
ÿ{QJFKӏXÿѭӧFQKLӋWÿӝ-27,2
0
&FiWX\ӃWBoregonus saidaKRҥWÿӝQJWtFKFӵFӣQKLӋWÿӝ-
2
0
C+RһFPӝWVӕORjLVLQKYұWFyJLӟLKҥQQKLӋWÿӝUҩWOӟQQKѭORjLFKkQEөQJHydrobia
aponensisWӯ-1 - +60
0
&FzQÿӍDSKLӃQPlanuria gonocephala) Wӯ- 24
0
C.
1KӳQJORjLVLQKYұWWUDRÿәLQKLӋWQJRjLKD\FѫWKӇELӃQQKLӋWFyWKӇWKtFKQJKLYӟL
nhiӋWÿӝFDRQKѭQJӣQKLӋWÿӝWKҩSFKҷQJKҥQӣQKLӋWÿӝ-1
0
&OҥLUҩWQJX\KLӇPYjFyWKӇEӏ
FKӃWGRGӏFKWӃEjREӏÿyQJEăQJ7X\QKLrQPӝWVӕORjLFyWKӇVӕQJӣQKLӋWÿӝWKҩSKѫQJLiWUӏ
WUrQYuGӏFKWӃEjRFyÿӝKҥEăQJÿLӇPWKҩSĈӝKҥEăQJÿLӇPWKҩSOLrQTXDQYӟLVӵJLDWăQJ
KjPOѭӧQJFiFPXӕLNKRiQJYjKӧSFKҩWKӳXFѫNKiFFKӭDWURQJGӏFKWӃEjRYjGӏFKWKӇ[RDQJ
* Ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ đối với thực vật
ĈӕLYӟLWKӵFYұWQKLӋWÿӝFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQKuQKWKiLFKӭFQăQJVLQKOêYjNKҧQăQJ
VLQKVҧQ1KLӋWÿӝWKҩSFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQKuQKWKiLFӫDFk\*,3DUORYVFDLDÿmOjPWKt
QJKLӋPYӟLFk\&ӕF-xa-ghi (Taraxacum koksaghyzWKҩ\UҵQJWURQJÿLӅXNLӋQiQKViQJYjÿӝ
ҭPJLӕQJQKDXQӃXÿӇFk\ӣQKLӋWÿӝ

0
&WKuOi[ҿWKXǤVkXӣQKLӋWÿӝ- 18
0
C liNK{QJ[ҿ
WKXǤVkXQKѭQJPpSOiFyUăQJFѭDQKӓ1KӳQJWKtQJKLӋPÿӕLYӟLPӝWVӕFk\ăQTXҧYQJ{Q
ÿӟLQKѭWiROrFKRWKҩ\NKLQKLӋWÿӝ[XӕQJWKҩSWKuUӉFk\FyPjXWUҳQJtWKyDJӛP{VѫFҩS
SKkQKyDFKұPӣQKLӋWÿӝFӵFWKtFKUӉFyPjXWҫQJSKiWVLQKKRҥWÿӝQJPҥQKWҥRQKLӅXJӛ
EyPҥFKGjLӣQKLӋWÿӝFӵFKҥQFDRWKuUӉFyPjXJӛGj\FӭQJYjFk\FKӃWGҫQ
7\WKHRQѫLVӕQJFyQKLӋWÿӝFDRKD\WKҩSPjFk\KuQKWKjQKQrQQKӳQJEӝSKұQEҧR
YӋ&k\PӑFӣQѫLWUӕQJWUmLFѭӡQJÿӝiQKViQJPҥQKQKLӋWÿӝFDRWKuFk\FyYӓGj\PjX
QKҥWWҫQJEҫQSKiWWULӇQQKLӅXOӟSFyWiFGөQJFiFKQKLӋWOiQKӓFy WҫQJFXWLQGj\KҥQFKӃVӵ
EӕFKѫLQѭӟF1KӳQJFk\FyWKkQQJҫPGѭӟLÿҩWNKLFiFSKҫQWUrQPһWÿҩWEӏWәQWKѭѫQJEӏ
FKӃWWӯWKkQQJҫPPӑFOrQQKӳQJFKӗLPӟLYjFk\SKөFKӗL+RһFӣ QKӳQJYQJ{QÿӟL YӅ
PDÿ{QJFk\FyKLӋQWѭӧQJUөQJOiQKӡÿyKҥQFKӃGLӋQWtFKWLӃS[~FYӟLNK{QJNKtOҥQKFk\
hình thành FiFYҧ\EҧRYӋFKӗLFiFOӟSEҫQSKiWWULӇQÿӇFiFKQKLӋW

6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
14

7KӵFYұWOjFѫWKӇELӃQQKLӋWYuWKӃFiFKRҥWÿӝQJVLQKOêFӫDQyÿӅXFKӏXҧQKKѭӣQJ
FӫDQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJ&k\TXDQJKӧSWӕWӣQKLӋWÿӝ- 30
0
&QKLӋWÿӝTXiWKҩSKD\TXiFDR
ÿӅXҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQTXiWUuQKQj\ӢQKLӋWÿӝ
0
&Fk\QKLӋWÿӟLQJӯQJTXDQJKӧSYuGLӋSOөFEӏ
ELӃQGҥQJӣQKLӋWÿӝWӯ
0
&WUӣOrQVӵK{KҩSEӏQJӯQJWUӋ&iFFk\{QÿӟLFyNKҧQăQJKRҥW
ÿӝQJWURQJÿLӅXNLӋQQKLӋWÿӝWKҩSKѫQ
0
&YtGөQKѭPӝWVӕORjLWQJEiFKPҫPFk\YүQK{
KҩSNKLQKLӋWÿӝ[XӕQJ-22
0
&4XiWUuQKWKRiWKѫLQѭӟFFӫDWKӵFYұWFNJQJFKӏXҧQKKѭӣQJFӫD
QKLӋWÿӝ.KLQKLӋWÿӝNK{QJNKtFjQJFDRÿӝҭPNK{QJNKtFjQJ[DÿӝEҧRKzDFk\WKRiWKѫL
QѭӟFPҥQK.KLQKLӋWÿӝWKҩSÿӝQKӟWFӫDQJX\rQVLQKFKҩWWăQJOrQiSVXҩWWKҩPOӑFJLҧP
QrQUӉK~WQѭӟFNKyNKăQNK{QJÿӫFXQJFҩSFKRFk\ÿӇWKtFKQJKLWURQJÿLӅXNLӋQQj\Fk\WLӃQ
KjQKUөQJOi
1KLӋWÿӝFyҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDÿӃQTXiWUuQKVӕQJWKӵFYұW7URQJQKӳQJJLDLÿRҥQSKiW
WULӇQFiWKӇNKiFQKDXQKXFҫXQKLӋWÿӝFNJQJNKiFQKDX&KҷQJKҥQQKѭӣJLDLÿRҥQQҧ\PҫP
KҥWFҫQQKLӋWÿӝWKҩSKѫQWKӡL NǤQӣKRDYjRWKӡLNǤTXҧFKtQÿzLKӓLQKLӋWÿӝFDRKѫQFҧ.Kҧ
QăQJFKӏXÿӵQJQKLӋWÿӝEҩWOӧLӣFiFEӝSKұQFӫDWKӵFYұWNK{QJJLӕQJQKDX/iOjFѫTXDQ
WLӃS[~FQKLӅXYjWUӵFWLӃSYӟLNK{QJNKtGRÿyFKӏXÿӵQJÿѭӧFVӵWKD\ÿәLYӅQKLӋWÿӝWKҩS
* Ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ đối với đời sống động vật
1KLӋWÿӝÿѭӧF[HPOj\ӃXWӕVLQKWKiLFyҧQKKѭӣQJOӟQQKҩWÿӕLYӟLÿӝQJYұW1KLӋWÿӝ

