Nghiên cứu phát triển hệ thống các nhóm nội dung và phương pháp giảng dạy, nâng cao năng lực tiếng anh cho sinh viên đại học và học viên cao học ở Đại học Quốc 151818

CHUONG 7
PHAT TRIEN PHUONG PHAP GIANG DAY KHOI KIEN
THUC NGON NGU TIENG ANH VA HAI KI NANG KHAU
NGU
(NGHE VA NOI) CHO NGUOI HOC TIENG ANH
KHONG CHUYEN
6
DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA
Ngi
" •
methods in which students never engage in real communication cannot
be expected to produce
students'^
abilities to communicate using the language
they
study"
(Krashen & Terrell 1988: 13).
(
nhung phuong phap trong do nguoi hgc
khf)ng
bao giir tham gia \ ao giao
tiep thirc thu khong the dugc
cho
dgi san sinh ra nhfrng kha nang giao
tiej)
ciia
nguoi hgc
sii*
dung ngon
ngu
hg hgc)

7.1.
Dan luan
Ljch su day ngoai
ngCr Ircn the
gioi da chiing kien nhicu su thay doi ve ngi
dung giang day va phuong phap giang day. Ve ngi dung giang
da\'.
co
the
tha\' rat
nhiem kiCu
giao trinh hay sach giao khoa dugc ca nhung hgc gia ban ngu cung nhu
nhirng hgc gia khong phai la ban ngu bien soan. Nhung tai lieu
na\
dang
Iran
ngap
tren thi trucmg the
^ioi
noi chung xa thi
tru-oim
Vict Nam noi ricng. Moi kieu tai
lieu dugc bien soan
nham
\ ao nhung
dtn
tugng nguoi hgc cu the. hoac dugc giu
nguyen
hoac
bieu

soan lai dc thich ung
\6i
doi lugng nguoi hgc
X'ict
Xam.
\'e
phuong phap giang
da\.
cac nha giao hgc ph;ip ngoai ngu
tren
the gioi da phat
IriCMi
nhicu duong huong
moi \
a cac nha thuc hanh o Viet Nam da ung dung nhicu
phuang phap khac nhau vao hoan canh giang
da\
cu
\hk
cua
minh
nhu-
phuong
237
phdp ngir
phap-djch.
phucmg phdp true tiep. phucmg phap
nghe-noi,
duong huong
day ngon ngir giao

tiep.v.v
Tdt cd nhung phuong phdp hay duong hucrng nav
d^u
nhdm mot muc dich: ndng cao hieu qua hgc tap
ciia
nguoi hgc. Tuy nhien, trong
tirng giai doan
ciia
lich su. muc dich hgc ngoai ngir co the khdc nhau.
6
nhirng
ih^
ki truoc. hgc ngoai ngir co the nhdm muc dich phdt trien tri tue vd ndng cao kha
ndng thuong thirc vdn hgc va nghe thuat
ciia
nguoi hgc. Dieu nay giai thich tai sao
giao tiep khdu ngir khong phai la mgt ngi dung dugc uu lien.
O
nira ddu
ciia
the ki
20,
do su banh truong
ciia chii
nghTa de quoc va do nhirng nhu cdu giao tiep
true
ticp ve khoa hgc va ccmg nghe. dac biet la trong mdu dich
quc>c
te,
phucmg phap

true
tiep \
cVi
nhirng bien the
ciia
no da dugc phat trien \ a dp dung. Vao cuoi nhung
nam
1980
tro lai day, cau hoi
^'The
nao la biet mgl ngoai
ngir?"
dugc dat ra
vadc
tra
IcTi
cau hoi nay cac nha giao
hcK
phap ngoai ngir da de xuat mot ducmg hucrng
moi - duong huVmg
da\
ngon ngir giao tiep. Co the noi rang, hgc ngoai ngu noi
chung va hgc ticng Anh noi ricng da thuc
sir
tro thanh mgt phan
ciia
din
scing xS
hgi khong nhung
tren

the gicri ma cim ca
cV
Viet Nam.
riunmg
nay du dinh nghien cim phat
tricMi
phucmg phap giang day hai nhom
ncM
dung duoc dc
xual
Uong Chucmg
6:
phucmg phap giang day
nhcSm
cac
ki
ndng
ngon ngu
tiCMig
Anh va phucmg phap giang day nhom hai
kl
nang giao tiep khau
nuu nehe \'a
ncSi
cho do\
lucme niiucri jioc
tiene Anh
khc")ne chuven
b Dai
h(?c

QUCK gia lla Ngi. Vcri nhcSm cac
kl
nang ngcm ngu, chimg toi bat ddu bang
day
ngir am; sau
dc)
chimg toi chuyen sang thao hum mgt so phuong phap va
thii
thuat
da>
tir \ung \a ngir phap quan trgng cho doi tucrng ngucri hgc ticng Anh khong
chuNcMi cV
bac dai
hc>c
va sau dai hgc.
Iiai
muc
cuc)i
ciing dugc danh cho viec thao
luan cac phuong phap
\a ihii ihuat
giang
da\
hai kT nang nghe va noi tieng Anh
cho
db\
tugng ngucri hgc tieng Anh khirng
chuyen 6
Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha
Ngi-

238
7.2.
Phuang phap giang day cac
kl
nang ngon
ngu
cho
ngucri
hoc
ti§ng
Anh
khong chuyen
6-Dai
hoc
Qu6c
gia Ha Noi
7.2.1.
Day
ngu
am tieng Anh khong chuyen b Dai hoc
Qu6c
gia Ha Noi
7.2.1.1.
Dan luan
Tat ca mgi ngon
ngir
deu su dung am thanh de dien dat y nghTa va mgi ngcm
ngir deu co mot tap hgp nhirng am khu
bicjt
dugc ggi la dm vi. Tdt ca nhirng ngucri

binh thuong deu dugc trang bi ve mat vat li va sinh hgc de san sinh ra nhirng am
thanh cua ngc)n ngu' loai ngucri. va kic ci)n tre hg deu hgc it nhat mgl
ngc'm
ngfr.
Tuy nhien. vao
mc)i
do tuoi nhal dinh khi bat dau hgc
m()l
ngon
ngu'
thir hai hg
thucmg gap khci khan.
The
thi lai sao ngucri
nb\
ngc'in
ngu*
nay Iai khci hgc nhung
am thanh
ciia
ngon ngu kia? Li do
ihir
nhat cci
llie
la,
mcM
sc") am
ciia ngc')n
ngu
na\

kiic'")ng
c() trong
ticMig
me dc:
ciia
hg.
1
hi du, hai am
/df
va /0/ ducrc thay trong tieng
Anh nhung lai khcmg ton tai trong tieng Vict. Ngucri
Vicjt
hgc ticng Anh khi gap
phai nhung am nay thucmg
tha\'
kho phat am va thuong thay
the:
ciiimg
bang cac
am /th/ hoac /s/ trong ticng
Vic^t.
Trong day
ticMig
Anh
khcMig chu>cn cV
cac trucmg dai hgc Viet Nam lir irucrc
den nay ngucri ta ducrng nhu coi nhe ngi dung phat
am.
Ket qua la, ngucri
hc^c

co
the dgc hieu dugc
nK>t
ngon ban nhirng khi noi ticng Anh thi hg khong the dien dat
de cho ngucVi khac
hieu
dircrc minh.
ITong bc'ri
canh hc)i nhap \ a toan cau hcSa. giao
tiep,
dac
h\el
la giao ticp khau ngu bang tieng Anh duong nlur la mgl
\eu
cau bat
huge
vc>i
mgi can bc) khoa hc)c. Chinh \i
\a\
trong chucrng trinh cac mon hgc lieng
Anh do chimg
tc^i
de xuat trong Chuong 6, phat am
la
mgt mon hgc, la bg phan
cau thiinh
hgg
phap
cim
chucrng trinh.

