a corpus-based analysis of the collocates of the word homeland in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s = nghiên cứu đồng định vị của từ homeland qua các thập niên 1990, 2000 và 2010 trên cơ sở ngôn ngữ học khối liệu

i

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE


Triệu Tuấn Anh

Title: A corpus-based analysis of the collocates of the word “homeland” in the
1990s, 2000s and 2010s.
(Nghiên cứu đồng định vị của từ “homeland” qua các thập niên 1990, 2000 và 2010
trên cơ sở ngôn ngữ học khối liệu)



Major: English Linguistics
Code: 60.22.15
Supervisor: Assoc. Pro. Tran Xuan Diep



Hanoi, Sep 2013
ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The fulfillment of this thesis would not have been possible without the support,
assistance, and encouragement of a number of people.
First, I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr Trần Xuân
Điệp, for his valuable guidance and advice throughout every stage of this study. His

support has enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject and contributes to the
fulfillment of the study.
My sincere thanks also go to all the lecturers at University of Foreign Languages
and International Studies, Vietnam National University (Hanoi), who helped me build up
a solid theoretical background studies and research methods through their invaluable
lessons.
Furthermore, I wish to express my thanks to all of my colleagues at Faculty of
English, Hanoi National University of Education for supporting me in my job during the
time I took this course. Without their support, I could not fully concentrate on my study.








iii

ABSTRACT

This study is intended to describe a corpus-based analysis of the collocates of
the word “homeland”. The data for the analysis were taken from two popular corpora
which are Corpus of Contemporary American English and Time Magazine Corpus.
The analysis suggests the frequency of the use of the word, and will show how
similarly or differently it is used over periods of time. In order to analyze the data,
both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. Significant conclusions
were drawn: (1) There was a great increase in the use of the word “homeland” over
the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s, and this trend tends to go upward in this decade. (2)
There was a shift in the use of the word “homeland”. This word was almost used as a

noun in the 1990s to refer to the geographic space related to a particular group
whereas it was mainly used as a noun or adjective to modify the word “security” or to
refer to a political department in the 2000s and 2010s















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I: Introduction

1. Rationale of the study
1-2
2. Objectives of the study
2
3. Scope of the study
2

4. Design of the study
3
Part II: Development
Chapter I: Literature review

4-5
Chapter II: Theoretical background

1. What is a corpus?
6
2. Notable corpora
7-9
3. Corpus linguistics
9-10
4. Corpus linguistics and DA
10
5. Collocations
11
6. Collocation analysis
12
Chapter III: Methodology

1. Subjects of the study
13-14
2. Research methodology
15
3. Data collection instrument
15-16
Chapter IV: Findings and Discussion

1. The frequency of the use of the word “homeland”
18-19
2. The meanings of the word “homeland”
19-30
3. Discussion
30-31
4. Implications
32-33
Part III: Conclusions
34-35
References
36

1
PART I:
INTRODUCTION
I. Rationale of the study
It is clearly seen that the homeland is the common topic in people‟s
conversations; especially, it is an endless inspiration for the authors and the
writers. Although one may travel or have to live in different places all over the
world, the homeland still plays an important part and exerts such certain
influences on his life as the appearance or the characteristics, and that is the
place that one often feels the most comfortable. This fact can explain why it is
normally said that “One‟s homeland is even greater than the heaven.”
To the American, the homeland has a great importance because the
American have different values from people from other countries, and they
seem to be proud of their country. This importance is normally expressed
through language. Meanwhile, language is shown in corpora where not only
various forms of language but also a significant number of written and spoken
texts are stored electronically. Studying linguistic features of texts discloses the

writers‟ and speakers‟ intention. The Corpus of Contemporary American
English and the Time Magazine Corpus are among the biggest corpora which
cover authentic language use on different fields and language use over time.
By using these two corpora, how the language has been used and how the
language has changed over periods of time can be revealed.
In the linguistic research field, there are a huge number of works using
corpus-based approach; nonetheless, only a few scientific studies related to
homeland have been conducted. Consequently, this study, employing authentic
texts and exploring the topic “homeland”, is carried out with the aim at filling
that gap.
Another important factor is corpus linguistics, despite its long history,
seems to be quite new to me and attracts my attention. There are so many
2
problems which can be dealt with by using corpus-based approach, one of
which is collocation analysis. This personal interest as well as the above-stated
reasons has inspired me to conduct this paper, entitled “A corpus-based
analysis of the collocates of the word “homeland” in the 1990s, 2000s and
2010s. The corpora used for the analysis are the Corpus of Contemporary
American English (COCA) and Time Magazine Corpus.
II. Objectives of the study
The study are carried out with two purposes, which are exploring the
words which collocate in the highest frequency with the target word
“homeland” in the period of three decades in the COCA Corpus and Time
Magazines Corpus. Also, it is intended to find out whether the use of that word
remained unchanged over three decades or changed.
In order to achieve the objectives, two specific research questions were raised:
1. What are the words collocating in the highest frequency with the word
“homeland” in the periods of 1990s, 2000s and 2010s in the COCA Corpus
and Time Magazine Corpus?
2. How has the use of the word “homeland” changed during the last three

