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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES
TA THI THANH HIEN
A POLITENESS STRATEGY IN EXPRESSING
SYMPATHY BY AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE
SPEAKERS
(CHIẾN LƯỢC LỊCH SỰ TRONG VIỆC DIỄN ĐẠT SỰ CẢM
THÔNG CỦA NGƯỜI MỸ VÀ NGƯỜI VIỆT NAM)
MINOR MA THESIS
Linguistics
60 22 15
Supervisor: Prof. Assoc. Tran Huu Manh, PhD
HANOI, 2010
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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES
TA THI THANH HIEN
A POLITENESS STRATEGY IN EXPRESSING
SYMPATHY BY AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE
SPEAKERS
(CHIẾN LƯỢC LỊCH SỰ TRONG VIỆC DIỄN ĐẠT SỰ CẢM
THÔNG CỦA NGƯỜI MỸ VÀ NGƯỜI VIỆT NAM)
MINOR MA THESIS
Linguistics
60 22 15
Supervisor: Prof. Assoc. Tran Huu Manh, PhD
HANOI, 2010
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background and significance of the study … 1
1.2. Objectives …………………………………. 2
1.3. Overview of the study……………………… 2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1. Speech acts …………………………………. 4
2.2. Politeness…………………………………… 7
2.2.1. Theory of politeness………. 7
2.2.2. Social factors affecting politeness …………………………………8
2.2.3. The notion of face ……………………………………………… 9
2.2.4. The notion of positive and negative politeness……………… …….9
2.3. Directness and indirectness………………… 10
2.3.1. Direct speech acts…………. 10
2.3.2. Indirect speech acts………… 11
2.4. Cooperative principles………………………. 12
2.5. The speech act of comfort…………………. 14
2.6. Politeness in expressing sympathy………… 14
2.7. Sympathy and antipathy…… ………………………………………… 17
CHAPTER 3: METHODLOGY 19
3.1. Research methods of the study…………… 19
3.2. Research questions…………………………. 19
3.3. Research design…………………………… 19
3.3. 1. Selection of subjects………. 19
3.3.2. Data collection instruments……. 20
3.3.3. Data collection procedure…. .23
3.4. Analytical framewor………………………… 24
3.4.1. Internal modification………. 24
3.4.2. External modifications……. 25
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3.4.3. The Head Act formula……. 26
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 29
4.1. The choice of strategy………………………. 29
4.2. The choice of External modification or Supportive Moves 30
4.3. The internal modifications……………………… ………….31
4.4. The realization of sympathy expression……… 32
4.5. Summary of major findings…………………. 33
4.6. Discussion of findings………………………. 34
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 37
5.1. Conclusion…………………………………… 37
5.2. Implications…………………………………………………………… 38
5.3. Suggestions for further study……………… 39
REFERENCES 40
APPENDIX A I
APPENDIX B IV
APPENDIX C VIII
APPENDIX D………………………………………………………….…….XII