239
7.2.1.2. Mot so van de lien quan
din
day phat am cho
d6i tu-ong ngu-cri
hoc
tieng Anh khong chuyen b Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi
Truac khi nghien CLTU phat trien phirang phap va
Ihu
thuat
da\
phat am cho
d6i
tirgng
ngu-ai hoc tieng Anh khong chuyen a Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi.
chiine
toi
thay can thiet phai dat ra mot so cau hoi de tra lai. Cau hoi
thii
nhk la.
"Trone
moi
trucmg hoc trong do ticng Anh
dugc
xem nhu la mot ngoai ngu thi nguoi hoc co
can phai hoc phat am khong?" Cau tra lai chk
ch^n
la "Co". Li do la vi mac du
nhung noi dung phat am ticng Anh da dugc
thi^t

kc kha kT luang trong
chirong
trinh tieng Anh a pho
thong,
nhung do nhijng
16
hong trong giang day va
hpc
tap
cho
nen
khi vao dai hgc. hau het nhQ-ng nguai hgc tieng Anh khong
chuyen
a Dai
hgc
Ouoc
gia
I la
Ngi van ccm mac nhieu \o\ phat am. Cau hoi tiep theo la,
"Trcmg
mc^i
tnrcrng hgc Irong
dc)
licng Anh dugc \cm nhu la mgl
ngc\ai
ngir
ihi
nguiri
h^c
CC) can phai phat am ticng Anh

chiuin
muc
khcing?".
Cau tra loi an loan nhal la
"(\')'\
nhung vcVi thcri lucrng ducrc phan bcr cho tieng Anh nlur hien tai
6
Dai hgc
Quoc gia
I lei
Ngi (720
tiCu
Icn Krp
ihco each
thiet kc
ciia
chimg loi) thi nhumg co
»
••
•
gang
da\
phat am chuan muc cho ngucri hoc duirng nhu la viec lam
khc^ng
the.
Chmh \\ \a\. chimg
ten
lua chgn giai phap trung
hc'>a
de tra liri cau hoi nay: c6

gang
da\
lc")i
da dc phat am cua ngucri
here
tieng Anh khcmg
chu\c:n
co
the
chap
nhan dugc: nghTa
la.
da\
de ngucri hgc khong mac phai nhirng
Ic'Si
phat am nghiem
trgng pha \
c"r
giao ticp \ a nguiri nghe "ccr the hieu
duc7c"\
Quan dicm day phat
am
CO the hieu
ducrc ham chi rang bat ki
each
phat am nao lam cho ngucri ncri bi hieu
nhiim hoac ngucri nghe khong hieu deu phai dugc sira chua va ren luyen;
ngui?c
lai.
bat ki

each
phat am nao
ciia miub'x
no\ ma neucri mzhe co the hieu dugc thi
nguiri
da> khcSng
can phai ban tam c|ua nhieu.
*
Cau hb\ thir ba la. "Nhung
neu
dung
pbiit
am nao co the dugc day cho
doi
lugng nguiri hoc khong
clui\cn
b Dai
hcK
Qucrc
eia
Ha Ngi?".
O
day can phai
lini
40
y
rang tu nam hgc 2008 - 2009 tra di tat ca nhung nguai hgc a Dai hgc
Qu6c
gia
Ha Ngi da dugc hgc 700 tiet tieng Anh a

ph5
thong. Trong qua
trinh
hgc, hg da
dugc ren luyen phat am theo nhijng am dan le nhu nguyen am, phu am. cac am
ghep,
va cac to hgp am. Hg da dugc hgc de nhan dung trgng am trong cac tir tir hai
am tiet tra len, nhan dung trgng am cua cac am tiet nhan trgng am trong phat ngon.
nhip dieu cua nhCrng dan vi co nghTa trong phat ngon va
ngiJ dieu
cua cau. Chinh
vi vay, tren li thuyet hg dugc cho la co the phat am dugc toan bg he thdng am
thanh cua ngon
ngCr
ticng Anh. Tuy nhien, do nhCrng dieu kien day va hgc khac
nhau va do phucmg thirc kiem tra/thi hicn hanh, khau phat am
ihuong
hi bo qua
hoac khong dugc quan tam diing
miic.
Ket qua la, nhicu nguai hgc khi vao hgc a
dai hgc van con phat am rat toi va can phai day lai. Tuy nhien. vai thai lugng co
han danh cho day phat am cho
nen
doi
lK)i
nguai day phai lua chgn; nghTa la, chi
day nhCrng ngi dung phat am nao nguoi hgc con mac loi hoac
thii)
kho phat

am.
Cau hoi
Ihir
tu la,
''Khi
nao thi day phat am.
da\
phat am nhu la mgl thanh
phSn
ricng biet hay long ghep vao nhung bai hgc phat
trien
kT nang giao tiep?"
Cau trii lai
a
day la. day phat am ngay tir dau khoa hgc \ a
da\
no nhu la mgl thanh
phan ricng
biel.
Li do la vi he thong am thanh la mgt bg phan khong the tach roi
cua biit ki ngon ngu nao cho
nen
phat am phai la mgl bo phan cau ihanh
ciia
chuang trinh day ngon ngir do. No khong nen dugc
xem
la mgl thiinh phan xual
hicn tinh ca
trcMig
qua Irinh giang day.

7.2.1.3.
Mgt
sb thii
thuat day phiit am ticng Anh cho nguoi hoc khong
chuyen
6'Dai
hoc
Qiioc
gia Ha Ngi
Co nhieu
ihiT ihual
da)'
phai
am
liii'ng
Anh lir
each
phiit am nhung am don le
den
each nluTn
trgng am. noi diing nhip dieu \
ii
ngir dieu.
Frong
nhung muc
dudi
day
chiinu
toi
eicVi

ihieu 6 thu
ihual
chmh:
(i) cap toi thieu, (ii) su dung so do va
241
tay, (iii) luyen phat am tbeo hinb
tbue
xoin
luoi.
(iv) luyen
phai
am thong qua doc
to,
(v) luyen
nhjp
dieu. va (vi) luyen
ngij
dieu. Day la nhung thu
ihuat khong i6n
kem. khong can phai su dung thiet bi khoa hgc & cong nghe ma
\an
dat hieu qua
cao,
phu hgp voi doi lugng nguoi hgc tieng Anh khong chuyen o Dai hgc
Qu6c
gia Ha Ngi.
0) Cap toi thieu. Ticng Anh co cac cap ngu\ en am \ a phu am ma su xuat hien
cua chung khu biet y nghTa
ciia
tu ng

\a\
tu kia; thi du.
/t^
trong bat (con roi)
va/d/
trong
bad_
(toi) va
Ixl
trong
sij
(ngoi) va
I'v.l
trong
secu
(cho
ngc^i).
Day phat am theo
cap tc)i thieu rat co Igi cho viec day phat am cac am \
i
\ a co the dugc diing de
nang cao kha nang nghe chinh xac va san sinh loi noi khau ngu chinh xac. De
luyen tai nghe phan
biet
hai am tuong tu. bai tap eo ban nhat la ren
Iu\en each
phat cac am don \e. Mgl thanh phan
ciia
cap loi thieu dugc nhac lai nhanh
\a

nhieu
lan, sau do ngucVi
da\
chu\
en
sang thanh phan kia
ciia
cap tc)i thieu. Nguiri hpc
phai luu y den
sir
thay doi
lliong
qua \'iec gio tay. Sau khi \
ice
lam nay dugc thuc
hicn mgl
sc)
lan ngucVi hgc co the cimg nhau dgc cac cap
tii
\a thao luan vcri nhau
dc tim ra
cluiiu:
uioiiii
nhau
ha\
khac nhau o
(nhumi)
dicm nao. Mgt thu thuat
giang
da\'

khac la goi nguoi hoc Icn bang
\i\
yeu cau hg
nghe
\a
chi
vao tir giao
\ icn
pliat
am
ha\
phat am lir giao vien chi vao.
Mc)t vice
lam hiru ich doi vai
ngircVi
day la co gang chgn nhung tir nam trong
khcVi
tir
ximg ciia
nguoi hgc. Li
luong nhal la nhung am hoac nbirng tir dugc ren luyen dugc lay trcmg nhimg ngon
ban nguivi hgc dugc hgc trong
nigt
don
\\
bai hgc.
(ii)
Su dijng so ilt) vi)
tay. Trong khi giai thich each phat am mgt am
nhir

the
nao,
so db \e cac co quan phat am don gian la
thii
thuat giang day huu ich.
Bo
so
do
\a
dimg
ta>
d*}
the
hicn
each
phat am. giao
\icn
co
the
chi cho nguoi hgc
bicl
luoi
di
chu\
en
nlur
the
nao irong khoang micng de phat nhung am khac nhau.
S<7
db phat am cb the