decades?
III. Scope of the study
As the title of this paper suggests, the aim of the research is exploring
the collocates of the word “homeland” over three periods of time. There exist
so many corpora in the world now; therefore, the writer of this paper has little
intention of employing all the corpora available. Instead, he merely analyzes
the collocates based on the data in three selected corpora, namely COCA and
Time Magazine Corpus. The data of these two corpora are gathered from both
spoken and written language through different sources.
Furthermore, the use of each word may stay unchanged all the time, or it
may change over time. However, the writer of this paper does not wish to look
3
at the trend over many periods of time, but only the use of the word in the
1990s, 2000s and 2010s are explored.
IV. Design of the study
The study includes three parts which are as follows:
1. Part I: Introduction. This part aims at providing the readers with basic
information including rationales, objective of the study, scope of the study
and its design.
2. Part II: Development:
 Chapter 1: Literature review: this chapter presents what other linguists
have done before related to the field.
 Chapter 2: Theoretical background: This part serves to provide the
theory to the study, which pays attention to corpus linguistics and
collocation analysis
 Chapter 3: Methodology. This chapter introduces the subjects of the
study, the research approach, the instrument of data collection and
procedures implemented in the study.
 Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion. This is considered the most
important part of any research. This chapter will show which words

collocate in the highest frequency with the word “homeland” in the
COCA corpus and Time Magazine Corpus. Also, this part will also
confirm whether there is a shift in the use of the word “homeland” or
not.
3. Part III: Conclusion. This part summarizes all the important points
discussed in the research; also, it will give some suggestions for further
research.


4
PART II: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

In this part, the writer of this paper will review what other linguists have done
before associated with the field of corpus linguistics.
Corpus-based techniques have been employed in many studies which have
attempted to investigate the differences in language use.
Pearce (2008) carried out a study using corpus-based approach. He looked at
collocates of the lemmas “man” and “woman”. He used the corpus analysis tool Sketch
Engine in order to distinguish which verbs tend to co-occur with “man” and :woman”. He
then came up with the conclusion that women tended to take the object of verbs which
denoted sexual violence, coercion and observation such as „rape”, “categorize”,
“monitor” and “define”, and women co-occurred as the subject of verbs which
constructed them as irritating: “fuss”, “annoy” or “nag”. In contrast, men were both the
object and subject of non-sexual violence verbs. This word normally collocated with
words like “oppress”, “betray” or “raid”
Baker (2010) conducted a study named “Will Ms ever be frequent as Mr” with the
aim at exploring frequency and context of usage of gender marked language. In this
study, he collected the data from four equal sized and equivalently sampled corpora of
British English in a range of written genres (press, fiction, general prose and learned

writing) from 1931, 1961, 1991 and 2006. He investigated terms related to male and
female pronouns, man, woman, boy and girl, gender-related profession and such role
nouns as chairman, spokesperson and policewoman, and terms of address as Mr and Ms.
The writer finally drew the conclusion that there were some reductions in frequencies of
male terms, particularly decreases of male pronouns and Mr. It was also found that while
there were some reductions in gender stereotypes, others were being maintained (such as
a lack of adjectives associated with women‟s success or power). Additionally, the term
5
“girl” was still more likely than the term “boy” to refer to adults, and it was often used in
a sexual way.
Fang (2008) conducted the research discussing the meaning of the text segment
international community in two different discourse communities: GuCorpus (British) and
PdCorpus (Chinese), which are somehow typical for two discourse communities in
Western and Asian countries. By exploring the different collocates and grammatical
structures within each community, he could figure out the different ways in which the
phrase was used.
These studies mentioned above have proposed outstanding findings which again
confirm the fact that the meaning of a word can only be understood and interpreted
through its collocation collected by a corpus of authentic data.
The writer of this paper has found that despite the availability of a huge number of
research papers employing corpus linguistics approach, no corpus-based study affiliated
with homeland has been conducted before. This paper, hence, is carried out aiming at
filling that gap. The data used for analysis will be taken from the authentic data.