ÿmҧQKKѭӣQJWUӵFWLӃSKD\JLiQWLӃSÿӃQVӵVӕQJVӵVLQKWUѭӣQJSKiWWULӇQWuQKWUҥQJVLQKOê
VӵVLQKVҧQGRÿyFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQVӵELӃQÿӝQJVӕOѭӧQJYjVӵSKkQEӕFӫDÿӝQJYұW
ҦQKKѭӣQJWUӵFWLӃSFӫDQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJÿӃQVӵFKX\ӇQKyDQăQJOѭӧQJFӫDFѫWKӇ
.KLQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJWKD\ÿәLӣPӝWFKӯQJPӵFQjRÿyVӁҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇ
.KLQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇYѭӧWUDNKӓLJLӟLKҥQWKtFKKӧSVӁOjPWăQJKD\JLҧPFѭӡQJÿӝFKX\ӇQKyD
YjJk\UӕLORҥQWURQJTXiWUuQKVLQKOêEuQKWKѭӡQJFӫDFѫWKӇ.KLQKLӋWÿӝKҥWKҩS[XӕQJWӟL
PӝWPӭFÿӝQjRÿyÿҫXWLrQOjOjPQJѭQJWUӋFKӭFQăQJWLrXKyDVDXÿyÿӃQFKӭFQăQJ YұQ
ÿӝQJUӗLÿӃQWXҫQKRjQYjVDXFQJOjK{KҩS7X\QKLrQӣPӝWVӕORjLÿӝQJYұWQKҩWOjÿӝQJ
+uQKĈһFÿLӇPKuQKWKiLFӫDFk\&{F[DJKLNKiFQKDXNKLVӕQJӣQKLӋWÿӝNKiFQKDX
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
15
YұWELӃQQKLӋWFyNKҧQăQJVӕQJWLӅPVLQKNKLQKLӋWÿӝ[XӕQJTXiWKҩSKRһFOrQTXiFDRWX\Yұ\
NKLFKӃÿӝQKLӋWWUӣOҥLEuQKWKѭӡQJWKuFiFTXiWUuQKVLQKOêFѫEҧQFӫDFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWQyL
WUrQVӟPWUӣOҥLWUҥQJWKiLKRҥWÿӝQJEuQKWKѭӡQJ
ҦQKKѭӣQJJLiQWLӃSOjQKLӋWÿӝFyWKӇWiFÿӝQJOrQÿӝQJYұWQKѭPӝWORҥLWtQKLӋXWtQ
KLӋXQKLӋWÿӝFyWKӇOjPWKD\ÿәLÿLӅXNLӋQSKiWWULӇQVLQKVҧQYjVӵKRҥWÿӝQJ FӫDÿӝQJYұW
.KLQJKLrQFӭXÿӝQJYұWWUrQFiFYQJNKiFQKDXFӫDWUiLÿҩWQJѭӡLWDQKұQWKҩ\ÿӝQJ
YұWFNJQJFyÿһFWUѭQJWKtFKQJKLKuQKWKiLÿӇEҧRYӋNKӓLVӵWiFÿӝQJFӫDQKLӋWÿӝNK{QJWKtFK
KӧS%ҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiSWKӕQJNrVLQKKӑFQJѭӡLWDÿѭDÿӃQPӝWVӕTXLOXұWTXDQKӋJLӳDQKLӋW
ÿӝYjWKtFKQJKLKuQKWKiLӣFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWFy[ѭѫQJVӕQJKҵQJQKLӋWÿҷQJQKLӋWJҫQJNJLYӅ
TXDQKӋSKkQORҥL
- 4X\OX̵W%HUJPDQ7URQJJLӟLKҥQFӫDORjLKD\QKyPFiFORjLJҫQJӫLÿӗQJQKҩWWKu
QKӳQJFiWKӇFyNtFKWKѭӟFOӟQKѫQWKѭӡQJJһSӣQKӳQJYQJOҥQKKѫQKD\QKӳQJFiWKӇSKkQ
EӕӣPLӅQEҳFFyNtFKWKѭӟFOӟQKѫQӣPLӅQQDPFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWELӃQQKLӋWFiOѭӥQJ WKӇ
EzViWWKuӣYQJQyQJ FyNtFKWKѭӟFOӟQKѫQӣPLӅQOҥQK4X\OXұWQj\SKKӧSYӟLTX\OXұW
QKLӋWÿӝQJKӑF%ӅPһWFѫWKӇÿӝQJYұWEuQKSKѭѫQJYӟLNtFKWKѭӟFFӫDQy7URQJO~FÿyNKӕL
OѭӧQJWӍOӋYӟLOұSSKѭѫQJNtFKWKѭӟF6ӵPҩWQKLӋWWӍOӋYӟLEӅPһWFѫWKӇYjQKѭYұ\WӍOӋÿy
FjQJFDRWӍOӋEӅPһWYӟLNKӕLOѭӧQJFjQJOӟQFyQJKƭDOjFѫWKӇÿӝQJYұWFjQJQKӓĈӝQJYұW
FjQJOӟQYjKuQKGҥQJFѫWKӇFjQJWKRQJӑQWKuFjQJGӉJLӳFKRQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇәQÿӏQKÿӝQJ

YұWFjQJQKӓTXiWUuQKWUDRÿәLFKҩWFjQJFDR&KҷQJKҥQFKLPFiQKFөWAptenodytes forsteri)
ӣ1DP&ӵFFyFKLӅXGjLWKkQ- 120cPQһQJNJWURQJNKLPӝWORjLNKiFJҫQYӟLQy
(Spheniscus mendiculusӣ[tFKÿҥRFKӍFyFKLӅXGjLWKkQFPQһQJ- NJ+RһFQKѭ
FKLӅXGjLWUXQJEuQKFӫDÿҫXWKӓLepus timidusӣ+j/DQGjL-FPӣEҳF/LrQ[{FNJGjL
FPӣEҳF6LEHULGjLFP1KLӅXORjLOѭӥQJFѭEzViWFyNtFKWKѭӟFOӟQWKѭӡQJJһSӣ
YƭÿӝWKҩSKѫQVRYӟLFiFQѫLӣYƭÿӝFDR










+uQK6ӵWKD\ÿәLNtFKWKѭӟF
FӫDQKӳQJORjLJҫQQKDXNKLVӕQJӣQKӳQJYQJNKiFQKDXYӅQKLӋWÿӝ
- 4X\OX̵W$OOHQ QX\OXұWQj\WKѭӡQJJһSKѫQTX\OXұWWUrQ'$OOHQFKRUҵQJ
FjQJOrQSKtDEҳFFiFFѫTXDQSKөFӫDFѫWKӇFiFEӝSKұQWKzUDQJRjL7DL- chân - ÿX{L- Pӓ
FjQJWKXQKӓOҥL0ӝWYtGөÿLӇQKuQKOjFiR6DKDUDFyFKkQGjLWDLWRFiR&KkXÆXWKҩSKѫQ và
WDLQJҳQKѫQFzQFiRVӕQJӣ%ҳF&ӵFWDLUҩWQKӓYjP}PUҩWQJҳQ

