Nghiên cứu phát triển hệ thống các nhóm nội dung và phương pháp giảng dạy, nâng cao năng lực tiếng anh cho sinh viên đại học và học viên cao học ở Đại học Quốc gia

CHirONG
5
MOT SO VAN DE LI LUAN LIEN QUAN DEN THIET KE
NQI DUNG CAC MON TIENG ANH KHONG CHUYEN
O
DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
5.1.
Dat
van de
Trong md hinh thiet ke mgt chucmg trinh mcrn hgc, ndi dung giang day co vai
tro
dfic
biel quan trgng. bcVi
\ i
thieu ncS ngucri ta se khcrng the tien hanh bat ki hoat
dgng nao trong
mc^)
hinh nhu phucrng phap giang day va kiem tra - danh gia. Ngi
dung giimg
da\
lien quan den
hai
khau trong
qu\
trinh thiet ke chuang trinh mcrn
hge:
thiet ket
nc)i
dung
mc*>n
hge \a phat trien

(bic}n
soan) tu
tai
lieu giang day.
Chutrne
na\ du
clinh nghieMi
eiru nhirng vim de li luan lien quan dim thiet ke ngi
clung \;i
plial
tnen tu heu giang
da>
eho
eiie mc'>n
hge tieng
/\nh
khong chuyen a
biie cl<ii
hge (bao gom
hai
bae eu nhim \a eao hgc),
la\
di)
lam nen tang li thuyet
eho nhune de xuat phat
trieMi
IK*
thcuig eiie nhi^m
nc)i dung (thiet ke ngi dung va
pJKit men

tu heu
eiane
da\
) eho eae mcrn tiene Anh khone chu\en d Dai hoc Quoc
eia
I
la Noi trone Chucrne
6.
'
Chune
tc">!
sir
IIUHL:
khai niem "cac
mcrn hge tieng Anh" vi hai li do. Thir nhat, tieng
.Ajih
chiem
mc^t
IIUTI
Urcmg
rat dang ke trong chucmg trinh eu nhan \a chucmg tnnh cao hoc a
Dai
hoe
i)ubc gia lla
Nc>i:
14 140 tin ehi
trong chucrng tnnh eua nhan (chiem ti le 10%)
\a 7
Ml tin
ehi trong

ehucmg
trinh eao hge (chiem ti le khoang
11*^-0).
Thu
hai,
trong quan
mcrn
CUA
nhieu
ngucTi
ngoai ehu\en mim ngoai ngu, tieng
.\nh
ehi dugc xem nhu la
mpt
mon hoe. nhung
ircnig
thue le. nhu ehung toi se trinh
ba\
trong ehucmg nay. tieng
Ann
duvK"
phan ra thanh nhieu
mini
hoe,
mc^i
mcrn hge tap trung vao mgt
hoSe
hai
khoi kien
thue hv>ae ki nane

\a diioc
phim thanh mcrt so cap dc) de co the do dugc su lien bg cua
nguoi
lioe mbi
e.ieh
ro rang
hem
trong
timg
giai doan hge tap.
150
5.2.
NhQ-ng van li luan lien quan den
thilt
ke
6e cu-crng
mon hoc
De cuong mon hoc lien quan
true ti§p d§n
viec chi tilt hoa va cu
thi
hoa
nhung
nOi
dung mon hoc
dn
day. Voi tiing Anh khong chuyen
a
bac dai hoc. dl
CO thi

chi tilt hoa
dugc
nhung noi dung giang day phu
hgp,
cau hoi dku tien phai
tra loi la
"Ngu
vuc tiing Anh nao dugc lua chon dl day tiing Anh khong
chuyen?". Tra loi cho cau hoi nay, truoc
hit
chung toi kilm tra lai khai niem
-ngir
vuc".
Sau do, dua vao khai niem chu chot nay chiing toi se khao sat ba quan dilm
hien hanh ve day tieng Anh khong chuyen
6
bac dai hoc.
5.2.1.
Khai niem
"ngu"
vuc"
"Ngu vuc" la mgt thuat ngu dugc dich tu thuat ngu tiing Anh
"register".
Register co nguon goc tir am nhac. No dugc diing dl chi nhung pham vi cac tong
ma giong hat co the san sinh ra. Khai
niC-m
nay dugc nha ngon ngur hoc xa hoi
ngucyi
Anh Reid dua vao ngon
ngu-

hgc
lAn
dk\
tien nam 1956. nhimg mai chi
dimg lai
a
giai doan lap trinh. Phai den tam nam sau khai niem
•"ngCr
vuc" moi
dugc chi tiet hoa mgt
each
day du va co he thong trong cong trinh ngon ngu hoc
noi tieng co nhan de The Linguistics Sciences and Language Teaching (Cac khoa
hgc ngon ngir va day ngon
ngir) ciia
ba nha ngon ngu hoc nguai .A.nh Michael
Halliday, Angus Mcintosh va Peter Strevens (1964). Theo
Hallida>
et al.
(1964).
khi chiing ta quan sat hoat dgng ngon ngir trong cac ngon canh khac nhau trong do
ngon ngir
.xuat
hien, chiing ta thay nhirng su khac nhau \ e kieu ngon ngir dugc lua
chon
phii
hgp cho cac kieu tinh huong khac nhau. Mac
dii
co
the

co nhirng
sir
ke
goi hay chiing cheo trong
each
sir dung ngon ngu
(each
phat am. su dung tir. cau
true ngir phap) nao do giira cac ngon ban. nhung chiing ta hoan toan khong gap
kho khan khi phan biet giira mgt ngon ban binh luan bong da vai mot ngon ban
giang dao trong nha tho. hay
vdi
mgt bai thuyet trinh
ciia
mot giao su truac mot cir
151
tga la sinh vien.
Nhirng
su khac nhau nay thucmg the hien trong each phat am,
six
dung tir vung, dac biet la nhung tix ngu dugc su dung chuyen biet cho
timg ki^u
ngon ban. Cung theo Halliday et al. (1964), a cap do trim tugng nhat, nhirng
sir
khac biet
giiia
cac kieu ngon ban dugc dac trung hoa bang ba dac diem
ciia
ngon
canh tinh huong: trirang hay chu de

ciia
ngon ban, khong
khi
hay moi quan he
giua
nhu:ng
ngucri tham gia giao tiep (thi
du,
vai dien xa hgi) trong ngon ban, va
phirong
thirc hay kenh giao tiep (noi hay viet)
ciia
ngon ban. Ba thanh phan nay
ciia
ngon canh tinh huong hinh thanh nen bien the chirc nang
ciia
ngon ngu
v^
dugc ggi la
"ngu'
vuc"
(register).
Tiep thu khai niem ngir vuc tir ngon
ngii
hgc, cac nha ngon ngur hgc img
dung Anh-MT (thi du,
f wver
&
Ilughes-Davies
1972; Swales 1988) da tien hanh

nghien cim cac ngir vuc khac nhau trong tieng Anh: khoa
hgc-kl
thuat, bao chi,
kinh doanh, kinh te, du lich. v.v., kham pha nhirng dac diem ngir
phap-tir
vung,
dae biet la khoi
tii
vung dien hinh cho timg kieu ngur vuc, va ciing vai cac nhan to
kinh te, ehinh tri, \a hgi khac. ma duang cho xu
hmmg
day ngoai ngu chuyen
ni:anh
o eae nuoc
noi
lieng
.Anh
\a tren the giai.
5.2.2.
Ba quan diem ve day
tieng
Anh khong chuyen
a
bac dai hgc
l)a\
lieng Anh khong chuyen a cac trmmg dai hgc Viet Nam cb the truy
nguven
duge tir nhimg nam 1970.
Tu)
nhien, luc do khai niem

"tieng
Anh chuyen
nganh" hau nhu chua he duge ai de cap den. 0 bac dai hge nguai ta chi phan
khung thai lugng danh eho mon ngoai ngir trong do co tieng Anh con day cai
gi
(ngi
dung giang da\) \a day nhu the nao (phucmg phap giang day)
tiiy thuge
vao
nmion
hre eua
turn:
truant
dai hoc.
^^on^
so cac
nsoai
ngii duac dav
a
cac trucmg
dai
hoe hge Viet Nam
hie
do, so
knmg
cae
tnrong
dai hgc day tieng Nga chiem
moi 11
le rat eao. tiep \hco db la so lugng eac trucmg dai hgc day tieng Trung Quoc,

152
s6
lugng cac truang dai hgc day
ti^ng
Anh, dac biet la tiing Phap
chilm
mot
ti
le
rat khiem ton.
Ve tu lieu giang day,
cu6n
sach
tiing
Anh
ddu
tien dugc sir dung
dl
dav trone
cdc
truomg
dai hgc Viet Nam tir dku nhirng nam
1970
c6 le la cu6n sach do Vu Ta
Lam bien soan, Nha xuk ban Dai hgc va Trung hoc Chuyen nghiep kn hanh.
Vl
noi dung, sach dugc bien soan theo duong huang
truyln
thdng: duang
huans

n^ir
phap - djch,
chii
trgng dac biet
din
ba khu vuc tir vung, cku triic ngir phap va doc
hieu, lay bai khoa (text) lam ngudn ngir
lieu
de day, va \ky dich lam phuang tien
de ciing
CO nhu^g
gi nguai hgc hgc dugc trong ba khu vuc nay. Sach dugc
t6
ehire
theo nhimg chu de lien quan den nhiing
vAn
dc xa
hc)i,
chinh tri - nhirng moi quan
tam
chii
yeu
ciia
xa hgi Viet Nam
liic
bay gia, va duge dung de day eho tat ca
nhirng doi tucmg sinh vien thuge cac trucmg dai
hc.)c
khac nhau, ki: ea nhCrng do\
tugng khong phai la sinh vien.