6
CHAPTER II:
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1. What is a corpus?
According to Crystal (1991), corpus is “a collection of linguistic data,
either written texts or a transcription of recorded speech, which can be used as a
starting point of linguistic description or as a means of verifying hypotheses about
a language”.
Sinclair (1991) states that “a corpus is a collection of naturally occurring
texts, chosen to characterize a state or variety of a language”. Similarly, Reppen
(2010) defines that “a corpus is a large, principled collection of naturally occurring
texts (written or spoken) stored electronically. He then clarifies the terms used in
his definition:
- “naturally occurring texts” is the language that is from actual language
situations, such as friends chatting, meetings, letters, class assignments and
books rather than surveys, questionnaires or just made-up language.
- “a principled collection”: the design of the corpus must be principled. The texts
in the corpus need to represent the type of language that the corpus is intending
to capture. For example, if a corpus is to be representative of written language,
then the corpus designer would need to make a comprehensive list of the
different written language situations.
- Stored electronically: the corpus can be saved in text format, rich text format or

web-based format.
Although each scholar has a different view of the definition of the corpus, many
of them share the same following characteristics of the corpus:
- The language must be authentic rather than made-up.
- The collection of data must be principled.
- The corpus is electronically saved.
7
2. Notable corpora
There are a huge number of corpora thanks to the development of science and
technology. Wynne and Prytz (2012) illustrate some types of corpora and some
famous English examples as shown in the following table:

Types of
corpora
Features of
the corpus
Examples
Balanced,
represent
ative
Texts
selected in
pre-defined
proportions
to mirror a
particular
language or
language
variety
Brown family

is,uib.no/icame/manuals/
- Written. 1 million words, 15 text categories,
500 texts
 American English: Brown (1961), Frown (1992)
 British English: LOB (1961), FLob (1991)
 Indian (Kolhapur), NZ (Wellington), Australian
(ACE)
BNC: British National Corpus

- 100 million words, 10% spoken
- Carefully composed to be balanced
Monitor
Next texts
added by
and by to
“monitor”
language
change.
BoE: Bank of English

- Written and spoken, much newspaper and
media language
- Different varieties and text categories
- Part can be searched online
COCA: Corpus of Contemporary American English

- Currently 385 million words
8
- 5 genres (one spoken)
- Searchable online

Parallel
Same texts
in two or
more
languages
OPUS: Open source parallel corpus

- Access to aligned corpora, mainly EU texts
- Unknown size
ENPC: English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus
/>c
- Originally English and Norwegian originals
with Norwegian and English translations,
now also German, Dutch and Portuguese
- 50 text extracts in each direction, fiction and
non-fiction
Compar-
ble
Similar texts
in two, or
more
languages or
language
varieties
ICE: International Corpus of English

- Different varieties of English
- 50% spoken
- Some freely available
ICLE: International Corpus of Learner English

/>Projects/Icle/icle.htm
- Material produced by language learners in
different countries
Diachro-
nic
Include texts
from
different
periods,
COCA: Corpus of Contemporary American English

- Monitor corpus
- Material from
9
preferable
comparable
ones
- Five genres of similar size, 20% spoken
- Part of Brigham Young University corpus
collection
Time Magazine
- Part of Brigham Young University corpus
collection
- Complete text from Times Magazine
searchable online by decade
Speciali-
zed
Include a
specific type
of text

Air Traffic Control Speech Corpus
/>ews_2008_1_ATCOSIM.html
Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts
/>MPHOME.HTM
- Historical, written
- Tracts published between 1640 and 1740
- Six domains, ten decades
- 120 different texts, 1.1 million words