duc^c
treo thuimg xuyen trong lop. Vice lam nay co the tiet
ki?in
d\.hc
nit nhicu thiri
gian.
bcri \i giao \ icn
klu')ng
phai
\c
di ve lai so do phat
IB
242
trong nhung gia hoc sau. Tuy nhien, trong khi day phat am co nhung luc giao vien
phai lam viec vai tirng ca nhan nguai hoc va khong de dang di
d^n
cho treo sa
d6
phat am.
Liic
nay giao vien co
th^
dung tay
d^
th^
hien: mot tay
th^
hien
\om
mieng, mot tay the hien luai. Nhung dAu ngon tay

th^
hien vom mieng co the cung
luc the hien hai ham rang hoac hai moi. Hai ban tay cua giao vien c6
th^
tra thanh
mot sa do co the di chuyen
dugc,
de day nguai hoc vk mot am
dugc
phat nhu
thi
nao dong thai dung no lam giao cu true quan
d6
chira loi cho nguai hoc khi chung
xuat hien.
(iiij
Luyen
phdt dm
theo hinh thuc
xodn ludi
Luyen phat am theo hinh thiic
xoan
lurri
la each luyen phat am tuyet vai va
dOng
thai
liim
cho nguai hgc da buon
chan. Boi vi xoan
lircTi

thuong
la
nhirng dgng lac
kho.
ngay ca dc)i voi nguoi ban
ngu-
cho nen khong nguiri hgc nao cam
lha\-
buon khi minh
mt\c
loi. Nhung thuc
hien dugc
each luyen
phat am theo hinh thirc xoan luoi la \
ice
lam
cue ki
kho
khan dc)i vcVi nguiri
hgc,
tham chi ca voi mgt
sc")
ngucri da>.
Ilau licl
nhung dgng
tac xoan
\uo\
deu tucmg phan
\b\
nhirng am lucmg lu. Nhung dgng lac xoan luoi

dai
CO
the ducrc su dung dc thuc hanh nhip
dieu.
Luyen
phat am ba am luong phan
/0/,
/d/,
va /s/
CO the
dugc thuc hien thcrng qua
lu}
en phat am
theo
hinh thirc xoan
lucVi
trong nhCrng cum tir
Thcophitus
Thistledown,
the successful thistle
sifter,
in
sifting a sieve of
unsifted
thistles^
thrust three thousand thistles through the thick
of
his
thumb.
Doi vcVi

sir tiro'ng
phan
ciia
hay am /s/ va /S/ doan ngcrn She sells
seashells by
the seashore
cb
the dirge
dcm ra
ren
lii\
en.
Nguiri hgc
ccS
thi:
tha\
\
ui
khi tu
\icl
hoac
tim
ra nhung
each
luyen am xoan
luTri
rieng
ciia
hg su dung nhirng
tir

CO the
gay khcr khan cho
hg,
sau dc) chia se vcVi ban
be
trong nhcim hoac trong ca
IcVp
hgc.
(iv) Luyen phdt
tim
thdng
tjua
doc
to
Dgc to chac chan co \
i
tri trong
lii>cn
phat am cho ca nhung nguiri hgc licng Anh chu\cn
\a
nguoi hgc ticng Anh khong
243
chuyen. Dgc to co loi cho viec luyen phat am diing nhirng tir. nhan diing trgng am,
nhip dieu va ngu dieu. Trong thu ihuat nay, giao vien khuyen khich nguoi hgc tin
trung \'ao cac each ma trgng am \ a
ngii
dieu anh huong den y nghTa tong
ih^
ciia
thong diep va su thay doi \ e trgng am co the

tha>
doi hoac gay nham lan y
nshia
cua phat ngon nhu the nao. Tu lieu diing de day luyen phat am thong qua dgc to
rat de tim. Giao vien co the sir dung bat ki loai hinh ngon ban nao.
(v) Luyen nhip dieu. Mot dac diem
ciia ngir
am tieng Anh thuong gay kho
khan khong nho cho ngucri
here
ncii chung va nguoi hgc cr Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha
Ngi noi rieng la
vice
noi nhirng cau ticng Anh dimg
nhip
dieu; nghia ia. trong khi
noi nguiri noi dat nbirng am tiet nhan trgng am
c7
nhurng khoang thcri gian gan deu
nhau. Rai
hai
hoac tho
thuimii ciiip nuircri
hoc ren
luven
nhip dieu tiene Anh.
1 ronu
khi da\ nhip
dieu.
n^ua'x

da\
khcms
can phai su dung bat ki
eiao
cu
true
quan hay dcr dimg day hgc nao.
lliay
\ao do, nguiri
da\
huong dan va yeu cau
nguiri hoc clap
nhe
hoac
\b
ta\
nhe
khi dgc
ihir
hoac doan \an
\an
khi hg dgc dong
thanh. Mgl
ihu
ihuat khac, nguiri
da\
\cu
cau ngucri hgc di bg trcmg lcrp dam chan
xu^Mig
sim nha mb\ lan diip. Thi du \c luyen nhip dieu co

the
thay trong doan tha
\'a
doan van duoi
da\.
i)oan
tho:
Twinkle,
'twinkle 'little 'star,
llcrw
I
'wonder 'what \ou
"arc,
'Up
a'bo\
e the
'wall
so 'high.
'Ljke
'diamond "in
the
'sky.
Doan van:
"Koshkush
was 'listening.
He
heard the 'shouts
ot^his
'people and the
'barkingof

\lgg^.'Winter
was 'coming with its
'hunger.
So his 'people had to 'go to
the
'ScMith.
'Slowly they
'moved
and "passed him. 'Soon he would be 'quite alone.
He
244
would
'sjt
on the 'snow and
'wak
for his
'death,
for he
u'as
'old and
"blind
and a
'burden to his 'people.
Ngoai cac bai tha. bai van xuoi, va cac bai hat, nhiine con
s6
lan
cune
co
ihk
dirge su dung de ren luyen nhip dieu. Nguoi day co the dgc nhiing con so

Icm
va
yeu cau
ngucji
hgc di bg, dat mot chan xuong moi
l4n
nguoi day bat hai ngcm tay.
Giu toe do nhanh va nhip dap deu dan. Thi du. ngucri day co
thd
dgc nbirng con
s6
sau va bat hai ngcm o moi am tiet dugc gach
duc>i:
three hundred and seventy
five
million, eight hundred and thirty
three
thousand,
two hundred and four.
(vi) Luyen
ngu dieu
BcVi vi cau ncii ticng Anh ccr nhung ducrng net ngir dieu
khu biet, su meo mb co the xay ra khi tir bi tach ra khoi ngon canh
dC^
iuxcn
phat
am. Hai thu thuat
dirge
sir dung de khac phuc van de nay. Thir nhat.
biii

cir
hie
nao
giao vien
yeu
cau
ngircTi
hgc nhac lai danh
muc
tu,
dam
bao rang
ihanli
phan
ihir
nhat ducrc nhac lai cuoi cimg hoac dugc
sir
dung dc bat dau danh muc ticp
ihco
dc
no
CC)
the dugc nghe vcVi ca hai
kieu
ngu
dieu
b dau va
6*
cuoi. Thi du. khi phat am
nhirng ngay trong tuiin, giao vien co

the luyen
nhirng danh muc kc tiep nhau nhu:
lucsday,
Wedncsdax,
Ihursday;
Thursday,
1
riday, Saturday;
Saturday, Sunday, Monday
Thii thuat
Ihir
hai dc
eiir dircrna net
nuu
dieu licna
Anh tu
nhien
la cach
xa\
(ngcMi
ban) ngucrc. Thu ihual nay
ducTc da>
khi mgl cau dai ducrc pha \o thanh
nhung
phAn
nho dc
luyen
ngu
dieu.
Can dugc

xa\'
dung lir lir
CT
cuoi cau nhu sau:
Harden
the garden
in
the uardcn
^-
dog in the
garden
ihc
dog in
the garden
245
bit the dog in the garden
boy hit the dog in the garden
The boy hit the dog in the garden.
Kieu ren luyen nay, cung con dugc biet den la
thii
thuat ren luyen theo hinh
kim tu thap. cho nguoi hgc nhirng co hgi thuc hanh phat am nhirng nhom tir dai
cang ngay cang tang dan ma thuong ket thiic bang mot duong net ngir dieu
cu6i
cimg tu nhien. No cung dua ra nhirng cum tir tu
nhien
de cho mao tir se khong bao
ii\a
duoc de lai o cuoi cau nhu no
thuone

co the neu
eiao
vien xav dune kim tu
Ihap
tir thanh phan dau cau.
Ti/
lieu giang day dc: luyen ngir dieu ciing rat de
tim,
CO the
lay o bat ki ngon ban nao.
Mgt so thu thuat dugc chimg toi gicri thieu
6
tren co the sir dung trong nhirng
bcii
hgc phat am ricng bicl.
Giac^
\ien co
the phai iricn
nhung thu thuat co hieu qua
bon khac de ren
luyen
phat am
tiC^ng
Anh cho nguiri hc)c.
7.2.2. Day (ir
vniiji lienji
Anh
khonj;
chuyen
6

Dai hgc Quoc
jjia llii
Ngi
7.2.2.1.
ru\a iihunji
dac diem
eiia
tir
Y)c
nang cao nang luc su dung tir \ ung
ciia
minh. nguiri hgc ticng Anh can
phai
CO kien ihuc chAc
chan \e tir \ ung. Irong khi
mire
do \u \ung ca ban cho
phep
nguiri hgc giao ticp
nigt
sc'r y tucmg cr mot muc dc) nao dcr, thi giao tiep
hOu
hieu
hon
chi
co
the
hoan ihanh khi ngucri hgc co dugc mot khoi tir vung rgng
Ion
hon.

