Tóm tắt ngữ pháp lớp 12

1

BÀI MỞ ĐẦU
BÀI MỞ ĐẦUBÀI MỞ ĐẦU
BÀI MỞ ĐẦU
ĐỘNG TỪ
VERB
VERBVERB
VERB



Động từ được dùng để làm hành động cho chủ từ. Để phân biệt các loại động
loại động loại động
loại động
tư
tưtư
từ (kinds of verbs), chúng ta hãy quan sát sơ đồ dưới đây:

Auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verb : (do, have, be)


Special verb
Special verb Special verb
Special verb :
Modal verb
Modal verbModal verb
Modal verb : (must, can, may, might, could, should …)

Verb
Verb Verb
Verb :
Regular verb
Regular verb Regular verb
Regular verb : (open, close, clean, remember…)


Ordinary verb :
Ordinary verb :Ordinary verb :
Ordinary verb :
Irregular verb
Irregular verb Irregular verb
Irregular verb : (run, write, speak, drive…)

Động từ tiếng Anh có hai loại: động từ đặc biệt
động từ đặc biệt động từ đặc biệt
động từ đặc biệt (special verb) và động từ
động từ động từ
động từ
thường
thườngthường
thường (ordinary verb).

(1) Động từ đặc biệt
(1) Động từ đặc biệt(1) Động từ đặc biệt
(1) Động từ đặc biệt gồm có:
* Động từ trợ
* Động từ trợ * Động từ trợ
* Động từ trợ (auxiliary verb) : be

bebe
be (dùng để chia các thì tiếp diễn, thể thụ động),
have
have have
have (dùng để chia các thì hoàn thành), do
dodo
do (dùng để chia các thể phủ đònh và nghi
vấn).
- He is working hard this month. (thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
- The house was built five years ago. (thể thụ động)
- He has learned English for two years. (thì hiện tại hoàn thành)
- Do you like tea ? (thể nghi vấn)
- She does not like coffee. (thể phủ đònh)



* Động từ khiếm khuyết
* Động từ khiếm khuyết* Động từ khiếm khuyết
* Động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verb) : cần phải có động theo sau.
- We must study hard.
- He can play the piano.
Đặc điểm chung của các động từ đặc biệt
Đặc điểm chung của các động từ đặc biệtĐặc điểm chung của các động từ đặc biệt
Đặc điểm chung của các động từ đặc biệt là khi đổi sang thể phủ đònh ta chỉ cần
thêm NOT
NOTNOT
NOT vào sau các động từ đó và khi đổi sang thể nghi vấn ta đưa các động từ đó
ra đầu câu.
- He is not working hard this month.
- Is he working hard this month ?

- He has not found his book.
- Have you seen her yet ?
- She cannot swim.
- Should we go there ?

(2) Động
(2) Động (2) Động
(2) Động từ thường
từ thường từ thường
từ thường gồm có :


2

* Động từ có qui tắc
* Động từ có qui tắc * Động từ có qui tắc
* Động từ có qui tắc (regular verb) : là động từ khi thành lập thì quá khứ đơn
(simple past) hay quá khứ phân từ (past paticiple) ta chỉ cần thêm –
––
–ED
EDED
ED vào sau động
từ đó.
- I opened
openedopened
opened the door this morning. (simple past )
- I have opened
openedopened
opened the door. (past participle)
* Động từ bất qui tắc

* Động từ bất qui tắc* Động từ bất qui tắc
* Động từ bất qui tắc (irregular verb) : là động từ có hình thức quá khứ (xem cột
2 của bảng động từ bất qui tắc) và quá khứ phân từ (xem cột 3) riêng.
to go went gone
to write wrote written
to run ran run
to hit hit hit

- He went
wentwent
went to the cinema last night. (simple past )
- He has gone
gone gone
gone out. (past participle)

Động từ thường có chung đặc điểm
Động từ thường có chung đặc điểmĐộng từ thường có chung đặc điểm
Động từ thường có chung đặc điểm là khi đổi sang thể phủ đònh và nghi vấn ta phải
dùng động từ trợ “to do”. Ta thêm NOT
NOTNOT
NOT vào sau các động từ trợ ở thể phủ đònh và đưa
động từ trợ ra đầu câu nếu ở thể nghi vấn.
- He did not go to the pub last night.
- Did he go to the cinema last night ?
- I do not like tea.
- Do you enjoy classical music ?
- She does not know the answer.
- Does he understand the lesson ?

* Động từ “to do” vừa là động từ thường vừa là động từ trợ.

- He does
does does
does his homework. (động từ thường)
- He does
doesdoes
does not understand the lesson. (động từ trợ)
















3

Bài 1
Bài 1Bài 1
Bài 1:
::
:

CÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌ
CÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌCÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌ
CÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌ


(THE USE OF TENSES)
(THE USE OF TENSES)(THE USE OF TENSES)
(THE USE OF TENSES)







Thì biểu thò thời gian và trạng thái của hành động được diễn đạt bằng động từ.
Có 12 thì ở dạng chủ động của động từ tiếng Anh. Để hiểu được hình thái của các thì,
ta có thể nghiên cứu cách chia động từ TO WORK trong bảng dưới đây :

Simple
SimpleSimple
Simple

Continuous
ContinuousContinuous
Continuous

Perfect
PerfectPerfect
Perfect

Perfect continuous
Perfect continuousPerfect continuous
Perfect continuous






Present
PresentPresent
Present


- I
II
I (You / We /
They) work
workwork
work
- He (

He (He (
He (She / It)
works
worksworks
works
- I am working
I am workingI am working
I am working
- He
He He
He (She / It) is
isis
is
working
workingworking
working
-

- You (
You ( You (
You (We / They)
are workin
are workinare workin
are working
gg
g
- I
II
I (You / We /
They) have worked

have workedhave worked
have worked
- He
HeHe
He (She / It) has
hashas
has
worked
workedworked
worked
- I
II
I (You / We /
They) have been
have been have been
have been
working
workingworking
working
- He
HeHe
He ( She / It) has
has has
has
been
beenbeen
been working
workingworking
working
Past

PastPast
Past

-

- I
I I
I (You / He /
She / It / We /
They) worked
workedworked
worked
- I
II
I (He / She / It)
was working
was workingwas working
was working
- You
You You
You (We / They)
were working
were workingwere working
were working
- I
II
I (You / He / She /
It / We / They) had
hadhad
had

worked
workedworked
worked
-

- I
I I
I (You / He / She /
It / We / They) had
had had
had
been
beenbeen
been working
workingworking
working
Future
FutureFuture
Future

- I
II
I (We) shall
shallshall
shall
work
workwork
work
- You
You You

You (He /
She / it / They)
will work
will workwill work
will work
- I
II
I (We) shall be
shall beshall be
shall be
working
workingworking
working
- You
YouYou
You (He / She / It
/ They) will be
will bewill be
will be
working
workingworking
working
- I
I I
I (We) s
ss
shall have
hall havehall have
hall have
worked

workedworked
worked
- You
YouYou
You (He / She / it /
They) will have
will havewill have
will have
worked
workedworked
worked
- I
II
I (We) shall have
shall have shall have
shall have
been
beenbeen
been working
workingworking
working
- You
YouYou
You (He / She / It /
They) will have
will have will have
will have
been working
been workingbeen working
been working

* 1
* 1* 1
* 1. SO SÁNH
SO SÁNHSO SÁNH
SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT
THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT
THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT


VÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌ VÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Tiếng Anh có hai thì hiện tại mà đa số các em học sinh hay lẫn lộn cách sử dụng.
Đó là thì hiện tại đơn (Simple Present
Simple PresentSimple Present
Simple Present) và thì hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present
PresentPresent
Present Continuous
ContinuousContinuous
Continuous).