Types of corpora and some famous English example

3. Corpus linguistics
MrEnery and Wilson (1996) define corpus linguistics as “the study of
language based on examples of real life language use”. However, unlike
qualitative approaches to research, corpus linguistics uses bodies of electronically
encoded text, implementing a more quantitative method.
Bennett (2010) provides a simpler definition of corpus linguistics, that is
“corpus linguistics approaches the study if language in use through corpora. A
corpus is large, principled collection of naturally occurring examples of language
10
stored electronically. He also states that corpus linguistics, in short, serves to
answer two fundamental research questions:
 What particular patterns are associated with lexical and grammatical
features?
 How do these patterns differ within varieties and registers?
Biber, Conrad and Reppen (1998) identify four main features of corpus
linguistics as follows:
 It is empirical, analyzing the actual patterns of language use in natural
texts.
 It utilizes a large and principled collection of natural texts as the basis for

analysis.
 It makes extensive use of computers for analysis.
 It depends on both quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques.
4. Corpus linguistics and Discourse analysis
Corpus-based approach is found to be of great value since it can be
applied to a number of areas of linguistics, one of which is discourse analysis.
Conrad (2002) points out four major approaches that corpus linguistics can
address the discoursal-level phenomena:
 investigating characteristics associated with the use of a language feature, for
example, analyzing the factors that affect the omission or retention of that in
complement clauses;
 examining the realizations of a particular function of language, such as
describing all the constructions used in English to express stance;
 characterizing a variety of language, for example, conducting a multi-
dimensional analysis to investigate relationships among the registers used in
different settings at universities;
11
 mapping the occurrences of a feature through entire texts, for example, tracing
how writers refer to themselves and their audience as they construct authority
in memos.
5. Collocations
Phraseology, the study of phrases, is regarded as a central element of
corpus linguistics. Sinclair (1991) determined that the meaning of a word is found
through several words in a sequence, through phrases. Phraseology includes the
study of collocations, lexical bundles, and language occurring in preferred
sequences. This paper merely lays an emphasis on collocation
Until the present days, the term “collocation” seems to be difficult to be
defined clear-cut, and each linguist has different point of view about the definition
of “collocation”; thus, this term is still controversial:
Firth (1957) states that “collocations of a given word are statements of the

habitual or customary places of that word.”
According to Manning (1999), a collocation is “an expression consisting
of two or more words that correspond to some conventional way of saying things”.
Likewise, Lewis (2000) defines that “a collocation is two or more words that tend
to occur together.”
Although each linguist has different viewpoints, they all share the same
point that a collocation is the regular combination of lexical items. Benson (1985)
points out that lexical collocations include:
 Verb + noun (Eg: to do homework)
 Adjective + noun (Eg: a big deal)
 Noun + verb (Eg: alarms go off)
 Noun of noun (Eg: a bar of chocolate)
 Adverb + adjective (Eg: terribly sorry)
 Verb + adverb (Eg: affect deeply)

12
6. Collocation analysis
Baker (2006) builds up a clear model of step-by-step guide to collocation analysis:
1. Build or obtain access to a corpus.
2. Decide a search term, bearing in mind that the terms can be expanded to
include plurals or other forms, euphemisms, anaphora or relevant proper
nouns.
3. Obtain a list of collocates.
4. Decide how many collocates you want to look at.
5. Can the collocates be grouped semantically, thematically or grammatically?
Use this as a basis for the order in which you analyze the words in more detail.
6. Obtain concordances of the collocates and look for patterns within the context.
This should enable you to uncover dominant discourses surrounding the
subject.
7. Consider contesting discourses- concordance lines which go against or

question the dominant reading of a term.
8. Look at concordance lines of the search term that do not contain collocates.
What discourse prosodies are present there? Do they support or contradict
those found in the analysis of the collocates?
9. How do the collocates relate to each other?
10. Attempt to explain why particular discourse patterns appear around collocates
and relate this to issues of text production and reception and/or etymologies of
particular words.







13
CHAPTER III:
METHODOLOGY

I. Subjects of the study
The subjects of the study are the language materials found and stored
online in two biggest corpora, namely COCA (Corpus of Contemporary
American English at: americancorpus.org) and Time Magazine Corpus at:
corpus.byu.edu/time)
The followings are the descriptions of each corpus:
The COCA is an online searchable corpus of American English,
consisting if more than 400 million words, and it is equally arranged by
register, including news, spoken and academic texts. This corpus has texts
from 1990, and more texts have been added to the corpus regularly. This site is
different from other corpora by allowing users to search by part of speech.