6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
16

Hình 2.10. 6ӵWKD\ÿәLFiFEӝSKұQWKzUDQJRjLFӫD
FiFORjLWURQJJLӕQJWKӓ/HSXVNKLӣQKӳQJYQJFyQKLӋWÿӝNKiFQKDX
- 4X\OX̵WSKͯO{QJÿӝQJYұWFyY~ӣYQJOҥQKFy EӝO{QJGj\KѫQVRYӟLÿҥLGLӋQ
FQJOӟSÿyVӕQJӣYQJҩP9tGөKә6LEHULVRYӟLKәҨQĈӝKD\0DOD\VLDFyO{QJGj\Yj
OӟQKѫQQKLӅXĈLӅXQj\FNJQJSKKӧSYӟLTX\OXұW%HUJPDQ6ӵWKtFKQJKLQj\FNJQJPӝW
SKҫQQjRSKKӧSYӟLÿӝQJYұWFyY~VӕQJӣQKӳQJYQJUҩWNK{KҥQ%ӝO{QJGj\OjPJLҧP
VӵPҩWQѭӟFFӫDFѫWKӇEҵQJFRQÿѭӡQJEӕFKѫL
1KLӋWÿӝҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQFiFKRҥWÿӝQJVLQKOêFӫDÿӝQJYұW&KҷQJKҥQQKѭÿӕLYӟL
WӕFÿӝWLrXKyD1KLӋWÿӝFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQOѭӧQJWKӭFăQYjWӕFÿӝWLrXKyDFӫDҩXWUQJ PӑW
EӝWOӟQTenebrio molitorӣJLDLÿRҥQӣQKLӋWÿӝFDR
0
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lá khoai tây
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0
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2
OiNKRDLWk\ӢQKLӋWÿӝ
25
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&PӑWQJӯQJăQ

NKLӋWÿӝҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQVӵSKiWWULӇQFӫDÿӝQJYұW
- ĈӝQJYұWELӃQQKLӋW7ӕFÿӝSKiWWULӇQYjVӕWKӃKӋWURQJPӝWQăPSKөWKXӝFYjR
QKLӋWÿӝ.KLQKLӋWÿӝ[XӕQJWKҩSGѭӟLPӝWPӭFQjRÿyWKuÿӝQJYұWNK{QJSKiWWULӇQÿѭӧF
1KѭQJWUrQQKLӋWÿӝÿyVӵWUDRÿәLFKҩWFӫDFѫWKӇÿѭӧFKӗLSKөFYjEҳWÿҫXSKiWWULӇQ1JѭӡL
WDJӑLQJѭӥQJQKLӋWSKiWWULӇQKD\QKLӋWÿӝWKӅPSKiWWULӇQOjQKLӋWÿӝPjӣGѭӟLQKLӋWÿӝQj\
WӕFÿӝSKiWWULӇQFӫDFѫWKӇOj%ҵQJFiFWKӵFQJKLrPPӕLTXDQKӋJLӳDQKLӋWÿӝYjWKӡLJLDQ
phát WULӇQFӫDÿӝQJYұWELӃQQKLӋWÿѭӧFWKӇKLӋQEҵQJF{QJWKӭFVDX
T = (x-k)n
7URQJÿy7OjWәQJQKLӋWQJj\[QKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJNQKLӋWÿӝQJѭӥQJFӫDVӵSKiW
WULӇQPjEҳWÿҫXWӯÿyVӵSKiWWULӇQPӟL[ҧ\UDQWKӡLJLDQFҫQÿӇKRjQWKjQKPӝWJLDLÿRҥQ
KD\FҧÿӡLVӕQJFӫDVLQKYұW[-NQKLӋWÿӝSKiWWULӇQKӳXKLӋX
7ӯF{QJWKӭFWUrQWDFNJQJFy
x - N 7QĺQ 7[-k)
hay k = x - T/n và x = T/n + k
7ӕFÿӝSKiWWULӇQ\OjVӕQJKӏFKÿҧRFӫDWKӡLJLDQSKiWWULӇQQKD\
y = (x - k)/T
0ӛLPӝWORjLÿӝQJYұWFyPӝWQJѭӥQJQKLӋWQKҩWÿӏQK9tGөQJѭӥQJQKLӋWSKiWWULӇQ
FӫDVkXNKRDQJFәProdenia lituraSKiKҥLUDXFҧLVXKjRE{QJOҥFOj
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VӕQJWDFyWKӇWtQKÿѭӧFVӕWKӃKӋWUXQJEuQKFӫDQyWURQJPӝWQăP
1KuQFKXQJFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWӣYQJQKLӋWÿӟLFyWӕFÿӝWăQJWUѭӣQJQKDQKKѫQYjFy
VӕWKӃKӋKҵQJQăPQKLӅXKѫQVRYӟLQKӳQJORjLFyTXDQKӋKӑKjQJJҫQJNJLYӟLFK~QJ ӣYQJ
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QKLӋWSKӭFWҥSKѫQQKLӅXVRYӟLÿӝQJYұW ELӃQQKLӋW1KLӋWÿӝWKҩSWX\OjPFKұPVӵWăQJ
WUѭӣQJQrQVӵWUѭӣQJWKjQKVLQKGөFFNJQJEӏFKұPOҥLYjYuWKӃNtFKWKѭӟFFѫWKӇFӫDFRQYұW
WăQJOrQ&KXӝWQKҳWYjFKXӝWFӕQJVӕQJWURQJWӫOҥQKWKtQJKLӋPFyNtFKWKѭӟFOӟQKѫQӣ
WURQJQKjKD\QJRjLÿӗQJYjFyFѭӡQJÿӝVLQKVҧQFDRFөWKӇWURQJWӫOҥQKӣQKLӋWÿ{-5
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KѫQJYjFyWӕFÿӝVLQKVҧQFDRKѫQWUXQJEuQKVӕSK{LӣFiWKӇFiLOj&zQFKXӝW
FӕQJWURQJÿLӅXNLӋQQKLӋWÿӝ- 15
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QJӫÿ{QJ&iFÿӝQJYұWELӃQQKLӋWWLӃQKjQKQJӫKqNKLQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJTXiFDRYjÿӝҭP
[XӕQJWKҩSSKәELӃQӣPӝWVӕF{QWUQJYjӃFKQKiL7UҥQJWKiLQJӫÿ{QJ[XҩWKLӋQNKLQKLӋW
ÿӝFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJKҥWKҩSWѭѫQJÿӕLÿuQKFKӍVӵSKiWWULӇQFӫDÿӝQJYұWELӃQQKLӋW1KLӋWÿӝ
QJӫÿ{QJFӫDPӝWVӕORjLÿӝQJYұWQKLӋWÿӟLWѭѫQJÿӕLFDRYtGөQKѭPӑWE{QJOj
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QJӫÿ{QJFyWKӇ[ҧ\UDӣWҩWFҧFiFFiWKӇYjFiFJLDLÿRҥQSKiWWULӇQFiWKӇSKәELӃQӣFKӗQ
VyFVyFED\JҩX
ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDQKLӋWÿӝÿӃQVӵVLQKVҧQFӫDÿӝQJYұW6ӵVLQKVҧQFӫDQKLӅXORjLÿӝQJ
YұWFKӍWLӃQKjQKWURQJPӝWSKҥPYLQKLӋWÿӝWKtFKKӧSQKҩWÿӏQK1ӃXQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJ
NK{QJWKtFKKӧSFDRKRһF WKҩSVRYӟLQKLӋWÿӝFҫQWKLӃWVӁOjPJLҧPFѭӡQJÿӝVLQKVҧQKRһF
OjPFKRTXiWUuQKVLQKVҧQÿuQKWUӋOjYuQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJÿmҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQFKӭFQăQJFӫD
FѫTXDQVLQKVҧQ1KLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJOҥQKTXiKRһFQyQJTXiFyWKӇOjPJLҧPTXiWUuQKVLQK
tiQKYjVLQKWUӭQJӣÿӝQJYұW9tGөFiFKpSFKӍÿҿNKLQKLӋWÿӝQѭӟFNK{QJWKҩSKѫQ
0
C.