* Thì Simple Present
Simple PresentSimple Present
Simple Present được dùng để chỉ một hành động diễn ra trong thời gian nói
chung, không nhất thiết phải là thời gian ở hiện tại. Thời gian nói chung là thời gian

mà sự việc diễn ra mỗi ngày (every day
every dayevery day
every day), mỗi tuần (every week
every weekevery week
every week), mỗi tháng (every
every every
every
month
monthmonth
month), mỗi năm (every year
every yearevery year
every year), mỗi mùa (every spring / summer / autu
every spring / summer / autuevery spring / summer / autu
every spring / summer / autumn
mnmn
mn / winter)…
/ winter)…/ winter)…
/ winter)…



4


- He goes
goesgoes
goes to school every day.
- Mrs Brown travels
travelstravels
travels every summer.

* Thì Present Continuous
Present ContinuousPresent Continuous
Present Continuous được dùng để chỉ một hành động đang xảy ra (a
aa
a current
current current
current
activity
activityactivity
activity) hay một sự việc chúng ta đang làm bây giờ (now/ at present/ at this
now/ at present/ at thisnow/ at present/ at this
now/ at present/ at this mom
mommom
moment
entent
ent),
hôm nay (today
todaytoday
today), tuần này (this week
this weekthis week
this week), năm nay (this year
this yearthis year
this year)…


- We are learning
are learningare learning
are learning English now.
- Mary is playing

is playingis playing
is playing the piano at the moment.

Hãy so sánh
Hãy so sánhHãy so sánh
Hãy so sánh : - I work in a bakery every day.
every day.every day.
every day.
- I’m working in a bakery this week.
this week.this week.
this week.



* CHÚ Ý :
* CHÚ Ý :* CHÚ Ý :
* CHÚ Ý :


(1) + Thì Simple Present
Simple PresentSimple Present
Simple Present thường được dùng với các động từ chỉ tri giác
động từ chỉ tri giácđộng từ chỉ tri giác
động từ chỉ tri giác (verbs of
perception) như : feel, see, hear
feel, see, hearfeel, see, hear
feel, see, hear… và các động từ chỉ trạng thái
động từ chỉ trạng tháiđộng từ chỉ trạng thái
động từ chỉ trạng thái như : know,
know,know,

know, understand,
understand, understand,
understand,
mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…
mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…
mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe…
+ Ngoài ra chúng ta còn dùng thì Simple Present
Simple PresentSimple Present
Simple Present với động từ : be,
: be,: be,
: be, appear,
appear, appear,
appear,
belong, have to…
belong, have to…belong, have to…
belong, have to…
+ Thì Simple Present
Simple PresentSimple Present
Simple Present còn được dùng với các trạng từ chỉ tần suất lập
trạng từ chỉ tần suất lậptrạng từ chỉ tần suất lập
trạng từ chỉ tần suất lập đi lập lại
đi lập lạiđi lập lại
đi lập lại
(adverbs of frequency) như : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, g
always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, galways, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, g
always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally,
enerally, enerally,
enerally,
rarely, never…
rarely, never…rarely, never…

rarely, never…



- That child needs
needsneeds
needs care.
- This book belongs
belongsbelongs
belongs to me.
- He never comes
comescomes
comes late.

+ Chúng ta cũng dùng thì Simple Present
Simple PresentSimple Present
Simple Present để chỉ một chân lý
một chân lýmột chân lý
một chân lý hay một sự thật hiển
một sự thật hiển một sự thật hiển
một sự thật hiển
nhiên
nhiênnhiên
nhiên (a general truth).

- The sun rises
risesrises
rises in the east.
- Nothing is
isis

is more precious than independence and freedom.

(2) Thì Present Continuous
Present ContinuousPresent Continuous
Present Continuous còn được dùng để chỉ hành động ở một
hành động ở mộthành động ở một
hành động ở một tương lai gần
tương lai gầntương lai gần
tương lai gần (a
near future action) và thường đi với các trạng từ chỉ tương lai như : tomorrow, next
tomorrow, next tomorrow, next
tomorrow, next
week, next month, next
week, next month, next week, next month, next
week, next month, next year, next summer…
year, next summer…year, next summer…
year, next summer…





Exercise I :
Exercise I :Exercise I :
Exercise I :
Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous
Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous
Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous
tense.
tense.tense.

tense.



1/ I (have) __________ coffee for breakfast every day.

2/ My brother (work) __________ in a shoe store this summer.

3/ The student (look) ___________ up that new word now.

4/ She (go) __________ to school every day.

5/ We (do) __________ this exercise at the moment.

5


6/ Miss Helen (read) ___________ a newspaper now.

7/ It (rain) __________ very much in the summer. It (rain) _________ now.

8/ Bad students never (work) __________ hard.

9/ He generally (sing) __________ in English, but today he (sing) __________
in Spanish.

10/ We seldom (eat) __________ before 6.30.

11/ She sometimes (buy) ___________ vegetables at his market.

12/ Be quiet. The baby (sleep) ____________.

13/ We always (do) ___________ our exercises carefully.

14/ Look. A man (run) ___________ after the train. He (want) ___________ to
catch it.

15/ It (be) __________ very cold now.
16/ John (travel) __________ to England tomorrow.

17/ I (need) ____________ some money for my textbooks.

18/ Tom (like) __________ to go to the museums.

19/ Mary (love) __________ ice-cream.

20/ My mother (cook) ___________ some food in the kitchen at present. She
always (cook) __________ in the mornings.

21/ I often (leave) __________ the city at weekends.

22/ The guests (watch) __________ the TV programmes now.

23/ I (see) ___________ you (wear) ___________ your best clothes.

24/ The sun (set)___________ in the west.

25/ My friend (study) __________ English for an hour every night.

26/ Listen. I (hear)___________ someone knocking at the front door.

27/ I (do) __________ an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I
(think) __________ that I (know) __________ how to use it now.

28/ Honesty (be) __________ the best policy.

29/ The earth (goes) __________ round the sun.

30/ Two and two (make) __________ four.