Vao
euoi
nhung nam 1970,
cV
trucmg Dai hgc Su pham Ngoai ngir lla Ngi (nay
la truang Dai hgc Ngoai
ngii
- Dai hgc
Quck
gia
I
la
Nc)i)
va truang Dai hge Ngoai
ngir
Ha Ngi (nay la trucmg Dai hgc lla
Nc)i)
xuat hien them hai cnbn giao trinh
tieng Anh (truac in ro-ne-o sau in tipo) dimg cho sinh \ ien cac truang dai hge, ca
he chinh quy va he tai chirc. Do la hai cuon giao trinh tieng Anh
eiia
Nguyen
Du\
Nhat va Hoang Xuan Tiep.
Gic')ng
nhu cuon sach tieng Anh tien nhiem eua
\'u
Ta
Lam, hai cucm giao trinh tieng Anh
ciia

Nguyen Duy Nhat va Hoang Xuan riep
ciing ducrc bien soan theo ducmg hucVng ngfr phap - dieh, cac
chii
de trong hai giao
trinh cung de cap den nhung van de xa hc)i - chinh tri
liie
do nuoc ta dang quan
tam. Hoat
dc)ng
day
hc)c
tren lcrp
chii
yeu la dgc. dieh va lam bai tap \e tu
\a
ngir
ducri
ciic
hinh thirc
tha>
the va
chusen
hcSa.
Cac kT nang giao
liep
nhu nghe. noi.
viet
thucrnu
bi
bc)

qua. Bcri vi
khc^nLi
co
nc)i
dun^
mc)n
hoe
lhec>
dung nghia cua no.
cho nen muc tieu cua mon hgc cung chi
la
nhirng muc tieu ngam an. chua dwoc dc
153
ra mgt each hien ngon, va do do viec kiem tra ciing
tiiy
thuge vao yeu
ciu
va
nguon luc
ciia
timg trucmg. timg khoa co thai lugng danh cho mon hgc, va vao
trinh do chuyen mon
ciia
giao vien.
Tieng Anh chuyen nganh chi bat dau dugc quan tam a Viet Nam
tii
dau
nhiims
nam 1980. Xu hucrng day tieng Anh chuyen nganh dugc mgt so can bg giang day
ciia

cac trucmg dai hgc chuyen
ngii
va cac truang dai hgc co cac khoa tieng Anh
chuyen dugc cir di hgc khoa Graduate Diploma (mgt kieu van bang chuyen tiep
giiia cir nhan va thac
sT)
hoac cac khoa thac sT ve day tieng Anh nhu la mgt ngoai
ngir tu Anh, Australia, New Zealand, v.v.
'^nhap
khau''
ve. Tuy nhien, do chua tim
hieu hoan canh ra dai
ciia
tieng Anh chuyen nganh
mc)t each
thau dao, cho nen
mot so truang dai hge, cu the la trucmg Dai hgc Ngoai
ngii
Ha Ngi (nay la truang
Dai hgc Ha Ngi) da trien khai vice day tieng Anh chuyen nganh theo hucmg nghe
nghiep lurn la theo hucrng hgc thuat. phuc vu
chii
yeu cho sinh vien va nhiing doi
tugng nguiri hge dang lam
vice
trong eac nganh du
lieh,
kinh
te, v.\. Trong thai ki
nav, da eo mot so

irum:
tam
nizoai
nizii chuven mzanh duac mir ra nhu
Trumz
tam
Ngoai ngir chuven nganh thuge Irucmg
Dai
hgc Ngoai ngir Ha
Nc)i,
Trung lam
ngoai ngir
ciui\eMi
nganh
MIU"
(Metropolitan Business College) thuge Lien hiep
e;»e
1 loi
Khoa hoe \a Ki thuat
\'iet
Nam \a mgt
sc")
trung tam khac.
1 u
euoi nhirng nam
1^>S().
dae biel la tir khi MI thao
bc)
lenh cam van chong lai
Viet Nam \ao nam

h^^3.
\an de da\
nuir
\uc nao cua mot
nuoai
n^ir
tr
cac truong
dai hv^e \'iet
Nam cang thu hut su
ehii
y
ciia
cac nha giao hgc phap. cac nha thiet
ke
ehuouL:
irmh
\a
hien
soan
^iao
trinh.
Ironu
thiri
eian
nav. tren thi truang sach
lieuLi
Anh o \'iet Nam. ben canh
nhirn^
siao trinh tiene Anh dai

cucms
pho bien
nhu
\c\\
('onccpt English
ciia
Alexander ( 1980),
\e\v
Cambridge English Course
eua
Suan
\a Walter (1990), Person to Person
ciia
Richards va Bycina (1990),
Lifelines
eiia llutehmson
(l^^A^),
AVu-
Headway
ciia
Liz & John Soars (2003).
154
Cutting Edge cua Cunningham va Moor (2005), v.v., nguai ta
thiy
xuk
hien
mot
loat giao trinh tiing Anh co dinh huong chuyen nganh nhu Economics cua A. Sl J.
Yates (1995), Basic English for Computing cua Eric H.
Glendinning

va John
McEwan (2000), Oxford English for Computing cua Keith Boeckner & P. Charles
Brown
(1999),
Business Matters: The Business Course with a Lexical Apprroach
cua Mark Powell (2000); English for International Tourism cua Imaria. Jakob
8L
Peter Strutt (2004), Market Leader: Advanced English Business Course Book cua
Iwonna Dubicka & Margaret O'Keeffe (2004), va Market Leader: Pre-
intermediate Business English cua David Cotton, David Falvey va Simon Kent
(2006),
v.v. Nhtrng giao trinh nay
dhu
do nguai nuac ngoai bien soan,
dugc
photo
lai theo nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau.
V^
noi dung, moi giao trinh
dugc
dn dinh phuc
vu mot kieu ddi tugng nguai hgc cu
tha,
a mgt trinh do cu Xhk va duac xav
duno
tren niem tin rang sau khi hgc nhu'ng giao trinh nay ngucri hge
cc) thC
giao
tiCp
dugc vox nguai nuac ngoai bang tieng Anh trong ITnh vuc chuyen mon hoac nghe

nghiep ma hg quan tam.
Lieu
CO
nen day tieng Anh chuyen nganh cr bac dai hgc
ha\'
khong la cau hoi
van con phai tim kiem cau tra lai. Cac nha giao hgc phap ngoai ngir khac nhau
cc^
nhirng quan diem rat khac nhau. Tuy nhien, a
mire
do khai quat nhat eo the
nhbm
ehiing thanh ba quan diem chinh:
(1)
day tieng Anh dai cuang, (2) day tieng Anh
dai cuong ket
hgp
\6\
tieng Anh trong chuyen nganh trong db day tieng Anh dai
cuang truac, day tieng Anh chuyen nganh sau, va
(3)
day tieng Anh chuyen
nganh. Trong nhtrng muc ducri day chimg toi se co gang tai hien lai birc tranh phire
tap
v^
day tieng Anh khcmg chuyen
c7
cae trucVng dai hge Viet Nam ke tir
klii
phong trao day

ti^ng
Anh
chuyen
nganh dugc du nhap vao he
[hbng
giao due dai
hoc.
155
5.2.2.1.
Quan diem day tieng Anh dai
cirong
Tieng Anh dai cucmg con c6 mgt ten ggi khac la tieng Anh chung. Nhirng
nguori
chii
truang day tieng Anh dai cucmg
a
bac dai hgc thuang lap luan ring
tieng Anh chuyen nganh chi la mgt bg phan cua tieng Anh dai cucmg va neu coi
tieng Anh dai cuang va tieng Anh chuyen nganh la hai ngii vuc thi ve ca ban
chiing khcmg khac nhau. Ca hai ngir vuc deu co chung mgt he thong am vi va cau
triic ngir phap. Diem khac nhau duy nhat giira chiing nam a khu vuc tir vung. ma
cu the la nhumg thuat ngii' chuyen nganh. Nguai dau tien len tieng su ung ho cho
chii
trmmg
da\
tieng Anh dai cuong a bac dai hgc a nucVc ngoai co le la
Wiliams
(197X). Chat vim ve su
phii
hcrp

ciia
cac khoa hgc tieng Anh chuyen nganh, dac
biet la tieng Anh
chuyen
nganh chuyen sau, Williams
(/hid.)
khang dinh rang
sir
khac nhau ve ngon ngu giira cac
mem
hgc chuyen nganh
chii \cu
nam
a
khu vuc tir
vung.
Tinmg
tu, Hutchinson \a Waters
fl9Sl),
tir
kinh nghiem day tieng Anh
kl
thuat eua mmh o moi si) trucmg dai hgc Anh quoc, bay tc) su nghi
ngcj ciia
minh ve
CO
so li thu\et
ciia
tieng Anh chuyen nganh. Ilg khang djnh rang tieng Anh
kl

thuat
ha\
lieng Anh
klu^a
hoe nen ducre xem
nhu
la
"sir Imh
te
"ngir
\uc^
chir
kluMiL:
phai
la
mc)l kieu
ngon ngir rieng biet" \a quan diem
na\
duiTc
the hien
rc^
ranu
hon Irong
ecMig
tnnh
hjiglish
for Specific Purposes (Tieng Anh eho eac muc
dieh
eu
ihe)