&KXӝWQKҳWWUҳQJMus musculusQX{LWURQJSKzQJWKtQJKLӋPVLQKVҧQPҥQKӣQKLӋWÿӝ
0
C,
NKLQKLӋWÿӝWăQJTXi
0
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ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDQKLӋWÿӝÿӃQVӵSKkQEӕYjVӵWKtFKQJKLFӫDÿӝQJYұW7URQJWӵQKLrQ
FyQKLӅXORjLÿӝQJYұWVӕQJÿѭӧFWURQJPӝWELrQÿӝQKLӋWUӝQJWӭFOjFyNKҧQăQJFKӏXÿӵQJ
ÿѭӧFVӵWKD\ÿәLOӟQYӅQKLӋWWKHRFKXNǤQJj\PDOjQKӳQJORjLÿӝQJYұWFKӏXQKLӋWUӝQJ
9t Gө QKѭ QKX\ӇQ WKӇ FKkQ EөQJHydrobia aponensis KD\ UXӗLQKj Musca domestica),
SKkQEӕKҫXQKѭNKҳSWKӃJLӟLYjÿӃQÿӝFDRP&iFORjLÿӝQJYұWFKӏXQKLӋWUӝQJFKӫ
\ӃXOjFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWFy[ѭѫQJVӕQJÿҷQJQKLӋW&KҷQJKҥQQKѭKәFyWKӇVӕQJÿѭӧFFҧ
QKӳQJYQJ6LELULOҥQKOӁRFNJQJQKѭYQJQKLӋWÿӟLQyQJEӭFҨQĈӝ0m/DL9LӋW1DP
1JѭӧFOҥLFNJQJFyQKLӅXORjLÿӝQJYұWFKӍSKkQEӕKD\FKӍVӕQJÿѭӧFӣQKӳQJYQJQKLӋWÿӟL
KRһFWURQJQѭӟFYjQѫLPjVӵFKrQKOӋFKQKLӋWÿӝJLӳDQJj\ YjÿrPJLӳDFiFPDNK{QJOӟQ
ĈyOjQKӳQJORjLÿӝQJYұWFKӏXQKLӋWKҽSKD\OjQKӳQJORjLÿӝQJYұWKҽSQKLӋW9tGөQKѭFi
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
18
KӗLSalmoFKӍFKӏXÿѭӧFQKLӋWÿӝ- 20
0
&1KLӅXORjLÿӝQJYұWNK{QJ[ѭѫQJVӕQJӣELӇQ
OjFiFÿӝQJYұWKҽSQKLӋW
ĈӇWKtFKQJKL YӟLVӵWKD\ÿәLQKLӋWÿӝFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJӣÿӝQJYұWFyQKӳQJKuQKWKӭF
ÿLӅXKzDQKLӋW
- 6ӵÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWKyDKӑFÿyOjTXiWUuQKWăQJPӭFVҧQUDQKLӋWFӫDFѫWKӇGRWăQJ
TXiWUuQKFKX\ӇQKyDFiFFKҩWÿӇÿiSӭQJOҥLVӵWKD\ÿәLQKLӋWÿӝFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJ
- 6ӵÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWYұWOêÿyOjVӵWKD\ÿәLPӭFWӓDQKLӋWNKҧQăQJJLӳQKLӋWKRһF
QJѭӧFOҥLSKiWWiQQKLӋWGѭWKӯD6ӵÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWYұWOêWKӵFKLӋQQKӡFiFÿһFÿLӇPYӅKuQK
WKiLJLҧLSKҭXFӫDFѫWKӇQKѭFyO{QJPDRO{QJYNJKӋPҥFKPiXOӟSPӣGӵWUӳGѭӟLGD

- +uQKWKjQKFiFWұSWtQKÿӇJLӳWKăQJEҵQJQKLӋW7URQJTXiWUuQKVӕQJÿӝQJYұWÿm
KuQKWKjQKQKӳQJWұSWtQKJLӳFkQEҵQJQKLӋWFyKLӋXTXҧQKҩWÿӇWKtFKQJKLYӟLQKLӋWÿӝFӫD
P{LWUѭӡQJ&iFÿӝQJYұWELӃQQKLӋWWuPNLӃPQKӳQJP{LWUѭӡQJ WKtFKKӧSEҵQJFiFKÿjR
KDQJ[k\WәÿӇWҥRUDQѫLӣFyNKtKұXWKXұQOӧLFKRFK~QJKRһFWUiQKFiFÿLӅXNLӋQNKҳF
QJKLӋWFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJQKѭÿӝFKLӃXViQJQKLӋWÿӝÿӝҭP+RһFQKӡWKD\ÿәLWѭWKӃÿӝQJ
YұWFyWKӇOjPWăQJKRһFJLҧPVӵÿӕWQyQJFѫWKӇGREӭF[ҥPһWWUӡLÿyFKtQKOjQKӳQJÿһF
WtQKFӫDFK~QJ+LӋQWѭӧQJQj\JһSUҩWQKLӅXӣPӝWVӕVkXEӑEzViWFi1JRjLUDWұSWtQK
FӫDPӝWVӕORjLF{QWUQJVӕQJWKjQK[mKӝLQKѭNLӃQPӕLRQJSKӭFWҥSKѫQ&K~QJ[k\
GӵQJWәYjFyFiFKRҥWÿӝQJÿӇÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWWURQJWә9tGөQKѭRQJNKLQKLӋWÿӝWURQJWә
WKҩSKѫQQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJQJRjLÿӇFkQEҵQJQKLӋWFK~QJFQJORҥWFQJÿұSFiQKWURQJ
PӝWWKӡLJLDQ
ӢÿӝQJYұWÿҷQJQKLӋWQKӡVӵSKiWWULӇQYjKRjQFKӍQKFѫFKӃÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWYjVӵ
hìQKWKjQKWUXQJWkPÿLӅXNKLӇQQKLӋWӣQmREӝYjJLӳFKRQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇәQÿӏQKtWSKө
WKXӝFYjRP{LWUѭӡQJQJRjLĈyOjÿһFÿLӇPWLӃQKyDFӫDÿӝQJYұW1JRjLUDPӝWÿһFÿLӇP
WKtFKQJKLNKiÿӝFÿiRÿӇÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWÿӝӣÿӝQJYұWÿҷQJQKLӋWOjWұSWtQKWөKӧSOҥLWKjQK
ÿiP9tGөFKLPFiQKFөWӣYQJJLyYjEҧRWX\ӃWÿmELӃWWұSWUXQJOҥLWKjQKPӝWNKӕLGj\
ÿһF1KӳQJFRQFKLPÿӭQJӣYzQJQJRjLFQJVDXPӝWWKӡLJLDQFKӏXUpWÿmFKXLYjRJLӳD
ÿiPYjFҧÿjQFKX\ӇQÿӝQJFKұPFKҥSYzQJTXDQKGRÿyӣQJRjLP{LWUѭӡQJQKLӋWÿӝUҩW
WKҩSQKѭQJQKLӋWÿӝErQWURQJÿiPÿ{QJYүQJLӳÿѭӧF
0
C.
1KӡVӵNӃWKӧSFiFSKѭѫQJWKӭFÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWKyDKӑFYұWOêYjWұSWtQKPjÿӝQJYұW
FyNKҧQăQJWKtFKQJKLYӟLVӵWKD\ÿәLQKLӋWÿӝӣFiFYQJWUrQWUiLÿҩW
2.3. Ảnh hưởng của nước và độ ẩm đối với đời sống sinh vật
* Ý nghĩa của nước đối với sinh vật
6DXQKkQWӕQKLӋWÿӝQѭӟFÿӝҭPOjPӝWQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLY{FQJTXDQWUӑQJ7URQJ
OӏFKVӱSKiWWULӇQFӫDVLQKJLӟLWUrQEӅPһWWUiLÿҩWOX{QOX{QJҳQOLӅQYӟLP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟF
&iFVLQKYұWÿҫXWLrQ[XҩWKLӋQWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟF4XiWUuQKÿҩXWUDQKOrQVӕQJӣFҥQ
FK~QJFNJQJNK{QJWiFKNKӓLP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟFQѭӟFFҫQWKLӃWFKRTXiWUuQKVLQKVҧQ6ӵNӃW
KӧSFӫDFiFJLDRWӱKҫXKӃWÿѭӧFWKӵFKLӋQWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟFQѭӟFFҫQWKLӃWFKRTXi

