Tài liệu ôn Tốt nghiệp Hóa học 203

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Chương 1. ESTE & LIPIT
A. ESTE
I – KHÁI NIỆM
Khi thay thế nhóm OH ở nhóm cacboxyl của axit cacboxylic bằng nhóm OR’ thì được este.
 ! "#$%&''&( )&(*+
 ! ,"#$% 
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
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56''
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3 0
0
II – TÍNH CHẤT VẬT LÍ
7"8!9#:!,;<=1">?,@=,7AB

3,?C,@7A!0DCE,FDo giữa các phân tử este không tạo được liên kết
hiđro với nhau và liên kết hiđro giữa các phân tử este với nước rất kém.
III. TÍNH CHẤT HOÁ HỌC
1. Thuỷ phân trong môi trường axit
G@"H3I$%Thuận nghịch và xảy ra chậm.
2.Thuỷ phân trong môi trường bazơ (phản ứng xà phòng hoá)
G@"H3I$%phản ứng chỉ xảy ra 1 chiều.
IV. ĐIỀU CHẾ
1. Phương pháp chung:JKI$ ! ,=L1E,10;,F
2. Phương pháp riêng:E,10;B
;01 
M=,;D%/N 1
RCOOH + R'OH RCOOR' + H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
ñaëc, t
0
C
2
H
5
OH + CH
3
COOHCH
3
COOC

2
H
5
+ H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
ñaëc, t
0
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ NaOH CH
3
COONa + C
2
H
5
OH
t
0
RCOOH + R'OH RCOOR' + H
2
O

H
2
SO
4
ñaëc, t
0
CH
3
COOH + CH CH CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
t
0
, xt
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Chú ý: Nhận dạng este:
OP! 3393QQJ
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
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+6''
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O0?% ! T3UR"#$%
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X
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B. CHẤT BÉO
I – KHÁI NIỆM
Chất béo là trieste của glixerol với axit béo, gọi chung là triglixerit hay là triaxylglixerol
M=,;D%/N 2
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^1E_,L1"#$73E,QRB?=R7H,,@B,
)!`a+F
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II – TÍNH CHẤT VẬT LÍ
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R
1
COO CH
2
CH
CH
2
R
2
COO
R
3
COO
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3AQ$F
III. TÍNH CHẤT HOÁ HỌC
1. Phản ứng thuỷ phân
2. Phản ứng xà phòng hoá
3. Phản ứng cộng hiđro của chất béo lỏng
PHẦN I: BÀI TẬP ĐỊNH TÍNH
Câu 1. $kl= ! ,R"#$R3U
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PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP ĐỊNH LƯỢNG
1. Tìm CT este theo phản ứng xà phòng hóa
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Câu 45.•?,,Rrr3 ! ,R"#$R3UT;<3QQ~
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Câu 46. i8 ! ,EU1"#$;,"#$7uB#!,;<'
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N ! 0
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Câu 47. i8 ! ,EU1"#$;,"#$7uB#!,;<'
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Câu 49. ,sRs3 01 =Qv;<3QQ'RiFQQ!I$
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Câu 50.,R‚3 ! T7
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Câu 51. i8 ! P7uB#!,;<3 EK[R[FGP;<[3QQ'iR
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Câu 52. Tz7ZRr3Y ! 
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Câu 59. G=0,,rRr39L#"#$Tu"rRrs'

"B;
RZ3

'Fg,rRr3TQ;<QQ';}""gB,,"rRs3
31y;38?L#€F.ƒ0T
^F!,6,01  JF 01  F 0,, /F3 0,,
Câu 60.G=0,,9^3Uu"rRrs'

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<F^B3"k3<lhj3;u$38,73$F^8,,!