eua ho xuat ban
lari
dim
lien
nam
1^87,
tai ban lan thir
21
nam 2005.
Trong
ihue
te. eae
ec^ng
irinh nghien euu
\e
eae hien the ngon ngir \an chua dua ra
duoc
iilurnL:
ket luim dut khoat,
nhun^z uan
da\ da eo
nhCrmz
cbn^
trinh nehien
ciru
CO \
nghia \a ehae chan khimg dinh rang nhimg tu lieu ha\ giao trinh tieng Anh
elunen nuanh hi thii'n
lech ea \e hinh thirc \a ehire
nan^

boi cac dac diem
khai
mem
\.i phuirng
phap
diie ihii
eua eae nganh hge eu the.
Mc)t
so cong trinh nghien
euu
khae.
dae biel la
eiie ec>niz
trinh nehien eiru the loai
nec^n
ban
ciia Svsales
(h>SI.
:()()())
ung ho
numh nic
khang
dinh
na\. Trong thuc to. Hutchinson vi
W .Iters ( h)SI 1 qiKin lain hu \cu
don ticng Anh
ki
thuat.
dac
biet la viec

sir
dung
156
each
giai thich va
chtmg
minh co tinh
ki
thuat trong cong xuong, co chung mgt
s6
dac diem ngon ngu vai
ti^ng
Anh
khku
ngu hang ngay. Nhirng giao vien da timg
giang day tieng Anh chuyen nganh trong nhirng
di§u
kien kho khan cung khing
djnh day tieng Anh chuyen nganh theo dung nghTa cua no la viec lam khong
thi
d6i
vai hg. Nhung nhan xet nay hoan toan triing lap voi kk luan cua chiing toi
trong Chuang 4, Muc 4.3.5 va cua Swales
(1980)
qua kinh nghiem giang day
tiing
Anh chuyen nganh cua ong a Trung Dong: "cac khoa hoc tiene Anh chuven naanh
trong cac ca so dao tao dai hgc
6 thi
gioi thir ba, ke ca a nuac Anh nai da sinh ra

no,
CO
kha nang bi ran nirt vi ba li do: vi
thi
khong chac chan. khong co lien he
vdi
cac khoa chuyen nganh, va thieu su lien he vai
thi
giai hicn thuc
ciia
nguai hgc".
Ong cung da lap luan
iing
hg cho quan diem can phai xem xet cac
y6u tc")
nhu xa
hgi,
chinh tri, hau can, quan li, va lam
li-giao
due.
Dua vao hai khai niem
''nami
luc ngcm
niiir"
(nuCr nanu)
va
"the
hien
n^c')n
ngu''

(ngiT
hien) cua Chomsky (1965), cac
nhii
ngcm ngu hgc irng dung nhu Breen
& Candlin (1980) va Hutchinson & Waters
(1981)
da phan biet
sir
khac nhau giira
"'von
nang luc
nen"
va
''su
the hien
dich'\
Tuy
nhien,
tren ca sir ay, hg tiep tue
khang dinh rang khi co mgt von nang
lire
nen ca ban thi
"bat
ki nguai
ncSi
ban
ngii
thong minh
vii
co

sir
quan tam
mc)t
each hcrp li nao di) eung deu cb the \u li duge
lucmg thcmg tin mcVi
mc)t each
hieu
qua"
trong bat ki nganh hgc nao. Dieu nay tao
nghi
ngcV,
dac biet
lii
ducVi anh sang cua nhung cong trinh nghien eiru gan
da\
trong
linh
vuc nghien ciru tam li hgc xa
hc)i
trong
ciie
khu \ ue (mon hgc) ngi dung.
Chii
truang day tieng Anh chuyen nganh
ciia
cac nha nghien eiru cb the diing
dcM
vcVi viec sir
dunu
m^cm

nuu a nhirniz
mire
dc^
thap trone mot so ehu de
ehu\en
nganh.
luy
nhien, khi di
chuyen den
nhung cap do cao hon cua khoa hgc \a cong
nghe. ngudi ta nhan thiiy
rang
hau
het
nhirng ngirdi ndi ticng .\nh ban
ngir
dcu
th^y
kho ddi phd vdi ludng thdng tin mdi
neu
hg khdng dugc ticp can \di nhirng
quy udc vl ngdn ngu cu
the thircVng
cd san ddi vdi cac chu\cn gia trong chu\cn
157
nganh cu the do. Theo Bhatia
(1986j,
cai ma nhijng nguoi
chii
trucmg day

ti^ng
Anh chuyen nganh khong lucmg truac dugc la kien thirc ve nhirng quy uac ngon
ngu dac
thii
cho nganh hgc nhu la mgt phan
ciia
nang luc ngon ngir ban ngir cua
hg.
Theo Bhatia
{Ibid.),
ca nguai ban ngir va nguai
ngucjc
ngoai deu gap phai
nhirng kho khan giong nhau doi vai phan nang luc nen nay va phai dugc hgc
nlu
hg muon lam
chii
day
dii
viec sir dung bat ki kieu ngon ngu chuyen mon nao.
Trong khi hgc tieng Anh chuyen nganh. co the co nhirng su khac biet nao do trong
su the hien ngon
ngir giiJa
nhtrng nguai hgc noi tieng Anh nhu la ngon ngu thir
nhat va nhung ngucri hgc noi tieng Anh nhu la ngon ngu thir hai. nhung nhirng
sir
khiie
biet do chi la van de mire dc). Thuc te van ton tai la su chua dugc lam quen
vcri kien thirc chuyen nganh ciing nhu
\b\

nhung quy
uc>e
lien quan cu the den
chuyen nganh tao ra nhirng khb khan dac biet trong viec xir li va hieu biet ve
nhirng
ngc'')n
him chuyen nganh (chi tiet, xin xem them Bhatia 1986). Phat hien cua
cac nha nghien ciru ehi ra nhirng chirng cir tien nghiem (dinh tinh cung nhu dinh
lucmg), giai thich eho mgl thue te la nhirng nguiri sir dung ngon ngu thay kho dgc
va kho hieu
eiie ngcni
ban ehu\en mon h(m trong nhirng
chuyen
nganh hg chua
iluge
lam
quen Ihue
le
na\
dutrng
nhu da
khien
nguai ta
nghi
nga ve nhan dinh
eiia I lulehinson
cV:
Waters
(
19S1

) rang ban chiit
eiia
nang luc nen ducrc yeu cau de
di^\
pho \b\ eae
bii'ii
the lieng ,\nh khac nhau la giong nhau. Nhieu nha nghien
ciru
eho rang \ ice su dung ngcni ngir hang
nga>
dai cucmg khcmg chuyen nganh va viec
su dunu
nucMi
nuir ehu\en
nuanh duima
nhu nam tren mot
necm
pho ma a dau nay
ehung ta eo
kieu sir
dung ngc")n ngu hang
nga>
giong nhu hc)i thoai tu nhien
ciia
hai
ngucri hang
\c>m
b mgl
buiM
sang

cui^i
tuim. \a
CT
dim kia chiing ta co kieu sir dung
the
loai diie
thu eho
nuon imir
ehu\en
nuanh siims
nhu
nhunu
nc)i dung trong cac
lu
lieu
khoa hge
cV:
cc'mg
nghe. kinh te, luat hoac nhirng cuc)c dam thoai giira cac
nha
ehu\en
mon nlur hai bae
si,
hai luat su, giang vien va sinh vien nganh cong
nghe
tlu~>ng
im.
\ \ .
Khi
ehung ta

di
chuyen khoi khu vuc su dung ngon ngu pho
»
* •
ihone hanu
m:a\
^anu
khu \ ue
su
dune neon
mzir
ehu\en mzanh,
nhirne
veu cau vc
158
chuyen mon va nhtrng quy udc ngon ngir dac
thii
cho nganh hgc cd
thi
cang gia
tang va do dd ngi dung cang khd hilu vdi nhtrng ngudi ngoai chuyen mdn dd. Do
do,
vdi lap luan cho rang su khac nhau duy nhk giira tiing Anh chuyen nganh va
tieng Anh dai cuang the hien chu yeu d khu vuc tir
vimg
va tiing Anh dai cuang
va tieng Anh chuyen nganh nam tren
cimg
mdt ngdn phd, cac nha nghien cim
iing

hg quan dilm day tiing Anh dai cuang khang dinh
rang
mdt khi ngudi hgc dugc
day
each
phat am chuan, cd kien thirc ve ngir phap-tir virng. sir dung diing cac cau
triic ngir phap
phii
hgp vdi van canh, va da dat dugc mdt trinh do nhdt dinh vl cac
kT
nang giao tiep nhu nghe, noi, dgc, viet, thi viec hgc cac thuat
ngir chuyen
mon
khong
CO
gi kho khan. Hg lap luan them, a bac dai hgc va sau dai hgc,
ngucVi
hgc
la nhtrng nguai c6 tri thirc cao, co kha nang tu hgc, hg hoan toan co
thi
tu lo lieu
dugc
ngir
vuc tieng Anh chuyen nganh
ciia
hg thong qua vice tu dgc tu lieu
chuyen mon, giao tiep vai dong nghiep
c> nuc>c
ngoiii, v.v Hg tham chi ci)n dan ra
mgt thuc te la trong qua khir nhicu can bg khoa hgc chi ducrc da\ tieng Anh dai