O nhiem
thiri dicm. khong
biCn
mgt tir cu the co the gay can trir cho
vice
giao
ticp,
nhung trong nhicu truirng hop su dung nhiim tir co the lai
lam
cho giao
tiepbi
ngirng che hoim loan. Dieu
niiy
ncSi
Icn uim
quan trcmg
ciia
lir \ ung trong ngon
ngiJ
va
da\
tir
\
ung trong giao hgc phap ngoai ngu.
246
'Tir
la hinh anh thu nho
ciia
y thuc con nguoi" (A
w^ord

is a microcosm of
human consciuousness) (Vygotsky). Tat ca mgi ngon
ngii
d^u
dugc hinh thanh tir
nhirng tir don le. Tao tir moi la qua trinh phat trien tu nhien
ciia
ngon ngu va hgc
tir moi duong nhu cung la mgt qua trinh tuong tu. Ngay ca trong
ti^ng
Viet chiing
ta cung thucmg phai hgc tir moi. Lay doan trich duoi day lam thi du:
Ngu'
phdp
ehue ndng tu dat cho minh cai nhiem vu nghien
eiru,
mieu ta va giai
thieh cdc quy tde ehi phoi hoat dong eua ngon
ngir
tren cdc hinh dien eua mat
hinh thuc vd mat noi dung trong mdi lien he co tinh chiic ndng (trong mdi lien
he
giQ'a
nhtrng phtrong tien vd nhung mue dieh) thdng qua viec quan sat edeh sir
dung ngdn ngu trong nhung tinh hudng giao tiep hien thue khdng phai
ehi
de tap
nhirng danh sach dan vi vd xac dinh
nlmng
hi;

thdng vd tieu
hi;
thdng Jon vi ngdn
ngu md eon de theo doi edeh
hdnli chire
eua ngdn ngu qua nhirng bieu hien sinh
ddng ciia nd trong khi
dirac
sir dung. Nhung nguyen tde xdy dung cdu triic eua
ctan
vi ngdn tit eo' ban - cdu ~ duoc ngu phdp
ehite
ndng trinh hay vd giai thieh
tren ca sd nhung mdi quan he khdng khit giua ngdn ngu vd tu duy. trong viec edu
trite hod vd tuyen tinh hod nhung su tinh duoe phan dnh vd trdn thuat
tnpng
mdi
truirng tde ddng cita nhung nhdn td da dang cua tinh hudng va vdn canh vdi su
tham gia eua nhung fnue tieu
hCru
thirc hay vd thiic eua ngudi ndi duiri su ehi
phdi eua nhung cdng udc cong tde giua nhirng nguiri tham du hdi thoai. (Cao
Xuan
1
lao - Tieng
Vicl:
So thao ngii phap chirc nang. trang 5).
NCu
nguiri dgc khong
nrim

trong
ITnh
vuc
chuycMi
mon cua ngon ngu hgc
ihi
co
Ic
hg sc
thA\'
doan van mgt cau o
uvn
hoi nang nc do ban
chai chu> en
ngimh the
hien trong cac tir ngu (mgt
s6
tir co the hoan toan moi) nhu
ngCrphdp
chuc
ndng,
mat noi
dung,
tngt hinh
thirc,
tinh
dure
nang. don vi ngdn
ngu\
cdch hdnh

chirc,
ngon tir.
tuvOn
tinh hoa.
vein
cdnh, muc tieu
luru
tlure,
vo
thuc,
cong uac cong tac,
v.v.
nouox
hoc
tic^m
Anh, dac
biet
la
nmroi
hgc licng Anh khong chuyen trong
mb\
truing
ngoai ngfr cung trai
nghiem sir
k'mg
tiing luong tu
tham
chi
\6i
ca nhimg

ngon ban de doc hon.
1 lo
co
\.hk
gap phai nhung tir ho hoan toan chua he biet hoac
nhCrng tir ho da bicl nhung dang
dirge sir
dung
iheo
nhCrng
each
moi \a
kJiong
ro
nghTa. ilg tham chi co the gap phai nhimg khai niem irong lieng Anh chira duoc
the
hivn
bring tir ngCr luong
dirong
Irong licng Viet.
247
Nghien ciru ngon ngu hgc ve tir vung chi ra rang tu trong mgi ngon ngir co
th^
dugc phan ra thanh cac tir loai nhu danh tir, dgng tir, tinh tir, trang tir. gicri tir, lien
tir. va mao tir. Trong tieng Anh. nhieu tir dugc cho la co cimg goc xuit phat tir
dgng tir, sang danh tir, tinh lu, trang tir nhu organize
—^
organization
-^
organizational

-^
organizationally,
hoac co the
tha\"
doi nghia ngugc lai
b^g
each them tien to nhu organized
—>
disorrganized:
mgt so danh tu thav
d6i
v^
hinh thirc de dien dat y nghTa so it va so nhieu nhu book
->
books: dgng tir thuong
CO
nhtrng hinh thirc dimg dc
phii
img voi chu ngir nhu I go : he
goes,
de chi
nhimc
thiri
dicMTi
khac nhau hoac
sir
hoan thanh hay chua hoan thanh
ciia
hanh
dgng'trang

thai tnrng su
kien
liri noi nhu
go,
went,
going,
gone: tinh tir
\a
trang tir mgt am tiet
thuirng
tha\
doi hinh thirc trong khi so sanh
hern
kem, va so sanh
cao^thap
nhat
nhu nhu long
>
longer
—>
longest,
fast
-^faster
-^fastest,
v.v. Tir cung co
the
kcl hgp \ oi nhau
tliimh
cac tir ghep nhu black va board trong
blackboard,

merry,
go
\'i\
round
Ironii
meny-go-round.
Nga\
ca khi tir khong kcl hgp \oi nhau dc tao
thanh tu
ghc;p.
thi chimg cung co
ihc
dong chirc nang nhu la nhung don vj
coy
nghTa
\(Vi
nhung hinh
ihirc
co dinh hoac ban
cc^r
dinh nhu bit and
piece,
all
of
a
sudden,
out of the blue, well and truly, do up. look down
poti.
Vc
ki

thu;^t,
day ia
nhimg don vi lir
\un<:
da thanh phan. nhung trong ngon
ngir
giimg day
thcing
dun\i
cluing thuirng duoc
ggi
la chuoi fir
\ung (lexical
chunks). Trong tieng Anh
ci)n
CO
mgt
kieu
lb hgp cac tu kcl hgp \ oi nhau long
Ico hem
thuirng dugc ggi la
don<i
djnh
\
j tir
(ct>llocation):
db la nhung tir nam trong the dong dinh vj voi
nhau. Chung
xiuil
hicn cimg nhau thucrng xuyen den

mire
ma khi (nhirng) tir nay
xuat hicn ta cb the danh
CUCTC
rSng
(nhirng) tir kia se xuat hien o ben canh
chJng
han nlur table \
a
shows Irong the table
shows,
pale
\h
face trong a
paleface,
loud
crash \a thunder trong
a
loud crash of thunder. \
A
.
Moi
nuon
n^u
deu co
nhmm
tir
dirnu
am
nhunii

khac nghia. Trong ticng Anh ta
CO \Uk
dan ra hang tram
IririTug
hgp.
ch;ing
han nhu like (giai tir)
<::>
like (dong
tir).
48
can (dgng tir)
<»
can (danh tir), v.v. Mgi ngon ngCr
d6u
co nhirng tir khac am, khac
chu'
viet nhu-ng lai dong nghTa
nhir
black
<=>
white,
hope
c^
dispair,
winter
<=>
summer. Mgt tir khong phai luc nao cung dan nghTa, no
thirang
co