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OѭӧQJFѫWKӇVLQKYұWOjQѭӟFFyWUѭӡQJKӧSQѭӟFFKLӃPWӹOӋFDRKѫQWӟLQKѭӣPӝWVӕ
Fk\PӑQJQѭӟFӣ5XӝWNKRDQJ
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19
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QѭӟFFzQOjP{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJFӫDQKLӅXORjLVLQKYұW
* Các dạng nước trong khí quyển và tác dụng của chúng đối với sinh vật
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PѭDÿiÿӝҭPNK{QJNKtWX\ӃWEăQJ
- 0VѭѫQJPJӗPQKӳQJJLӑWQѭӟFQKӓOLWL[XҩWKLӋQYjRO~FViQJVӟPWURQJ
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PһWWUӡLPӑFӢQKӳQJQѫLFyWKҧPWKӵFYұWGj\ÿһFUӯQJÿӗQJ FӓVDYDQFyQKLӅXP0
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YұWWURQJYQJ
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WLQKWKӇWUҳQJQKѭPXӕL 6ѭѫQJPXӕLJk\WәQKҥLOӟQFKRWKӵFYұWQKҩWOjFiFORjLFk\WUӗQJ
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FiFGҥQJQKѭVDX
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Fk\FyNKRҧQJJLDQEjRSKiWWULӇQFyWiFGөQJFKӭDNKtYjQkQJÿӥFk\1KӡWiFGөQJQkQJÿӥ
WӕWFӫDQѭӟFPjQKLӅXÿӝQJWKӵFYұWWKXӹVLQKFyNtFKWKѭӟFYjNKӕLOѭӧQJUҩWOӟQ9tGөWҧR
WKҧPMacrocystic pyriferaӣYQJELӇQ7KiL%uQK'ѭѫQJFyWKӇGjLWӟLWUăPPpWQһQJ 40 -
60kg.
- /˱ͫQJR[\2
2
WURQJQ˱ͣF+ӋVӕNKX\ӃFKWiQ R[\ ӣWURQJQѭӟFQKӓKѫQWURQJ
NK{QJNKtOҫQWKѭӡQJKjPOѭӧQJ2
2
NK{QJTXiPOOtWQѭӟFtWKѫQNK{QJNKt
OҫQ2
2
[kPQKұSYjRQѭӟFFKӫ\ӃXQKӡKRҥWÿӝQJTXDQJKӧSFӫDWҧRYjGRNKX\ӃFKWiQWӯ
NK{QJNKtYuWKӃOӟSQѭӟFWUrQFyKjPOѭӧQJR[\KzDWDQQKLӅXKѫQOӟSQѭӟFGѭӟL+jP

OѭӧQJ2
2
KzDWDQWURQJQѭӟFSKөWKXӝFYjRQKLӋWÿӝYjVӵYұQÿӝQJFӫDQѭӟF+jPOѭӧQJNKt
O
2
ÿmWUӣWKjQK\ӃXWӕVLQKWKiLJLӟLKҥQWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟFӢELӇQWҫQJÿi\VkXWKLӃX
O
2
, nguyên nhân là khí O
2
ÿѭӧFFiFYLVLQKYұWVӕQJӣÿk\VӱGөQJWURQJFiFSKҧQӭQJR[\-
KyDNKӱ7\WKHR\rXFҫXYӅKjPOѭӧQJ2
2
KzDWDQWURQJQѭӟFWDFKLDVLQKYұWUDFiFQKyP
VLQKWKiL1KyPѭDKjPOѭӧQJ2
2
cao (trên 7cm
3
/lít)QKyPѭDKjPOѭӧQJ2
2
YӯDWUrQ-
7cm
3
OtW QKyP ѭD KjP OѭӧQJ 2
2
WKҩS  FP
3
/lít). Lòai Daphnia obtusa VӕQJ WURQJ P{L
WUѭӡQJ QѭӟF QJKqR 2
2

QrQ KjP OѭӧQJ KHPRJORELQH WURQJ PiX WăQJ OrQ JҩS  OҫQ EuQK
WKѭӡQJ
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
21
- Khí CO
2
KzDWDQWURQJQ˱ͣFӢWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟFKjPOѭӧQJNKt&2
2
hòa tan cao
KѫQQKLӅXVRYӟLNK{QJNKt.Kt&2
2
WURQJQѭӟFӣGҥQJWӵGRKRһFӣGҥQJNӃWKӧSYӟLFiFPXӕL
FDUERQDWYjELFDUERQDW7URQJQѭӟFELӇQKjPOѭӧQJNKt&2
2
hòa tan là 40 - 50cm
3
OtW1ѭӟFELӇQ
ÿѭӧF[HPOjNKRFKӭDNKt&2
2
TXDQWUӑQJWURQJWKLrQQKLrQ.Kt&2
2
WURQJQѭӟFÿyQJYDLWUz
TXDQWUӑQJWURQJTXDQJKӧSFӫDWKӵFYұWӣQѭӟFKjPOѭӧQJNKt&2
2
WKDPJLDJLiQWLӃSYLӋFWҥR
WKjQKFiFYӓEӑF[ѭѫQJPDLFӫDFiFÿӝQJYұWVӕQJWURQJQѭӟF
- &iFPX͙LKzDWDQWURQJQ˱ͣF 1ѭӟFWӵQKLӋQFyPӝWKjPOѭӧQJPXӕLKzDWDQWKD\
ÿәL7\WKHRKjPOѭӧQJPXӕL1D&O1DWULFORUXDPjWDSKkQELӋWEDORҥLQѭӟFQѭӟFQJӑW
QѭӟFOӧQѭӟFELӇQ1ѭӟFQJӑWFKӭDPӝWKjPOѭӧQJFiFPXӕLNKRiQJJOtWQѭӟFELӇQKjP