cuang nhung do hg tu hgc ngir vuc tieng Anh thuc)c chuyen nganh
ciia
minh eho
nen den nay hg van
liim
viec
duc;c
bang tieng Anh trong chuyen nganh
eiia
ho: hg
dgc dugc tu lieu chuyen mon, viet dugc cac bai bao khoa hge, hieu
dugc
dong
nghiep nuac ngoai ncri ve chuyen mon, va tham chi con co the dien dat de
dcmg
nghiep nuac ngoai dugc
hieu
minh bang tieng Anh trong eac
hc)i
nghi.
hi>i
thao
quc)c
te ve
chuyen mem ciia
hg.
Mc)t
chirng cir khac ma nhirng nguiri chu trucmg
day tieng Anh dai cuang thuang dan ra de bao ve cho quan diem
eiia

minh lien
quan den
n(3i
dung
ciia
nhirng bai kiem tra tieng Anh de tu\en chgn sinh \ ien \a
hgc vien cao
hcK,
thimi
chi ca nghien ciru sinh
ciia
hai he thcmg kiem tra
dircrc
eho
la chudn muc
quc^c
lb hien nay la
TOFFL ciia
MT \ a
lELTS
cua Anh phan
kVn
deu
hen quan den
tir,
ngu, va cac kT nang nghe, noi,
dc)c
\ a \ iet
thuc^e
nhirng ehu de

nam
trong ngu vuc dai cucmg hay khoa hgc thucrng thirc. \\g bo sung
theMii riing
hgc
ticmg
Anh chuyen
ngiinh
se khong
cc)
hieu qua bai vi nguoi hge eo the
dii
hiet
kien thirc
\k
chuyen nganh
trircVc
khi hg dugc hge
eiie
tir ngu dien dat kien thirc do
159
bang tieng Anh, va dieu nay se lam cho nguai hgc mat himg thu, boi vi cai hg
dugc day chi la v6 am thanh
ciia
tieng nucrc ngoai va, do do, hg se khong co
nhi^u
dgng ca de hgc cai ggi la
"tieng
Anh chuyen
nganh"
nhu no thucmg dugc ggi theo

net nghTa kha ma nhat trong tieng Viet hien nay. "Khi nguai hgc quen
vcji chii
d^,
hg se chan vai bat ki
each
xir li nao ve no Khi hg khong quen vcri
kiln
thirc
dugc cho la da biet trong mgt
each
xir li cu the ve mgt chu de trong cac tu lieu
giang day tieng Anh chuyen nganh, thi hg lai khong co kha nang xir li dugc
chii dk
do nhu da dugc an djnh ma thieu su giup da
ciia
giao vien day tieng Anh chuyen
nganh."
(Croft
1977,
dan theo Swales
1980:
67).
5.2.2.2. Quan diem day tieng Anh dai
cu*ang
ket hop voi tieng Anh chuyen
nganh trong di) day tieng Anh dai
cirong
truoc, day tieng Anh chuyen nganh
sau
Quan

diem
day tieng Anh dai cucmg ket hgp
\c>i
tieng Anh chuyen nganh
trong
dcS
da\
tieng Anh dai cucmg trucre, day tieng Anh chuyen nganh sau ducmg
nhu dugc nhieu giao \ ien
da\
tieng Anh khcmg chu\en b cac trucmg dai hgc Viet
Nam mile nhien
ccnig
nhan (mac
dii
quan diem
na\
chua he dugc phat bieu mgt
each hien ngi)n). Nhirng ngucri theo quan diem
na>
ducrng nhu dua vao cam giac
chu quan nhieu
hem
la \ ao eac can cir khoa hgc va ducrc nhin tir
gck
do
ciia
nhirng
ngiroi da\ ngoai ngir khong biet \e chuyen nganh. Dua \ao dieu kien cu the
ciia

Viet Nam,
nhiniLi
n^ucri
theo chu
trucmg
thir hai lap luan rans mac
dii
trucre khi
\ao dai hgc ngucri hge ecS it nhat ba nam hge tieng Anh (khoang 300 tiet) a trung
hge pho
thimg,
nhung
khi>i
lugng kien thirc \ a kT nang giao tiep hg dat dugc nhin
ehung \an
ei>n
rat
khn}m tc">n
(ehi tiet \e trinh
dc3
tieng Anh cua hgc sinh trung hgc
phi)
tluuig,
xin xem Hoang Van Van et al. 2006). Chinh vi vay. de co the hgc dugc
tic}ng
Anh chuyen nganh
ha\
nhimg ngi dung
ciia
chuyen nganh thong qua tieng

Anh. nguiri hoe
irucVe
het eim
phiii
ducrc
da\
ngir \ ue tieng Anh dai cuang: hg
phai
160
dugc ren luyen them
each
phat am, phai
dirge
cung
c6
va bd sung them nhimg tir
ngu phd thdng de
sir
dung trong giao
ti§p
h^ng
ngay, phai
dugc
ren luyen them
v€
cac kt nang nghe, ndi, doc va viet. Lien quan
d^n
cau hdi
"Day
tiing Anh dai

cirong
trudc hay day tieng Anh chuyen nganh trudc?", nhung ngudi ung ho quan
diem thu hai tin rang giao tiep trong ngu vuc tiing Anh dai cuong de hon giao tilp
trong ngu vuc tieng Anh chuyen nganh, bdi vi theo ho giao tilp trong ngu vuc
tieng Anh chuyen nganh chua dung nhung ham lugng ndi dung chuyen sau
thi
hien trong nhung thuat ngu chuyen mdn (nhieu khi la nhiing thuat
ngO
gdc Latinh)
va cac
each
dien dat dac biet, khd dgc va khd nhd ddi vdi ngudi hgc. Do dd. hg
chu truong phat trien mdt chuong trinh tieng Anh khdng chuyen d bac dai hgc bat
dau bang day ngu vuc tieng Anh dai cuong va ket thuc bang day
ngu-
vuc tiing
Anh
chuyen
nganh. Trong thuc te, quan dicm nay da dugc
trien
khai rdng rai trong
\
r
t
1
hau het cac truirng dai hgc, ke ca trong cac trucmg cao dang cr Viet Nam, vai thcri
lugng dugc phan bo thucmg la 2/3 danh cho tieng Anh ngir vuc dai cuang va 1/3
danh cho ngir vuc tieng Anh chuyen nganh. Thanh cong
ciia
day tieng Anh chuyen

nganh den dau cho den nay van chua co mgt cong trinh nghien eiru nao ducrc ccmg
bo.
Tuy nhien, dieu ma ngucri ta biet chac chim rang a nhieu truirng dai hgc Viet
Nam, tieng Anh chuyen nganh hau nhu bi tha nbi (cf. Chucmg 2 cua cong trinh
nay).
5.2.2.3.
Quan diem day tieng Anh chuyen nganh
Ngugc lai vcri hai quan diem trim, nhirng ngucri theo quan diem thir ba
ehii
truang nen bat dau day tieng Anh chuyen nganh ngay ti: dim. Quan diem nay eo
nguc^n
gdc tir nhirng
vice
lam thuc te
ciia
cac truirng dai hgc a cac nuac noi tieng
Anh
muc^n
thu
hiit nhiclu
sinh vien trong cac nucrc the gicVi thir ba sang hgc cr
truirng minh. Trong mgt bai viet mang tinh chuyen de, danh
giii
thanh tuu cua hai
mucri nam giang day
ti^ng
Anh cho cac muc dich eu the
ha\
tieng Anh
chu\en

161
nganh
ciia
the giai noi tieng
Ajih.
nha ngon ngir hgc img dung noi tieng nguai
Anh,
CO
Giao su Peter Strevens
(1988j
da chi ra nhumg
Igi
the
ciia
cai ma ong ggi
la tieng Anh chuyen nganh thong qua viec chi ra nhirng bat
Igi
cua viec day ngir
vyc
tieng Anh dai cucmg cho nhumg ngucri nuac ngoai chuan bi vao hgc a cac
truang dai hgc trong cac nuac noi tieng Anh. Ong viet:
Da tir lau dieu duang nhu phi li la so lugng
nhOng
nguai hgc tre tuoi dang phat trien
hgc tieng Anh va dong thcri cung
nghit:n
ciru khoa hgc va cong nghe
h\xgc
phai hoc
tieng Anh thong qua viec hgc van hgc va phan tich van hgc, chi vi rang cho den tan

gan day no la hinh thirc day tieng Anh duy nhat.
Sinh
vien hgc khoa hgc va cong
nghe tucmg lai thucmg gap phai ba bat
Igi
trong han chat
ciia
viec day tieng Anh co
san cho hg:
(a) Nhieu thcri gian va
cc)
gang dugc danh vao tu heu hgc tap khcmg phai la moi quan
tam
dc)i
vcri hg (nghTa la, su bat
Igi
ve lang phi thcri gian).
(b)
Ngucri hge khcmg dugc hgc nhung tu lieu ma la moi quan tam chinh yeu
ciia
hg
(nghTa la. su
hiil
Icri ve nhung khoang trong trong kien thirc
ciia
ngucri hgc):
(e) Trong nhieu trucmg hcrp thai
dc>
eua giao vien van hgc khong co thien cam vcri
khoa hgc (nghTa la, su bat