Additionally, because of its design, this corpus seems to be suitable for users to
look at how language has changed over a period of time. The texts in this
corpus come from various sources:
 Spoken: (95 million words) Transcripts of unscripted conversations from
morethan 150 different TV and radio programs (Examples: All Things
Considered, Newshour, Good Morning America, Today Show, 60 Minutes,
Hannity and Colmes or Jerry Springer)
 Fiction: (90 million words) Short stories and plays from literary magazines,
children‟s magazines, popular magazines, first chapters of first edition
books from 1990 to present, and movie scripts)
 Popular magazines: (95 million words) Nearly 100 different magazines,
with a good mix (overall and by year) between specific domains (news,
health, home and gardening, women, financial, religions, sports). A few
examples are Time, Men’s Health, Good Housekeeping.
14
 Newspapers: (92 million words) Ten newspapers from across the US,
including: USA Today, New York Times, and Allanta Journal Constitution.
In most cases, there is a good mix between different sections of the
newspaper, such as local news,opinion, sports and financial.
 Academic journals: (91 million words) Nearly 100 different peer-reviewed
journals. They were selected to cover the entire range of the Library of
Congress classification system
Time Magazine Corpus consists of more than 100 million words of
American English from 1923 to present, as found in Time Magazine. The
Time Magazine Corpus allows users to easily look at:
 The overall frequency over time of words and phrases that were related to
changes in society and culture or historical events such as: new age,
political correct, email, global warming.
 Changes in the language itself, such as the rise and fall of words and
phrases like beauteous, nifty or freak out. Changes with grammatical

constructions like going to V, phrasal verbs with up or the use of whom
can also be found.
 Parts of words (which show how word roots, prefixes and suffixes are
being used over time in other words.
 Words that were used more in one period oftime than other, even when the
users do not know what the specified words might be.
 How the meaning of words have changed over time, by looking at the
changes in collocates. For example, the collocates of chip, engine or web
have changed recently, due to changes in technology; consequently, the
meaning of these words has also changed.
(corpus.byu.edu/time)
The writer of this paper does not wish to collect the data from all periods
of time in the two corpora, but he also wishes to gather the data from the
15
two corpora in three periods (1940s, 1970s and 2000s) to see whether and
how the meaning of the words “homeland” has changed.
II. Research methodology:
This study employs both quanitative and qualitative methods as the
research methods.
As the title of this study may suggest, this research paper employs the
corpus approach which uses the authentic mateials to identify words co-
occuring with a target one. The quanitative method, therefore, is used to figure
out the top words that collocate with “homeland”.
The qualitative method, at the same time, is performed for the
discourse analysis to show what words collocate “homeland” in each period of
time, and hence propose how the meaning of the word “homeland” has
changed over periods of time.
III. Data collection instrument
The data for the research were gathered from two corpora presented above
(Coca and Time Magazine Corpus). In order to collect the date, these stages

were followed:
1. Collect data from website: americancorpus.org
 In the DISPLAY section, tick the box KWIC (key word in context)
 In the SERCH STRING section, type the word “homeland” in the box
WORD
 In the box COLLOCATE, enter the number 1 and 1, which means one
word before and after “homeland” will be hightlighted for easier
analysis
 In the box SECTION, choose 1990s, 2000s, 2010s respectively, which
means the collocates of the word “homeland”in these periods of time
will be on display.
 Finally, press the button “search”, and the data were displayed in the
form of a table.
16
2. Similar steps were conducted in the Time Magazine Corpus at
www.corpus.byu.edu/time
3. After all the data from two corpora had been collected, the top collocates in
each corpus were analyzed through texts, and a comparison between the
results from two corpora was made. And then, the research would be
concluded with how the meaning of the word “homeland” had changed
through three selected periods of time.

17
CHAPTER IV:
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

I. The frequency of the use of the word “homeland”
Utilizing the Time Magazine Corpus, some facts about how the word had been
used were discovered. The following bar chart clearly shows the use of word
“homeland” over periods of time.


The use of the word “homeland” by Time Magazine Corpus

Looking at the above bar chart, we can easily understand and
recognize how the use of the word “homeland” has changed over periods of
time. The number of the times this word was used in the 1920s was only 2.6
per million words, which dedicates that this word was rarely used in this
18

decade. This figure continued to rise slightly to 10.4 words in the 1940s. There
was a small fall to 8.6 per million in the 1950s before a slight increase by 1.3
per million in the 1960s. The next three decades experienced a fluctuation
around 17 per million before a significant increase to35.8 per million was
recorded in the first decade of the 21
st
century. It is obvious that in the last
decade, the use of the word “homeland” increased greatly.
Here is another bar chart describing the changes in the use of the word
“homeland” through COCA corpus.