OѭӧQJPXӕLÿҥWJOtW1ѭӟFOӧFyÿһFWUѭQJOjJLDRÿӝQJOӟQTXDOҥLFiFPDWURQJQăPYj
KjPOѭӧQJPXӕLOj- JOtW3KҫQOӟQFiFVLQKYұWӣQѭӟFFyiSVXҩWWKҭPWKҩXSKөWKXӝF
YjR QӗQJ ÿӝPXӕL FӫD P{LWUѭӡQJ QѭӟF [XQJ TXDQKĈӇJLӳ FkQEҵQJ PXӕL FK~QJ WUiQK
QKӳQJQѫLFyQӗQJÿӝPXӕLNK{QJWKtFKKӧS1JRjLUDFyQKӳQJÿӝQJYұWPjiSVXҩWWKҭP
WKҩXWURQJFѫWKӇNK{QJSKөWKXӝFYjRQӗQJÿӝPXӕLFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJQJRjLÿҷQJWKҭPWKҩX-
KRPRLRVPRWLFQKѭFiJLiS[iFFDRVkXEӑӣQѭӟF7URQJQѭӟFFyLRQ&D&DOFLXPÿyQJ
vai trò quaQWUӑQJÿӕLYӟLVLQKYұWVӕQJWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJQj\7DSKkQELӋWQѭӟFFӭQJOjQѭӟF
JLjX&DWUrQPJOtWYjQѭӟFPӅPOjQѭӟFQJKqR&DGѭӟLPJOtW+jPOѭӧQJ&DӣWURQJ
QѭӟFҧQKKѭӣQJOӟQÿӃQÿӡLVӕQJÿӝQJYұWWKkQPӅPJLiS[iFFi+jPOѭӧQJ&DWUong
QѭӟFFNJQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQÿӡLVӕQJWKӵFYұW7\WKHRNKҧQăQJFKӏXÿӵQJÿѭӧFVӵELӃQ
ÿәLFӫDQӗQJÿӝPXӕLYjQJѭӡLWDFKLDVLQK YұWӣQѭӟFWKjQK KDLQKyPQKyPUӝQJPXӕL
(XU\KDOLQHYjQKyPKҽSPXӕL6WHQRKDOLQHӢFiFYQJFӱDVӕQJQѫLFyKjPOѭӧQJPXӕL
JLDRÿӝQJOӟQQKӳQJVLQKYұWVӕQJӣYQJQj\OjQKӳQJORjLFKӏXPXӕLUӝQJ
- &K͇ÿ͡QKL͏WͧWURQJQ˱ͣFtWWKD\ÿәLKѫQWUrQFҥQWtQKFKҩWQj\FyOLrQTXDQÿӃQ
WtQKFKҩWYұWOêFӫDQѭӟF%LrQÿӝJLDRÿӝQJQKLӋWӣFiFOӟSQѭӟFNK{QJTXi- 15
0
C, ӣFiF
YӵFQѭӟFQӝLÿӏDGѭӟL
0
&1KLӋWÿӝәQÿӏQKӣFiFOӟSQѭӟFVkX'RVӕQJWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJ
FyQKLӋWÿӝWѭѫQJÿӕLәQÿӏQKQrQFiFVLQKYұWWKӫ\VLQKOjQKӳQJVLQKYұWFKӏXQKLӋWKҽSFKӍ
JһSFiFORjLFKӏXQKLӋWUӝQJӣFiFYӵFQѭӟFQKӓQӝLÿӏD
- Ch͇ÿ͡iQKViQJWURQJQ˱ͣF 1ăQJOѭӧQJiQKViQJÿLYjRQѭӟFVӁ\ӃXÿLQKLӅXYu
FiFWLDViQJEӏSKҧQFKLӃX1KӳQJWLDViQJFyÿӝGjLVyQJNKiFQKDXÿѭӧFQѭӟFKҩSWKөNK{QJ
QKѭQKDX7LDViQJÿӓEӏKҩSWKөQJD\WҫQJQѭӟFWUrQFQJUӗLÿӃQFiFWLDViQJGDFDPvàng,
OөFODPYj[XӕQJVkXQKҩWOjWLD[DQKWtP&KtQKVӵSKkQEӕNK{QJÿӗQJÿӅXFӫDFiFWLD
ViQJOjQJX\rQQKkQJk\UDVӵSKkQEӕNKiFQKDXWKHRFKLӅXVkXFӫDFiFORjLWKӵFYұWӣQѭӟF
3KҫQOӟQWKӵFYұWFyKRDYjWҧROөFSKkQEӕUҩWQ{QJYuFK~QJKҩS WKөWLDÿӓ7ҧRQkXSKkQEӕ
VkXWӯÿӝVkX-PQKӡFK~QJFyVҳFWӕSKөPjXQkXSK\WR[DQWKLQHWҧRÿӓSKkQEӕVkX
KѫQ Fy WKӇ Wӯ  - P Yu FK~QJ Fy VҳF Wӕ PjX ÿӓ SK\FRHU\WKULQH Yj PjX ODP

SK\FRF\DQLQHKҩSWKөÿѭӧFFiFWLDViQJ[XӕQJVkX'RiQKViQJWURQJQѭӟF\ӃXOjQJX\rQ
QKkQVӵSKkQKyD\ӃXFӫDFiFÿһFÿLӇPJLҧLSKүXFӫDOiFk\VӕQJFKuPWURQJQѭӟFOiNK{QJ
FyP{JLұXKD\P{JLұXJӗPPӝWOӟSWӃEjRUҩWQJҳQGLӋSOөFFyWURQJOӟSWӃEjRELӇXEuQKӡ
ÿyWăQJFѭӡQJNKҧQăQJKҩSWKөiQKViQJĈӕLYӟLÿӝQJYұWPjXVҳFFӫDFK~QJWKD\ÿәLWKHR
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
22
VӵSKkQEӕFӫDiQKViQJFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWӣYQJWULӅXFyPjXVҳFVһFVӥQKҩWFzQFiFÿӝQJ
YұWӣFiFOӟSQѭӟFVkXKRһFWURQJKDQJFyPjXWӕL.KҧQăQJÿӏQKKѭӟQJFӫDÿӝQJYұWWKӫ\
VLQKNpPKѫQÿӝQJYұWWUrQFҥQYuWURQJQѭӟFFyWKӡLJLDQFKLӃXViQJQJҳQĈӇWKtFKQJKL
WURQJÿLӅXNLӋQiQKViQJNK{QJÿӫQKLӅXORjLÿӝQJYұWÿmVӱGөQJkPWKDQKOjPSKѭѫQJWLӋQ
ÿӏQKKѭӟQJQKѭVӭDFiWKkQPӅPJLiS[iFFXDW{P7tQKLӋXkPWKDQKWUѭӟFKӃWGQJÿӇ
OLrQKӋWURQJTXҫQWKӇQKѭÿӏQKKѭӟQJWURQJÿjQWKXK~WJLӟLWtQK1JRjLUDÿӝQJYұWӣ
QѭӟFFzQFyPӝWNKҧQăQJÿӏQKKѭӟQJNKiFQKѭOjFҧPӭQJEҵQJPLYӏQKLӅXORjLÿӝQJYұW
WuPQѫLÿҿWUӭQJKRһFVLQKWUѭӣQJPӝWFiFFKtQK[iFEҵQJFiFKQj\
1JRjLFiFÿһFÿLӇPFѫEҧQQrXWUrQWKuFiFQKkQWӕYұWOêFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟFQKѭWӹ
WUӑQJiSVXҩWWӹQKLӋWGzQJFKҧ\YjFiFFKҩWOѫOӳQJWURQJQѭӟFFNJQJPӝWSKҫQQjRҧQK
KѭӣQJÿӃQVLQKYұWӣQѭӟFYjFiFORjLVLQKYұWQj\FyPӝWWKtFKQJKLQKҩWÿӏQK9tGөQKѭÿӕL
YӟL\ӃXWӕiSVXҩWFiFVLQKYұWVӕQJӣFiFOӟSQѭӟFVkXQѫLFyiSVXҩWOӟQQrQFiFORjLVLQK
YұWQj\FyFiFWKtFKQJKLQKѭFѫWKӇFӫDFK~QJWKѭӡQJGҽSӕQJWLrXKyDUҩWOӟQKRһFQKѭÿӕL
YӟLGzQJFKҧ\NKiFQKDXOiWFҳWQJDQJWKkQFӫDFiFORjLFiVӕQJӣV{QJ FNJQJWKD\ÿәLFy
KuQKWUzQӣQѫLFyQѭӟFFKҧ\YjGҽSQѫLQѭӟFÿӭQJ
* Các nhóm thực vật liên quan đến chế độ nước
6ӵSKkQEӕQѭӟFNK{QJÿӗQJÿӅXWUrQFҥQÿmWҥRUDFiFQKyPWKӵFYұWFyQKӳQJNKҧ
QăQJWKtFKQJKLNKiFQKDXYӟLFKӃÿӝQѭӟFQKѭQKyPFk\QJұSQѭӟFÿӏQKNǤQKyPFk\ѭD
ҭPQKyPFk\FKӏXKҥQYjQKyPFk\WUXQJVLQK
- 1KyPFk\QJ̵SQ˱ͣFÿ͓QKNǤ %DRJӗPQKӳQJORjLWKӵFYұWVӕQJWUrQÿҩWEQGӑFEӡ
V{QJFӱDV{QJFӱDELӇQFKӏXWiFÿӝQJÿӏQKNǤFӫDWKӫ\WULӅXĈk\OjP{LWUѭӡQJNK{QJWKXұQ
OӧLÿӕLYӟLQKLӅXORjLWKӵFYұWWUrQFҥQ&KӍFyPӝWVӕORjLFyNKҧQăQJWKtFKQJKLĈһFELӋWOj
ӣFiFEmLOҫ\YHQELӇQFӱDV{QJYQJQKLӋWÿӟLFyQKӳQJORjLFk\JӛFk\EөLKuQKWKjQKQrQ