"?0
^F^,"#$ JFP! ,"#$ FP! , /FP! B,"#$
3. Tìm hiệu suất phản ứng este hóa
Câu 61.,r[3

''Q;<Z‚3
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
[
')7

V'
r
"+,rR[3 01 F
!9 ! 7
^FZR[„ JFZR„ FR„ /FZ[R„
Câu 62. ,QQ~T$3,

''=Qv;<Rs3,


[
'R!9"
s„Fq ! "
^FZ[R JFss FbRr /F[ZR
Câu 63. YT>3''R

''8 ,u3,%F90RZ3T=
Qv;<R[



[
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V'
r
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^FR‚Z JFR‚Z FrRs /FR‚Z
4. Bài tập về chất béo
Câu 64FTz7bsR[39E_,jw3'Fq1 ,
"
^FsRr JF‚Rr F‚R /FrRZ
Câu 65.Tz,=,,bRr39E_,w;}"RZ3,'FQ
Q~!I$"B1z
^FZRZs3F JFsRs3F FsRr3F /FbRs3F
Câu 66.Tz7bsR39E_,jw3'Fq1z
Z„"
^Fs JF‚R F[ /FrsRZ
M=,;D%/N 8
     
Câu 67. G79E_,w;}"rBQQ~'[„RI!CI$1I0,
,Fq)B+1 ,"
^FRs JFrRZ FZR‚b[ /F‚R
Câu 68. HjBj

U"Bw"H",7,,ssrB, ), ,01 ,+
^FrrRs3

JFZbR FRr3


/FZbR3

Câu 69. q, w"H!I19[9! 
^Fr‚ZZR‚B JFr‚ZB Fr‚RZZB /Fr‚ZRZB
Câu 70. 0?,,ssRr338,9E_,jw;}"3'R
"‚R33BF9E_,
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JF
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)''
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/F
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M=,;D%/N 9
     
Chương 2. CACBOHĐRAT
PHẦN 1. TĨM TẮT LÍ THUYẾT
E,QL9L#$;7%
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mi,,!73BE~0?F.Q%,…#R4,…#
mG!733B0?3Y?C!?C3,,!F.Q%
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m,!733B0?"gA3Y?C!d?C
3,,!F.Q%E8R1 ,…#F
A. GLUCOZƠ
I - LÍ TÍNH: ,3=7>"8,…#B"kB,IR„F
II - CẤU TẠO:M,…#7%
Z


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Z
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M,…#7%
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'6'6'6'6'65',@
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6,|g,…#>0gUQ3;z%Qα6,…#;β6,…#
III - HĨA TÍNH: M,…#7j9Q ;,"$),,+F
1. Tính chất của ancol đa chức
a/ Tác dụng với Cu(OH)
2
%U"8,$">,…#)QQ3136
nhận biết glucozơ)
b/ Phản ứng tạo este%, ! $[11 
2. Tính chất của andehit
a/ Oxi hóa glucozơ%
mEKQQ^'

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,
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E/ Khử glucozơ bằng H
2
!,E,
3. Phản ứng lên men%, 0m'

IVF1. Điều chế%,
m0?E8
m0?1 ,…#R1
2. Ứng dụng%3S|R=#R8jR†
V - FRUCTOZƠ, ">?,…#
m3U%
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‡,…#,…#
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0H,…#4,…#E~,17EU^'

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,3Bd3F
B. SACCAROZƠ, TINH BỘT, XENLULOZƠ
I. SACCAROZƠ (đường kính), CTPT: C
12
H
22
O
11
- Saccarozơ là một đisaccarit được cấu tạo từ một gốc glucozơ và một gốc fructozơ liên
M=,;D%/N 10
OH
−
→
¬ 
     
kết với nhau qua nguyên tử oxi.
- Không có nhóm chức CHO nên không có phản ứng tráng bạc và không làm mất màu
nước brom.
* Tính chất hóa học, có tính chất của ancol đa chức và có phản ứng thủy phân
a) Phản ứng với Cu(OH)
2
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+
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màu xanh lam
b) Phản ứng thủy phân C
12
H
22
O
11
+
H
2
O

C
6
H

12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6
b) Ứng dụng: dùng để tráng gương, tráng phích.
II. TINH BỘT
1. Tính chất vật lí: Là chất rắn, ở dạng bột vô đònh hình, màu trắng, không tan trong nước
lạnh
2. Cấu trúc phân tử
Tinh b8t thu8c loi polisaccarit, phân tử tinh bột gồm nhidu mắt xích -glucozơ liên kết
với nhau ;7%)
Z