Icri
ve thai di) thu dieh).
Strevens gcri y:
"Ngucrc
lai, tinh hinh phai la ban chat
ciia
nhirng nhu eau cua
ngucri hge qu\el
dinh
\
n:e
cia\
ducre lao eho ngucri hge. Quan diem cua ong mgt
Iim nira eung
ec^
theMu
eho ducrng hucrng da\ "tieng Anh cho cae muc dich cu
the"
(I-nglish
tor
Speeitle
Purposes ha\ \SV)
ha\
ticjng .Anh ehu>c}n
nganh nhu thuat
ngir
liKMi
hanh giao gicri tieng Anh Viet Nam thucmg su dung ma
ngucm
goc

ciia
tu
tucrng na\ duoe
ihe
hien
Iim diiu \\cn
trcmg cubn
chu\en
khao ma img la dong tac
gia
\cri
llalhda}
\a Mcintosh (
1*')64)
ehung
ti)i dii
dc cap trong Muc
5.2.1.
V)uA
\ao nhimg lap luan dim ducrng eua
Stre\ens,
nhirng ngucri
iing
hg quan
diem da\
licMig
Anh
ehu>en
nganh eho rang \i tieng Anh dai cuang va tieng
Anh

elunen
nganh
ehi
khac nhau \e thuat ngir (tu \ung), cho nen khong nen lang
phi
ihcTi gian
da\ nhimg gi ma ngucri hgc khimg can.
Iheo
hg, ngucri hgc tir bac
dai
hoe \xo nen hoe tieng
.Anh khc^ng
phai chi dc: giao tiep hang ngay ma trong
moi
162
trudng tieng Anh, muc dich tdi thugng cin phai uu tien la
dk
phuc vu cho chuyen
mdn hg dang hgc, va do thdi lugng danh cho
ti6ng
Anh d ca ba bac: dai hgc, sau
dai hgc, va tren dai hgc khdng nhilu, cho nen bien phap tdt nhit
dl
cd
thi
dap ung
dugc nhu cau va muc dich
ciia
hgc tieng Anh va nhanh chdng nang cao trinh do
cua hg la day ngu vuc tieng Anh chuyen nganh. Nhung ngudi ung hd quan dilm

day tieng Anh chuyen nganh tin ring chi cd day tiing Anh chuyen nganh thi ngudi
hgc mdi cd the dugc hgc cai hg can, mdi cd
thi
trao ddi dugc nhung van
dh
chuyen mdn vdi ddng nghiep
nude
ngoai theo
nhOng
nhu cau rieng
ciia
hg. va do
do,
mdi thu dugc nhCrng kien thuc mdi
ciia nude
ngoai nhanh nhat thdng qua tiing
Anh.
5.3.
Ba
du-dng hirdng
thiet ke noi dung cac mon hoc tieng Anh khong
chuyen
a
bac dai hoc
5.3.1.
Duong huong lay nhu cau nguoi hoc
h\m
trung tam
Nhu da dircrc de
cap,

tir
trucre
nhirng nam
I960,
trong giao hgc phap ngoai ngir
' ' ' ^
quoc te, van de day
ngir
vuc nao cho nguiri hgc
khcMig
dugc dat ra mot
eiieh
nghicjm tiic
va li thuyet ve thiet
kc
mgt chuang trinh ngoai ngir
eiing it klii
de
eiip
den thanh phan ngoai ngir chuyen nganh. Tuy nhien. lu
khi
phong trao
da\
tic^ng
Anh
ehuycMi
nganh xuat
hic:n,
vim do ngu vuc tieng Anh nao ducre
da\

eho
dc'^
tucrng nao dugc cac
nhii
giao
hc)c
phap day tieng Anh nhu
mc3i
ngoai ngir dae biel
quan tam. Phan Icrn cac cong trinh nghien cim phat trien li
thu\c:t
thiet ke ehucmg
trinh day tieng Anh tir do
dcMi
nay thuang dua vao gia dinh eho rang
nc:u
nhu
eiiu
hgc ngoai ngu
ciia mc)t nhbm
ngucri hgc dugc cu the
hcni
ducrc mbi each ehinh xac.
thi
sir
cu the
hcSa
nay
cc)
the dircrc sir dung de

xiic
dinh
neu
dung eua mbi ehucmg
trinh ngoai ngir mil sc: dap irng ducrc
ciie
nhu
eiiu
cua ngucri hge. Noi
mi)t
cach eu
the
hem,
neu chiing ta
ccS
the*
cu the
hcSa
ducrc nhung gi sinh
vien
nganh kinh
le.
163
nganh luat hoac nganh cong nghe thong tin can de giao tiep va lam viec dugc vcri
tieng Anh thong qua phan tich su tuang tac
ciia
hg bang tieng
Ajih
trong nhumg
moi truang lam viec cu the cua hg, thi chung ta co the thiet ke dugc nhimg khoa

hgc tieng Anh
phii
hgp,
tich hgp dugc nhirng ket qua
ciia
su phan tich nhu cau
nguai hgc vao qua trinh day hgc.
^
»
* ^
Nhu da de cap a tren, gia djnh ve
sir
can thiet phai xac dinh ngi dung mgt khoa
hgc tieng Anh, dac biet la khoa hgc tieng Anh chuyen nganh dua vao phan
tich
nhu
cau nguai hgc co ca sir tir nhirng nhan dinh trong cong trinh noi tieng ve ngon
ngCr hc)c
vii
giang day ngoai ngir
ciia
ba hgc gia Halliday, Mcintosh va Strevens co
nhan de The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching (Cac khoa hgc ngon ngu
va day
ngc'in
ngii).
Trong cong trinh vira mang tinh chuyen de vira mang tinh dan
ducrng nay, Halliday et al.
(1964)
da de cap

dCm
cac kieu ngur vuc tieng Anh
"danh
cho
cc')ng
chirc, canh sat, quan chirc luat phap,
he)
h' va nhan vien cap phat thuoc,
chuyen gia
ncnig
hgc,
k\
su
vii
thg lien". Halliday et al.
{/hid.:
189)
phat bieu:
Mc^i kieu
nhu
eiiu
chuyen hiet nay yeu cau, trucre khi no co the dugc dap
un^
bai
eae tu Heu giang
da\
phii
hcrp. phai ci) eae ccmg trinh nghien ciru chi tiet ve cac
kieu
ngon ngir han

dinh
\a eae
ngir
vuc khac nhau ducre tien hanh tren ca scr thu
thap si) lucrng Urn eae mau ngon ngir duge su dung boi nhirng ngucri cu the co lien
quan.
llalhda)
et
al
(Ibid.) khimg dinh tiep:
Hoiin
loan co
the}
tim ra diing kieu tieng Anh nao dugc sir dung trong van hanh
eiie
tram dien b
\n
^)c^:
mgt khi cong viec nay dugc thuc hien, ghi lai, va
phari
tieh, mgt khoa hge
iru\t:n
thu
hiinh
\
i
ngon ngir ay euoi ciing eo the dugc thiet ke
\oi
su ehae chan \a do tu tin
(Hallida\

et al
1964:
190).
S' luirng \e thiet kc:
nc)i
dung khoa hgc tieng Anh chuyen nganh
ciia
Halliday
et al
(1*^64)
dii
ducrc nha
necm
neu hoc
ime
dune neucri Anh John Munby (1978)
164
tilp thu. Trong
phSn
kk cua cdng trinh nghien
ciru
cd nhan
d^
Communicative
Syllabus Design (Thiet ke
chaong
trinh giao
ti6p),
Munby
Vi^:

Cuon sach nay hen quan den thiet ke noi dung mon hoc. Cu the hon, luan diem
cua no la, khi muc
dich
ma d6i vdi no ngu dich duac yeu
c4u
co
\ht
xac dinh
dugc,
thi
sir cu \hh
hoa noi dung mon hoc co
th^
hk nguon true tilp tu viec xac
dinh cac nhu cau giao tiep trudc do cua ngudi tham du cu
thi
hoac dinh kiin
ciia
ngudi tham
du
(Munby 1978: 218).
Dudng
hu-dng
thiet ke noi dung chuong trinh do Halliday et al. (1964) va
Munby (1978) de xuat dugc ggi mdt
each
khai quat la dudng hudng thilt kl
chuong trinh dua vao nhu cau ngudi hgc; nghTa la, viec cu
thi
hda cac nhu cau

ngdn
ngiJ
xac dinh ndi dung
ciia
mdn hgc dugc thilt kl ra dl dap
irng
nhung nhu
cau ay.
Tuy nhien, nhu co the thay trcmg Chuang 3, cb it nhat hai each giai thich cum
tir "nhu cau nguiri
hgc'\
Cach thir nhat xem nhu cau chinh la cai ma nguiri hgc
eiin
de hanh dgng bang ngcm ngir mcrt khi hg da hgc ngon ngir ay. Day la each dinh
nghTa nhu cau dua vao dich hgc tap (nhu cau dich). No lien quan den hanh vi euoi
ciing hay muc tieu
ciia
viec hgc tap. Cach giai thich thir hai xem cum tir "nhu eau
ngucri
hgc"
co the chi cai ma nguiri hgc can phai lam dc thue hien viec thu dae
ngon ngu:. Day la each dinh nghTa dua vao qua trinh,
litjn
he den nhirng himh \i
chuyen
tic^p
va la phuang
\\bn ciia
hgc tap. Cach giai thich thir nhat thuimg dugc
cac nha giao hgc phap