TXҫQ[mUӯQJQJұSQѭӟFPһQQѭӟFOӧÿӏQKNǤ- JӑLOjUӯQJQJұSPһQCác loài cây này có
QKLӅXÿһFÿLӇPWKtFKQJKLYӅFҩXWU~FYjFKӭFQăQJÿӇVӕQJWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJOҫ\PһQWKLӃX
R[\&өWKӇOjFK~QJFyUӉK{KҩSKRһFFiFOӛYӓFyUӉFKӕQJKRһFUӉEҥQKFyWX\ӃQWLӃWPXӕL
YjYӅVLQKVҧQFyKLӋQWѭӧQJ³WKDLVLQK´Fk\FRQ VLQKUDWUrQFk\PҽFiFFk\WKXӝFKӑĈѭӟF-
Rhizophoraceae).
- 1KyPFk\̱PVLQKEDRJӗPQKӳQJFk\VӕQJWUrQÿҩWҭPEӡUXӝQJEӡDREӡVXӕL
WURQJUӯQJҭP0{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJFӫDFK~QJEmRKzDKѫLQѭӟFGRYұ\FK~QJNK{QJFyQKӳQJ
EӝSKұQEҧRYӋVӵED\WKRiWKѫLQѭӟF1KyPFk\Qj\SKkQELӋWKDLQKyPQKӓQKyPFk\ѭD
ҭPFKӏXEyQJYjQKyPFk\ѭDҭPѭDViQJӢKDLQKyPFk\Qj\FyFiFÿһFÿLӇPKuQKWKiLJLҧL
SKҭXYjQѫLVӕQJNKiFQKDX
1KyPFk\ѭDҭPFKӏXEyQJEDRJӗPSKҫQOӟQOjQKӳQJFk\VӕQJӣGѭӟLWiQ
UӯQJҭPYHQVXӕLӢPһWOiFyOӛNKtQKѭQJtWOӛNKtOX{QOX{QPӣQKLӅXNKLFyFiFOӛ
QѭӟFWKXӹNKәQJӣPpSOiOiUӝQJPӓQJPjXOөFÿұPGRFyKҥWGLӋSOөFOӟQEӅPһWOiFy
WҫQJFXWLQPӓQJP{JLұXNpPKRһFNK{QJSKiWWULӇQ.KLPҩWQѭӟFFk\EӏKpRUҩWQKDQK
1KyPFk\ѭDҭPѭDViQJFiFORjLFk\Qj\FyPӝWVӕWtQKFKҩWFӫDFk\ѭD
ViQJQKѭFyOiQKӓFӭQJGj\tWGLӋSOөFQKѭQJNK{QJFKӏXÿѭӧFKҥQ&K~QJWKѭӡQJSKkQEӕ
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
23
YHQKӗYHQEӡUXӝQJQKѭFk\UDXEӧQѭӟFMarsilea quadrifoliaPӝWVӕORjLWKXӝFKӑ&yL
(Cyperaceae).
- 1KyPFk\K̩QVLQKOjQKӳQJORjLWKӵFYұWVӕQJÿѭӧFWURQJQKӳQJÿLӅXNLӋQNK{KҥQ
QJKLrPWUӑQJYjNpRGjLO~FÿyTXiWUuQKWUDRÿәLFKҩWFӫDFK~QJ\ӃXQKѭQJNK{QJÿuQKFKӍ
&K~QJSKkQEӕӣVDPҥFYjEiQVDPҥFWKҧRQJX\rQVDYDQYjYQJÿҩWFiWYHQELӇQӢYQJ
QKLӋWÿӟLÿLӅXNLӋQNK{KҥQWKѭӡQJJҳQOLӅQYӟLFѭӡQJÿӝFKLӃXViQJPҥQKQKLӋWÿӝFDRQrQ
QKӳQJFk\FKӏXKҥQFNJQJOjQKӳQJFk\ѭDViQJYjFKӏXQyQJ&k\FKӏXKҥQÿѭӧFFKLDOjPKDL
GҥQJFKӫ\ӃXGҥQJFk\PӑQJQѭӟFYjGҥQJFk\OiFӭQJ
'ҥQJFk\PӑQJQѭӟFEDRJӗPFiFFk\WKkQWKҧRFk\QKӓWURQJFiFKӑ7KҫX
GҫX(XSKRUELDFHDHKӑ;ѭѫQJUӗQJ&DFWDFHDHKӑ5DXPXӕL&KHQRSRGLDFHDHKӑ'ӭD
%URPHOLDFHDH Kӑ7KXӕF EӓQJ &UDVVXODFHDH Kӑ +jQK /LOLDFHDH Chúng VӕQJ ӣ FiF