* 2
* 2* 2
* 2

SO SAÙNH
SO SAÙNHSO SAÙNH
SO SAÙNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT
THÌ PRESENT PERFECTTHÌ PRESENT PERFECT
THÌ PRESENT PERFECT
VAØ
VAØVAØ
VAØ THÌ SIMPLE PAST
THÌ SIMPLE PASTTHÌ SIMPLE PAST
THÌ SIMPLE PAST

6

* Thì Present
PresentPresent
Present perfect
perfect perfect
perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ không
rõ thời điểm còn liên lạc với hiện tại.
* Thì Simple Past
Simple PastSimple Past
Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một quá khứ có thời điểm rõ rệt
cắt đứt với hiện tại.

+ CHÚ
+ CHÚ + CHÚ
+ CHÚ Ý :
Ý :Ý :
Ý :


(1) Thì Present Perfect
Present PerfectPresent Perfect
Present Perfect thường đi với những từ như : up to now
: up to now: up to now
: up to now, up to
up toup to
up to the present
the presentthe present
the present,
so far

so farso far
so far (cho tới nay), not … yet
not … yetnot … yet
not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever
for, since, everfor, since, ever
for, since, ever (đã từng), never, several
never, several never, several
never, several
times
timestimes
times (nhiều lần), just
justjust
just (vừa), recently
recentlyrecently
recently (vừa mới), lately
latelylately
lately (mới đây)

- Have
HaveHave
Have you ever seen
ever seenever seen
ever seen a tiger ?
- The train has not arrived
has not arrivedhas not arrived
has not arrived yet.
- We have lived
have livedhave lived
have lived here for 6 years.
- The bell has just rung.

has just rung.has just rung.
has just rung.

(2) * Thì Simple Past
Simple PastSimple Past
Simple Past thường đi với những tiếng chỉ thời gian quá khứ xác đònh
như : yesterday
yesterdayyesterday
yesterday, the day before yest
the day before yestthe day before yest
the day before yesterday
erdayerday
erday, last week
last weeklast week
last week, last month,
last month,last month,
last month, last year
last yearlast year
last year, last
last last
last
summer
summersummer
summer, ago
agoago
ago.

- We came
camecame
came here a month ago.

- He went
wentwent
went to the cinema yesterday.

* Thì Simple Past
Simple PastSimple Past
Simple Past còn được dùng để chỉ một chuỗi các hành động kế tiếp xảy
ra trong quá khứ.
- He closed
closedclosed
closed all the windows, locked
lockedlocked
locked the doors and then went
wentwent
went out.

Exercise II :
Exercise II :Exercise II :
Exercise II :
Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense.
Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense.Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense.
Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense.

1/ We (never watch) __________ that TV programme.

2/ We (wacth) __________ a good programme on TV last night.

3/ He (read) __________ that novel many times before.

4/ He (read) __________ that novel again during my last vacation.

5/ I (have) __________ a little trouble with my car last week.

6/ However, I (have) __________ no trouble with my car since then.

7/ I (not see) __________ John for a long time. I (see) __________ him 3
weeks ago.

8/ The school bell (ring) __________. We must go now.

9/ I (meet) __________ Mary last night. She (become) __________ a very big
girl.

10/ He is very thirsty. He (not drink) __________ since this morning.

11/ It is very hot. Summer (come) __________.

12/ They (study) __________ at this school for 7 years now.


7

13/ They (begin) __________ to study at this school 7 years ago.

14/ Since when (you know) ___________ her ?

15/ How long ago (he start) __________ to learn French ?

16/ She (lose) __________ her handbag on the train yesterday morning.

17/ My mother (be) ________ in hospital for a long time and she cannot go
home yet.

18/ His dog (just run) __________ out of the garden.

19/ Mr Brown (travel) __________ by air several times in the past.

20/ He (travel) ___________ to Mexico by air last summer.


* 3.
* 3.* 3.
* 3.

SO SÁNH
SO SÁNHSO SÁNH
SO SÁNH THÌ
THÌTHÌ
THÌ PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT VÀ
VÀVÀ
VÀ
THÌ
THÌTHÌ
THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSPRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Present perfect
Present perfectPresent perfect
Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ kết quả của một
tình trạng ở hiện tại (the result of the present state), một việc xảy ra trong quá khứ
không rõ thời điểm, lập đi lập lại nhiều lần và kéo dài đến hiện tại.
+ Thì Present
PresentPresent
Present Perfect Continuous
Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous
Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để
chỉ sự tiếp diễn của một hành động (the continuity of an action) cho tới hiện tại.

- I have been waiting for
forfor
for two hours, but she has not come yet.
- He has been living here since
sincesince
since
1975.
- We have been working in the garden all
allall
all
morning.

+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous còn được dùng với các động từ như : lie,
lie,lie,
lie, wait, sit,

wait, sit, wait, sit,
wait, sit,
stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…
stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…
stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…



- They have been learning English since 1995.
- The chair has been lying in the store window for ages.

Exercise III
Exercise IIIExercise III
Exercise III :
: :
: Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfect
Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfectPut the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfect
Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfect
continuous tense.
continuous tense.continuous tense.
continuous tense.



1/ I (try) __________ to learn French for years, but I (not succeed) __________
yet.

2/ She (read) _________ all the works of Dickens.How many (you read)
_________ ?

3/ I (wait) __________ here nearly half an hour for my girlfriend; do you think
she (forget) __________ to come ?

4/ Mary (rest) __________ in the garden all day because she (be) __________
ill.


8

5/ Although John (study) __________ at the University for 5 years, he (not get)
__________ his degree yet.

6/ Jack (go) __________ to Switzerland for a holiday. He (never, be)
__________ there.

7/ We (live) __________ here for the last six months, and (just, decide)
__________ to move.

8/ That book ( lie) __________ on the table for weeks. You (not read)
_________ it yet ?

9/ He (not be) ___________ here since Christmas; I wonder where he (live)
__________ since then.

10/ He (lose) ___________ his books. He (look) ____________ for them all
afternoon, but they (not turn up) ___________ yet.

11/ She (work) ___________ so hard this week that she (not have)
___________ time to go to the cinema.

12/ Your hair is wet. (You swim) __________ for a long time ?

13/ Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive)__________ cars for six years.

14/ You look very tired. (You work) __________very hard ?

15/ The phone (ring) __________ for 2 minutes, but I (not answer) __________
it yet.

Exercise IV :
Exercise IV :Exercise IV :
Exercise IV : Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses.
Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses.Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses.
Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses.



1/ I (be) __________ sorry. I (forget) __________ that fellow’s name already.

2/ Jack (look) __________ forward to his vacation next June.

3/ I (have) __________ no trouble with my english lessons up to now.

4/ Mr and Mrs Brown (be) ___________ in New York for 2 months.

5/ Michael (work) __________ 38 hours a week.

6/ At present, that author (write) ___________ a novel.

7/ George (do) __________ good work in this class so far.

8/ The weather( generally, get) __________ hot in July .

9/ You must wake her up. She (sleep) __________soundly for 10 hours.

10/ Listen! I (think) __________ someone (knock) __________ at the front
door.

11/ How long (you learn) __________ English?

12/ That student (know) __________ all the new words very well now.