tic:ng
Anh chuyen nganh img
hc3.
Niem tin ea ban ma quan
diem
niiv
dua vao chinh la tu tuirne phan
tien^
Anh ra thanh cac neu \ uc hav cae
chuyen nganh
ciia
Halliday et al.
(1964)
mil ehiing tcri da de cap a tren. \a theo
ciie
hgc gia nay,
iTic)t
khi cai
ngcHi
ngir ma nguiri hgc se phai hgc dugc \ae dinh \a mo
ta, thi ngi dung mon
here
co
the:
dugc thiet ke vcri
sir
chac
chiin
\ a do tu tin thong
qua viec

iip
dung true tiep
sir mc)
ta nay.
165
Duong hucmg thiet ke ngi dung mon hgc hucrng dich di theo truyen thong da
dugc mgt s6 nha bien soan giao trinh tieng Anh ap dung rgng rai trong
nhihig
nam
1970 va 1980. Su the hien ro rang nhat
ciia
duong hucrng nay dugc phan anh trons
cac cong trinh ve
lira
chgn tir vung dugc diing lam co scr cho cac khoa hgc
ti^ng
Anh theo duong hucrng cau true.
6
day quy trinh ca ban
ciia
no la han
ch^
ngi
dung
ciia
chuang trinh theo cac don vi ngon ngu vao cac tieu chi nhu tan so, pham
vi,
do che
phii,
v.v. - nhirng

tieu
chi dugc diing de xac djnh cai ma nguoi hgc euoi
ciing phai dat dugc tinh theo hanh vi euoi ciing. Cac yeu to nhu tinh co the hgc
ducrc, tinh co the day dugc
ciia
chuong trinh dugc cho la c6 lien he vcri phuang
tien va chi ducrc
viclm
dim nhu la nhimg su xem xet ngau nhien dc thuc hien nhung
thay di)i nho cho viec thiet kc: ngi dung mon hgc.
Mac dii ducrc nhieu nha giao hgc phap ngoai ngir hoan
nghenh,
nhung each
thiet ke nc)i dung
mc'rn
hgc theo ducmg hucrng lay dich lam trung tam nay cung da
chill
khc')ng
it
sir
phe phan. Ngucri dim tien
ehi
ra han ehe eua ducmg hucrng lay nhu
ciiu
ngucri
hc.)c
va muc tieu
mcni hcK
lam can cir de thiet ke ngi dung mon hgc c6
15

la nha
ngc^n
ngir hge ung dung ngucri Anh
Wilkins
( 1976).
1 u\
nh\cn.
sau khi so
thao eae
nguycMi
lae \e
kicMii
soat khi)i tu
\img
trong mo hinh thiet ke ngi dung
khcSa
hoe
tic}ng
Anh eua minh. Wilkins lai eo
mc)t luyen hb
ducmg nhu
trng he)
quan
diem ihiei
ke ehucmg trinh theo hucmg lay dich lam trung tam. Ong viet:
C ai nia
dang
.\a\
ra o da\ la ehiing ta xem hanh
\i

\a kien thirc ngon ngu ma
ehuny
ta du djnh
s^m
sinh trong ngucri hgc cua chiing ta, chiing ta phan tieh cac
thanh
phiin
neon neir
eiia
su the
hien
ngon ngir theo mong muon va tach cac dcm
\
1
eua no. Sau do ehung ta
da>
eac dcm \
i
theo timg mau mcrt de tra lai chinh vi
tri
ina
ehung ta
dii bai
dau (Wilkins.
l^'^b:
5).
vAn de
xuAt hiim
trong phan bac
ciia

Wilkins chong lai ducrng hucrng thiet ke
ub\
dung
mc>n hc>e
dua \ao dieh khong phai la no cho phep cac nhu cau dinh
hucrng
icTi dieh qinci^t
dinh \iee thiet kc}
nc)i
dung khoa hgc ma la kieu cac thanh
166
phan ngdn ngir dugc cu the hda chi
thi
hien mdt phin
ciia
kiln thuc va hanh vi
ngdn ngu ngudi hgc cudi cung ckn phai tilp thu dugc. Ong cho rang cac tieu chi
xac dinh ngi dung mdn hgc theo dudng hudng dua vao nhu cku ngudi hgc va hanh
vi cudi cung dudng nhu hoat ddng tren mdt nguyen tic sai
\km:
chung tach hinh
thirc ngdn
ngir
ra khdi chuc nang cua chiing va do dd phat triln nang luc
ngir
phap
chu khdng phai nang
lire
giao tiep. Tuy nhien. sau khi nghien cuu nhung pham tni
ngij-

phap-ngu nghia (thi du, tkn sd xuk hien,
chuyin
ddng. vi tri) va cac pham tni
thuoc chuc nang giao tiep ngudi hgc
cAn
phai dien dat dugc cu
thi
hda trong
Notional Syllabuses
(NhO-ng
ngi dung mdn hgc theo y niem)
ciia
Wilkins. ngudi ta
van thay nguyen tac cho phep nhu cau hudng tdi dich dl xac dinh ndi dung khda
hgc dugc giu lai nhu la nguyen tac td chuc co ban trong dudng hudng thilt kl ndi
dung khda hgc dua vao y niem
ciia
dng. Doan trich dudi day
the
hicn rd quan dicm
nay:
r
,
Qua trinh quyet dinh day cai gi ducrc dura tren nhinig su xem xet ve cai gi
ngmVi
hgc
CO
the phai giao
ticip mc)t
each co hieu qua bang ngoai ngir. Khi cong \

ic:e
nay
nay ddcrc thiet lap, chiing ta co
the}
quyet dinh eae hinh thirc
phii
hcrp nhat eho
tirng kieu giao tiep la gi. Vice dat ten eho eae dan vi hge lap khcmg phai ehu
>eu
la ngu: nghTa, mac
dii khcMig
co li do tai sao su hien thue hoa eau true
eiing
khong
nen dugc chi ra.
Mc)t
khoa hgc ngoai ngir dai cuong
chinli
no se quan tam Jen
nhirng khai nicm va chirc nang
ci^
kha nang co gia tri rgng 1cm nhat. Tucmg tu.
trong khi mir mgt khoa hge eho ngucri hge ngoai ngu ehu>en biet
hem,
giiri han
ciia
no dugc dat vao cac kieu ngi dung ma hg can de dien dat. khong phai vao so
lucmg cac cau triic hg can phai biet hoac cac tinh huong trong do hg giao
tic}p.
Noi

tom lai,
nc)i
dung
ngc^n
ngir ducre lap ke hoach theo nhimg
>eu
eau \e ngir nghia
ciia
ngucri hgc
(Walkins,
1^)76:
19).
Cai mcri mil Wilkins mucrn ncSi cr doan trich tren the hien a
ehi^
no dinh nghia
lai cac dcm vi
hc)c
tap nhu
lii ^'cac y
niem va cac chirc
niing"
ehu khong phai la eac
c3u
triic. Tuy nhien,
neu
phim tieh kT ngucri ta van
tha\
ehinh
eiie
don \i hge tap

van dugc xem co ngucm
gc'^c
tir himh vi euoi cimg dugc mong mui)n. Ngucri ta \an
th^y thip
thoimg quan
diCm ciia
Halliday et al. (1964) \a
Munb\
(
19'^S)
rang noi
dung chucmg trinh phiii ducrc
xiic
dinh bai eae mue dieh ehu khong
phai bcri qua
167
trinh hgc tap. Viec Wilkins de cap den cum
tii
'"ngucri hgc ngon ngir chuyen
biet"
dua chiing ta tra lai vai tieng
Anh
chuyen nganh. Va a day quan diem
ciia
ong
duang nhu khong khac vcri quan diem
ciia
Halliday et al. (1964).
Vai cac kh6a hgc tieng Anh chuyen nganh, nguoi ta co the cu the
hem

so vai
cac kh6a hgc tieng Anh dai cuang trong viec cu the hoa kieu ngon ngir nao ngucri
hgc euoi ciing phai lam viec va sir dung. Mgt lan nira su khac nhau giira tieng Anh
dai cucrng va tieng Anh chuyen nganh nam a cho kieu ngon ngur nao dugc dac
trung bang
each
nao. Halliday et al. (1964)
nghi
theo kieu tieng Anh
gi
dugc sir
dung va noi ve
"cac kic}u ngc'rn ngir
han
dinh"
hay
""cac
ngir vuc chuyen biet". Do
di),
moi quan tam
ciia
hg dugc dat vao cac hinh thirc ngon ngir ma
sir
tac dgng cua
no
CC)
the ducre dimg de xac dinh nhirng
bit}n
the khac nhau
ciia

each sir dung tieng
Anh. Milt khac,
W
ilkins
(1976)
lai
nghi
theo
ciich tic}ng
Anh ducrc sir dung nhu the
nao de
the}
hien
ciic
y
nicMn
va su the hien cac chirc nang ma anh huirng
ciia
no co
the:
ducre su dung dc:
xiie
chnh eae bien
the}
khac nhau cua
vic}c
su dung tieng Anh.
(,)uan
dicMii
cua