nhi^u
nghTa
khac nhau trong nhirng ngon canh
sir
dung khac nhau nhu get trong I got a good
mark.
Winter got very
cold.
They got married, v.v. Va trong mgt ngon ban
\'^
mgt
chu de nao do, nguai noi/viet thuang sap xet cac tir nam trong mgt truang
nhSt
dinh, thi du, trong mgt ngon ban
v^
Noen ta co
th^
gap Christmas, Christmas Eve,
fireplace, Santa
Claus,
Christmas carols, snow, toys, v.v.
7.2.2.2. Mot so
thii
thuat day
tu
vung ticng Anh cho nguoi hoc khong chuyen
r
6*
Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi
Tir vung la thimh phan chat lieu

cue
ki quan trgng trong mgi ngon ngir. No
duoc xem nhu
nhunu vien uacb
de neucri
noi/viet xfiv
len
t()a
nha uiao ticp lien
ngcm. Day tir vung cho nguiri hgc ticng Anh khong
chuyen
o Dai hgc
Qucic
gia Ma
Noi di
theo nhirnu nsiuvcMi
tac
chun^
ciia da>
tir
\'unu lhbn\i
thucrng. Cac
nhii liiao
hgc phap tieng Anh da kham pha ra nhicu
ihii
ihuiit day tir vung dua vao nhirng
dcic dicMii ciia
tir
virnu
nlur da duoc trinh

ba\
trona
Muc
7.2.2.1.
Tu\
nhien.
doi
tugng hc)c
ticMig
Anh
khr)ng chuyen
o Dai hgc Quoc gia
lla
Ncri la nhung ngucri co
trinh do
here
thuat cao, co kha nang nhan thiic nhanh, va moi nguoi hgc khac nhau
ua chuong nhfrng
Ihu
thuat hay chien
luge
hgc tir
\'u*ng
khac nhau. Chinh
\ i
xay
dieu quan trgng la ngucri day phai khu>
CMI
khich ngucri hgc tim ra
thii

thuat nao co
Igi
nhat doi \'oi hg. Trong khi phat
trii?n
khoi lir
\irng
cho nguoi hgc. dieu quan
trcrng la phai phan bicl giua khoi lir vung ciin
ihict
dc
hieu
bicl \ a khcii lir \
irng
can
thiet de san sinh liri noi. Dc phuc
\\\
cho muc dich
hieu
biet.
su>
luan dc
iim
ra
nghia cua lir trong ngon canh trong
der
lir dugc su dung co Ic la phuong phap hgc
tir vung quan trgng nhat.
()
day ngucri
da\

cci
tlic
Ia\
lir irong
ngbn
ban dang
da\-
dua ra
nhmm
dinh
nuhia
khac nhau de
nairoi
hgc chgn
xem
dinh nghTa nao
gcan
249
nghTa vol tir nhat. Nguoi day cung co the cho mgt cau va dua ra mgt
s6
tir
g^
nghTa nhau de ngucri hgc tim ra tir gan nghTa nhat trong ngon canh da cho. Ngugc
lai,
de phuc
\'u
cho cac muc dich san sinh loi noi trong giao liep, cat
giir
va truy
cap nghTa

ciia
tu co tam quan trgng dac biet. Nhieu
ihii
thuat day tir \ ung da
dirge
cac nha giao hgc phap
(ihi
du. Nattinger 1988. Dudley-Evans & Jo ST John 2000)
ggi y de cat
giii
tir vung chang ban nhu sir dung chuoi lien tuong, tao thuat nha tir
va dinh vi tir
(sir
dung nhirng hinh anh
true
quan de giiip nguoi hgc nhcr tir).
Ngucri hgc khac nhau co nhirng
ibu
thuat hgc tir vung khac nhau. Chinh vi vav
dieu
quan trgng la trong khi day ngucri day phai khuyen khich nguoi hgc tim ra
each hgc nao tot nhat cho hg. Hgc tir vung la mot qua trinh xir li nhan thirc.
Coba
each
trong do tir vung co the dugc tap hcrp de tao dieu
kien
thuan
Igi
cho qua irinh
xir li nhan llu'rc: (i) cac lap hgp linh huong. ngir nghia va an du. (ii) dong dinh vj

va (iii) nhung cum tu lir \ung.
(i) Cdc tap
h{>p
tinh
hudng,
ngu
nghia vd dn
diL
Nattinger
(1988)
gcri y
rang
\iec sir
duiu:
v
imhTa ciia
tir la chia khoa cho
vice
truv cap thimh
c6n^
v nghia
ciia
Ui.
\a
cac y nghia co
the
dugc irinh
ba\
duoi hinh
ihirc

cac liip hgp tinh huong.
nuir nubia \a an du.
1
ruv cap mot don \ i tir
\irnu
tir tri nhcr ducrc ho trg bang
vi^c
nhcSm cac tir lai \ oi nhau
theo
nghia
ciia
chimg.
Vice
lam nay co the dugc
thiic
hicn theo chu dc (cac liip hop tinh huong, de cac tir dugc
lien
he \
cri
nhau
theo
moi
lien
tuong, chang han \oi tir computer nguiri day co the diing nhirng
thii
thuat
giang
da\
dc nguiri hgc
lien he

\oi cac lir khac nam trcmg truong ngu nghia nhu
mouse.
(7*(/,
USB.
screen,
storage,
retrival. \
w
\'a
nhung tir nay co the dugc day
cimg nhau. Tir cunu co the duoc thuc hien
lhi">ng
qua chucn
lien
tuong (tap
h<7P
ngir nghia) de cac tir dong nghia chang ban nhu dear - expensive, good
-fine.
\'.\ .), cac tir trai nghia nhu hope -
dispair.
best -
worse,
good - bad. high
quality-
low
cjuality.
v.v.,
cac tir thugng danh (supcrordinate) va cac lir
h?
danh

250
I
(suborrdinate) nhu vehicle: car, bus; house: door, window,
roof,
room.
Sir
truy cap
nghTa c6 the
dugc
ho
trg
thong qua an du. Henderson (1982) da chung minh nghia
an du cua cum
tu'
wild horse trong
ti^ng
Anh dugc su dung dh mo ta lam phat
trong cac ngon ban kinh te nhu the nao theo nghia nam ngoai
t4m ki§m
soat nhu
run-away
infation,
galloping inflation, inflation - the riderless horse.
Nhung thi du
tren
co nhung ham y rat ro rang cho
vice
day tir vung va lap luan
ung hg cho nhiing tai lieu giang day
khuyen

khich nguoi hgc tu xay dung nhijng
tap hgp ngu nghTa, tinh huong va an du rieng cho minh.
D6ng thofi
chiing cung
chung minh cho mgt kieu tai lieu dugc xay dung tren nhiing y nicm theo duong
hucVng thiet ke ngi dung mon hgc
ciia
Wilkins (1976).
(ii) Ddng dinh vi
iiv
Trong nhicu ngon ban. diic bicl la nhung
ngr)n
ban khoa
hoc,
ngucri ta thucrng
ihiiy
cluing dugc lo chirc xung quanh mgl so dcm \
i lir
\ ung
chu chot. Do
dcr,
trong khi day
tii*
vung cho sinh \
icMi
dai hoc va hgc vien cao
here,
ngucri day phai
diinh
mgt lugng thoi gian nhiit dinh dc ciing nguoi hgc

kiem
tra
ngon canh trong do cac don vi tu
\ irng
nay xuat hicn - su dong dinh vi hay dong
xuat hien
ciia
ncr vcVi
nhung
don \
i
tir vung khac.
Dc^c dii:m
nay giup ngucri hgc
phat trien cac kha nang
kiem Ira
cac tap hgp tir
vung.
mgl tap hgp
Ccic
lir ma
nhQ-ng thanh
vien ciia
no
dcMig
dinh \i cimg nhau; thi du, strong argument,
powerful
argument,
casual
language/conversation,

standard
variety^
\\x.
Dieu
nay
dcin d(3n
khai nicm cum
tu- tu-
vung (Icxcal
phrase)
rat quan trgng cho
\iec
phat
tri(3n
va mcV rgng khcri tir vung
ticMig
Anh cho nguc7i hgc. nhfmg cum lir ihuong
xuk hien trong cimg
nigt
hinh thirc chang han nhu by pure coincidence, by the
way,
all of a
sudden,
well you sort of
do,
\
.w
(cf. Carter & McCarrthy
1988,
Nattinucr&