YQJVDPҥFYjQKӳQJQѫLNK{KҥQNpRGjL/iFk\PӑQJQѭӟFFyÿһFÿLӇPOiGj\FyWҫQJ
FXWLQGj\WUrQPһWOiFyPӝWOӟSViSKRһFÿѭӧFSKӫO{QJGj\OӛNKtQҵPViWELӇXEuFyQKLӅX
WӃEjROӟQFKӭDQѭӟFWURQJSKҫQWKӏWOi1JRjLUDQKLӅXFk\FyOiWLrXJLҧPWKjQKGҥQJYҧ\
QKӓKRһFELӃQWKjQKJDLQKѭFk\[ѭѫQJUӗQJO~FÿyWKkQOjPQKLӋPYөTXDQJKӧSYuFyFKӭD
QKLӅXGLӋSOөFKӋUӉăQQ{QJYjUӝQJ+RҥWÿӝQJVLQKOêFӫDFk\PӑQJQѭӟF\ӃXYjGRWUDR
ÿәLFKҩWYӟLP{LWUѭӡQJQJRjLtWQrQVLQKWUѭӣQJUҩWFKұP&k\PӑQJQѭӟFFKӏXÿӵQJÿѭӧF
QKLӋWÿӝFDRUҩWWӕWFK~QJFyWKӇFKӏXÿѭӧFQKLӋWÿӝ- 65
0
&ÿyOjGRFK~QJJLӳÿѭӧFOѭӧQJ
QѭӟFOLrQNӃWOӟQOѭӧQJQѭӟFOLrQNӃWWURQJFѫWKӇFK~QJFyWKӇÿҥWWӟL- WәQJOѭӧQJ
QѭӟFWURQJFѫWKӇFk\PӑQJQѭӟFFKӭDWӯ-QѭӟFVRYӟLNKӕLOѭӧQJFѫWKӇ
 &k\ Oi FӭQJ EDR JӗP SKҫQ OӟQ WKXӝF Kӑ /~D 3RDFHDH Kӑ &yL
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6ә'LOOHQLDFHDHFK~QJWKѭӡQJVӕQJӣQKӳQJYQJFyNKtKұXNK{WKHRPDVDYDQWKҧR
QJX\rQ&k\OiFӭQJFyOiKҽSQKӓ/iÿѭӧFSKӫQKLӅXO{QJWUҳQJEҥFFyWiFGөQJFiFK
QKLӋW7ӃEjRELӇXEuFyWKjQKGj\WҫQJFXWLQGj\JkQOiSKiWWULӇQӢPӝWVӕORjLFk\PһW
WUrQOiFyWӃEjRFѫFyWiFGөQJOjPFKROiFyWKӇFXӝQOҥLÿӇKҥQFKӃVӵWLӃS[~FFӫDOӛNKt
YӟLNKtKұXQyQJ0ӝWVӕORjLFyOiELӃQWKjQKJDLKRһFWK\OiELӃQWKjQKJDL&k\OiFӭQJ
FyFKҩWQJX\rQVLQKFyNKҧQăQJFKӏXKҥQFDROӵFK~WFӫDUӉPҥQKQKӡYұ\PjNKLJһSNK{
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Fk\JӛWKѭӡQJ[DQKӣYQJQKLӋWÿӟLUӯQJWKѭӡQJ[DQKҭPiQKLӋWÿӟLFk\OiUӝQJ[Dnh mùa
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WKѭӟFWUXQJEuQKPӓQJOӟSELӇXEuYjFXWLQPӓQJP{GүQYjP{FѫSKiWWULӇQYӯDOӛNKt
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NKtFyNKҧQăQJÿLӅXWLӃWVӵPҩWQѭӟF QKѭQJYuWҫQJ FXWLQPӓQJ QrQOѭӧQJQѭӟFWKRiWUD
QJRjLWѭѫQJÿӕLOӟQ
* Các nhóm động vật có liên quan đến chế độ nước trên cạn
7\WKHRVӵÿiSӭQJFӫDÿӝQJYұWYӟLFKӃÿӝQѭӟFQKXFҫXYӅQѭӟFFyWKӇFKLD

ÿӝQJYұWWKjQKFiFQKyPVDX
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24
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WURQJFѫWKӇFӫDFK~QJWKLӃXFѫFKӃGӵWUӳYjJLӳDQѭӟF+ҫXKӃWӃFKQKiLWUѭӣQJWKjQKJLXQtW
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- Ĉ͡QJY̵WK̩QVLQK˱DNK{FiFÿӝQJYұWVӕQJWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJWKLӃXQѭӟFQKѭVD
PҥFQ~LÿiY{LÿҩWFiWYHQELӇQFK~QJFyNKҧQăQJFKӏXÿӝҭPWKҩSWKLӃXQѭӟFOkXGjL
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WtQKVLQKOêVLQKWKiL&iFÿӝQJYұWQj\QKӡFyFѫFKӃWtFKWUӳQѭӟFYjEҧRYӋQѭӟFFKӕQJEӕF
KѫLVӱGөQJWKӭFăQNK{+RһFӣFK~QJFyYӓEӑFNK{QJWKҩPQѭӟFQKLӅXORjLJұPQKҳP
VѫQGѭѫQJVӕQJӣKRDQJPҥFFyFiFWX\ӃQPӗK{LNpPSKiWWULӇQ&K~QJFyQKXFҫXQѭӟF
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25
CHƯƠNG III
QUẦN THỂ SINH VẬT
1. KHÁI NIỆM VÀ PHÂN LOẠI QUẦN THỂ
1.1. Khái niệm
4XҫQ WKӇOj WұS KӧS FiF Fi WKӇWURQJ FQJ PӝW ORjL FQJ VӕQJ WURQJ PӝW NKRҧQJ
NK{QJJLDQ[iFÿӏQK YjRPӝWWKӡLJLDQQKҩWÿӏQKFyNKҧQăQJVLQKVҧQYjWҥRWKjQKQKӳQJ
WKӃKӋPӟL

Hình 3.1. 0ӝWVӕTXҫQWKӇ
$4XҫQWKӇFKLPFiQKFөWӣ1DPFӵF%7әRQJWUrQPiLQKj&5ӯQJWK{QJWUrQÿӗL
4XiWUuQKKuQKWKjQKPӝWTXҫQWKӇWKѭӡQJFKX\ӇQTXDFiFJLDLÿRҥQFKӫ\ӃXVDXÿҫX
WLrQPӝWVӕFiWKӇFQJORjLSKiWWiQWӟLP{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJPӟL1KӳQJFiWKӇQjRNK{QJWKtFK
QJKLÿѭӧFYӟLÿLӅXNLӋQVӕQJPӟLFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJVӁEӏWLrXGLӋWKRһFSKҧLGLFѭÿӃQQѫLNKiF
1KӳQJFiWKӇFzQOҥLWKtFKQJKLGҫQYӟLÿLӅXNLӋQVӕQJ*LӳDFiFFiWKӇFQJORjLJҳQEyFKһW
FKӁYӟLQKDXWK{QJTXDFiFPӕLTXDQKӋVLQKWKiLYjGҫQGҫQWUӣWKjQKTXҫQWKӇәQÿӏQKWKtFK
QJKLYӟLÿLӅXNLӋQQJRҥLFҧQK4XҫQWKӇSKkQEӕWURQJPӝWSKҥPYLQKҩWÿӏQKJӑLOjQѫLVӕQJ
FӫDTXҫQWKӇ
1.2. Phân loại quần thể
4XҫQWKӇOjKuQKWKӭFWӗQWҥLFӫDORjLWURQJÿLӅXNLӋQFөWKӇFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJ0ӝW
loài có tKӇEDRJӗPUҩWQKLӅXTXҫQWKӇKD\QyFiFKNKiFPӝWORjLEDRJӗPPӝWWәKӧSSKӭF
WҥSQKӳQJWұSKӧSPDQJWtQKFKҩWOmQKWKәYjVLQKWKiLÿһFWUѭQJ
A
B
C