Nghiên cứu phát triển hệ thống các nhóm nội dung và phương pháp giảng dạy, nâng cao năng lực tiếng anh cho sinh viên đại học và học viên cao học ở Đại học Quốc gia hà nội

CHL^ONG
6
NGHIEN
ClTU
DE XUAT
NHOiM
NOI DUNG CAC MON
Hgc
TIENG ANH KHONG CHUYEN
O
DAI
HgC
QLOC
GIA HA NOI
6.1.
Dan luan
Muc dich
ciia
chuang nay la nghien cim dc: xuat nhom ngi dung cac mon hgc
tieng Anh khc")ng chuyen b Dai hgc Quire gia Ha Ngi. De bat ddu, chiing toi
s^
trinh bav
mc")t
sc") van de dat ra
den
vcri cac quan
dic:m
dav tienu Anh khong chuven
cr Dai hoe
(,)uc")e
gia

llii
Nc)i.
Sau do dua
viio
nhung ccr scr da trinh bay trong cac
Chucrng 3, 4,
vii
5, chimg
tc")i
se de xuat cac cap dg thcmg thao trong tieng Anh
khc'')ng
chuyen cr Dai hoe
QucV
gia
lla
Nc)i, lay
'^dai
ngcrn phcr lien
tuc"
lam khai
nic}m
ehu
ehcM
dc:
mc^)
ta
vii
eu the hoa
nhirnu nc^i
dunu chinh veu

ciia
time giai
doan hge tap irong dai
ngc")n
pho
lic:n
tue. Tiep theo dc'>. dua vao thcri lucmg dugc
phim ho eho lieng Anh klu)ng ehu\en cr ba bae
dai
hge, cao hge, va tien
sia
D^i
hgc
(,)uc)e
gia
1
la
Nc)i,
cluing
li'>i se
de xuat
he:
thcmg cac mcrn hgc tieng Anh khong
chuven
o Dai
hgc
(,)ui)e
gia lla
NVM,
giai thieh

li
do
tai
sao lai lua chon mi)n hgc va
trinh
bii)
tom tiit
nc")i
dung cua tung
mc")n
hge trong mi)i giai doan hge tap. Chi tiet
eua nhirng nb\ dung na\
ducre
trinh ba\ trong nhirng mue ducri day.
6.2. i\lgt si)
\an
de dat ra dcu voi cac quan diem day tieng
.\nh
khong chuyen
o
Dai hgc
Quiie
j;ia
Ha
>gi
Nhu da
irmh
ba\ trong Chucrng 5, Mue 5.2, mcri quan diem day tieng Anh
khc^n^
ehuxcMi

deu eo li do
tc'>n lai eiia
no. Tuv nhien, neu
nuhien
ciru van de sau
90
hom nguai ta se thay rang moi quan
di^m d6u
co nhiing kho khan phai duong dku.
Neu chi day
ngij
vuc dai cuong thi chac chin khong phai la muc dich giang day
tieng Anh 6 moi truong dai hoc. Nhirng nguoi chu truang day
ti^ng
Anh dai
cuang se bi chat van ve muc tieu day tiing Anh nhu la mot ngoai
ngCr
a cac
truone
dai hoc Viet Nam. Han nira, ddi
tugng
hoc
ti^ng
Anh khong phai la nhung nguai
hgc de giao tiep hang ngay ma la
nhiJng
sinh vien dai hoc. hoc vien cao hoc, va
nghien ciru sinh. Ho hoc tieng Anh dk nang cao trinh do chuyen mon cua minh, dk
sau nay lam viec vai chuyen mon bang
ti^ng

Anh chu khong phai chi hoc dk giao
tiep thong
thuomg.
Trong trao doi thong tin hkng ngay, phuang tien giao
tiC^p
huu
hieu hon cua ho c6 le la tieng Viet (tru
nhiJng
nguai dang
lam
viec a cac co quan
doi ngoai hoac a cac van phong dai dien cua cac cong ti nuac ngoai lien doanh vai
Viet Nam). Chi vai hai y kien phan hicn tren cung du
khSng
dinh
rang
chu truong
chi day tieng Anh dai cuang a bac dai hoc sc kho co cho dung \ ung
chfic.
Ouan diem dav
tienii
Anh dai
cuanu kcl
han vai dav
ticnu
Anh
chuven neanh
trong do day tieng Anh dai cucrng trucre, day tieng Anh chuven nganh sau eiing
lii
quan diem

thic}u thuyc^t
phuc
hern
bcri vi nc) khcmg ci) eo scr khoa hgc virng chiic.
Chua ccr ecrng trinh nghien
niio
ehi ra riing hgc
tic:ng
Anh dai cucrng de
hem
hgc
tieng Anh
chuyc:n
ngimh,
diic
bic:t la cr bac dai hge. Cai kho cr
da\
duimg nhu la
kho vcri ngucri day chir khong phai khcr viri ngucri hge. Nhu da de cap trong
Chucmg 4, Muc 4.3.5,
ngucTi
day tieng Anh b cac truimg dai hge
Vic:t
Nam ducre
diio
tao dc: dav tiens Anh dai
eucrnu
hav tienu Anh chuven, vai tu each la mcrt
nganh
here

chir khcmg
pbiii
vcri tu each
lii
mc)t mcrn hgc, nhung phucmg phap
\ii
thu
thuat ma hg sir dung chi
phii
hcrp vcri day tiimg Anh dai cucrng
v
a mcri truirng giao
i\ep
dircrc tao ra thucrng nhu the
lii mc^i
truirng giao
tit:p
ban ngir.
Hubc
sang
linh
v\rc
tieng Anh chuyen ngimh, hg thay kho
khc^ng
nhirng ve nhirng ncri dung giang
day ma ccm
v^
phircrng
pbiip
giang day.

Flon
nira, \e
nc^i
dung giang
da\-
nhieu
nha giao hge phap
tic:ng
Anh chuyen nganh. ke ea nhirng ngucri ung hi) eho
dci}
191
tieng Anh chuyen nganh nhu Phillips
& Shenlesworth
(1987), Crabbe (1994). va
Khoo (1994b)
da cong nhan rang ducmg nhu nguai hoc
bi^t nhi^u hem
nauai dav
mot cai gi do di ngugc lai vcri quan niem ve
'thdy"
va
'"tro"
trong van hoa A Dong
noi chung va van hoa Viet Nam noi rieng.
Quan diem day tieng Anh chuyen nganh thoat nghe rat hap
dan,
tucjng chimg
nhu
lii
mgt ducmg hucrng day tieng Anh hira hen, mot vien

thu6c
thap toan dai bo
CO
the ciru ducrc can
b<:nh
tram kha ma ke tir khi co day va hgc ngoai ngu ngucri ta
da
"liing
phi thcri gian de day nhirng gi nguai hgc kbcrng cdn" (Strevens 1988: 1),
dap irng dugc nhCrng nhu cau thuc
sir ciia
nguai hgc thuge cac chuyen nganh khac
nhau. Tuy nhien,
bucre
vao thuc tien, nhic:u vdn de phirc tap nay sinh va ducmg
nhu khcmg the giai quyet ducre trong do ba van dc: sau day la nb\ bat. Thir nhdt,
nhieu giao vien day tieng Anh khcmg
chuyCm
da tir lau dirng y rang nhirng khoa
hoe
lic}nu
Anh
elui\eMi bicii
eho tung
V\eu
db\ tucrng nguiri hgc a bac dai hgc la
dieu
ea ngucri day
vii
ngucri

hc.>c
mong mucm. nhung chiing lai khcmg de co dugc vi
nhung li do kinh te:
ihieM
ke
nc">i
dung va phat trien tu lieu (viet giao trinh) giang
da\ la luu
ecMig
doan kho khim.
tcni
kcmi,
vii
nhiim ngucri ngai lam nhung lai khong
ducre quan
liim ihoa
dimg. Won nira. khi tu lieu giang da\ ducre bien soan va
d^r
dinh
dua ra
in
im, neu khong duge bao
eiip tin khcuig
nha xuat ban nao muon in an
phiim
eluiNcn
h\ci
na\.
ben
\i ho thucrng can mcrt su bao dam chac chan rang so