DcCarrico 1992).
251
Nghien curu ve hgc tir vung tieng Anh (Peters 1983. Nattinger & DeCarrico
1992)
ggi y rang nguoi hgc o do tuoi truong thanh khong hgc tir vung theo
nhimg
don vi don le ma theo cac chuoi ngon ngOr. Chimg la nhiing cum tir tir
wnz
(lexical phrase), nhirng cum tir ngan thuong dugc sir dung trong nhiing tinh
hu6ng
nhat dinh. Trong cac ngon ban khoa hgc cac cum tir tir vung nhu The
table
shows/suggests
that,
as can be seen from the diagramme, the sales felt
sharplv.
v.v
thucrng xuyen xuat hien va chiing phai la nhirng dcm vi giang day trong khi day tir
vung cho dcri tucrng ngucri
here
rr bac dai hgc va sau dai hgc dc hg co the mo ta
ducrc nhirng bieu bang hoac nhirng so lieu trong nhiing cong trinh nghien ciru
ciia
hg.
Cac nha giao hc)c phap ngoai ngir tin rang nhirng cum tir tir vung co lien
he
chat
chc vcri quan
d\em
vc tinh ccS

the
du doan ducrc
ciia
cac the
Icrai
ngon ban. De dien
dat
mcM sir
di
chuyen
nao dci trong ngcm ban,
mcit
sc'r cum lir tir
\*ung
co
the dirge
xac dinh va
ph;u
ducrc (la\ Thi du, cac each dien dat nhu soles fed sharply rat co
Igi
cho \
ICC
mo la so
\\e\\
trong phim thao luan
ciia
cac
biii
bao khoa hgc ve kinh te
hoac

quiin
tri kinh doanh. Irong cac luan van,
luan
an hoac trong cac buoi trinh hay
\'c knih
chKiiih.
I ucmn
ttr.
each dicn
dat once upon
a
time cb loi cho
vice
ggi ra
mgt ciiu
chu\
en
co lich.
Chimg loi khong
d^
xuiit
\\ec
hgc vo thirc nbirng cum tir cc") dinh dc the hien
nhung
birc'rc
di
chu> en
trcmg cac
the
loai ngcm ban, nhung khcmg co li do tai sao

chung ta
lai klic'>ng
gioi
ihicu mc>t
pham \i nhung cum tir tir vung de cung
cap
cho
nguiri hgc ccS trinh do nhan thirc cao
mcM
so su lua chgn de dien dat nhimg
sirdi
chu>cMi
khi day ncSi hoac
\'ict.
Khi nguiri hoc
ccS
nhu cau
sir
dung tieng Anh han
chc} trong nhung tinh huong co the du doan
duc;c,
thi \ iec day cac cum tir tir
\^m%
chii chcM
ccS
ih J lii
con duirng nhanh nhat di dcm su thong thao dugc yeu cau cho
linh
luuinu
do

(IICHIN
1996).
7.2.3.
Day ngfr phap tieng Anh khong chuyen
a
Dai hoc
Qu6c
gia Ha Noi
Theo truyen
thong,
ngir
phap co vai tro trgng tam trong day ngoai ngir. Cac
If
thuyet
ngij
phap va li thuyet hgc tap co quan he vai chung da bien minh cho nhung
ducmg huang thiet ke ngi dung va phuang phap giang day
ti^ng
Anh trong
nhidu
nam qua. Trong muc nay chung toi se ggi y phuang phap va thu thuat
da> ngCr
phap tieng Anh dien hinh cho doi tugng sinh vien dai hgc. hgc vien cao hgc va
nghien cuu sinh
a
Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi. Mac du su thong thao
v§ ngij
phap va
su thong thao ve cac kT nang giao tiep ngay nay khong con dugc xem la thuoc
cung mgt pham tru, nhung ngu phap co vai tro trong ca hon kT nang giao

ti6p
nghe, noi, dgc va viet la
sir
thuc dugc cong nhan rgng rai. Chinh \i vay ma ngu
phap phai la mgt bg phan cau thimh
khcMig the
bo qua ducrc trong bat ki mgt
chucrng trinh day ngoai
ngu*
luio.
Xu hucVng hicn nay trong giao hgc phap ngoai
ngir,
dac biet la trong ducrng hucrng day
ng('^)n ngir
giao ticp dcri
xii'
ngu"
phap nhu la
mgt thanh phan
ciia
cac kT nang giao ticp. chir
khc'')ng
phai nhu la mgt thimh phiin
rieng biet trong nhcrm nhCrng ngi dung giang day. Vc co' ban chiing tcri
dbng
y \ cri
quan
dii:m
nay. Tuy
nhic:n,

irong moi truong ticng Anh nhu la mgt ngoai ngu o
Viet Nam, mcrt moi truong ma phan
IcVn
nhCrng hgat
dc)ng
day va hgc
ticMig
Anh
van ccrn lay ngCr phiip
lam
trung lam
(xem
Hoang Van Van ct al. 2006), chiing
l(*>i
thay can phai
diinh mc)t
lucmg thiri gian nhat dinh de
c)n
tap lai
ngu"
phap tieng Anh
truoc khi nguiri hgc o bac dai hgc co the hgc cac kT nang giao tiep nghe.
nc^i.
dc^c
va
vi^t.
D6ng
thoi trong qua trinh phat trien cac
kT
nang giao tiep trong nhCrng mon

hgc khac, chung tcri se ggi y nhung
nc)i
dung ngu phiip can day dc dap irng dugc
nhu cau
ciia nmrcri
hoc o bac dai hoc
\
a sau dai hoc.
Co mgt so quan nicm chua dung
\c \ai
tro cua ngu phap trong
da\
ticng Anh
khong
chu\cn
a Vict Nam noi cluing va o Dai
ligc
Quoc gia lla Ngi noi ricng. Da
nhicu nam nav
da\
tidnu .Anh
khong
chuvCMi
duong
nhu'
chi chu irong vao
da\
ngu
253
phap va dgc hieu. Chinh vi vay ngu phap dugc nhin manh qua

miic.
Kk qua
la
nguai hgc thuang co mgt khoi kien thuc ngir phap
d6
so. nhung ma
ki^n
thiic nav
khong giup dugc hg nhieu khi hg buac vao giao tiep thuc thu. Khi
chuven
sane
duang huang day ngon ngu giao tiep. nhieu nguai lai
chii
trucmg khong day
kh6i
kien thiic ngon ngu. cho rang khoi kien thiic nay nen dugc day
long
ghep vao cac
kT nang giao tiep. Mgt ket qua cung co
th^
thiy
la nguai hgc thuang
\-ua
khong
phat trien dugc do luu loat. vira khong co do chinh xac trong khi giao
ti^p.
Vay
ngir
phcip
con vai tro trong day ngoai ngir khong? Cau tra lai la "Con". Tuy nhien.

day ngir phap cho doi tugng nguai hgc khong chuyen a bac dai hgc va sau dai hgc
la day nhtrng ngi dung gi va day nhu the nao la moi quan tam chinh cua chung toi
trong muc nay.
Nhu da trinh
ba\
irong cac Chuonu 2
\
a 4.
nuuiri
hoc tienu Anh
khonu chuven
o Dai hgc Quoc gia
I lii
Nc)i khi \ ao dai
here
da ducrc hc)c 700 tiet tieng Anh va
mk
dii Ircn
li lhu\cl hg ducrc
da\
ca bcrn kT nang giao ticp nghe, noi, dgc va vicl va ba
khia canh cua
ki<:n ihuc
ngon
ngir
ticng Anh phat am, lir vung va ngir phap, nhimg
trgng tam
chii
yeu
ciia

day \ a
here
thuirng dat
\'ao
day ngCr phap \ a dcrc hieu. Chinh
\i
\a\.
khi \ao dai hgc nguiri hgc da ducrc hgc him het nhurng ngi dung ngu phap
ciia ticmi
Anh.
\^o
\a\'.
chimu tc^i
chu
trucmu
dav
nuCr
phap
mc')t each
ccr lua chon,
cIu
da\
nhirng
nc^i
clung nao phuc
\u
cho nhu cau
phai trien
cac kT nang giao tiep
ciia

