Ứng dụng mô hình Hydrus - 1D để mô phỏng sự di chuyển của kim loại nặng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong đất lúa xã Đại Áng, huyện Thanh Trì, Hà Nội











-







- 2012








-



: 
 : 60 85 02








- 2012
LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
5
MỤC LỤC
 1
CH 8
1.1. KLN trong môi tr 8
 8
 13
 15
1.2. C  24
1. 24

 25
 26
   27
1.2.5. R  29
1.2.6. Bay hi 30
 30
1.3.1. pH 30
 31
  33
1.3.4. nh các hp   KLN trong  36
1.3.5 36
1.3.6 37
 39
CH 41
 41
2.2. Ph 43
CHNG III.   46
u 46
3.2. S 52
 54
các KLN 60
LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
6
u 67

(Cu, Pb, Zn). 72
 75
 75
 76

 77
 97

LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
3
DANH MỤC BẢNG
. Hàm l 11
.ng  13
. Hàm l 13
.  14
.  32
.  41
. Ph 44
. . 46
.  47
. Hàm lc t thí nghim chit liên tip (mg/kg) 54
. Tng quan gia hàm l
e
) và l
(Q
s
)  60
. 
F
 66

DANH MỤC HÌNH
Hình 1. S KLN trong môi trHodgson, 1963)[3]. 16
Hình 2.  42
Hình 3. - 50
Hình 4.S. 53

Hình 5. . 59
Hình 6. 
 65
Hình 7.  
 71



LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
4


DANH MỤC TỪ VIẾT TẮT
CEC

CHC

HOAc
: Axit axetic
HST

KLN

NH
4
OAc
: Amoni axetat
TPCG


VSV


























LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
7


KLN 







              





.


ngày
.







g



LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
8














 
              






, oxit Fe  Mn và các
         


.

a. 
               

LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
9
               


    





 



b. 






 


 ton, 1986).




 


LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
10










Pac


2

 
2
 

             
176.10

9

c. 





 

LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
11
1. 
Các



compost
Phân

Phân
photphat
Phân
nitrat
Vôi
Cr
8 - 40600
1,8 - 410
1,1 - 55

66 - 245
3,2 - 19
10 - 15
Mn
60 - 3900
-
30 - 969
40 - 2000
-
40 - 1200
Co
1- 260
-
0,3 - 24
1 - 12
5,4 - 12
0,4 - 3
Ni
6 - 5300
0,9 - 279
2,1 - 30
7 - 38
7 - 34
10 - 20
Cu
50 - 8000
13 - 3580
2 - 172
1 - 300
-

2 - 125
Zn
91 - 49000
82 - 5894
15 - 566
50 - 1450
1 - 42
10 - 450
Cd
<1 - 3410
0,01 - 100
0,1 - 0,8
0,1 - 190
0,05 - 8,5
0,04 - 0,1
Hg
0,1 - 55
0,09 - 21
0,01 - 0,36
0,01 - 2,0
0,3 - 2,9
0,05
Pb
2 - 7000
1,3 - 2240
0,4 - 27
4 - 1000
2 - 120
20 - 1250
N


Cd và Pb là ba   
 và Hg. McGrath (1987) và Lane (1989) khi ng
 



700
  phát sinh
   
N  bùn


              
 kg/ha khi CEC < 5 meq/100g; 1
kg/ha khi CEC = 5 ÷ 15 meq/100g, và 22 kg/ha khi CEC >15 meq/100g 
Liên minh châu Âu 
LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
12
   µg

 
Cr và b
 
 
(1990b 
 g Cd P
2
O

5

 


+3
nên (McGrath và
Smith, 1990).


 
4
, Na
3
AsO
4
   
       







 c   : Co, Cr, Cd, Hg    
Snông n Sb
As
.
LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng

Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
13
2.


 (%)

Xi pirit
1 - 5


13,8


26 - 31
-Zn

60 - 64


i
75


60 - 67,5

hidrosunfit

61,5 - 75
V(2004)

1.1.2. 

 cá
Ni, Cu và Zn ctrong .
3. 
Nguyên




serpentin)


bazan)
Granit


(Sa




Cr
2000 - 2980
200
4
10 - 11
35
90 - 100
Mn

1040 - 1300
1500 - 2200
400 - 500
620 - 1100
4 - 60
850
Co
110 - 150
35 - 50
1
0,1 - 4
0,3
19 - 20
Ni
2000
150
0,5
7 - 12
2 - 9
68 - 70
Cu
10 - 42
90 - 100
10 - 13
5,5 - 15
30
39 - 50
Zn
50 - 58
100