13/ Alice (lose) __________ her Vienamese-English dictionary.


9

14/ Fred (just, graduate) __________ from Oxford University.

15/ The earth (circle) __________ the sun once every 365 days.

16/ That grandfather clock (stand) __________ there for as long as I can
remember.

17/ That brown briefcase (belong) __________ to Dr.Rice.

18/ Jim (work) __________ on his report this year.

19/ Robert (wait) __________ for you since noon.

20/ That museum (stand) ___________ here for ceturies.

21/ The sun (get) __________ very hot during the afternoon.

22/ Tom (buy) ___________ a new car next week.

23/ The boys and girls (go) ___________ home after this lesson.

24/ Davis (play) __________ football every afternoon.

25/ Up to the present, we (write) __________ almost every lesson in this book.


* 4.
4. 4.
4.

SO SÁNH
SO SÁNHSO SÁNH
SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST
THÌ SIMPLE PASTTHÌ SIMPLE PAST
THÌ SIMPLE PAST


VÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌVÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUSPAST CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Simple Past
Simple PastSimple Past
Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động ngắn (thình
lình) xảy ra trong quá khứ.
- I met
metmet
met him in the street yesterday.
+ Thì Past Continuous
Past ContinuousPast Continuous
Past Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) được dùng để chỉ một hành động kéo
dài trong quá khứ tương ứng với một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ.
- I met him while he was crossing
was crossingwas crossing
was crossing the street.
- She was going
was goingwas going
was going home when she saw an accident.
+ Thì Past Continuous
Past ContinuousPast Continuous
Past Continuous còn diễn tả một hành động kéo dài tại điểm thời gian xác
đònh ở quá khứ hoặc hai hành động liên tiếp song song với nhau.
- My father was watching
was watchingwas watching
was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.
- I was doing
was doingwas doing
was doing my homework while my father was watching
was watchingwas watching
was watching TV.

Exercise V :
Exercise V :Exercise V :
Exercise V :
Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense.
Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense.Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense.
Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense.

1/ He (sit) __________ in a bar when I (see) __________ him.

2/ When I (go) __________ out, the sun (shine) __________.

3/ The light (go) __________ out while I (have) __________ tea.

4/ When it (rain) __________ , she(carry) __________ an umbrella.

5/ We (walk) __________ to the station when it (begin) __________ to rain.


10

6/ He (teach) __________ English for 2 months when he (live) in Germany and
(work) __________ as a journalist.

7/ The house (burn) __________ fast, so we (break) __________ the window to
get out.

8/ He (eat) __________ three sandwiches while you (talk) __________ to him.

9/ The servant (drop) __________ two cups while she (wash up) __________

last night; neither of them (break) __________.

10/ While I (write) __________ a letter, the telephone (ring) __________; as
he (go) __________ to answer it, he (hear) __________ a knock on the door; the
telephone (still, ring) __________ while he (walk) __________ to the door, but just as
he (open) __________ it, it (stop) __________.


* 5.
* 5.* 5.
* 5.

SO SÁNH THÌ
SO SÁNH THÌSO SÁNH THÌ
SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PASTSIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PAST
VÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌVÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌ P
PP
PAST PERFECT
AST PERFECTAST PERFECT
AST PERFECT




+ Thì Past Perfect (
Past Perfect (Past Perfect (

Past Perfect (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành) dùng để chỉ một hành động xảy ra trước
một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ (past action).
- When he had finished
had finishedhad finished
had finished his work, he went home.
- By the time I arrived at the station, the train had gone
had gonehad gone
had gone.
+ Thì Past Perfect
Past PerfectPast Perfect
Past Perfect còn diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một điểm thời gian xác
đònh ở quá khứ.
- By 10 o’clock last night, I had gone
had gonehad gone
had gone to bed.

Exercise VI :
Exercise VI :Exercise VI :
Exercise VI :


Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect t
Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect tPut the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect t
Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect tense
enseense
ense.

1/ They (go) __________ home after they (finish) __________ their work.

2/ He (do) _________ nothing before he (see) ___________ me.

3/ He (thank) __________ me for what I (do) __________ for him.

4/ I (be) __________ sorry that I (hurt) __________ him.

5/ After they (go) __________ , I (sit) __________ down and (rest)
__________.

6/ When I (arrive), the dinner (already, begin) ______________.

7/ My friend (not see) __________ me for many years when I (meet)
__________ last week.

8/ He (learn) __________ English before he (leave) __________ for England.

9/ In England, he soon (remember) __________ all he (learn) __________.

10/ They (tell) __________ him they (not meet) __________ him before.


11

11/ He (ask) __________ why we (come) __________ so early.

12/ She (say) __________ that she (already, see) ___________ Dr. Rice.

13/ By the time Bill (get) __________ there, the meeting (start) __________.

14/ When we (arrive) __________ at our place, we (find) __________ that a
burglar (break) ____________ in.

15/ Almost everybody (leave) _________ for home by the time we (arrive)
________.



* 6.
* 6.* 6.
* 6.

SO SÁNH THÌ
SO SÁNH THÌSO SÁNH THÌ
SO SÁNH THÌ PAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECTPAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECT VÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌVÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌ
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSPAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS



+ Thì Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn
mạnh tính liên tục của hành động trước khi một hành động quá khứ khác xảy ra. Hãy
so sánh :
- She had been studying
had been studyinghad been studying

had been studying English before she came here for classes.
(Hành động had been studying xảy ra liên tục cho tới khi hành động came for
classes xảy ra).
- She had studied
had studiedhad studied
had studied English before she came for classes.
(Hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes)
Và hãy so sánh :
- It had been raining
had been raininghad been raining
had been raining when I got up this morning. (Mưa đã dứt khi tôi thức
dậy.)
- It was raining
was rainingwas raining
was raining when I got up this morning. (Mưa vẫn còn khi tôi thức dậy.)

Exercise VII
Exercise VIIExercise VII
Exercise VII
: Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect
Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect
Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect
continuous tense.
continuous tense.continuous tense.
continuous tense.



1/ I (ask) _________ him what he (do) __________.

2/ Tom (be) _________ tired. He (run) __________ for an hour.

3/ Although he (go) __________ to the doctor for 6 months, he (not, feel)
__________ any better.

4/ The telephone (ring) __________ for 5 minutes before it (be) __________
answered.

5/ They (tell) __________ me you (live) __________ in London before the
war.

6/ The poor man (wait) __________ for 6 hours before he (be) __________
brought into the room.


12

7/ By noon that day, we (drive) __________ for 5 hours.

8/ The robber who (watch) __________ him running to the tree (sit)
__________ down under its branches and (begin) __________ to attack him.

9/ I (ask) _________ her what she (do) _______ since she (arrive) ________ in
England.

10/ She (tell) __________ me that she (study) __________ English literature.
* 7.
* 7.* 7.
* 7.