The changes in the use of the word “homeland” through COCA corpus

As can be seen in the right-hand side of this picture, the times of the
use of the target word was only 8.32 per million in the first half of the 1990s.
This figure went down slightly to 7.15 per million in the other half of this
decade before rising remarkably to 22.53 per million in the next decade, and
this number tended to remain stable for 5 years from 2005 to 2009. Overall,
19
there was an upward trend of the use of the word “homeland” in the period of
80 years from 1920 to 2000. And this word tends to be used frequently in this
decade. The data from COCA corpus have partly confirmed the accuracy of
this trend.
Additionally, thanks to the benefits of COCA corpus, we can
understand in which register this word has been most used. The word
“homeland” was used most in spoken language, with the average of 24.51 per
million. This word was used less in the register of newspaper and academic
texts, 17.94 and 17.99 per million respectively. On the other hand, this word
was rarely used in the language of fiction and magazine.

In short, it can be concluded that the use of the word “homeland” has
increased greatly over time, and “homeland” is more frequently used
conversation rather than other registers.
II. The meanings of the word “homeland”
In this part, the writer of this paper is going to run the queries in the two
mentioned-above corpora to explore what the most frequent collocates with
“homeland” over two decades are. This study just lays an emphasis on top ten
collocates and then explores whether the use of this word has remained the
same or shifted.
1. COCA Corpus
1
Their
172
2
His
109
3
The
82
4
A
46
5
Our
28
6
Her
18
7
Palestinian

17
8
Jewish
17
20
9
My
14
10
ancestral
13

(The collocates of “homeland” in the highest frequency in the 1990s)

The following examples are the extracts from the articles in the 1990s.
Example 1:
“The government says over 200 civilians were killed; others say the number
could be around 1,000. Chai Ling survived the killings, only to become a
hunted criminal, branded by the government as China's leading female criminal
counterrevolutionary. As her fellow demonstrators across China were arrested
and jailed by police, Chai Ling went underground for 10 months, moving from
place to place, hidden, she says, by ordinary people and even a few Communist
Party members and officials. Early this month, she and her husband, also a
fugitive, turned up outside their homeland. She reasserted her dedication to
the struggle for democracy, quoting a Chinese poet: " I am not a hero in a time
when there are no heroes, but I will never fall down so that the murderers'
knives could block the wind of freedom. " I'm James Walker for
Nightline KOPPEL When we spoke to Chai Ling in Paris earlier today, we
discussed her escape and also the spirit of the people in the country she left
behind. Our interview with Chai Ling, when we…”

(ABC_Nightline, 1990)
This is an an article reporting the deaths of approximately 1000 people, and
Chai Ling survived. She moved everywhere and was hidden by other people.
She and her husband returned to their hometown. The word “their”, collocating
with “homeland”, in this case is an anaphoric possessive referent to refer to
Chai Ling and her spouse. In this circumstance, “homeland” itself functions as
a noun, referring to where she was born.
Example 2:
21
“you call it, is strictly a movement within the Jewish faith. And Paul and one
of the interesting things that the series points out is the fact that the movement
spread so well because the Jewish faith, Jews were spread out across the
Roman empire WHITE The fact is that probably the majority of the Jewish
population of the first century did not live in the homeland, and that's certainly
going to be the case after the Jewish war of 66 to 70. At that point in
time, the highest percentage of Jews lived outside the homeland. But even
before, even in Paul's day, in say the period from the 40s to the early 60s of the
first century, still a substantial portion lived outside. There's a very extensive
Diaspora Jewish culture. And really that's where you'd also expect for Jews to
have the most interaction with non-Jews, with Gentiles. And since it's in that
experience that Paul's own mission takes its peculiar form when he then tries to
express the message of this Jewish sect about the…”
(NPR_Sunday, 1998)
This is a text taken from the NPR_Sunday newspaper in which the population
of Jewish was reported. The number of Jewish people who did not live in their
country was very high; additionally, this figure kept increasing, especially after
the Jewish war. The article “the” co-occurs with the word “homeland”, playing
the role as an exophoric referent, which refers to the only country where
Jewish often lived. And in this example, “homeland” is a noun with the
meaning as the country.

Example 3:
“Lephing ($ 3.50) might appeal to more specialized tastes, but it's by far the
most interesting dish on the menu. Made from mung beans, it looks like a giant
white creme caramel. It has an almost translucent appearance and is flecked
with bits of chive. It's surrounded and topped with a soy-based sauce that has a
powdery heat from dried chiles. The cool, gelatinous texture goes only partway
in taming the spiciness; the thick pitalike bread that comes with it is a much
more effective weapon. # Gyatso says that in his homeland people eat mainly