40 - 52
20 - 25
16 - 30
100 - 120
Cd
0,12
0,13 - 0,2
0,09 - 0,2
0,028 - 0,1
0,05
0,2
Sn
0,5
1 - 1,5
3 - 3,5
0,5 - 4
0,5
4 - 6
Hg
0,004
0,01 - 0,08
0,08
0,05 - 0,16
0,03 - 0,29
0,18 - 0,5
Pb
0,1 - 14
3 - 5
20 - 24
5,7 - 7

8 - 10
20 - 23
evinson (1974) và Alloway (1990a)
        khoáng   . Olevin,

quá trình phong hóa.
LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
14
 sunphit
trong galen (PbS), cinnaba (HgS), chalcopyrit (CuFeS
2
), sphalerit (ZnS) và
pentlandit ((NiFe)
9
S
8
). KLN  t
trong các silicat v, ví

2+

+
trong silicat, Mn
2+

2+
trong các khoáng
, Ni
2+


2+
trong pyrit, Ni
2+
và Co
2+

2+
trong các
, Cr
3+

3+
và Cr
6+

3+
trong khoáng
 

4. 

Khoáng


khoáng



   

Olivin

Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn
Anorthit
Mn, Cu, Sr
Augit
    

Mn, Co, Ni, Cu,
Zn, Pb
Hornblend
    

Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn
Albit
    
bình
Cu
Biotit
     


Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn
Orthoclat

Cu, Sr
Muscovit

Cu, Sr
Magnetit

Cr, Co, Ni, Zn
)
N 
  và
Cr   trong
  trên serpentin    ÷ 1000 µg Ni/g (Brooks, 1987)
Theo
 (1990)  hàm
500 ÷ 1515 ÷
LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
15
30 mg/g sâu. 
    . 

   

 

  
  15cm) tính toán trong . y có

,2 ÷ ÷ 






 sau.
1.1.3. 
Các   KLN 
, .
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Những khoáng nguyên sinh
Sự phong hóa và hình thành đất
Sự hấp thụ bởi thực vật
Phức chất không tan với chất
hữu cơ
Dung dịch
Ion tự do Phức chất
Sự thâm nhập vào cơ
thể sinh vật
Oxy hóa
Hấp thụ trên bề
mặt
Kết tinh trong
kết tủa được
tạo thành
Khử

Kết tủa và hòa tan các oxit,
photphat sắt và mangan
Khuyếch tán vào bên
trong mạng lưới tinh thể
của khoáng vật chất


Các quá trình lý hóa     hòa tan,


ác quá trình lý hóa  
 có     này.

KLN     . Khi
trên      
. C  KLN các 
tan này  axit  ,  
 và các ion t    các
 khác 


Hình 1. S KLN trong Hodgson, 1963)[3].
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Trong 
quá    khi  dung
  ,  hòa tan làm cho  
    này.
   cacbonat,

hydroxit, photphat, oxit (Fe, Mn và Al)  
   coi là   KLN
  và  . Ví
 , KLN  (Adriano, 2001). Trong 
, KLN  khi chúng 
  photphat.



.
, khi   th
  .  
   khu
 bón phân photphat             
cacbonat
* :
cho  KLN  pha  và pha   
  K
d
.     KLN 
pha. Nói cách khác    pha
.     
 KLN hòa tan,  
d


K
d



d


LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
18
lý  K
d
vào  
        (Buchter và nnk, 1989, Sauve và nnk,
2000b, 2003). Sheppard và Thibault 
d
cho
     
d
 
 (Anderson và Christensen, 1988; Buchter và nnk, 1989; Gooddy và
nnk, 1995; Sauve và nnk, 2000, 2003; Sheppard và Thibault, 1990) 
d

  
 trên  (Sheppard và Evenden, 1988; Sheppard
và Thibault, 1990).  
d

     trong các mô
hình     (Jopony và Young, 1994; Sauvé và nnk, 2000, 2003),
  pH, CHC và  KLN 
,     (Janssen và nnk, 1997;
Jopony và Young, 1994; Sauvé và nnk, 2000b, 2003).