lugng
nginri
hge su dung giao tnnh do
phai
du
Ic'rn
de
"be")"
vai cong viec ddu tu.
1 hir
hai,
dc
bien
soan ducre
mi)t
eui)n giao trinh tieng Anh, dac biet la tieng
Anh
chuven ngiinh phan anh dung ducre nhirng nhu can
eiia
eae do\ tucrng ngucri
hex
elui\en
hiei,
ngucri
biiMi
soan
hoiie phai
tiim hanh nghien eiru nghic:m
tiic
hoac phai

dua \ao
ec'nig
trinh nghien eiru
eiui
mgl ai db \e phdn tieh chi tiet nhirng nhu cau
cluiNcn hiei
eua nhom ngucri hge do la gi. Cong viec nav, theo nhieu nha nghien
euu
(thi
du.
llallida>
ct al
1^)M.
Wilkins
1976,
Munby 1978, Phillips &
Slieiulesworih
h>S^,
llulehin>c>n
A:
Waters 2U05)
rdt it neucri co kinh nghiem va
192
thai gian de co the lam
dugc.
Thu ba, thuc tk day va hoc
ti^ng
Anh chuyen nganh
a cac truang dai hoc Viet Nam noi chung (xem Chuang 2) va a Dai hoc
Qu6c

gia
Ha Noi noi rieng cho
thAy rang
giao vien tiing Anh
dugc
dao tao tiing Anh dai
cuang khong the day dugc tieng Anh chuyen nganh. Li do la vi noi
din
tiing Anh
chuyen nganh la phai noi den nhung ngi dung chuyen nganh
thi
hien qua tiing
Anh, va khi mgt nguai khong biet chuyen nganh thi khong
thi
noi nguai do co
thi
giao tiep vai
nhiJng
nguai khac ve chuyen nganh ky, tham chi trong tiing me de
ciia
hg. Hon niia, nghien cuu ve chuang trinh mon hoc va tu lieu
sianc
dav
tiln^^
Anh khong chuyen a Dai hgc
Qu6c
gia Ha Ngi cho ihky hdu
hit
ngi dung cac dk
cuang mon hgc deu ducrc viet dua vao ngi dung

ciia mc5t
so giao trinh do ngucri
nucrc ngoai bien soan va hau nhu toan bg giao trinh chiing ta dang sir dung deu la
nhirng giao trinh do ngucri nucrc ngoai bien soan dugc lua chgn lam tu
lic:u
giang
day cho sinh
vicSn
dai hc)C va hgc vien cao hgc, ma vic:c
liim na>
khcmg ducre dua
tren bat ki ca ccr li luan
ciia
li
thuyc:t
phat trien tu lieu giang day nao. Ket qua la,
nguai day kho day, ngucri hgc kho hgc, day
kc^m
chat lucrng va hgc thieu hieu
quii.
No li giai tai sao
trucrm^
Dai hoc Bach khoa Ma
Nb'i
lai
kbcrng
su
dumi
uiao
vien

tieng Anh day ticng Anh chuyen nganh cr bae sau dai hgc (xem Chucrng 2. Mue
2.3.4),
truerng F)ai here
Su pham
llii
Ncri lai de lai mcrt thcri lucrng
75
tiet tieng
.Anh
a bac dai
here
cho giao
viCm
cac khoa chuyen ngiinh "biet tieng
.\nh"
dav \ a diem
mon
here
lai ducrc tinh la
dic^m ciia
mon
here
chuv en ngimh
v
a den bac sau dai
here
lai sir dung mcrt giao trinh khoa hgc dai cuang
(mc^t
giai phap tinh the khirng cb
can cir khoa hgc)

lii
English Jor Science and
Technology-
(Tic:ng Anh eho khoa hge
va cong nghe) de day eho hgc vic:n cao hgc thucrc tat
eii
cac
ehu>en
nganh (xem
Chucrng 2, Mue 2.3.5), va Dai
here Qucrc
gia Ha Ngi (va hau het eac trucmg dai
hcie
va cao diing cr Vic:t Nam) lai phan tieng Anh thimh hai giai doan
(khc^ng
ec') quan
he gi vc'ri nhau trong thuc
the:)
nhu the giai doan trucre do hge
hern
giai doan sau:
tieng Anh dai cucrng va
ti(:ng
Anh
chuyCm
ngiinh c'r ca hai bac dai hge
\
a eao hoe
va
d6n

bae
ti^n
sT lai bien ba tin chi
tiene
Anh thiinh mbn tu hoe trong do nghien
193
cim sinh va can bg hucrng dan phai ciing nhau tu lo lieu ve tu lieu dgc va dich, va
phong/Tcboa
sau dai hgc quan li va to chirc kiem tra mon hgc. Hai cdu hoi noi len a
day la:
'Tai
sao vai chi khoang 600 - 700 tiet len lcrp danh cho ca ba bac hgc dai
hgc,
cao hgc, va tien
si,
ma nganh tieng Anh lai tu minh lam kho minh, chay theo
nhirng do
tucDTig
ma chinh minh cung khong bao gia thuc
hic^n
dugc?''
va "Tai sao
day tieng Anh khong chuyen lai tu phirc tap boa them birc tranh giang day tieng
Anh von da phirc tap
ciia
chinh minh?". Den ddy, mgt cdu hoi thuc tien nira xuat
hien; do la:
"Neu
cir cho la tieng Anh chuyen nganh co
Igi

cho nguai hgc, thi
trong so
31
nganh hgc cr bac cir nhdn (trong
mc3t
so nganh lai cb he tai nang hoac
he chat
lucrnii
cao,
mc'rt
sir mzanh co he 16
^
23),
115
chuven
nsdnh
a bac thac sT
(trong di)
CC)
mcrt so chuyc:n nganh co he 16
+
23) va 105 chuyen nganh tien
si,
lieu
chiing ta cc) the thiet ke ducrc ncri dung gidng day (de cuang mcrn hgc) va phat trien
ducrc tu lieu giiing day hay vic:t ducrc giao trinh cho sinh vien dai hgc, hgc vien cao
hge va nghien ciru sinh tat ca eac nganh va chuyen nganh thuge nhirng bac
hc?c
khac nhau khong'/"
Ciiu

tra loi ehae chan la
"Khcmg".
Vay "1 ieng Anh khong
chuven se
phai
ducre quan niem va ti) ehire nhu the nao de ngucri
hcK
co the
hc?c
ducre
mc~)t
each
ec)
hieu qua
nhiit.
ngucri day ci) kha nimg phat huv ti)t nhat nang
li;c
ducre
thira
hucmg cua minh trong eae khu \ue nhu thiet ke de cucrng mcrn hgc va
phai trii-n lir lien
giang
da>,
su dung the manh eua minh
dii
ducre dao tao ve
phucrnu
phap giang day va, quan trgng ban, dap irng duge nhirng yeu cdu
ciia
nha

quan li: tao tinh lien thi)ng mcrn tieng Anh trong
teran
bc^
cae dcm vi true thuge Dai
hge
Quc^e gia
Ha
Ncri'.*".
Cau hoi nay se ducre chiing toi tra
Icri
trong nhirng muc
ducri
diiv.
194
6.3.
Cac cap
d9
thong thao tieng Anh khong chuyen
a
Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha
Npi:
Mo hinh dai ngon pho lien tuc
6.3.1.
Dan luan
Nguai hoc tieng Anh khong chuyen a Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Noi hoc
d^
dat
dugc
sir
thong thao ve cac