SO SÁNH THÌ
SO SÁNH THÌSO SÁNH THÌ
SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURE
SIMPLE FUTURESIMPLE FUTURE
SIMPLE FUTURE
VÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌVÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌ FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FUTURE CONTINUOUSFUTURE CONTINUOUS
FUTURE CONTINUOUS



+ Thì Simple Future
Simple FutureSimple Future
Simple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra (có hoặc
không có thời gian xác đònh ở tương lai); còn thì Future Continuous
Future ContinuousFuture Continuous
Future Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp
Diễn) diễn tả một hành động liên tiến tại điểm thời gian xác đònh ở tương lai.
- He will go
will gowill go
will go to the stadium next Sunday.
- We will / shall have
will / shall havewill / shall have
will / shall have the final test.
Hãy so sánh :
- I will eat
will eatwill eat
will eat breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow. (Vào lúc 6 giờ sáng mai, tôi sẽ

bắt đầu dùng bữa điểm tâm.)
- I will be eating
will be eatingwill be eating
will be eating breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow. (Vào lúc 6 giờ sáng mai,
tôi sẽ đang dùng bữa điểm tâm.)
+ Trong các mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian (adverb clause of time) hay mệnh đề
điều kiện (adverb clause of condition), thì Simple Present
Simple PresentSimple Present
Simple Present được dùng để thay thế cho
thì Simple Future.
- I shall not go until I see
seesee
see him.
- If he comes
comescomes
comes tomorrow, he will do it.

+ Chú ý :
+ Chú ý :+ Chú ý :
+ Chú ý : WILL còn được dùng cho tất cả các ngôi.

Exercise
ExerciseExercise
Exercise VIII
VIII VIII
VIII : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present or the simple future
Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present or the simple future Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present or the simple future
Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present or the simple future
tense.
tense.tense.

tense.



1/ We (go) __________ out when the rain (stop) __________.

2/ I (stay) _________ here until he (answer) __________ me.

3/ Wait until I (catch) __________ you.

4/ I (be) _________ ready before you (count) _________ ten.

5/ John must eat his breakfast before he (go) __________ out.

6/ Miss Helen (help) ___________ you as soon as she (finish) _________ that
letter.

7/ He (tell) _________ you when you (get) __________ there.

8/ She (not come) __________ until you (be) _________ ready.

9/ He (tell) __________ you when you (ask) __________ him.

13


10/ I (come) ________ and (see) _________ you before I (leave) ________ for
England.

* 8.
* 8.* 8.
* 8.

SO SÁNH THÌ
SO SÁNH THÌSO SÁNH THÌ
SO SÁNH THÌ FUTURE P
FUTURE PFUTURE P
FUTURE PERFECT
ERFECTERFECT
ERFECT VÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌVÀ THÌ
VÀ THÌ


FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSFUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS



+ Thì Future Perfect
Future PerfectFuture Perfect
Future Perfect (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành) được dùng để chỉ một hành động sẽ
hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong tương lai hay một điểm thời gian ở tương
lai.
- The taxi will have arri
will have arriwill have arri
will have arrived
vedved

ved by the time you finish dressing.
- By next Christmas, he will have lived
will have livedwill have lived
will have lived in Dalat for 5 years.
+ Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động, chúng ta dùng thì Future Perfect
Future PerfectFuture Perfect
Future Perfect
Continuous
Continuous Continuous
Continuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn).
- By the time you receive this letter, we shall
shallshall
shall have been travelling
have been travellinghave been travelling
have been travelling through
Russia.
- By next June, they will have been working
will have been workingwill have been working
will have been working in this factory for 12 years.

Exercise IX :
Exercise IX :Exercise IX :
Exercise IX :

Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, present
Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, present Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, present
Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, present
perfect or future perfect tense
perfect or future perfect tenseperfect or future perfect tense
perfect or future perfect tense.

.



1/ I’ll wait until he (write) __________ his next novel.

2/ When you (come) _________ back, he (already buy) __________ a new
house.

3/ Don’t come until I (finish) _________ lunch.

4/ I (hope) _________ it (stop) __________ raining by 5 o’clock this afternoon.

5/ The river (not begin)_________ to rise until some rain (fall)__________.

6/ I (stay) __________ here until you (finish) _________ your work.

7/ By next month, I (leave) _________ for India.

8/ He (finish) _________ his work before you (leave) __________.

9/ Before you (go) __________, they (leave) __________ the country.

10/ The meeting (finish) _________ by the time we (get) _________ there.

Exercise X :
Exercise X :Exercise X :
Exercise X :

Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future
Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future
Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future
c
cc
continuous or future perfect tense.
ontinuous or future perfect tense.ontinuous or future perfect tense.
ontinuous or future perfect tense.



1/ We (send) __________ you a telegram as soon as we (arrive) _________ in
London.

2/ When George (come) __________ this afternoon, he (bring) __________ his
friends.


14

3/ I (speak) _________ to you about that matter after the meeting tonight.

4/ By the time you (receive) __________ this letter, we (cross) __________ the
Atlantic Ocean.

5/ By this time next week, you (meet) __________ my boyfriend, Ali.

6/ I (wait) __________ for you right here when you (come) __________ out of
the building.

7/ She (wait) __________ for you at 5 o’clock this afternoon.

8/ I (give) __________ it back as soon as he (want) __________ it.

9/ I (not move) __________ from here until you (get) __________ back.

10/ They (not come) __________ home until they (see) __________
everything.

Exercise XI
Exercise XIExercise XI
Exercise XI
:
: :
: Supply the correct tense.
Supply the correct tense.Supply the correct tense.
Supply the correct tense.



1/ They (just decide) __________ that they (undertake) ___________ the job.

2/ We (go) ___________ to the theatre last night.

3/ He usually (write) __________ in green ink.

4/ She (play) __________ the piano when our guests (arrive) __________ last
night.

5/ We (do) __________ an English exercise at the moment.

6/ She (just come) __________ in and (see) __________ you in 5 minutes.

7/ I (come) __________ as soon as my work is finished. (You be) __________
ready ?

8/ Where (you go) __________ for your holiday last year ?

9/ I (not leave) _________ Paris since we (go) _________ to Dieppe three
years ago.

10/ My mother (come) __________ to stay with us next weekend.

11/ We (meet) __________ only yesterday and (already decide) __________
to get married.

12/ I (never see) __________ snow.

13/ Violets (bloom) __________ in spring.

14/ We (not live) ___________ in England for the last two months.

15/ I (lose) _________ my keys; I cannot remember where I last (see)
_________ them.

16/ He (not arrive) __________ when I (write) __________ my last letter to
you.

15

17/ Whenever you (go) _________ to town nowadays, you (spend) _________
a lot of money.

18/ I (never forget) __________ what you (just tell) __________ me.

19/ They (prepare) __________ the Christmas dinner today.

20/ When I last (stay) ___________ in Cairo, I (ride) __________ to the
Pyramids on a camel that my friend (borrow) ____________ the day before.

21/ I (finish) ___________ the book before my next birthday.

22/ “Hello! (You make) __________ a cake ?

23/ He (walk) __________ very quickly when I (meet) __________ him
yesterday.