I lalliday (7
al
i/biJ
} dim den
\ic}e
mc") ta
bitrn
the ngcm ngii nhu la
ng(')n han duoc dmh nghia la each ma
mc")l ngc')n
ngir eu the nao do ducrc the hien
khi no dugc
diil
\ao eae mue
dieh
eu the.
\*cVi each nhin
na\.
nhirng nhan dinh ve
tan
sc^
xiiiil
hien eua thuat ngir. eua dang bi
dc^ng
hay cua cae
dc")ng
tu tinh thai
trong ngir
\ire lic}ng
Anh khoa hge la nhirng nhan dinh lien quan

dc}n
ngon ban.
Ngucre lai. quan
d'xcm
eua Wilkins dan den \ iec
mc^
tii
bien the ngon ngir nhu la
sir
figon
ban hoa. dugc
dinh
nghTa la each ma mgt ngi)n ngir eu
ihc
hien thuc hoa cac
v
ni(}m
\a ehue nimg
eiia
mc)t kieu ngi>n ban eu the.
\'a
\cri
each
nhin
ciia
Wilkins,
nhirng
nhiiii
dinh \e
\\cc

dang bi
dc^ng ha>
eae
dc^ng
tir tinh thai trong tieng Anh
dugc dung de hucvng dan each phim
tieh
\a
giai
thieh khoa hgc la nhirng nhan dinh
\e vice
m:c">n
ban hoa
troui:
tienii
\nh eua
m^ibn
ban khoa hgc.
168
Cng
vdi hai quan diem tren, chiing ta cd hai
each
md ta mdt
biln thi
tiing Anh
cy
the dugc xac djnh nhu la dich cudi ciing cua mgt nhdm ngudi hgc cu
thi.
Cach
thu nhat md ta

bien
the ngdn ngu nhu la mdt ngG vuc: dilu nay bao edm viec tao
ra
nhiJmg
nhan dinh ve
nhiJng
dac tinh hinh thuc cua nd nhu la mdt kilu ngdn ban
tieng Anh (chi tiet ve khai niem
ngir
vuc, xin xem Muc 5.3). Cach thir hai mo ta
bien
th^
ngon
ngiJ
nhu la phuang thirc himg bien:
di^u
nay bao g6m viec thuc hien
nhirng su ke khai each ngon ban hoa tieng Anh cua mgt
ki^u
ngon ban, cua mgt
phuang thirc giao tiep. Chinh viec chap nhan phuang thirc mo ta thir hai ma Louis
Trimble va nhirng cgng
sir ciia
ong da co nhirng d6ng gop rk dang
kl
va ducmg
nhu
CO
it
sir

hoai nghi rang day la
each
co
Icri nc}n
di theo, giai thich cho chirc nang
giao tiep
ciia
ngon ngu Han
nira,
each
mo ta nhu vay co the dugc sir dung de vien
dan cho cac khia canh phuang phap
ciia
cac mon hgc chuyen mon va vi vay co the
phii
irng vai ducmg hucrng
thic^t
ke ngi dung
khcSa
hoc hucrng tcri qua trinh. 0 day
CO
the nhan dinh rang cho
dii
chimg ta co mo ta ngcm ban hay each ngon ban hoa,
theo
ngir
vuc hay theo
phc^p hiing
bien, va neu chiing ta cho rang su mc") ta ngcm
ngii"

ciia
chiing ta phai xac dinh true tiep
nc)i
dung
khcSa
hgc thi trong ea hai
truerng
hcrp chiing ta
dciu
chap nhan duirng hucrng hucrng tai
quii
trinh trong
thic^t
ket
nc)i
dung mon
hcK vii
dat trgng tam vao muc dich
hem
la vao phuang
ticlm.
Theo Widdowson
(1987),
neu chimg ta cho
phc^p
viec
mc^
ta ngon ngir ma
ngucri hgc ducrc cho la se dat ducre dc: quyet dinh
nc)i

dung
mem
hge. cho du dieu
nay dugc thuc
hicim
theo hinh thirc ngon ngir hay ehue nang giao tiep. thi chirng ta
gia dinh ve
sir
can bang giira day va hgc; nghTa
lii,
nhung
nc)i
dung ducre hgc phai
ducrc day
mc)t ciich re") riing
va
hicMi
ngcm. Ay the nhung. Widdowson (Ibid.) nhan
manh, tat ca chiing ta dcu
bici
rimg ngucri hgc eo xu
hucVng
kho chiu doi \ai hanh
dgng
dc}c
lap va sc thucrng xuyen di theo nhirng
mini
thirc hge tap rieng eua ho
bin
chip nhirng mau thirc giang day

iip
dat vao hg. Nhirng
sir
the hien eua su lu khiing
dinh
thircmu
ducrc
diic truna bhm
ICM.
Chinh
ihuiit nm7 na> ehi
ra rang chimg ta
169
giai thich nhirng su the hien nay nhu la nhirng chimg cu ngucri hgc hgc it han
nhirng gi hg dugc day, va phan img thuang xuyen
ciia
chiing ta la co ging
Idy
lai
sir
can bang bang viec day nhieu
hem.
Nhung tat nhien chiing ta cung co
thi
xem
nhirng su the
hi?n
nay nhu la chimg cir ngucri hgc hgc nhieu han
nhung
gi hg dugc

day. Nhu da dugc cong nhan rgng rai hien nay, mac
dii
nhimg dac diem nay
ciia
ngon ngir ngucri hgc c6 the chi ra su that bai
ciia
day hgc the hien a cho chung di
chech khoi chuan hien tai, nhung chimg cung la nhirng chimg cir ve kha nang phat
trien cac qua trinh hoc sang tao rieng
ciia
ngucri hgc.
Phe phan hai each thiet ke ngi dung mon hgc
ciia
Halliday et al. (1964) va cua
Wilkins
(1976),
Widdowson (1987) chi ra rang phuang trinh su pham ma ducmg
hucrng djnh hucrng tcri dich dua vao la sai lam, bcri vi hai ve
ciia
phuang trinh ve
ccr ban thuc)c hai kic}u khac nhau. Ve giang day co the ducrc xem nhu la mgt kieu
san
phiim,
mc)t tap hcrp
ciic
dcm vi hinh thue va chirc
niing
ducrc chira dung trong
cliui
nhu la

kicMi
tlure. Ngucrc lai. \e hgc tap ci) the ducre the
hic}n
nhu la mc)t kieu
qua trinh,
mc)t tiip
hcrp eae
ehicMi
lucre de hic}u y nghia. "Irong lcrp hgc dieu thucmg
xiiv
ra la nguiri
da\
ec")
gang hien qua trinh
eiia
ngucri hgc thanh
siin
pham va ngucri
hge lai
cc'i
gang bien san
phiim
eua ngucri da\ thanh qua
trinh''
(Widdowson 1987:
99).
Ngucri da\
ec*^
gang bin ngucri hoc dua dir lic}u ngon ngu \ao kho chira trong
khi

nmrcri
hoe
lai
ec^
W\cn
no thanh
nium lucrnu
de thiic da\ cac chien luoe thu dac
ngc")n
ngir
ricMig
eua hg.
Do do,
miiu tluiim
ecr ban ducrc tao ra giira cai ma nguiri hge can lam trong khi
hoe \a
eiii
ma ho eim phai dat ducre sau khi hge. Duimg hucmg thiet ke noi dung
mc'>n
hge hucrng
toi dieh diit
trgng
tiim
\ao ni)i dung thu hai va dieu sai lam a day
la gia dinh eho rang cai ma nguai hoe
eiin
dat dugc phai dugc day mgt each
true
tic}p.
Miui lluiim

eo
the}
nhan ra
nga>
trong tinh huong nay la trong khi co gang ap
170
dat san pham cua minh vao ngudi hgc, ngudi day vd hinh trung lai can trd chinh
qua trinh giup ngudi hgc dat dugc san
ph4m
cudi ciing ky.
5.3.2.
Dircmg hirong
lay qua trinh lam trung tam
Bd sung cho hai dudng hudng thiet ke ndi dung mdn tiing Anh d tren,
Widdowson (1987) da de xuat mdt dudng hudng thilt kk ndi dung mdn tiing Anh
chuyen nganh mdi. Dudng hudng nay, theo dng, bac bd phuong trinh su pham va
chap nhan ngay tir dau rang du lieu ngdn ngCr cung cap cho ngudi hgc se khdng
dugc bao tdn trong kho
dir lieu ciia
ngudi hgc mot
each
nguyen ven ma se dugc
sir
dung giong nhu thoc lam chat lieu cung cap cho nha may xay tinh than. Theo
Widdowson
{Ibid.),
ngi dung ngon
ngir
dugc
lira

chgn khong phai vi no dai dien
cho cai ma ngucri
hc)c
se phiii xir li sau khi ket thiic mcrn hgc ma bai vi
nc)
cc)
the}
kich hoat cac chien luge hgc tap trong khi
mem hcK
dang dien ra. Do
dc),
trim
nguyen tac nguiri ta co the xem
mem
hgc tieng Anh chuyen nganh chira dung rat it
diJ
lieu ngon
ngir
co quan
he
vcri muc dich
chuyc}n bic}t mc^t
khi cai ngon ngu ma
no thuc
sir
chira dung co hieu qua trong
\\cc
phat trien kha nang dat ducre mue
dich chuven biet sau khi
kc}t

thiic
^iiine
dav. Tuv nhien,
Widdowson
luu v
ranu
trong thuc te kieu ngon
ngir he")
trg nay thuirng tuong irng chat ehe trong
nu)t
so
khia canh vcri kieu
ngon
n^tr
cho mue dich chuven biet bcri \
i
kha
niine tucmu irmz
giOra
cai ma ngucri hgc can ngcm ngir va cac
each
ma hg thu nhan no. Diem
na\
ec^
lien he chat chc vai quan sat ma chinh Widdowson thue
h\cn
\ e su quan
\cu tic}m
tang
ciia

viec mo ta theo thuat
hiing
bien
ciia
bien the ngcm ngir. Neu ehiing ta
tranh
vice
trinh bav ncri
dun^
ciic tiic
pham \ im hoe eho
nhirmz
sinh \
ic}n
klioa hge
va cdng nghe ma muc dich
ciia
hg la dgc cac giao trinh va cac bai bao khoa hoc \c
nhirng chuyen nganh cua hg, thi dd
khc)ng
phai la vi cac tac pham \ an hoc khong
cd igi cho sinh
vien
cac
chuycMi
nganh khoa hgc va cdng
nghe
ma la
\i
chung ta