kT
nang ngon ngu nhu phat am, ngu phap, tu vung va
v^
cac kT nang giao tiep nhu doc, viet, noi va nghe. Nguai day
ti^ng
Anh khong
chuyen a Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi truyen thu nhung
ki^n
thuc ngon ngu va ren
luyen nhung
kT
nang giao
tiSp cin
thilt cho nguai hoc de ho kham pha ra su hung
thu trong hoc tieng Anh va nen van hoa cac nuac noi
tiing
Anh.
Dl
giup nguai
hpc
va nguai day dat dugc nhung muc dich nay, muc tieu day hgc can phai dugc
xac djnh ro rang. Trong mgt thai gian qua dai, nguai hgc tiing Anh khong chuyen
a bac dai hgc noi chung va a Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi noi rieng dugc danh gia
bang
"thai gian ngoi trong lap" chu khong phai bang viec hg the hien thuc su nhu
the ndo trong giao tiep bang tieng Anh. Neu viec day va hgc tieng Anh la nham
muc dieh giao tiep va de dat dugc hieu qua
euoi
ciing, thi viec day tieng Anh b bac
dai hgc (ca tieng Anh chuyen va tieng Anh khong chuyen) phai tinh den nhirng gi

ngucri hgc da hgc dugc truac do. Dieu nay co nghia la mgt chuang trinh day tieng
Anh cr bac dai hgc phai the hien tinh lien thong
giu:a
cac bac hgc va phai tu xem
minh la
sir
ke tiep cua cac chuong trinh gidng day tieng Anh tir trung hge ca
sb
va
trung hgc pho thcmg
hic^n
hanh. Dong
thcji
cac bac danh gia cung phai dugc xac
dmh ro cho nhirng ngucri hgc bat dau hgc a nbirng thai diem cu the trong chuang
trinh va tiep tuc hgc tiep trong nhiing giai doan sau. Hieu qua giang day dugc do
khong phai chi biing lugng thiri gian hgc tren
Icjp
ma con bang kha nang cua ngucri
hgc the hien trong cac kT nang giao tiep
dgc,
viet, nghe va noi. Huong tcri nhimg
dich thuc
\k
do, trong khi
nghic^n
cim de xuat he thong ncri dung cac mon hgc tieng
Anh khong chuyen cr Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, chiing toi xem
quii
trinh ngucri hgc

195
hgc tieng Anh Hen tuc tir bac trung hgc ca sa den tiln sT nhu la mgt dai lien tuc.
Chung toi ggi qua trinh ke tiep nhau nay la dai ngon pho lien tuc. Dai ngon
ph6
lien tuc, trong quan niem
ciia
chung toi, mieu ta nhung gi nguoi hgc da
biit.
dang
biet va se biet. Theo do, chung toi se trinh bay mgt mo hinh bao gom cac giai
do^
tien
bg trong qua trinh hgc tieng Anh. Tuy nhien, can phai nhdn manh rang nhirng
lcrp hgc cu the khac nhau co the anh huong den ket qud hgc tap cua
ngucri
hgc a
bat ki giai doan nao. Theo cac nha gido hgc phap ngoai ngur (Chastain 1976,
Brown 1987, Skehan 1989, Long &
Larsen-Freeman
1992, Stem 1996, Ellis
2000),
thanh cong trong hgc ngoai
ngir
noi chung va trong hgc tieng Anh noi rieng
cua ngucri hgc phu thuge vao rdt nhieu yeu to trong do nhiing yeu to sau day dugc
cho la
CO
ban:
Tucri
ciia

ngucri hgc,
Cach phdn be") lich trinh giang day mon hgc,
Phucrng phap gidng day,
Kha niing va nhung hirng
thii ciia
ngucri
hc)c,
Pham vi va
each
siip xep chucmg trinh gidng day,
Kha nang va su hirng
thii
cua ngucri day,
Thiet bi
ce"mg
nghe sir dung de day hgc,
Dia diem va nhirng phuang tien dugc
liip
dat de phuc vu day va hgc,
Tinh dich thuc
ciia
tu lieu giang day va moi trucmg van hoa, va
Dc) tiep xuc vcri ngucri noi ban
ngir,
ke cd khd nang di nucrc ngoai
ciia
ngucri
hoc.
Nhirng bien so nay co vai
Irer

dac biet quan trgng trong lcrp hgc. Thi du,
hien
tai da
se)
sinh vien dai hgc
6
Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi bat ddu hgc tieng Anh tu
ni\m 16 tuc^i
(tir ndm ddu cua bac trung hgc pho thong). Hg se nang cao
du(7c trinh
dg va ki ndng tieng Anh neu hg dugc hgc serm hem
(chii
truong nay dugc dp
dyng
196
tir
nam 2002, va nguai hgc bat dku hgc tiing Anh tir khi
11 tu6i
hay tir lap 6 trung
hgc ca
s6).
D6ng
thai s6 lugng sinh vien vao hgc a Dai hgc Qu6c gia Ha Ngi xuk
than tir nhieu viing
miln
khac nhau trong nuac, co trinh do chuyen mon (mac
dii
da trung tuyen trong cac ki thi vao dai hgc) va trinh do tiing Anh rit khac nhau.
Mo hinh dai ngon pho lien tuc hien tai cua chung toi bao gdm ba giai doan. No
bit

dau bang viec mo ta trinh do va kha nang thuc hien cua nguai hgc kl tir khi hg hgc
tieng Anh a trung hgc ca sa va
kit
thuc hkng viec mo ta trinh do va kha nane thuc
hien cua nguai hgc theo nhirng ngudn luc ma Nha nuac va Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha
Ngi cho phep (tir
cir
nhan
din
tiln sT). Chi tilt vl ngi dung cua tirng giai doan
trong dai ngon pho lien tuc dugc trinh bay trong
nh&ng
muc ducri day.
6.3.2. Giai doan 1
Giai doan 1 cua dai ngon pho lien tuc chinh la giai doan nguai hgc bat dau hgc
tieng Anh tir lap 6 (tir trung hgc ca sd) va
kit
thuc a ldp 12 (trung hgc phd thdng).
Voi
lirgng
thoi gian khoang 700 tiet hgc tren lcrp
o
pho thong, su thong thao ve
tieng Anh
ciia
hg co the dugc dac trung bang kha nang hieu biet va san sinh ra
ngon ngu chu yeu theo khuon mdu (nhcr tir,
ngir,
cau triic ngu phap, cdu va doan
v^).

Nguoi sir dung tieng Anh o Giai doan 1 c6 the xir li dugc nhirng thanh phan
ngon
ngij
don le trong cugc song hang ngay trong nhirng boi canh thong thucmg co
the du doan dugc. Trong khi nghe hoac dgc, ngucri hgc tieng Anh a Giai doan
1
co
the hieu dugc khi
n()i
dung (ngon ngu* khuon mdu) dugc ghi nho va dugc tap dugt
lai mgt each kT luong va dugc ngucri noi hoac ngucri nghe dac biet cam thong. Khi
ne>i hoSc
viet, ngucri sir dung tieng Anh a Giai doan 1 ccr the kbcrng dugc ngucri
nghe hoac ngucri dgc hieu het trir khi ngi dung ghi nhcr dugc tap dugrt lai mgt
each
can than. Nhirng ca nhan hoat dgng trong Giai doan 1
ciia
dai ngdn phd lien tuc cd
the
CO
mgt lugng tir vung khoang 1,500 - 2,000 tir tiing Anh de sir dung trong
nlitmg
tinh hudng giao ticp dom gian trong mdi trudng ngoai ngir. Ngudi hgc ticng
197
Anh d Giai doan 1 trong dai ngdn phd lien tuc
ciia
chung tdi chinh la hgc sinh
ph6
thdng. Ve trinh do, mac
dii

hg da dugc hgc khoang 700 tilt, nhung theo danh gia
chung, hg mai chi dat dugc
mire
sa cip (elementary level). (Chi tilt han vl Giai
doan 1, xin xem Chuang trinh gido
due
pho thong: mon tiing Anh. Nxb. Giao
due,
2006).
6.3.3. Giai doan 2
Giai
doan 2 cua ddi ngon pho lien tuc the hien su tien bg
ciia
nguoi hgc trong
viec mo rgng khoi tir vung, su hieu
bi^t
v^
ti^ng
Anh, do luu loat ca
v^
khdu ngu
va but ngu, va su tinh tc nao do trong each dien dat. Dg thong thao ngon ngu a
Giai doan 2 ducrc dac trung bang khd nang thu nhdn (hieu biet) va san sinh ngon
ngu phirc tap
hem
(cdu don, cae cau phirc va doan vdn). Nguoi sir dung lieng Anh
6
Giai doan 2 phai dap irng dugc vcri nhung yeu cdu giao tiep
6
mire cao