   Freundlich:    Freundlich  
 các  
tham  ào 
d
 theo
      KLN
, thì        
 Freundlich :

d

n
(2)
Buchter
  Freundlich (K
d
và n) cho 11 
và 15  Freundlich 
các     , CEC
và  oxit Fe  Al là       
d
.
Buchter  (1989) các :
 pH   K
d
và n.
    K
d
 cation.
LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng

Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
19
  oxit Fe  Al và các   
  cation và anion.
  , ngo Cu và Hg, các 
(Co, Ni) và nhóm IIB (Zn và Cd) có 
d

 
các    khác nhau.
    
Anderson và Christensen (1988), Gooddy   (1995), Janssen  
(1997), Jopony và Young (1994), Lee    (1996), McBride   
(1997b), Sauvé 2000,  

Buchter (1989) 
 có  có các h  
   .    Freundlich n thay  
0,4  1,5  15 khác nhau 
khác nhau thì có khác nhau. , so sánh hành vi  Pb
và Zn
d
(n > 1). 
Zn , 
d

(tr
n <1). khích  các  K
d
trong mô hình 

 .
  nghiên   Buchter có
 n < 1,  K
d

 Zn (Pb và Hg). G K
d
 có
khoáng hóa cao     (Sauvé và nnk, 2003).

 ion  
ion  ion 
ion 
LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
20
c   trong 
(ví 
,     hòa tan 
hiên. DOM là  
axit fulvic và humic (Stevenson, 1994). Các   
   có   
khá .

  
          
amoniacat 
3

2

O)
6
]
3+
, [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+

  v
Cl
-
, F
-
, I
-
, SO
4
2-
 : FeF
6
3-
, AgCl
3
2-
, [Ca(SO
4
)

2
]
2-
;
  

2
O
4
)
3
]
3-
.
      
   anion  hydrat hóa  
.   khác
 bán kính hydrat hóa 
.     
và 
b. Các qu
di
KLN  VSV, 
 và Trong    thì  KLN 
  
               

Tuy nhiên, kh
LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT

21
  

 nói chung,  
              
(Adriano, 2001). Trong  
. Trong
t 


 

   
 (Koo và nnk, 2005)
ba  sau:   trong ,

      
hydrat và axit  
 .  

    quan
  (Mahimairaja và nnk, 2005).  
   Cr, Se làm 
Alcaligenes faecal 
(III) thành As (V) (Osborne và Ehrlich, 1976). V    
 As (V) sang As (III) (Franken Berger và Losi, 1995).
  các
ion KLN thông qua  

(Mahimairaja và nnk, 2005).

LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
22
 an các khoáng 
   khí (Kurek, 2002)







 
               

 trong không bào (Clemens
và nnk, 1999) và   protein ,  phytochelatin,
metallothionein,      khác  ferrihydrit (Hall, 2002; Hansel và
Fendorf, 2001).

  
 

(Adriano và nnk, 2004;
Berti và Ryan, 2003).  này   cô
 các   
 /  
 là không thay  n   .
 
 photphat, oxit Fe  Mn, CHC (Adriano và nnk, 2004).

Hydroxyapatit là  có trong  nhiên 


LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
23

(Chlopecka và
Adriano, 1996).
(Fe, Mn và Al) n
 và     các KLN trong  các 
nê 

V  có   trong
    các ion   thông qua quá trình  
 hóa h    
 DOM   và   các  
   CHC 
             
Joplin               


nghi(Berti và Ryan, 2003, Ryan và nnk, 2004).  
 và trên  
  .
P   ràng 
 hòa tan   
trình 
d
. 


. 
    tìm 


LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
24

÷ 

c.
 
  pH gây ra  các CHC (Robertson và nnk, 1982). Tuy nhiên
  pH,   này 

CHC (Darmony và nnk, 1983)

.
  
                
(Richards và nnk, 1998)  
 




lý



              (Tam và Wong,
1996                 
(Murray và  , 2004).
 và phân tán
 
  gradien 
   không     bên trong và 
các .  quá trình  
LuËn v¨n tèt nghiÖp Khoa M«i Tr-êng
Kh-¬ng Minh Ph-îng – K17CHMT
25
  
(Delolme và nnk, 2004)
t

 


có  ,
có  di   . 
các   hòa tan     
 cao (Chubin và Street, 1981) và cho phép
  trong các th (Dowdy và nnk, 1991).

K   hòa tan  liên
   di 

 
, 
phù     thông qua 

 
 và  ghi 
 (Camobreco và nnk,
1996; McCarthy và Zachara, 1989).
  nhanh chóng
  dày và ít  
trong mùa 
          (Jarvis và nnk, 1999).
Sterckeman  (báo cáo Cd, Pb, Zn 
 m trong  . Các t
     chính là con  