24/ We (meet) __________ you tomorrow after you (finish) __________ your
work.

25/ Yesterday I (buy) __________ a new watch as my old one (be)
__________ stolen.

Exercise XII
Exercise XIIExercise XII
Exercise XII
:
: :

: Supply the correct tense.
Supply the correct tense.Supply the correct tense.
Supply the correct tense.



1/ He said he (be) __________ sorry he (give) __________ me so much
trouble.

2/ I am sorry that I (not know) _________ you (leave) __________ your pipe
when you (come) __________ to see me last Thursday.

3/ He (be) __________ so good to me when I was a boy that to this day I (not
forget) __________ his kindness, and I hope that I (never forget) __________.

4/ He (sleep) __________ and (not understand) ___________ what you (say)
__________ to him. He (wake) __________ if you (speak) __________ louder.
5/ Some animals (not eat) ___________ during the winter and only (come)
__________ out in spring.

6/ After leaving school he (study) __________ French in Paris for two years
and then (move) __________ to America, where he now (live) _________. He (visit)
__________ England once or twice and (know) __________ English well; but (not
have) __________ yet the opportunity of visiting European countries.

7/ I (know) __________ him for a very long time.

8/ When my friend Tom grows a beard, even his closest friends (not recognize)
__________ him.

9/ When I (meet) __________ him in the street, he (go) __________ to the
pictures.

10/ I (study) _________ English for six years now.


16

11/ I expect he (leave) __________ for France as soon as he (get) __________
a visa.

12/ He (visit) ______ his friend yesterday and (find) _______ that he (be)
________ out.

13/ They (sell) _________ all the dresses before we (get) __________ there.

14/ After she (work) __________ at the hospital for two years, she (decide)
__________ to give up the job.

15/ He will come at once because I (tell) __________ him by phone that you
(need) __________ him urgently. I’m sure he (find) __________ his way easily
although he (never visit) __________ this house before.

16/ By the time you get back, I (finish) __________ all my correspondence and
then I (can help) ______________ you with yours.

17/ In a few minutes’ time, when the clock (strike) __________ six, I (wait)
__________ here for an hour.

18/ He (know) ________ her a long time before he finally (get) _______

married to her.

19/ I hope it (not rain) __________ when the bride (leave) __________ the
church.

20/ I (tell) a lie if I said that I (like) __________ you.

21/ They (intend) __________ to go there next week; but now they (find)
__________ they (not have) __________ enough money.

22/ When he grew old he often (think) __________ of all the things he (do)
___________ when he (be) __________ young.

23/ When we (go) __________ to see them last night, they (play) __________
cards; they (say) __________ they (play) __________ since six o’clock.

24/ This is the second time you (break) __________ a cup; you (break)
__________ one yesterday. My last servant (never break)____________ anything,
and you (break) ___________ nearly half the things in the house.

25/ I always (tell) ___________ you to comb your hair, but you never (do)
___________ what I (say) ___________ .





EXERCISE XIII :
EXERCISE XIII :EXERCISE XIII :
EXERCISE XIII :

Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.
Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.
Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.



1/ Mrs Reed (turn) _________ on the radio in her car while she (drive) _________
home yesterday. She (listen) ___________ to some music when she suddenly (hear)
___________ a siren. She (look) ____________ in her mirror and (see) _________ an
ambulance behind her. She immediately (pull) ________ her car to the side of the
road and (wait) _________ for the ambulance (pass) _________.


17

2/ My mother (call) ___________ me around 5 o’clock. My husband (come)
_________ home a little after that. When he (come) __________ home, I (talk)
___________ to my mother on the phone.

3/ Next month I (have) _________ a week’s vacation. I (plan) _________ to take a
trip. First I (go) _________ to Madison, Wisconsin to visit my brother. After I (leave)
________ Madion, I (go) _________ Chicago to see a friend who (study) _________
at a university there. She (live) _________ in Chicago for three years, so she (know)
_________ her way around the city. She (promise) _________ to take me to many
interesting places. I (never, be) _________ in Chicago, so I (look) _________ forward
to going there.

4/ Yesterday John (eat) _____________ breakfast at 8:00. He (already, eat)

_________ breakfast when he (leave) ____________ for class at 8:45. He (always,
eat) _________ breakfast before he (go) _____________ to class. I (usually, not eat)
_________ breakfast before I (go) _________ to class. But I (usually, get) _________
hungry about midmorning. Tomorrow before I (go) _____________ to class, I (eat)
_________ breakfast.

5/ Last year, I (go) __________ mountain climbing for the first time. It was exciting
and terrifying at the same time. We (move) ___________slowly and carefully, and it
(take) ___________ three days to get to the top. When we climbed onto the summit,
we (find) ___________ another group of climbers. They (arrive) ___________ several
hours ahead of us. They (have) ___________ dinner and listening to Beethoven. We
(laugh) __________ and they (invite) ___________ us to join them. The climb (be)
___________, to say the least, an unforgettable experience.

6/ The weather (be) ___________ terrible lately. It (rain) ___________ off and on
for two days, and the temperature (drop) ___________ at least twenty degrees. It (be)
___________ in the low 40s right now. Just three days ago, the sun (shine)
___________ and the weather was pleasant. The weather certainly (change)
___________ quickly here. I never know what to expect. Who knows ? When I (wake)
___________ up tomorrow morning, maybe it (snow) ___________.

7/ A taxi driver (drive) ____________ along a street when he suddenly (black out)
___________ and lost control of his vehicle. The taxi (plunge) _________ into a
nearby river. A hawker, who (see) ______________ the accident, rushed from his
coffee stall and (dive) ___________ into the water. He (have) ___________ to swim
twenty five metres before he could get to the taxi. The taxi driver (try)
______________ to wind down the window. The hawker reached into the taxi for the
safety-belt. After he (release) __________ the safety-belt, he pulled the driver out
through the partially open window. At the hospital, the driver (say) ____________
that the black out might (cause) ______________ by his high blood pressure condition.

18

8/ Marie Curie, the Polish-born chemist, was a courageous and determined woman.
She (leave) ___________ her home for Paris to pursue her interest in science. Living
in poverty, she still (manage) ___________ to graduate at the top of her class. She
(meet) ___________ Pierre Curie shortly after graduation and (marry) ___________
him a year later.
Together, Pierre and Marie (form) ___________ the most famous husband-and-
wife partnership in science history. They (discover) ___________ the radioactive
elements, Polonium and Radium. They (award) ___________ the Nobel Prize for
Physics in 1903.

19





Bài 2 :
Bài 2 :Bài 2 :
Bài 2 : CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆNCÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN


(Conditional Sentenc

(Conditional Sentenc(Conditional Sentenc
(Conditional Sentence)
e)e)
e)



Một câu điều kiện có hai mệnh đề : mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện (tức mệnh đề phụ) còn
được gọi là mệnh đề có if (If
IfIf
If-

-clause
clauseclause
clause) và mệnh đề chỉ kết quả còn được gọi là mệnh đề
chính (main clause).
main clause).main clause).
main clause).