hem
ngucri sir dung tieng Anh Giai doan 1, khcmg nhijng vcri nhirng
chii
de lien quan
den ban thdn,
mb\
trucmg xung quanh ma con vcri nhiing
chii
de lien quan den
nganh khoa
bcK
& ccmg nghe cr
mire
dc) dai cuong trong nhijng boi canh giao djch
vd xa giao. Khi nghe
hodc
dgc, ngucri hgc tieng Anh a Giai doan 2 hieu dugc
nhung ngucri
nc)i
tieng Anh co thien cam: hg co the hieu ducrc doan ngon ban dich
thuc
licMi
quan den chuyen nganh dugc cdi bien cho
phii
hcrp vcri trinh do cua hg.
Khi noi hoac viet, nhirng
each
dien dat
ciia
ngucri sir dung tieng Anh cr Giai doan 2

ccr the hieu dugc ducrc doi vcri nhiing nguoi nghe va ngucri dgc co thien cam.
Nhirng nguoi hgc tieng Anh
6
euoi Giai doan 2 trong ddi ngon pho lien
tyc
co the
CO
dugc
mc)t
kheri tir vung khodng 2,000 - 3,000 tir, co the dgc dugc nhiing ngon
ban ngan ducrc cai bien ve
chu\
en nganh, co the nghe dugc nhirng nguoi khac
noi
vc nhirng vdn de lien quan den bdn thdn va nhirng
chii
diem khoa hgc dai cuong va
c6 the dien dat de
nbOng
nguoi khac hieu duge ve minh va ve nhung chu ae
lien
quan den cac nganh klioa hgc cr
mire
dg dai cuong. Thanh cong cua Giai
do^
2 co
198
the yeu cau 12 tin chi dau cua mo hinh dai ngon
ph6
lien tuc va ngi dung cac mon

hgc trong giai doan nay dugc trinh bay trong Bang 6.2. Nguai hgc tiing Anh
a
Giai doan 2 trong dai ngon
ph6
lien tuc chinh la nhung sinh vien dai hgc, va vl
trinh do hg co
thi
dugc xem la dat muc trung ckp (intermediate level).
6.3.4. Giai doan 3
Giai doan 3 la giai doan trgng dilm trong mo hinh dai ngon
phi
lien tuc. Day
la giai doan nguai hgc bat dau di chuyen tu viec hgc tu nhCrng tu lieu hgc tap sang
thi
giai sang tao dky thach thuc bing tiing Anh. Hg hk dau dilu chinh va tu bd
sung them nhiing tir ngu phuc vu cho nhung nhu cku ca nhan va dk theo dudi
nhung hung thu rieng
ciia
minh trong ngon ngCr. Hg tra thanh nguai su dung ngon
ngu tuang doi dgc lap. Khoi tu vung cua hg trong giai doan nay dugc tang len
dang ke (khoang 3,000 - 3,500 tu), khong nhung bao gom nhCrng tir ngCr dai cuang
ma con ca nhu'ng tir ngu' trong nganh hgc cua hg, nhung khi nguai hgc
c6
gkng
thuc hien nhung nhiem vu giao tiep chuyen biet va phirc tap thi co the hg van con
gap kho khan ve do chinh xac cua ngon ngur vd su
phii
hgp ve van hoa.
Do thong thao ngon
ngir

cua nguai hgc a Giai doan 3 dugc dac trung bang khd
»
T
/
r
nang hieu va san sinh ra kieu ngon ngir co ke hoach (doan van hay mot so doan
vin CO
lien he vcri nhau). Ngucri su dung tieng Anh a Giai doan 3 phai doi pho
dugc vcri nhirng
chii
de cu the va cac so lieu thuge moi quan tam chung
ciia
hgc
thuat. Trong khi nghe, nguoi su dung tieng Anh a Giai doan 3 hieu dugc gdn bet
\b'\
noi cua nguoi
ncM
tieng Anh tu nhien va nguai viet tieng Anh sir dung ngon
ngu
CO
dieu chinh. Khi noi va viet, ngon
ngir ciia
ngucri sir dung tieng Anh a Giai
doan 3
CO
the
hit^u
dugc doi voi nhirng nguoi nghe hoac ngucri dgc khong co thien
cam. Nhung ngiroi hgc
tiSng

Anh
o
Giai doan 3
ciia
dai ngon pho lien tuc co the
diln dat cho nguai khac hilu duai hinh thirc khau ngii' va but ngir va co
the
hieu
199
dugc
nhung
nguai noi/viet tieng Anh khong thien cam
noi/vilt
vl
nhChig
vin dl
khoa hgc dai cuang va nhimg van dk khoa hgc trong nganh hgc cua hg. Thanh
cong
ciia
Giai doan 3 co the yeu cau
12
tin chi, va ve trinh do nguai hgc co
thi
dugc xem la dat
mire
tren trung cap (upper-intermediate). Ngi dung cac mon hgc
cua Giai doan 3 duac trinh bav trong Bane 6.2.
6.4. Cu the hoa nhirng noi dung cua Giai doan 2 va Giai doan 3 trong dai
-»
ngon pho lien tuc

6.4.1.
Dan luan
•
Tu nhirng gi dugc mo td trong ba giai doan
ciia
ddi ngon pho lien tuc, chung
toi
tc)i
chuyen sang cu the hoa ncri dung
ciia
Giai doan 2 va Giai doan 3 trong dai
ngcVi phe"*)
lien tuc. Chiing toi kbcrng trinh bay
nc)i
dung
ciia
Giai doan 1 boi vi chi
tiet ve nbirng
nc)i
dung
eiia
giai doan nay da dugc trinh bay rdt
kl
trong
Chucmg
trinh gido
due
phd thdng: Mdn tieng Anh
ciia
Bg gido

due
va Dao tao, ndm 2007.
F)e
CC)
ccr sir tbiet ke de cucmg va phat trien tu lieu gidng day cho cac mon
h(?c,
chimg tc)i se trinh bay khung ngi dung
ciia
tirng giai doan theo 5 khu vuc: (1) chirc
nan};
hay nang
lire,
(2) ngon canh, (3) kieu ngon ban, (4) dc) chinh xac va
sir
phii
hop trong giao tiep va (5) noi dung. Chirc nang, trong
edeh
hieu
ciia
chung
ti)i,
la nhirng nhiem vu eu the tbucmg dugc thuc hien thong qua viec sir dung ngon
ngu, chimg ban nhu nhan thcrng tin. dien dat so thich, mieu td, cho ai loi
khuyen,
v.v. Ngon canh chi nhirng
tinli
huimg vd boi canh trong do
mc)t
chirc ndng cu the
xay ra chimg ban nhu chao bcri, chia tay trong tuong tac

true
dien. Trong li luan ve
plunrng
pbap day va hgc ngoai ngir, ngon canh cung cdp mot he thong dien dat, tra
lai cho nhung cau hoi:
"6
dau," "khi nao," va "vai ai". Kieu ngon ban chi cau
true
cua ngon
ngO vidt hoac
noi, bat dku tir cac tir dan le, cum tir, cau va doan van.
Pham
irii
na\
mo ta pham vi cac
kieu
ngon ban thuang dugc nguai hgc sir
dyng
200
trong nhurng giai doan khac nhau. Do chinh xac va
sir
phu hop trong giao tilp
chi
miirc do ma viec sir dung ngon ngu cua nguai hgc dung
v^
mat
c4u
tnic va
hanh vi cua hg
phii

hgp ve mat
van
hoa. Nhimg ylu t6 ngon ngir hgc xa hgi, tir
vung, cu phap, phat am, va do luu loat, tat ca deu co vai tro trong pham
trii
nay.
Npi
dung chi do phiirc tap tuang doi cua thong tin dugc nguai hgc hieu hay
chuyen tai - nhCrng chu de nao nguai hgc co
thi
hilu dugc, co
thi
noi dugc, va c6
the viet dugc. Thi du ve khu vuc ngi dung bao gom nhCrng chu de nhu dai song a
truang dai hgc, nhCmg ngi dung chinh cua mgt mon hgc chuyen nganh, nhCmg chu
di kho han, phirc tap han nhu nhCrng
sir
kien duang dai, lich su, v.v. Ngi dung
cung cap chat lieu de nguoi hgc giao tiep bang tieng Anh. Chi tiet ve nam khu vuc
ngi dung tieng Anh khong chuyen cua Giai doan 2 va Giai doan 3
ciia
ddi ngon
1 '
»
'
pho lien tuc
6
Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi se dugc de xudt trong nhurng muc duoi
day.
6.4.2. Dai ngon pho lien tuc: Giai doan 2