'
[
+
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F
= mft xích -glucozơ liên kết với nhau to hai dạng:
- Dạnh lò xo không phân nhánh (amilozơ).
- Dạng lò xo phân nhánh (amilopectin).
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7YY
3. Tính chất hóa học

a) Phản ứng thủy phân: tinh bột bò thủy phân thành glucozơ
 )
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dùng
để nhận biết iot hoặc tinh bột.
b) Phản ứng màu với iot: tạo thành hợp chất có màu xanh tím
III. XENLULOZƠ
1. Tính chất vật lí, trạng thái tự nhiên
- Xenlulozơ là chất rắn dạng sợi, màu trắng, không tan trong nước và dung môi hữu cơ,
nhưng tan trong nước Svayde (dd thu "khi z tan Cu(OH)
2
trong amoniac).
- Jˆ7w 98% xenl,…#
2. Cấu trúc phân tử
- Xenlulozơ38,!R?C g>m nhiều gốc β-glucozơ liên kết với nhau
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3. Tính chất hóa học
a) Phản ứng thủy phân: )
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b) Phản ứng với axit nitric
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m 
 R
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α
α
R
o
H t
+
→
⇒
R
o
H t
+
→
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Xenlulozơ trinitrat rất dễ cháy và nỗ mạnh không !ra khói nên được dùng làm thuốc
súng không khói.
PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP ĐỊNH TÍNH
Câu 1. 9,!"?08,"!p
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Câu 2.,|g|=#";<9,!"?0"H=8
Eh0p
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Câu 3. ,)'+
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
Câu 4.E8R1 ,…#R!,…#R3,…#"d7BIS3I$
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Câu 5. i89B0?,31R"7B,,…#F9"7
^F4,…# JF!,…#F FE8F /F1 ,…#F
Câu 6. ,Q{0=9%,…#R1 ,…#R!,…#RE8R4,…#FV9,Q{0
3I$=#
^FF JFrF FF /F[F
Câu 7. @9,!"?0khơngI@">?p
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Câu 8. ,!#">0H,=%M,…#→T→y→
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Câu 10.9khơngI$;<^'
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Câu 25. ,|W3B$d!,…#%
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Câu 30. q0?!,…#h"
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* PHÂN BIỆT HÓA CHẤT
Câu 36.,=QQ%,…#R1 ,R" 1 R ,F7HQAC,!"?0
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THUỐC THỬ CHẤT ĐƯỢC NHẬN BIẾT HIỆN TƯỢNG
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PHẦN BÀI TẬP ĐỊNH LƯỢNG
1. Xác định loại cacbohiđrat
Câu 42.G=0,,389L#)$Z+"'
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Câu 43.G=0,,Rb338E,"T"RZr3'

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Câu 44. G=0,,ZR338E,"T"Rrr'
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2. Phản ứng tráng gương
6=#|g%M,…#R4,…#x^
60?1,R90!=#%
mE8R1 ,…#x!IW3x^
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Câu 45.,3QQ4,…#|=#,,"Rs3BgF
>"83,QQ,…#"{QA%
^FRi JFR[i FR[i /FR[i
Câu 46.G7QQ~$b3,…#;<^'

,QQ~

)Q+hB
^""
^FZR3F JFRs3F FRZ3F /FRr3F
Câu 47. 0?,,ZR[QQ~!,…#bR„,31;A"
"QQ~^F,^=Qv;<QQ~^'

X


QR"7h"
^
^FR[ JFZR[b FbRZ[ /FZRZ[
Câu 48. ,sR[[3E,"^=Qv;<QQ~>,!IW3=Qv;<
QQQ^'

X

"Rs3^BgF^
^F!,…# JF,…# F4,…# /F1 ,…#
3. Phản ứng lên men, thủy phân, hiđro hóa…
Câu 49. ,s3,…#D3 , 0REg!9l=hD3 "
Z„Fq, 0,
^F‚R3F JFsRr3F F[R[3F /F[R3F
Câu 50. ,33,…#D3 , 0;<!9s„F9v,,Bj
'

!;,<;,Q"3BgFM=~3
^FrRr JFr[F FR[ /FR[
Câu 51.0?r3E8;<!9I$b[„RB,…#
"
^F[3F JF3F FZ3F /Fb3
M=,;D%/N 15
     
Câu 52.i7Z3,…#hB!,…#w" 3•?,,
^Fr[‚[3F JFrrZs3F Fr‚[‚3F /Fr‚‚[3F
Câu 53.=E,,33,…#"sZRr3^FgD3 ,,3
3,…#>,Bj'