nguiri
here,
dac biet la kT nang dgc va viet khoa hgc
ciia
hg sau nay (cf. Barber
1962,
Swales
1988).
Theo dcr, nhCrng khia canh sau day can phai luyen lai va day
cho
dcii
lugng nguiri hgc dai hgc va cao hc)c; (i) dang bj dgng, (ii) dgng tir tinh
thai,
(iii) mao tir.
(i\)
danh boa hay
"^in
du ngu phap", \'a (v) tir noi Icrgic.
(i) Dang hi dong. Dang la mgl pham
trii
pho niem trong mgi ngon ngir bao
g(^m
dang chu
dcrng
\ a dang bi dgng. Dang chu
dcmg
dugc hinh thanh theo mau
thirc
kc:
gi\\'

himh dirng
^
himh dgng o dang chu
dgng -^
ke bj lac dgng.
Ngii»7C
1?J.
254
dang bj dgng dugc hinh thanh theo
miu
thuc ke bj tac dgng
+
hanh dgng a dang bi
dgng + ke gay hanh dgng. Trong
ti^ng
Anh khoa hgc. dang bi dgng thuang dugc
su dung thuang xuyen; trong mgt
s6
ngon ban khoa
hgc,
dang bi dgng co the
chi6m
khoang 40% (Wingard
1981).
Theo cac nha nghien ciru ngir phap (Quirk et
al. 1985, Halliday 2004, Hoang Van Van 2005c). viec lua chgn cau
chii
dgng hay
cau bj dgng bj quy dinh bai chirc nang: trong cac ngon ban khoa hgc. nguai
viCn

thuang
CO
xu huong sir dung cau
chii
dong de mo ta nhung su lua chgn trong quy
trinh ricng cua hg. Nhirng hg lai
sii-
dung cau bi dong khi nhung quy trinh chudn
dugc mo ta. Tuang tu. khi nguai
via
doi
chiOu
cong trinh nghien ciru
ciia
hg voi
(nhung) cong trinh nghien ciru truac do trong ciing
ITnh
vuc. hg co xu huong su
dung dang
chii
dgng dc mo ta nghien ciru
ciia
minh, nhung lai sir dung dang hi
dong de mo ta cac cong trinh
nghien
ciru truoc do.
Nhieu bai bao khoa hgc, dac
biet
la nhung
biii

bao trinh bay ve
nghien
ciru ban
dau, sir dung
khc'ing
nhCrng
d()ng
tir o thi hicn
tcai
dcrn, dang bj
dc>ng.
cac dgng tir
tinh thai ma
cc)n thuinm \u\'cn
sir dunu
nhCrniz dbn\i
lir phiu
mibn
\i\
Xhbn^
bao
nhu accept, advise, agree, confirm, consider, explain, invite, object,
order,
point
out,
recommend,
refuse,
reject,
retnind.
reply,

respond,
say.
maintain,
talk.
tell,
wonder,
v.v.
(ii)
Ddn<:
tir
tinh thai. Trone bcri thoai va cac
neCrn
bcin.
dac
biet
la
Ccic nuon
ban khoa hgc trong ticng Anh, dgng tir tinh thai
liiuong xu\en
dugc sir dung.
Nhung dgng tir tinh thai nhu may,
might,
could,
would duac sir dung de dien ta cac
mire
do chiic ch;in
ciia sir
cam ket
ciia
ngiroi \ict doi

\oi
nlian dinh.
Neu
ngiroi
vicl
vidl:
This
iiuiy
he due lo
technical
reason thi hg dua ra nhiin dinh than trong.
doi lap
vdi
nhan dinh khong che
cluin
This is due to technical reason. Trong cac
neon
ban khoa hoc
iroim tiC-nu
.Anh.
chc chan
lii
mot
hiC-n
lugng dugc cac nha
nghien
ciru sir dung pho
bien.
Co nhung phuong tien dicn dat su che
chiin

khiic
255
cung can phai day cho nguoi hgc tieng Anh khong chuyen o bac dai hgc nhu
appear,
seem,
suggest,
tend,
Muc dich cua viec diing nhurng dgng lir thong bao hav
phat ngon nay la nham tach nguoi viet ra khoi
sir
he
lu> true
tiep
\
oi nhan djnh.
Nguoi hgc tieng Anh khong chuyen
6
Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi phai co kha nans
hieu dugc vai tro cua cac each dicn dat che chan trong cac the loai ngon ban, dac
biet la cac the loai ngon ban khoa hgc \'a phai co kha nang
sir
dung nhimg
phucmg
tien nay trong giao tiep. Day la mot ngi dung co the khac ve do nhan
dcSi
vai noi
dung giang day ngii phap cho nhijrng doi tugng ngucri hgc
tic^ng
Anh chi vcri muc
dich giao tiep thc)ng

thudng.
(iii) Mao
tir.
Mgl so each sir dung mao tir cung quan trgng doi voi doi tugng
nguiri hgc
licjng
Anh khc")ng
chuxen
o Dai hgc Qucrc gia Ha Ngi. Mac
dii
dugc hgc
vii
rclMi luyen
cr
phe")
llunig.
nhung cci Ic nhicu nguiri hoc
\
an chua the diing thanh
duoc
ciic
mao tir
tronu lic:ng
Anh.
1
la\
\el ba thi du ducri dav:
{\)
A_
snake is a

lizard.
(2)
(0)
(\>/)per
is
a
reddish metal.
(3)
J he IIcdiidavan nuulel
of language is
c±
language theory
Tronu
ihi
du I. \icc
sir
dum:
mao tir
khiSmi
xac dinh
A
co Ic
khcine
kho khin
db\
\b\
nmriri
hoc
cV
biic dai hoc va sau dai

here,
boi vi neoai y
nuhia
khcmg xac
dinh
ducvc
nhap ma trong
a.
nci con cci
mc)l
y nghia khiic la chi so it irnot con
r3n
la
nuil
con bi> sat rim la
loai
hi) sat). Chinh \
i
\a\ miic
dii
nguoi hgc co the chira
cam nhan ducrc v
nuhTa khonu
xac dinh nhung ho van co the
dimii
dims
mao lira
Thi du 2 \ii 3 thuirng
ga>
kho khan cho ngucri hc)c. Trcrng thi du 2

copper
(dc'ing)
la chmh tir
khc^ng dCMu
dugc.
\
nghTa khcmg xac dinh
ciia
danh
iir
trong
truimg hgp
na\
lai
dugc
the
hicn bang hinh thirc 0 cua mao
tir,
lucrng tu,
trongini
56
du 3 ten goi cua mot mo hinh ngon ngii hoc Halliday
dugc
xac dinh ma khong co
phan
ngon ban nao truac do, va mao tir xac dinh The
dugc
diing nhu
th^
no co quy

chilu ngoai chi (exophoric reference). Hai khia canh cua sir dung mao tir - mao tir
xac dinh va mao tir 0 la hai noi dung phai dugc day cho nguoi hoc
tidne
Anh
khong chuyen. Dudley-Evans & Jo St
.lohn
(2000). tir kinh nghiem giang day sinh
vien nuoc ngoai hgc
tiing
Anh cua minh. da nhan
th^>
rang lap trung vao day hai
khia
canh nay
ciia
mao tir tiing Anh lam tang nang luc vilt cua nguoi hgc. luy
nhien, cac hgc gia nay cung
khuyin
nghi
rSng
boi vi mao tir duimg nhu
la
mot
pham
trii
ngir phap ket hgp ca hai net nghTa an va hien cho
nen
phan tich qua chi
tiet tat ca cac each sir dung cua mao tir tiing Anh se lam cho
ngutii

hgc
nh^m
lan.
Doi vai doi tugng nguoi hgc khong chuyen
chi nen
da\
mot
s6 each
sir dune co
ban. Khi ngucri hgc dugc tiep
xiic
nhilu voi tiing Anh. hg se hgc dugc nhirng cach
sir dung khac
ciia
mao tir mgt
cj'ich
huu
hieu
hon.
(iv) Danh hoa. Day cac
do'n
vi tir dugc danh hoa
nhir Ihl
nao cung
la
mgt phan
rat quan (rgng irong khi day
ngCr
phiip cho sinh \ icn dai hgc
\a

hgc \icn cao hgc cr
Dai hgc Quc)C gia
lla
Ngi,
bcri
\'i
nci
lii
mot diic dicm quan trgng cua
kieu
ngon ngir
trim tugng thucrng dugc cac nha khoa hgc ua su dung de phat
tric:n
ngon ban. Sir
dung danh hoa
cV
cap do tir
\un\x
cho bicl
\ii:c cluncn
loai
tir dcniu
lir sane danh ui;
tir danh tir sang tinh
tir,
v.v
Sir
dung danh hoa
6 eiip
do ciiu hay