6.4.2.1.
Chirc nang
Nguoi hgc phat trien kha nang the hien tat cd cac chirc nang dugc phat trien
6
pho thong (Giai doan 1).
D6ng
thoi hg phai phat trien cac kha nang:
• Yeu cau;
• Dien dat cac nhu cau khac nhau;
• Hieu vd dien dat
nhung
y quan trgng va cac chi tiet trong boi canh hgc
thuat;
• Mieu ta, so sanh va lap luan;
• Sir dung va
hi^u
dugc nhung each dien dat the hien thai do va tinh cam
bang tieng Anh.
201
6.4.2.2. Ngon canh
Nguoi hgc co the thuc hien dugc nhung chirc nang
dudi
day:
• Noi de nhiing nguoi khac co the hieu dugc trong tucmg tac xa hgi
true
dien
va trong mgt so tinh huong hgc thuat don gian;
• Nghe hieu dugc nhirng nguoi khac noi trong tuong tac xa hgi true dien va
trong cac ngon ban nghe - nhin;
• Dgc hieu dugc nbirng tu Heu gdn dich thuc: truyen ke, qudng

cao,
to rcri,
cac bdi bao lien quan den hgc thuat dai cucmg;
• Viet dugc cdc doan van, cac birc
thu,
giai nghia va nhumg bai luan ngan co
hucrng dan, bat ddu lam quen voi viet khoa hgc nhu gidi nghia cdu, lorn tdt
bai
dgc,
v.v. .
6,4.2.3. Kieu ngon ban
Nguiri hgc co the:
•
Sir
dung va hieu cac
each
dien dat, cac cdu va cac chuoi cdu, cac cdu hoi,
nhung
liri
de nghi lich
sir
dugc hgc khi noi vd nghe;
• Tao ra dugc nbirng doan van dom gian (duoi hai binh thirc noi va viet);
• Hieu dugc nhirng y vd mgt so chi tiet quan trgng trong nhung ngon ban
dich thirc duoc
mzu
cdnh boa cao khi doc;
•
liat
dau lam quen dugc voi mgt so ngon ban thuoc nganh hgc cua minh.

6.4.2.4. Do chinh xac va
sir
phu hgp trong giao tiep
Nmriri
hgc co the:
202
• The hien dugc do chudn xac trong phat am, trong su dung tu va cac cku
true
ngu phap dugc hgc,
thi
hien dugc do luu loat ngay cang tang, ma rgng
dugc khoi tu vung, dac biet la kh6i tu vung tiing Anh cho cac muc dich
khoa hgc dai cuang;
• Khong mac loi c6 he thong khi the hien cac chuc nang trong giai doan hgc
6 pho thong;
• Giao tiep co hieu qua, it mac nhung
16i
gay anh huong
d^n
su
hi^u
cua
nguoi nghe/dgc;
• Hieu dugc cac ngon ban noi va vilt, mdc it
16i
trong hilu
biit
khi dgc;
thi
hien hanh vi van hoa

phii
hgp cho nhiing chirc nang trong Giai doan 2.
6.4.2.5. Noi dung
Giai doan 2 gom nhumg chu de sau day:
• Ve ban than: gia dinh, ban be,
sire
khoe,
truong dai hgc, cugc song
6
truomg
r r
dai hgc, cac boat dgng vui choi gidi tri, mua
sam,
gia cd, chdt lirgng, so
thich, huong nghiep, cac chu de lien quan den cac nganh khoa hgc dai
cuong, v.v.;
• Ngoai ban than: dia
li,
dja hinh, huong
dan,
miia
va
thcyi
tiet, cac nhan vat
lich sir, danh nhan van hoa, cdc nha khoa
hoc,
noi chon va su kien. giao
thong lien lac, du lich, nghe nghiep vd cong an viec lam, va moi trucmg.
20S
6.4.3. Dai ngon pho lien tuc: Giai doan 3

6.4.3.1.
Chirc nang
Nguoi hgc co the mo rgng khd nang the hien tat cd nhumg
chiic
nang hay ndng
lyre
giao tiep da dugc hgc va ren luyen
6
Giai doan 1 vd Giai doan 2. Hg cung phat
trien kha ndng:
• Lam ro, yeu cdu va hieu dugc nhiing gi nguoi khac 1dm ro cho minh;
• Dien dat quan diem vd hieu dugc quan diem nguoi khac dien dat;
• Trdn thuat hoac thuat lai cho nguoi khac hieu va hieu dugc nguoi khac tran
thuat hoac thuat lai cho minh ve nbirng vdn de trong
dtri
song xa hgi, ddc
biet la nhumg vdn de khoa hgc chuyen nganh dai cuong trong qua khir, hien
tai va
tmmg
lai;
• Xac dinh, the hien va bieu
Ig
dugc tinh edm vd cdm
xiic
trong giao
tiep.
6.4.3.2. Ngon canh
Nguiri hgc co the the hien dugc nhumg chirc nang sau day:
• Ci) the noi de nhirng nguiri khac bieu dugc trong tuomg tac xa hgi
true

dien
va trong mgt so tinh huong hgc thuat
6 mire
do cao hon Giai doan 2;
• Co the hieu dugc nguoi khac noi tieng Anh trong tuomg tac xa hgi
true
dien
va trong cae ngon ban nghe-nhin
6
mire dg cao hon Giai doan 2;
• Co the dgc vd hieu dugc nhirng cdu truyen, nhimg bdi tho don gian, nhung
bai tieu luan \ a bai bdo ve nhumg vdn de khoa hgc dai cuong;
• Co the viet dugc thu tir va nhumg the loai ngon bdn thong thuong, viet torn
tat bai bao, giai nghia, viet phe binh cac bdi bao khoa hgc.
204
6.4.3.3. Kieu ngon ban
Ngiroi hgc o Giai doan 3 c6
thi:
• Sir dung dugc nhiing
chudi
cau khi noi, dien dat dugc tu tuong hoac quan
7
diem cua minh;
• Hieu dugc hau het ngon
ngir
khi thong diep dugc chuyin tai mot each cdn
than va co chu dinh boi nhiing nguoi noi quen voi viec de cap
din
nhiing
ngiroi hgc trong khi nghe;

• Dgc hieu dugc kien thirc va thong tin moi tir nhiing ngon ban dich thuc,
toan dien.
• Viet dugc nhirng doan van, dac biet la nhumg doan van khoa hgc;
6.4.3.4. Do
chinh
xac va do
lyu
loat
Nguoi hgc tieng Anh o Giai doan 3 co the:
• Dien dat voi do chinh xac va do luu loat cao hom
6
Giai doan 2 khi nhiem
vii
hoac thong diep tro nen phirc tap hom, va co the con mgt so loi ve phat
am, each sir dung tir va cdu triic ngir phap gay can tro cho viec hieu y
nghTa;
• Chgn nhung tir va cau
true
ngfr phap
phii
hgp cho nhirng
chii
de quen
thuoc, nhung khi do phirc tap
ciia
thong diep tang len, dac biet la nhumg
thong diep lien quan den hgc thuat, thi van cim the bien su ngap ngirng, mo
mam tim tir
ngir,
va con mgt so loi phat am va