"9v;,<;,QhBg"
^FZF JFF FrF /FsF
Câu 54. ,…#wQA"H,Rs3!,E,;<!9s„
^FR[3F JFRs3F FRs3F /FRrr3F
Câu 55.,33,…#D3 , 0;<5‚„R9v,,Bj'

!;,<;,RN90Bg?"3R" 3<N"7"
Bg"3FM=~3
^Fr JFZ FRr /F
Câu 56. }ZR91 ,…#!I19"391 ,…#)Eg!9
I$j ,1 ,…#‚„+FM=~3
^FZRbF JFRF F[RrZF /F‚RbF
Câu 57. q1 ,…#;B1w"H!I19R[91 ,…#
)Eg!|,v„+
^FrRB2‚bRsB JF‚bRsB2rRB
FbRB2sRB /FbRZsB2[rR[ZB
M=,;D%/N 16
     
Chương 3. AMIN - AMINO AXIT - PROTEIN
A. AMIN
I – KHÁI NIỆM, PHÂN LOẠI VÀ DANH PHÁP
1. Khái niệm, phân loại
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2. Danh pháp%MND ,D$)D",E,m3+;D0g%
CTCT Tên gốc – chức Tên thay thế

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II – TÍNH CHẤT VẬT LÍ
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<F
6?CBSh%"8!SQw;"8,<I3Qw
6=3"d9"8F
III. TÍNH CHẤT HOÁ HỌC
1. Tính bazơ
=Qv;<<%QQ~=3 U  ,  <  3  l‘  j3  ,=  1R
 , ,=>F
^;=3#3I$9B_3;<<F
=Qv;<1





m 





Z

[


m x\
Z

[


]
m

’
  03,,
2. Phản ứng thế ở nhân thơm của anilin
M=,;D%/N 17
CH
3
NH
2
+ H
2

O [CH
3
NH
3
]
+
+ OH
-
→
     
PHẦN I: BÀI TẬP ĐỊNH TÍNH
Câu 1.V">?37$?C


b

^FrF JFF FF /F[F
Câu 2.V">?37$?C
r



^F[F JFbF FZF /FsF
Câu 3. V">?3Eƒ38$;<$?C


‚

^FrF JFF FF /F[F
Câu 4.7E,D3$;zE … 7A$?C

b

‚
p
^F3F JF[3F FZ3F /Fb3F
Câu 5. ,=9!R9,3Eƒp
^F

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
]
Z
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Œ)
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+Œ
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F
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ŒŒ

/F
Z

[



Câu 6.,=9Q<"?0RD,A;<9

Œ)
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+Œ

p
^Fi 0 03FJFP03 03FF•!,,3F /F•!,,03F
Câu 7. ^37$

66


[
7D
^F"3 03 3 JF 03 3 F63 0 3 /F"3 03
Câu 8.,=9Q<"?0R9,7|E…#39p
^F

 JF
Z

[
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


 F
Z


[


 /F)

+


Câu 9. ,=9Q<"?0R9,7|E…#0g9p
^F
Z

[
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 JF
Z
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[
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 F)
Z

[
+

 /F



Câu 10.,=9Q<"?0R9,7jE…#39p
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Z

[


F JF)
Z

[
+
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 F6

6
Z

r
6

F/F
Z

[
6

6


Câu 11./{0>3=9"1g ,djE…#I3Qw}=!I
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R
Z
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F JF
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Z
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[
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F
Z
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[
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R
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F /F
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R
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

R
Z
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[
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
F
Câu 12. {0!f1g=9!"?0 ,ƒ|SQwjE…#%)+2)+ 032)+
" 032)r+",12)[+3,F
^F)+•)[+•)+•)+•)r+ JF)+•)+•)[+•)+•)r+
M=,;D%/N 18
NH
2
:
+ 3Br