171
xet thay chung khong thu
hiit sir
himg
thii
va kich boat cac chiln luge hgc tap cua
nhurng
sinh vien nay, va vi vay se khong co chirc nang ho trg.
O day cd the thay trong khi dudng hudng thiet ke ndi dung mdn hgc hudng
dich (dudng hudng cua Halliday et al 1964 va
ciia
Wilkins. 1976) dat trgng tam
vao viec lua chgn ngdn
ngOr
lien quan den cac dich cudi ciing
ciia
su hgc tap, cho
phep cac phuomg tien dugc dat ra khdng theo
thi
thuc. dudng hudng thilt kl
npi
dung mdn hgc theo qua trinh lai dat trons tam vao viec trinh bav
nsdn ns.\j
trone
men
lien
he
viri cac phuang
tic^n
hgc lap va cho phep cac muc dich ma nguiri hgc

dat dugc thcmg qua viec thuc thi kha nang ma hg da thu dugc. Ducmg hucrng
thilt
ke
nc)i
dung dua vao dich
mem
hgc cho rang
vice
hoan thanh giang day
mcjt
mon
hc,)c
danh
diiu
su hoan thanh
ciia
su hoc tap va tat ca
nhurm ui
duac de lai de
nsucri
hc)c phai lam la ap dung kien thirc ci) san. Ngugc lai, ducmg hucrng
thit}t
ke ngi
dunu
mc^n
hoc dua vao
quii
trinh cho
rane
hoc se

ti(}p
tuc sau khi
eianii
dav ket
lluie hcri vi
muc dich cua giang day chmh la de phat trien kha nang
hcK
tap
ciia
nmrcri hoc: ehinh no
khcnm
hien thue hc')a bat ki mue dich chuven biet nao ma lai
cung cap eho ngucri hge
tieMii
nimg eho
sir
hien thue hc)a
ciia
nc).
Nhu dii trinh
ba\.
neu di theo
ducmu huanu
thiet ke nc)i
dun^
huc>ns
tcri dich
tiii ngucri
la eim phai xem xet phucrng hucmg tir eac mo hinh mo ta
ngc'')n

ngir bcri vi
ciie
mb hinh
na> qu>et
dinh
\ic}c
xac dinh
neu
dung. Ngugc lai. neu di theo ducmg
hucriiL:
ihiei
ke
IU'M
dung hucrng tcri qua trinh
thi
ngucri thiet ke ehi phai quan tam
den eae
khia
canh lien quan den \ iec
ngucTi
ta hgc ngoai
ngii
nhu
the}
nao. Da
c6
nhieu
ec'Mig
trinh \iet \e
ehii

dc
na>.
nhung khuc)n khi)
ciia
chuang
na\
khong cho
phep cluing
loi
tnnh
ba\
lai nhirng
nc)i
dung
ciia
chiing. Dieu ma chiing toi thay
cim
liim cV
dii\
la diem lai
mc)t si>
ducmg hucrng thiet ke ngi dung mon
hQC
tir quan
diem li
thu\c}t de y thue ducrc
sir
da dang va phirc tap
ciia
van de

mc3t
khi chimg ta
thue su mnbn co nhirng cimg trinh nghien eiru \'a phiit trien cac khoa hge tieng
172
Anh khdng chuyen
phii
hgp va cd y nghTa trong mdi trudng ngoai
ngir,
mdt mdi
trudng ma dudng nhu ngudi hgc khdng cd nhu cku giao tilp
true
tilp bing tiing
Anh, ke ca tieng Anh chuyen nganh.
5.3.3.
Dircrng
hirang lay hoc lam trung tam
Cach tiep can thir ba trong thiet ke ngi dung mon hgc la ducmg hucrng
lAy
hgc
lam trung tam (learning-centred approach - LCA) do Hutchinson & Waters (2005)
phat trien. Theo Hutchinson & Waters
{Ibid.),
qua trinh
thiat
k^
mon hgc
15y
ngucri
hgc hay ngon
ngir

lam trung tam thuc
hic}n
mgt
m6i
lien he cang true
ti6p
cang
tcSt
giOa
phan tich tinh hucrng dich vcri ngi dung
ciia
mon hgc
tic}ng
Anh chuyen
nganh. No bat dau tir ngucri hgc, nhirng nhu cau
ciia
hg, va nhu
va\
hg chi ducrc sir
dung de ngucri thiet ke nc)i dung xac dinh cac tinh huimg dich. Ducmg hucrng
thicjt
ke
nc)i
dung
mc^m
hgc lay ngucri hge lam trung
tiim
ducrc dua tren nguyen
tiic
eho

rang nc)i dung
here
hoan toan do nguiri
here
quyet dinh. Ngugc lai \ c'ri ducrng hucrng
thiet ke ngi dung
mbn
hgc lay ngucri hoc lam trung tam. ducrng huirng thiet ke
nc^i
dung mon hc)c lay hgc
liim
trung tam eho rang trong khi
thic}t
ke
nc3i
dung, nguai
thiet ke phiii nhin vucrt ra khcri nimg
lue
giiip ngucri hgc cb the thue hien ducre. bcri
vi,
Hutchinson & Waters {Ibid.) giai thieh, cai ma ehiing ta thue su muon kham
pha khcmg phai la niing
lire
ma la \'\cc ngucri hgc thu
diie
nimg luc di) nhu the nao.
Dua vao nhung ccr sir li luan
niu,
Hutchinson Si Waters
(2005)

da phiit trien mgt
mo hinh thiet
ke nc)i
dung mon hoc ma ho
uoi
la mb hinh "lax hoe lam
trun*^
tiim"".
Ducrnu hircrnu
lav hoc
liim truniz tiim trons
thiet ke noi dune
mem
hoc
ciia
Hutchinson
&
Waters ci)
n^uc^n
uc^e
tir dim
nhirm:
niim
1^80
(Hutchinson &
Waters 1981) khi mgt
sc")
giao
vicMi
da\ tieng Anh

ehiit \iin "^u
phat tnen
nga>
cang tang
eiia
nhung giao dieu trong
da\
tic}ng
Anh ehu>en nganh" \a
tc^
ra thieh
ducmg hucrng thay the
hern
dua
trc}n "su tini
hieu
eiie
qua
Irinh
hge
tieng".
1
ap luan
ring
ticimg
Anh
chuyc}n
ngimh da di sai ducrng
tro^^g^hi
giai qu\et

*"kho
the
hien
o
173
ngur
dich"
(target
perfomiance
repertoire) bo qua cac
chidn luge
giai thich co
ban,
hg da tim kiem mgt duong hucrng thay the trong do "tat ca cac
quy^t
dinh
liea
quan den ngi dung va phuang
phap"
deu dua vao nhirng li do hgc tap cua nguai
hgc''
(chi tiet hom, xin xem Hutchinson & Waters 2005).
Ke tir khi ra
dai,
ducmg hucrng lay hgc lam trung tam cung da chiu nhieu
sir
phe phan. Theo Tickoo (1987), co hai li do khien cho lay hgc lam trung tam khong
the trcr thanh ducmg hucrng thay the cho cac ducmg hucrng day tieng Anh dugc
phat trien tir truac nhirng nam 1980. Thir nhat, nhirng diem manh
ciia

no nam
o
khau thiet ke chucrng trinh
lic}n
quan den
Ucng
Anh nhu la ngcrn ngir thir hai co
muc tieu chung
khc")ng
nhieu hom tieng Anh chuyen nganh. Ong khang dinh rang
hau
het
nhirng
siin
phiim cc) the sir dung dugc
ciia
no hoac hoan toan khong mcri
hoac khc')ng dc} phan
bic}t mc)t
each de dang tu nhirng san pham cua tieng Anh
nhir
la ngc")n ngfr thir
hai/
tieng Anh nhu la mi)t ngoai ngir
(HSLEFL).
Thir hai, cr cho
nao
nc)
khiie \c'ri nhirng
phai kicMi

khiie trcmg tic}ng Anh ehu\c}n nganh, thi ni)
chii
\eu khac bang ciich
loai
bo nhirng each dien dat va cac xu hucmg mang tinh tien
hcSa
\a dua den nhung
eiui
hoi lien quan dim ban
ehiit
cua tic}ng Anh
ehu\en
nganh.
(^)iian
diem
eho rang
lieMig
Anh
ehu\en
nganh
khcnig
can hoac khcmg nen
phy
IIUU'K-
\ao lu lieu "dieh thue*" dim den \iee
men
si) ngi dung ducrc thiet ke chi \ay
dung tnnh do he mat \a bo qua nang
lire
siiu.

mac du hai
binh
dien nay dugc chi ra
la eo quan he chat ehe
\cri
nhau. \a do di) eac khoa hgc dua tren ducrng hucrng lay
hoe
him
trung tam kho eo the la
mc^t
ducmg hucrng
tha>
the cac ducmg hucrng day
tieng Anh chuyen nganh thinh hanh tu nhirng
niim
1960 cua the ki
trucre a
cac
nucVe
noi
tiiMig
.Anh.
dae biet la o nuac
.Anh
noi sinh ra no.
174