ngir
dieu;
• Nhin chung sir dung hanh vi
phii
hgp ve van hoa Anh trong nhirng tinh
huong giao tiep xa
hgi;
205
• Co the hieu va nam dugc hau
hit
nhumg y chinh va mgt
s6
chi tilt ho trg
trong khi dgc va nghe tieng Anh.
6.4.3.5.
N9i
dung
0 Giai doan 3, ngi dung bao gom nhirng
chii
de vl vdn hoa, xa hgi, ca nhdn vd
nhiing van de khoa hgc dai cuong nhu:
• Nhumg khdi niem co y nghTa ve vdn hoa vd khoa hgc ke cd nhiing the che
nhu he thong giao due, chinh
phii,
nhumg vdn de chinh tri va xa hgi trong
nen van boa Anh va cac nuoc noi tieng Anh;
• Nhirng
chii
de thuoc moi quan tdm
ciia

cd nhdn va xa hgi nhu van hgc, nghe
thuat, chinh tri-xa hgi, vdn hoa-van minh, moi truong vd khoa hgc dai
cuong.
Nhu'ng
khai niem chira dung trong ddi ngon pho lien tuc minh hga
6
ddy c6
nhung diem khac viri nhirng gi tieng Anh dugc day theo truyen thong
6
Dai hgc
Quoc gia Ha Ngi. Thay vi chi thudn
tiiy
phu thuoc vdo lugng thcri gian hgc ngucri
hgc phai hgc, dai ngon pho lien tuc de xudt nhung tieu chuan qua do nguoi day co
the do dugc tien bg
ciia
nguiri hgc: no giiip nguiri day do kien thirc va khd ndng
ciia
ngucri hgc dua vao khd nang thuc hien trong tieng Anh theo nhung
each phii
hgp vc van
hcSa.
Sir dung dai
ngi)n
pho lien tuc tao ra
sir
thach thirc doi voi ngucn
day, nhung ncS eb nhirng ham y rgng 1cm cho nhieu khu vuc
ciia
thiet ke chucmg

trinh giang day. Tuy nhien, do pham vi nghien cim
ciia
de tai chiing toi chi thao
luan
dc) che phu cua cdc mon hgc tieng Anh khong chuyen o Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha
Ngi
theo
de xuat
ciia
chiing toi.
206
6.5. Dg che phu cua cac mon hoc tieng Anh khong chuyen
a
Dai hoc Qu6c gia
HaNOi
6.5.1.
Dan luan
Muc dich chinh cua day
ti6ng
Anh khong chuyen
6
Dai hgc
Qu6c
gia Ha Ngi
la tang su thong thao ve tieng Anh
ciia
nguoi hgc va qua do cung lam tang
sir
thong thao tieng Viet
ciia

hg.
Sir
thong thao khong nhumg bao gom khd nang dgc
hilu va kha nang viet ro rang va chinh xac
ciia
nguoi hgc md con bao gom viec hg
phai hieu dugc nhumg gi hg nghe va noi dung ngu phap, phat dm chuan trong
nhiing
tinh huong
phii
hgrp de nhiing ngucri khac hieu. Giao tiep la trgng tdm
ciia
t
y
t
f
hgc ngoai ngu xay ra duoi hai hinh thirc khdu
ngir
va
biit
ngir.
De c6 the giao tiep
thdnh cong bang tieng Anh, nguoi hgc phai phat trien kha nang sir dung ngon
ngir,
1dm quen voi nen van hoa trong do tieng Anh dugc sir dung va y thirc dugc van
hoa vd ngon
ngir
tuong tac voi nhau nhu the nao trong xa hgi. Sau do hg sir dung
kiln thirc nay khi diln dat nhirng y tuong bdng tieng Anh. Dat dugc muc tieu nay
Id

trgng tam cho viec phat trien
sir
thong thao ve tieng Anh khong chuyen
6 Dai
hgc Quoc gia Ha Noi,
Hgc tieng Anh giiip nguoi hgc co dugc kien thirc va su hieu biet ve nen van
hoa cua nuac Anh va
ciia
cac nuoc noi tieng Anh. Co the noi rang nguoi hgc nao
chi6m ITnh
dugc ngon canh van hoa trong do tieng Anh dugc su dung thi nguoi do
se thuc su hgc tiing Anh thanh cong. Hon nua, hgc tieng Anh cung cap nhung moi
lien he khong co
sRn
cho nhijng nguai noi tiing Viet. Nhiing nguai hgc tieng Anh
phat trien
nhOng
tri thuc sau rgng han vk ngon ngu va van hoa Viet thong qua so
sdnh
v^
d6i chilu
tiing Viet vai tiing Anh (hoac
hiln
hien hoac tiem an). Nhung
thinh
phan
niy
cua hgc tiing Anh giup nguai hgc co
thi
tham gia vao cgng dong

song ngu a truang va, a mgt chung muc nao do, a ngoai truang trong nhung
moi
707
9
truang giao tiep dich thuc. Nguai hgc, cho du la a moi truomg ngoai ngu,
c4n
phai
su dung tieng Anh cho giao tiep thuc thu thong qua viec dien dat cho
ngucri
khac
hieu duai hai hinh thuc noi va viet, va hieu dugc nhiing gi nguai khac dien dat
duai hai hinh thuc nghe va dgc. Trong khi giup ngucri hgc dat dugc su thong thao
ve tieng Anh
6
bac dai hgc, nguoi day day vd huong dan
true
tiep, giiip ngucri hgc
phat trien khd nang giao tiep theo bon phuong thirc dien dat: nghe, dgc, noi, va
viet.
6.5.2. Cach
sir
dung ngon ngir
Giong nhu viec hgc bat ki mgt ngoai
ngii
nao, hgc tieng Anh la mgt qua trinh
phirc tap, ddc biet la trong moi trucmg ngoai
ngOr.
Trong khi hgc tieng Anh, qua
trinh hgc bao gom viec thu dac he thong ngon ngir chir khong phdi la hgc mgt loat
cac thanh phdn dugc ghi lai

bode
liet ke ra. He thong ngon ngir bao gom khong
nhung he thong am vj, cac quy tde ngu phap, cdch tao tir vd
sir
dung tir ma con cd
nhirng thanh phdn nhu cir chi, dieu bg, ve mat, vd cac hinh thirc giao tiep phi ngon
khiic.
No bao gom ngon ban, qua do ngucri hgc hgc
"noi
gi voi ai va khi
nao."
Biet
tieng Anh bao gom biet nhirng am nao la am
ciia
tieng Anh, nhirng dm ndo khong
phai la dm
ciia
tieng Anh, biet dugc chuoi cac dm nao hinh thanh nen nhirng tir co
y nghTa, vd co the ket hgp cac tir lai thanh nhung cum tir vd ket hgp nhumg cum
tir
lyi
thanh cau; nghia la, de dugc cho
Id
ngucri biet tieng Anh ngucri hgc phdi
ndm
virng dugc he thcmg ngon ngir bao gom dm vi hge, van tu, hinh thai hgc,
cii
phap
vd ngir nghTa
ciia

tieng Anh (chi tiet ve the ndo
Id
biet mgt ngoai
ngir
xin xem
Fries 1945; Spolsky 1973, 1998; Chomsky 1965, 2007: Hodng Van Vdn 2005a).
Chi lam quen voi he thong ngon ngur tieng Anh khong thoi thi hoan todn khong
,
*
•
•
*
du de giiip ngucri hge eo the tham gia thdnh cong vd cac hoat dgng
giao
tiep.
Nguiri hgc,
thcrng
qua giang day, con phdi hgc dugc nhiing chien
luge
giiip hg lap
208
dugc nhung khoang
trdng
giao tilp co
ngu6n
g6c tu nhiing su khac biet vl ngon
ngu va van hoa. Nhung chiln
luge
nay bao gdm
each

noi vong vo (dien dat theo
each
khac), su dung nhung dau mdi ngon canh, hilu
biit,
giai thich, va tao ra
nhung cu chi mgt
each
hieu qua, yeu
c^u
va cung ckp su lam noi ro y mu6n noi
(chi tilt hom vl chiln
luge
hgc ngoai ngu, xin xem Chuang 3, Muc 3.2.3).
Ngudi day giup ngudi hgc dat dugc su thdng thao vl tiing Anh thdng qua viec
lap ke hoach giang day
true
tiep dua vao nhiing chien
luge
hgc tap
phii
hgp.
Nhung chien
luge
do bao gom: tap trung
sir
chu y vao qua trinh hgc cua nguoi
hgc,
day nguoi hgc to chirc hgc truoc nhu the nao bang each gioi thieu, dgc
lucrt,
hoac dgc de thu thap thong tin, ho trg hg torn tat nhirng gi hg vira moi hgc, vd day