2
NH
2
Br
Br
Br
+ 3HBr
(2,4,6-tribromanilin)
H
2
O
     
F)+•)+•)+•)r+•)[+ /F)+•)[+•)r+•)+•)+
Câu 13.{0!f1g=9!"?0 ,$|SQwjE…#%)+3 032)+3,2
)+ 032)r+2)[+,03F
^F)r+•)[+•)+•)+•)+ JF)r+•)+•)+•)+•)[+
F)+•)+•)+•)r+•)[+ /F)+•)[+•)r+•)+•)+
Câu 14. ,=9!f ,dS?CB
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Câu 15.^,;3,!"?0AEƒp
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+
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+
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+
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+
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Z
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Câu 16.=EH,!"?0 không"op

^F=3"d7jE…#F
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
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PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP ĐỊNH LƯỢNG
1) Toán đốt cháy
Câu 32.G=0,,‚R3383,R"#$TIQAgZRs,1)"B+F
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Câu 34.G=0,,383,R"#$R3U"uB'

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Câu 35.G=0,,R3,3 03)+R!.jBj
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Câu 36.G=0,,333 03)+R!RrjBj
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)U"B+FM=~3
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Câu 37. Hj<E,3„)Q5RX3+wQA"H"dgrRr3BgRrRZŒ
E,3
^FZrR3F JFr‚R3F rZR3F /FZRr3F
Câu 38.G=0,,3,"#$TR"ZRsj'
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2Rsj
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M=,;D%/N 20

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r
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b
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Câu 39G=0,,Y3,"#$Bgg,Q{0">":
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Câu 40.,Y3"#$,R">":Dg=Qv;<QQ~
i;}"R!"7QQ~"RZs3Y3FJgu3,
=3 ,$|}3e"g3<%%[F?C=3%
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2) Phản ứng với axit
Câu 41. ,[R‚3 03)
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)
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Câu 42.,rR[3 03)
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Câu 43.,=Qv;}";<QQ~"sRs[33Fq
"{I$
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Câu 44.zRs3383"#$w3QQ~iF$?
CT
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Câu 45.9L#T3URw?C>3RRF,"7„g3
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Câu 46.,QI$,,;<QQ~$R[3,
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Câu 47.GHz3QQ~383"#$T>"8R[„wQA
3QQ~iF$?CT
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Câu 48.,33"#$TI$,,;<)Q+R"[33F
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Câu 49.,R[3
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1,"QQ~7$R39FM=~1
^FRi JFR[i FRZi /FR[i

Câu 50.,R[3Y3,R"#$)7!3,EK+=Qv;}";<
3QQ~"R‚s33Fqgƒ,!"?0Bj1=p
^F>"8QQ~EKRi JFV3,3Y3R3,
F3
[
;


b
 /FDN33 03; 03
M=,;D%/N 21
     
3) Anilin phản ứng với dd Br
2
Câu 51. Hj<E,3„)Q5RX3+wQA"H"dgrRr3BgRrRZŒ
E,3
^FZrR3F JFr‚R3F rZR3F /FZRr3F
Câu 52.,33^=Qvg;<QQ~J

"‚R‚3BgFM=~3"{
QA
^FR‚3 JFRb‚3 FRsZ3 /FRb3
Câu 53. ,38Y^$

R
Z

[



R
Z

[
'F^"zEUR3,
',@R3,F^•I$";<Rb[3,J

,Bg"FV3,


R
Z

[


R
Z

[
'w
^FR2R[2R JFR[2R[2R
FR[2R2R[ /FR2R[2R[
B . AMINOAXIT
I – KHÁI NIỆM
1. Khái niệm Aminoaxit là những hợp chất hữu cơ tạp chức, phân tử chứa đồng thời nhóm
amino (NH
2
) và nhóm cacboxyl (COOH).
- CTTQ:)


+
1
’&’)''+
0
)1-R0-+
- 3,1,R3U773

R73''


m
'

)-+
2.Danh pháp
- Tên thay thế%1m;~j73

)RR†+m3,mD1F
- Tên bán hệ thống%1m;~j73

)ŠR‹R–R—R˜R™+m3,mD1F
II – CẤU TẠO PHÂN TỬ VÀ TÍNH CHẤT HOÁ HỌC
1. Cấu tạo phân tử:>Q<Q?C;,š|F
M=,;D%/N 22
CH
3
CH
NH
2