- If he works harder, he will succeed in his examination.
(if-clause) (main clause)
Chúng ta cũng có thể đặt mệnh đề chính ở đầu câu :
- He will succeed in his examination if he works harder.
Trong tiếng Anh có 3 loại câu điều kiện chính :

* T
* T* T
* Type I :
ype I :ype I :
ype I : ĐIỀU KIỆN CÓ THỂ XẢY RA ĐƯC

ĐIỀU KIỆN CÓ THỂ XẢY RA ĐƯCĐIỀU KIỆN CÓ THỂ XẢY RA ĐƯC
ĐIỀU KIỆN CÓ THỂ XẢY RA ĐƯC (probable condition
probable conditionprobable condition
probable condition)

1/ Ý nghóa :
1/ Ý nghóa :1/ Ý nghóa :
1/ Ý nghóa : Loại điều kiện này dùng để diễn tả một sự việc có thể xảy ra hoặc
không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai; nhưng chúng ta có nhiều hy vọng nó xảy ra.

2/ Thì của động từ :
2/ Thì của động từ :2/ Thì của động từ :
2/ Thì của động từ :



If- clause Main clause
Main clauseMain clause
Main clause



Simple present
Simple future
(shall / will + verb)

- If the rain stops, we shall go for a walk.
- He will come if you call him.
* Ngoài ra chúng ta còn có thể dùng các khiếm khuyết động từ như : CAN,
CAN,CAN,

CAN, MUST
MUSTMUST
MUST,
MAY
MAYMAY
MAY … để thay cho shall hoặc will ở mệnh đề chính.

- If you ask me, I can
cancan
can help you.
- You must
mustmust
must study harder if you want to pass the coming exam.
* Mệnh đề chính có thể là một mệnh lệnh hoặc thỉnh cầu :

- Come to me if you need help.
- If you have time, perfect your English.

* Type II
* Type II * Type II
* Type II :
: :
: ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở HIỆN TẠI.
ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở HIỆN TẠI.ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở HIỆN TẠI.
ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở HIỆN TẠI. (Present
(Present (Present
(Present-

- unreal Con
unreal Con unreal Con

unreal Con)

1/ Ý nghóa :
1/ Ý nghóa :1/ Ý nghóa :
1/ Ý nghóa : Loại điều kiện này diễn tả một điều kiện khó có thể xảy ra hay
một sự việc không thực hiện được ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.

2/ Thì của động từ :
2/ Thì của động từ :2/ Thì của động từ :
2/ Thì của động từ :



If-clause Main clause
Main clauseMain clause
Main clause


Past Subjunctive Present Conditional

20

(Quá khứ giả đònh) ( Should / would + verb)

- If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming.
(= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming)
- If Tom were here, he would know the answer.
(= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.)
- I would call him if I knew his number.
(= I don’t know his number, so I won’t call him)

* Quá khứ giả đònh là hình thức quá khứ đơn của các động từ ngoại trừ động từ “to
be” chỉ có một hình thức WERE
WEREWERE
WERE cho tất cả các ngôi.
* COULD
COULDCOULD
COULD, MIGHT
MIGHTMIGHT
MIGHT… có thể được dùng để thay thế cho should hay would.
- If John worked hard, he could pass his exam.

* Type III
* Type III* Type III
* Type III
: ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở QUÁ KHỨ
ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở QUÁ KHỨĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở QUÁ KHỨ
ĐIỀU KIỆN KHÔNG CÓ THẬT Ở QUÁ KHỨ. (Past
PastPast
Past-

-unreal Condition)
unreal Condition)unreal Condition)
unreal Condition)

1/ Ý nghóa
1/ Ý nghóa 1/ Ý nghóa
1/ Ý nghóa : Loại điều kiện này dùng để diễn tả một điều kiện hoàn toàn không thực
hiện được hoặc không xảy ra trong quá khứ.

2/ Thì của động từ :

2/ Thì của động từ :2/ Thì của động từ :
2/ Thì của động từ :



If-clause Main clause
Main clauseMain clause
Main clause



Past perfect
Perfect Conditional
(Should/ would have + past participle)

- If he had had a lot of money, he would have bought a bigger house.
- I would have taken you to the movie if you had come to see me yesterday.

* “If
IfIf
If” có thể được lược bỏ đi nếu có sự đảo ngữ (thường được dùng trong hình thức
nhấn mạnh).

- Were I rich, I would help you.
(= If I were rich, I would help you.)
- Had he known the truth, he would have been very angry.
(= If he had known the truth, he would have been very angry)

* Ngoài liên từ “if” ra, câu điều kiện còn được bắt đầu bằng các liên từ khác như :
suppose

supposesuppose
suppose, supposing that
supposing thatsupposing that
supposing that (giả sử như), on the condition that
on the condition thaton the condition that
on the condition that (với điều kiện là), as
asas
as long
long long
long
as, so long as,
as, so long as,as, so long as,
as, so long as, provided that
provided thatprovided that
provided that (miễn là), in case
in casein case
in case (trong trường hợp) , even
eveneven
even if
ifif
if ( ngay cho
là)
- As long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with
pleasure.

* Hai tiếng có nghóa phủ đònh : unless
unlessunless
unless (trừ phi), but for
but forbut for
but for (nếu không)

- He won’t come unless you call him.
(= He won’t come if you don’t call him.)

21

- But for the storm, he would have arrived much earlier.

EXERCISE I :
EXERCISE I :EXERCISE I :
EXERCISE I :


Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses.
Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses.Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses.
Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses.



1/ I (do) if I (have) time.
-

- I will do it if I have time
I will do it if I have time I will do it if I have time
I will do it if I have time. (type 1)
. (type 1). (type 1)
. (type 1)


-

- I would do it if I had time
I would do it if I had time I would do it if I had time
I would do it if I had time. (type 2)
. (type 2). (type 2)
. (type 2)


-

- I would have done it if I had had time
I would have done it if I had had time I would have done it if I had had time
I would have done it if I had had time. (type 3)
. (type 3). (type 3)
. (type 3)


2/ If she (not try), she (not succeed).

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

3/ If I (see) her, I (tell) her.

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

4/ (You do) it if I (ask) you ?

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

5/ If I (be) ill, I (stay) at home.

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

6/ What (you do) if the bus (not come).

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

7/ I (be) sorry if she (leave).

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

8/ I (not stay) in this job if I (can find) another one.

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________


22

- ____________________________________________________

9/ They (get) wet if it (rain).

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

10/ It (not bite) you unless you (move)

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

11/ We (go) out unless it (stop) snowing.

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

- ____________________________________________________

EXERCISE II:
EXERCISE II:EXERCISE II:
EXERCISE II:


Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses.
Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses.Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses.
Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses.



1/ If I (have) ________ a typewriter, I could type it myself.

2/ If I had known that you were in hospital , I (visit) ________ you.

3/ You could make much progress if you (attend) ________ class regularly.