hg nhumg chien
luge
dat cau hoi cu the de yeu cau lam ro hay giai thich vdn de.
Nguoi hgc c6 the sir dung nhiing chien
luge
nay trong nhirng nhiem vu hgc tap
thuge nhiing mon hgc chuyen nganh mgt each c6 hieu qua. Cuoi cimg hg co the dp
dung nhumg chien
luge
c6 tac dung nhat dcri voi hg sau khi bg ra lam viec
6
ngoai
d^i.
6.5.3.
Cau
true
ngon
ngir
Ngudi hgc hgc tieng Anh vdi tu
each
la mdt ngdn
ngii
mdi phai biet dugc
tiing Anh hoat ddng nhu
thi
nao: hg phai hgc cu phap cua tieng Anh, phai hgc de
xem
each
nhiing tu tiing Anh dugc ket hgp vdi nhau nhu the nao de trd thanh
nhiing dan vi ngdn

ngO-
Idn
han (nhu cum tu hoac cau chang han) de cd the dien
dat dugc y nghTa
^n
djnh. Ndi
each
khac, hg phai hgc
each
san sinh ra nhiing
tii,
nhung chuoi tir
phii
hgp vdi cac quy tac ngir phap
ciia
tieng Anh. hoac cac cau
tiing Anh diing ngu phap. Ngudi hgc phai hgc
each
phat am chuan muc cua tieng
Anh khdu ngu. Hg phai hgc dl hilu
rhng
each
chAm
cau trong tieng Anh cd the
khac vdi each
chdm
cau trong tiing Viet. Hg
cQng
phai hgc de hieu rang mdt sd
209

quy udc trong ngdn ngir but ngii
ciia
tieng Anh khac vdi nhung quy udc trong
ngdn ngir but ngu:
ciia
tieng Viet, chang han 2,5 trong tiing Viet khdng tuang
duang vdi 2,5 ma vdi 2.5 trong tieng Anh, va 25.000 trong tiing Viet khdng tuong
ducmg vdi 25.000 ma vdi 25,000 trong tieng Anh. Hg hgc dl hilu ring tiing Anh
dat cau hdi chung bang each dua ddng tir hiiu dinh len diu cau va len gigng d
cu6i
cau (thi
du.
Do you speak English?) trong khi cau hdi chung trong tiing Viet lai
bat dau bang
chii
ngu:
dugc tiep ndi bang tieu tir nghi van co va ket thiic bing
tilu
tir nghi van khong (thi du, Cau co di Ha Ngi
khong"^).
Nguoi hgc tieng Anh hgc nhung mau thirc dm thanh hay he thong am vj ctia
tieng Anh va he thong vdn tu the hien nhirng dm thanh do; thi du, hg phdi phan
biet dugc
Ixl
voi /i:/ trong cdc tir sit -
seat,
hit - beat. Hg con phdi biet co
nhung
am
ciia

tieng Anh khong co trong tieng Viet; thi du,
/df
vd /0/ trong
tjiis
vd tjiink.
Nguiri hgc tieng Anh phai hgc hinh thai hgc cua tieng Anh, cac quy tde qua do
tir dugc hinh thanh. Hg hgc nhirng phu to bao gom tien to va hdu to vd phai hieu
plui
to anh huirng den nghia
ciia
tir nhu the nao; thi du, like (thich) - dislike
(khong thich). organised (cb to chirc) - disorganised {\ugm
thugm),
v.v. .
Ngucri hgc tieng Anh phdi
hcK
ngir nghia hgc hay nghTa
eiia
tir; thi
du.
hg hgc
cdc tir dcrng dm - nhirng tir phat dm giong nhau nhung khdc nghia nhu ean (co the)
- can (cai
can.
Ion).
Ho hoc cdc tir
nahich mzhia
- nhime tir co
nehia
trai ngugc

nhau: thi du, good (tot) - bad (\du). Them vao do, ngucri hgc phdi hgc nhiing ddc
ngir: nhirng cum tir cb dinh vcri nghTa khong the suy ra dugc tir nghTa cua nhirng
thanh phim don le; thi du, give up (tir bo), look down upon (xem tbuomg). Hg phai
biet dugc tir dugc hinh thanh nhu the nao va lien he voi y nghTa. Dac
bi^t
hg
phai
y thirc dugc
ngc^n
canh anh hucmg den viec trao doi y nghTa va giup
ngirm giao
tiep
giiii
thich nghTa nhu the nao. Ngon cdnh trong
dc)
cdu dugc sir dung quyet
210
djnh y nghia nao phu hgp. Hg phai dugc day dl hilu ring bdi vi tir trong mdt ngdn
ngu
hiru
han ve y nghTa theo ngdn canh, cho nen pham vi nhimg sd chi trong khi
djch thudng khdng khdp vdi nhau trong cac ngdn
ngir.
6.5.4. Hgc tieng Anh
nhir
la mot he thong ngon ngir mdi
Nhu tren da
dh
cap, sir dung tiing Anh cd hieu qua cd
thi

dugc xem nhu la
viec
kit
hgp nhurng tir dan le lai vdi nhau theo
nhung each
cu
thi
dl hinh thanh
nen cum tir, nhirng cum tir dan le dl hinh thanh nen cau, va nhimg cau dan le theo
do hen ket va do mach
lac
de hinh thanh nen ngdn ban. Khi nhtrng ca nhan ngudi
hgc thuc hien qua trinh nay mdt each cd hieu qua thi hg dugc cho la ngudi cd trinh
dg ve ngdn ngir dd. De phat trien kha nang thdng thao trong tieng Anh, ngudi hgc
trudc het phai cd kien thirc ve he thdng ngdn ngir tieng Anh va, quan trgng hom,
phdi sir dung dugc khoi kien thirc do de phuc vu cho cac muc dich giao tiep duoi
cdc hinh thirc nghe, dgc, noi vd viet. Nhung gi ngucri hgc biet va co the lam dugc
bdng tieng Anh co the dat dugc thong qua giang day true tiep va thuc hanh co
huong dan do nguoi day dan dung. Trong khi dan
dimg
nhirng boat dgng nhu vay,
nguoi day phai quan tam den nhieu yeu to lien quan den he thong ngon
ngir
va
giao tiep trong do mucri yeu to sau day la co ban: chirc nang, chu de. ngon canh,
phat trien tir
vimg
va phat trien khdi niem, cac phuomg thirc dien dat, cac kieu
ngon ban, do chinh xac va dc) lurn loat, phan tich ngon ban, thong tin van boa, vd
so sanh ngon ngu va van boa.