COOH H
2
N CH
2
[CH
2
]
3
CH
NH
2
COOH
alanin lysin
     
=amino axit là những hợp chất ionDU"dB9fBgR#"Q›
,<;7"87I0,)?•B"7+F
2. Tính chất hố học
a. Tính chất lưỡng tính
b. Tính axit – bazơ của dung dịch amino axit
 6/Q~01B3"k3l‘j3F
 6/Q~133l‘j3,=>
 6/Q~0!3l‘j3,=1F
c. Phản ứng riêng của nhóm –COOH: phản ứng este hố
d. Phản ứng trùng ngưng (˜6R™6,,3+
M=,;D%/N 23
H
2
N-CH
2
-COOH H

3
N-CH
2
-COO
-
+
dạng phân tử ion lưỡng cực
HOOC-CH
2
-NH
2
+ HCl HOOC-CH
2
-NH
3
Cl
-
+
H
2
N-CH
2
-COOH + NaOH H
2
N-CH
2
-COONa + H
2
O
H

2
N CH
2
COOH H
3
N-CH
2
-COO
-
+
HOOC-CH
2
CH
2
CHCOOH
NH
2
-
OOC-CH
2
CH
2
CHCOO
-
NH
3
+
H
2
N[CH

2
]
4
CH
NH
2
COOH + H
2
O H
3
N[CH
2
]
4
CH
NH
3
COO
+
+ OH
-
-
H
2
N-CH
2
-COOH + C
2
H
5

OH H
2
N-CH
2
-COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
HCl khí
     
1˜63,, ,,3
=173,fU;~jαRβRγB,I$A
C. PEPTIT
I. KHÁI NIỆM
-Peptit là loại hợp chất chứa từ 2 đến 50 gốc -amino axit liên kết với nhau bởi các liên
kết peptit.
6L?C $RRrR† 63,1"Nđi-, tri-, tetrapeptiR†
L?C $d63,1)D+"N, 


6

'66)

+6'')M06^+
GwGw



6)

+6'66

'')^6M0+
GwGw
II. TÍNH CHẤT HÓA HỌC
1. Phản ứng thuỷ phân
6 7HE~0?hoàn toàn = -amino axit1%1,@E…#%
6 7HE~0?B,,= f#
2. Phản ứng màu biure
,3Bd3R $;<)'+

,93j3
D. PROTEIN
I. KHÁI NIỆM
Protein là những polipeptit cao phân tử có phân tử khối từ vài chục nghìn đến vài triệu
G,DEUdŠ63,1;<EKDBgpeptit.
M=,;D%/N 24
nH
2
N-[CH
2
]
5
COOH NH [CH
2
]
5

CO + nH
2
O
t
0
( )
n
hay
α
NH CH
R
1
C
O
N
H
CH
R
2
C
O

lieân keát peptit
αα
α
     

)-[+
II. TÍNH CHẤT
1. Tính chất vật lí

 6d, hw",<,dung dịch keo ; đông tụB
"7F
6V|"v;Bg, •1I0B,1RE…#;38!3;,QQ
, F
2. Tính chất hoá học
 6J~•?11RE…#,@ …3%, xY, xŠ63,1
67I$3E ;<)'+

X'
6
x3j3
PHẦN I: BÀI TẬP ĐỊNH TÍNH
Câu 1.^3,19L#,?C
^F$73E,10;733,F JFu$733,F
Fu$73E,10F /Fu$#,@E,F
Câu 2.
r

‚
'

7390">?3,17733,U;~jŠp
^FrF JFF FF /F[F
Câu 3.7E,D3,17A$?C


b
'

p

^F9F JFr9F F9F /F9F
Câu 4.,=DNQ<"?0RD,khôngA;<9

Œ)

+Œ''p
^F^163,,,F JF^1 α63,,,F
F^F /F^F
Câu 5. ,=DNQ<"?0RD,không A;<9

6)

+6)

+6
''p
  ^F^163 0663,E,F JF.F
F^163,663 0E,F /F^1α63,!,; F
Câu 6.,=9Q<"?0R9,1p
^F

6

6'' JF

Œ)

+Œ''
F''6


)

+'' /F

Œ

6

Œ''
Câu 7./Q~9,!"?0không3"k3l‘j3%
^FM1)



6''+ JF…)



6\

]

)

+6''+
M=,;D%/N 25
NH CH
R
1
C

O
N
H
CH
R
2
C
O
NH CH
R
3
C
O
hay NH CH
R
i
C
O
n