4/ If I (know) ________ his telephone number, I would give it to you.

5/ If you (arrive) ________ ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.

6/ If he (study) ________ harder, he can pass an exam.

7/ She may be late if she (not hurry) ________.

8/ Tell him to ring me if you (see) ________ him.

9/ If you (speak) ________ more slowly,he might have understood you.

10/ What (you do) ________ if you got fat ?

Exercise III :
Exercise III :Exercise III :
Exercise III :


Supply the correct verb tense.
Supply the correct verb tense.Supply the correct verb tense.
Supply the correct verb tense.



1/ If you are kind to me, I (be) _______ good to you.

2/ He (come) _______ if you waited.

3/ If you (ring) _______ the bell, the servant would come.

4/ If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) _______ him.

5/ If it (not, rain) _______ a lot, the rice crop wouln’t grow.

6/ If today (be) _______ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work.

7/ If she had had your address, she (write) _______ to you.

23


8/ We lost the match. If you (play) _______ for us, we (win) _______.

9/ So long as you return the book by Saturday, I (lend) _______ it to you with
pleasure.

10/ They would not be paid unless they (do) _______ their work well.

11/ Provided he (not, be) _______ interrupted, he can finish the work on time.

12/ If it (be) _______ convenient, let’s meet at three o’clock.

13/ If I became very rich, I (build ) _______ a hospital for the poor.

14/ If he (give) _______ up smoking, as his doctor orders, he will be soon well
again.

15/ He (not, have) _______ an accident if he had not been driving so fast.

16/ If she (write) _______ more carefully, she might not have made too many
mistakes.

17/ You would have to stay in bed unless your health (improve) _______.

18/ Did she have more practice, she (speak) _______ English better.
19/ Had I known that she was sick, I (visit) _______ her.

20/ Supposing World War III (happen) ________, human civilization (be)
_______ destroyed.

EXERCISE IV :
EXERCISE IV :EXERCISE IV :
EXERCISE IV :


Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces.
Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces.Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces.
Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces.



1/ ________ we hurry, we’ll miss the bus.

2/ Will you phone me ________ you come to England ?

3/ ________ you see Jane, ask her to contact me.

4/ You’ll never pass your exam ________ you don’t work harder.

5/ Liverpool won’t win ________ they begin playing better.

6/ ________ you forget our address, you can find it in the phone book.

7/ You won’t pass your driving test ________ you drive more carefully.

8/ He’ll be ill ________ he doesn’t stop worrying so much.

9/ We’ll go to the beach tomorrow ________ it’s raining.

10/ We’ll never get there on time ________ the train leaves soon.

EXERCISE V
EXERCISE VEXERCISE V
EXERCISE V
:
: :
: Use “if” in place of “unless”
Use “if” in place of “unless”Use “if” in place of “unless”
Use “if” in place of “unless”



1/ We won’t go out unless it stops raining.

-____________________________________________________________
2/ I will call the police unless you give back my bicycle.

-____________________________________________________________

24

3/ You wouldn’t be able to do this exercise unless your English were good.

-____________________________________________________________
4/ Unless we had enough rain, we couldn’t grow rice.

-____________________________________________________________
5/ The fishermen couldn’t have caught a lot of fish unless they had had good
nets.

-____________________________________________________________
6/ I wouldn’t buy it unless I could afford it.

-____________________________________________________________
7/ I would refuse to go unless they paid my expenses.

-____________________________________________________________
8/ I don’t agree with his economic policy. I wouldn’t vote for him unless he
changed it.

-____________________________________________________________
9/ He wouldn’t have written unless he had heard news.

-____________________________________________________________
10/ You might not have a terrible toothache unless you went to the dentist
regularly.

-____________________________________________________________

EXERCISE VI :
EXERCISE VI :EXERCISE VI :
EXERCISE VI :

The following sentences are first, second or third conditional. Put the
The following sentences are first, second or third conditional. Put the The following sentences are first, second or third conditional. Put the
The following sentences are first, second or third conditional. Put the
verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.


1/ We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible. If it (be) … had
hadhad
had
been
beenbeen
been … a nice day, we (go) … would have gone
would have gonewould have gone
would have gone … for a picnic.
2/ Why don’t you explain everything to him ? If you (not tell) _______ him the
truth, I’m sure you (regret) _______ it one day.

3/ Mary was here not long ago. If you (come round) _______ earlier, you (see)
______ her.

4/ Apparently, the ferry company are planning to close the port in this town. If
that (happen) _______, the town (lose) _______ a great deal of money.

5/ I (help) _______ you with it if I (have) _______ more time but I’m afraid I
haven’t got any spare time at all at the moment.

6/ The government is expecting to win the next election, but if it (lose)
_______, the Prime Minister (resign) _______ from politics.

7/ I am so glad that you took me to your friend’s party. If we (not go) _______
there, I (never meet) _______ Kate Winset.


25

8/ It’s ridiculous that trains are so expensive. If fares (be) _______ cheaper,
I’m sure more people (use) _______ the train and leave their cars at home.

9/ If she (get) _______ that job she’s applied for, she (be) _______ delighted.
And I think she’s got a good chance of getting it.

10/ Fortunately the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty.
It (be) _______ a disaster if it (happen) _______ in the middle of the day.

11/ The talks between the two leaders keep breaking down. If they (break
down) _______ again, it is possible that there (be) _______ a war between the two
countries.

12/ If Alison (know) _______ anything about car mechanics, I’m sure she
(help) _______ us fix the car, but I think she knows even less than we do.

13/ They’ve been married for twenty years now but I don’t think she (marry)
_______ him if she (know) _______ what a selfish man he was.

14/ Children spend too much time watching television and playing computer
games. I’m sure they (be) _______ happier if they (spend) _______ more time playing

outside.

15/ James has everything he wants but he’s always moaning. I’m sure that if I
(have) _______ so much money, I (not moan) _______ all the time.

EXERCISE VII :
EXERCISE VII :EXERCISE VII :
EXERCISE VII :


Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses.
Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses. Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses.
Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses.



Model :
a/ My brother will have enough money. He will buy a bicycle.
→
→→
→ If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle.
If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle. If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle.
If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle.


b/ She can’t speak English. She won’t apply for the job.
→
→→
→ If she could speak English she would apply for the job.
If she could speak English she would apply for the job. If she could speak English she would apply for the job.

If she could speak English she would apply for the job.


c/ He wasn’t here. He didn’t have a lot of fun.
→
→→
→ If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun.
If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun. If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun.
If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun.


1/ She can’t be employed because she doesn’t have a college degree.

→ ______________________________________________
2/ I don’t have enough money. I can’t go on a long holiday this year.

→ ______________________________________________
3/ He is very slow, so we won’t give his such an important task.

→ ______________________________________________
4/ I’ll have to work this Sunday, so I shan’t join your picnic.

→ ______________________________________________
5/ He works overtime to get more money because he has to pay father’s debt.

→ ______________________________________________
6/ City life isn’t enjoyable because everything is very expensive.