6.5.4.1.
Chirc
n3ng
Chiirc ndng lien quan
d^n
nhirng nhiem vu ngon
ngir
ngucri hgc thuc hien,
chdng ban nhu yeu cdu va phan irng lai thong tin, tran thuat iai nhirng boat dgng
trong qua khir, hien tai va tuomg lai, mieu ta nhirng
sir
kien, dien dat so
thich.
211
thuyet phuc, neu van de va de xuat giai phdp gidi quyet van de, xac dinh, thao
luan, v.v. . Chirc nang co vai tro quan trgng trong viec xac dinh ngi dung gidng
day
phii
hgp. No la co so de nhirng nguoi thiet ke ngi dung de cuong mon hgc va
nhirng nguoi phat trien tu lieu giang day dua vdo de tao ra nhung bdi hgc hodc
nhirng don vi giang day chudn muc. Nguoi day quyet dinh
nhirng
chirc ndng phai
hgc nhu la buoc ddu tien trong viec thuc thi bat ki bdi hgc bode don vi giang day
ndo.
Tiep theo do, nguoi day quyet dinh nhumg chu de hay
chii
diem phdi hgc ciing
voi khoi tir vumg va cdu triic ngir phdp
phii

hgp vcri nhdn thirc, do tuoi, va trinh do
cua nguoi hgc. Sir dung nhung tu lieu giang day
phii
hgrp vd cdc nguon hgc lieu
khdc,
nguoi day true tiep huong ddn (day) ngucri hgc, tao cho hg nhirng co hgi de
thuc hanh nhumg thanh phdn
ciia
ngon ngur dugc hgc trong giao tiep thuc duoi cdc
hinh thirc nghe, dgc, noi vd viet.
6.5.4.2.
Chii
de
Cdc
chii
de da dang co the dugc sir dung nhu la trgng tdm cua giang
d^y
6 bat
ki cap dg nao trir khi nhung tir vd cau triic
ngir
phap cu the
vmrt
ra khoi
sir
phat
trien ve nhan thirc
ciia
nguiri hgc. Thi du, ngucri hgc b thcri ki dau
ciia
Giai doan 2

CO
the hgc nhumg chu diem nhu cugc song
6
truong dai hgc Viet Nam va cugc
scmiz
o
trlr(m^
dai hoc
trcms
cdc nuoc noi tiene Anh, thue nha
6,
hoc tieng Anh
nhu
tbO
nao, v.v. Dong thiri hg phai hgc nhirng
chii
diem ma co the dugc quay
vong
6
giai doan sau vd giai doan tren trung cdp. Thi du ve nhumg chu de
phii
hgp
khi nguiri hgc da dat dugc mgt trinh
dc>
nao do
6
Giai doan 2 bao gom lich sir, vdn
hoa-van minh, dia li, nghe nghiep, su kien va nhirng vdn de ve khoa hgc va cong
nghe b
mire

dg dai cuong. Cac chu diem dugc hgc trong hai Giai doan 2 vd 3 lien
quan den bai
Icrai
ngon ngir: ngon ngir xa hgi va ngon ngii hgc thuat. Ngon ngir
xd
hgi
CO
dac diem trung tinh va la kieu ngon ngir nguoi hge sir dung de giao tiep
v6i
nhau \e nhirng himg
thii
vd nhirng
mc^i
quan tdm cua hg. Ngon ngu hgc thuat trang
212
trgng han va cd lien
h?
vdi khdi tir vung va cac cku true
ngir
phap ngudi hgc
c4n
de thanh cdng trong hgc tap va nghien ciru chuyen nganh cua hg. Khi ngudi hgc
dat dugc su thdng thao d trinh do cao, thi nhimg chu dilm yeu cku ngdn ngir hgc
thuat phai dugc sir dung
nhidu
hom. Trong khi trgng tam d Giai doan 2 cd
thi
dugc
dat chu yeu vao ngdn ngir xa hdi, ngdn ngir hgc thuat cung cin dugc dua vao cac
mdn hgc tiing Anh'.

6
Giai doan 3, dac biet la tir
giOra
va cudi Giai doan 3, trgng
tam dugc dat cang nhieu vao ngon
ngii
hgc thuat,
ciing
voi su phat triln tinh
d
hon cua ngon
ngO
xa hgi trong nguoi hgc.
6.5.4.3. Ngon canh
Ngdn canh bao gdm ngdn canh tinh hudng va ngdn canh ngdn ngir. Ngdn canh
tinh hudng bao gdm ngudi noi/viet, ngudi nghe/dgc,
chii
de, bdi canh, kenh giao
tiep,
ma hieu, hinh thirc thdng diep, su kien, muc dich, v.v. Ngoai ra, nhu da de
cap trong Chuang 5, Muc
5.2.1,
ngdn canh cdn dugc hieu la mdt kien triic li
thuyet bao gom ba dac diem: trucmg
ciia
ngon ban (chi cai gi dang dien ra hay
chii
de cua ngon ban, cac kieu hoat dgng), khong khi
ciia
ngon ban (chi ai dang tham

gia, cdc mcri quan he giiia nhirng nguoi tham gia trong tinh huong giao tiep, vai
dien va vi the cua hg) va phuong thirc cua ngon ban (chi moi trucmg giao tiep: noi
hodc viet) (chi tiet ve ngon canh tinh huong va nhumg dac diem
ciia
ngon canh tinh
hu6ng,
xin xem Halliday
etal
1964,
1978; Hymes 1967; Hoang Van Van 2005b).
Thi du ve ngon canh tinh huong bao gom nhirng boi canh thuge ba cap do: trang
'
Ngon ngir hgc thuat can phai dua vdo chucmg trinh tieng Anh khong chuyen
6
bac dai
hgc,
nhung khcmg giong vcri phuong phap xir li trong chucmg trinh day tieng
.Amh
khong
chuyen hien hanh o mgt
s6
dcm vi dao tao thuoc Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi trong do tieng
Anh dai cuong dugc day truoc (chiem 2/3 thcri lugng) vd tieng Anh chuyen nganh dugc
day sau
(chic^m
1/3 thiri lucrng), Cach to chirc day va hgc nay v6 hinh trung phd vo tinh
lien thong
ciia
cdc mcrn hgc tieng Anh giira cdc don vi dao tao thuoc Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha
Noi,

ddc biet la trong khi chimg ta dang tieh
c\rc
dp dung phucmg thuc dao tao theo tin
chi.
213
trgng, trung tinh, va than mat (khdng trang trgng). Cho
dii
kenh giao tilp la khiu
ngir hay
biit
ngur, nhung ngdn
ngir
chuyen tai y nghia tdt nhat khi tinh hudng vi
boi canh trong do no dugc sir dung dugc nguoi noi/viet vd nguoi
nghe/^dgc bi^t
den. Ngon cdnh ngon
ngii
bao gom cac moi lien ket ngon ban phia truoc vd phia
sau mot tir hay mgt phat ngon. Kien thuc ve ngon cdnh giup nguoi hgc khong
nhumg hieu dugc y nghia dang trao doi ma con giiip hg sir dung dugc ngon ngiir
phii
hgp trong nhtrng ngon canh do
(phii
hgp ve van boa).
6.5.4.4. Phat
then tir
virng va phat trien khai niem
Phat trien tir vumg va phat trien khai niem la thanh phdn quan trgng trong day
tieng Anh khong chuyen
6

bac dai hgc. Doi voi tre em hgc tieng me de,
sir
phat
trien tir vung va cdu triic ngir phdp xudt hien nhu la mgt bg phdn cdu thanh cua
sir
phat trien khai niem.
Ibi
du, khi dira tre hgc noi cdu
"Bo
di
lam'\
thi no lien he vcri
khai
nicMn
hb vang nha. Cach thu ddc nay tiep tuc phdt trien va den khi dira tre bdt
dau cap sach den truirng, thi ni) da thu dac dugc mot kho khdi niem phong
phii
lien
he voi kieu ngon ngir cr nha. Khi no hgc mot kieu ngim ngir khac voi ngon ngir a
nha, quii trinh nay doi hoi phiii lien be kieu ngon
ngir
moi voi nhumg khai niem dd
dugc thu
diic.
Chirc nang quan trgng nhat
ciia
ngcm ngir la chuyen tai khdi niem va
y nghTa. Do do, dieu can ban la ngucri day ngoai ngir phai cung cdp nbirng huong
ddn
true

liep de dam bao rang ngucri hgc hieu dugc y nghia
ciia
nhumg tir ngir va
cau true ngir phap hg dang hgc
each
sir dung. Bo sung vao viec biet nghTa bieu
v^t
cua tir, ngucri hgc can phai hieu dugc y nghTa
ciia
nhirng thdnh ngur. Viec
true
tiep
day cho nguiri
hc>c
biet ve moi quan he
ciia
tir goc va nhirng hinh thirc phai sinh
cua tir ho tro
chi^
nhirnc
co
gane hcK
hoi nav. Khi
nuuoi
hoc dan dan thong
th^o
trong tieng Anh, hg co the se hgc nguon goc hay tir nguyen cua nhirng tir
chii
chot,
d$c

biet la khi
thcSng
tin nay co lien quan den tieng Anh.
214