"iin
du ngu phiip"
lam
cho
thcrng
tin dirge day dac
hem
nhung lai phuc tap
hem.
boi \
i
nbirng ngi
dung dugc dicn dat bang
mgl
cau phirc (hai mcnh de). khi
irai
qua qua trinh danh
hoa chiing dirge dbng gcii Iai trong
nc)i
dung
ciia
mgl ciiu
dc^n
nhu Grammar has
returned to foreign language teaching and this made every teacher happy
-^
The
return of
grammar
to

foreign
language teaching made every teacher
happy,
hoiic
nhung ngi dung dircrc dicn
dai
bang mcrt
ciiu.
khi
Irai
qua
qUci
trinh danh
hcia
ncr
ducrc
dcMiu iicii
lai tronu
nc*>i
dum: cua mot cum danh
Ui
nlur Grammar has returned
to foreign language teaching
->
the return of grammar to foreign language
257
teaching (chi tiet hon ve danh hoa, xin xem Halliday 1994, 2004; Hoang Van Van
2005a). Danh boa triru tugng hoa ngon ngir trong
sir
dung. No la

mcDt
dac
di^m
ngij
phap rat quan trgng can phai dugc day cho sinh vien dai hgc va hgc vien cao
hgc
6
Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, boi vi nhieu nguoi trong so hg se tro thanh cac
nha nghien ciru trong nhurng
ITnh
vuc khoa hgc hg dang hgc va se phai cons
b6
nhurng cong trinh nghien ciru cua minh bang lieng Anh trong cac tap chi quoc
ti
Nhirng ngucri hgc chua co kinh nghiem nao do ve dgc va viet khoa hgc trong
ti^ng
Anh se phai
liim
quen vcri loan bg khai niem va cai each ma y nghTa ducrc dong goi
va dugc su dung trong
vice
phat trien ngon ban
khcra
hgc. Biet dugc dac diem
na\
cung rat co
Icri
cho ngucri hgc khi hg
dcK.
tiip

\'iet.
\
a tap dich nhung ngon han
klioa hgc trong
ITnh
vuc
chuy<:n
mon
ciia
hg tir tieng Anh sang tieng Viet.
(v)
Tu
noi.
I
ir nb'\ cb
Ic
cung
lii
mgl khia canh ngu phap phai dugc
da\
m()l
each
chu dao tronu
chucmu
trinh
licMiu
Anh
khcMiu chuven
ir Dai
here

Qucrc eia Ha
Ngi.
Nhung to noi nhu
however,
moreover,
further(more).
therefore thuimg
duc^c
dung Irong nhimg cim phirc va
ir
dim mgt doan \ an moi. Chiing ducrc xem la thanh
phan
chii chcU
dc
thiel
lap \
ii hic}u ciic
moi quan he
h^gic-ngur
nghTa
ciia
ngon han
vii.
do do, hoim toan phu hop cho chucmg trinh
da\
ticng Anh khcmg chuyen
cr
b^c
dai
h(>c

\a cao hgc.
1
u\
niiic^Mi.
lu ncii chi
la
mc>l
dac
diCMU
ngir phiip no\ troi trong
van
\ict.
dac
bic^^l
la trong nhirng bai
biio
khoa hgc. cho
nen
khcnig nen da\ ngucri
hgc qua
mire
de hg
ngliT
riing chiing co tiim quan trgng hon nhirng ngi dung
ngO
phap khiic \
ii
dc dan
dcMi ket
qua hi trong nhung bai tiip viet

ciia
hg tir noi dugc sir
dung qua nhicu, anh huong
den
giao ticp, dac bicl la giao tiep khiiu ngiir.
258
7.3.
Phat trien
kl
nang nghe tieng Anh khong chuyen
a
Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha
Noi
7.3.1.
Dan luan
Thuat ngir
"nghe"
du-gc sir
dung trong day ngoai
ngCr d6
chi mgt qua trinh
phurc
tap trong do nguoi nghe hieu nguoi khac noi. Nghe thuong dugc sir dung
trong moi quan he voi cac kT nang khac nhu noi, dgc va viet. No la mot phuong
ticn quan trgng de thu nhan ngon
ngQ-
(ca ngon
ngCr thii
nhat va ngon ngu thir hai)
va

lii
mcrt kenh giao tiep trong dci nguoi ta xu li ngon ngir tbeo thoi gian thuc tai
— su dung
toe
do. cac don vi nhiip ma va nhiit ngiing duy nhat co mgt khong hai
doi vcri
ngcui
ngu*
ncii.
Irong khi
nghe,
cho
dii lii
nghe mgt bai giang. mgt ban tin
tren
diii
bay
TV,
mgt cau
chuyen tieu
lam. hay dang tham gia vao
mc)t hc)i
thoai,
thi ngucTi nghe dang
nghe nK)l ngc^n
ban.
Nghe
hi mgl
kl
nang ngcin ngfr ducrc sir

dung thuirng xuyen nhiit trong dcri
scMig
himg
ngiiy.
Cac nha
nghicMi
ciru (thi
du.
Weaver
1972;
Rivers
1981;
Morlcy
1991)
uoc tinh rang trong giao ticp hang ngay
chiing ta nghe gap hai lan chiing ta ncii. giip bon liin chimg ta dgc,
vii
gap nam
Iim
chimg ta
viet.
Tuy
nbicMi,
dieu
dimg luu y o day la. trong nhung nam giin day da
xuat hicn nhicu
cc'ing triiih \'c
phan tich
ng()n
ban

vii
nhung irng dung
ciia nc)
trong
giang day nbirng chua co mot cong trinh nao de cap den
da\-
nghe hieu
nhu la mgt
qua trinh phiin tich
ngiin
ban. Muc nay du dinh
nghien
cuu phiit trien phuong phap
day kT nang
nghe licjiig
Anh cho dc)i tugng nguiri hgc
khcMig
chu\
en
o Dai hgc
Quc)c
gia
llii
Ncri,
nK)t mcu
trucmg ngoai ngu trong dcr dg ticp
xiic
cua nguoi hgc
v6\
ngu dich rat ban

CIK\
Cluing tcri sc
thiio
luan nam
my
dung:
(i) nghe
hi
gi'.^
(ii)
hai quan
di(}iii ngbicMi
ciru ve kT niing
nghe:
quan
dicMii
lir duoi len \a quan dicm lir
tren
xucnig,
(iv)
nic)t
s6
yCm
tci
iinh
huong
dcjii klia
nang
nghe hieu ciia
nguoi hgc

tieng Anh kbcrng
chuyc}n
o Dai hoc
()ubc
gia
Hii
Nc)i.
va
(\)
mgt sci
ihu
ihual day
259
kT nang nghe cho doi lugng nguoi hgc tieng Anh khong chuyen
6
Dai hgc
Qu6c
gia Ha Ngi.
7.3.2. Nghe la gi?
Theo cac
nhii
giao hgc phap ngoai ngir
(Howall &i
Dakin
1974,
Willis 1981).
nghe la kha nang xac dinh va hieu nhirng gi ngucri khac dang noi. Dieu nay bao
gom
vice hi<:u
gicrng dieu hay

each
phat am
ciia
ngucri noi, ngir phap va tir
Nimg hi?
su
dung,
va quan trgng hon la bieu dugc y nghTa hg muon chuyen tai. Nhirng
ngucri nghe
lc')t
cci kha niing thuc hicn bcrn ngi dung
niiy
ciing mgt
liic.
Willis
(1981:
134) liet ke mgt loat cac lieu kT nang
nghe hieu
ma ba ggi la cac kT nang
phu trg giiip cho chimg ta nghe hieu co
hieu
qua:
Du doim nhung gi nguoi noi sap noi.
Doiin
dugc cac lir ngir moi
niii khcSng hi
liinj:
tiing.
Sir dung
kien

ihirc cua mmh \c chu de de giiip mmh hieu bai nghe.
Xac dinh
ciic
dicm
phii
hgp; loai bc) cac thong tin khcmg
phii
hgp.
(iiu*
lai ducre
ciic dicm
phu hcrp (ghi
chcp,
iom
tat).
- Nhan ra cac dau
hieu
ngon ban (thi du,
well,
oh, another thing is,
noM\
finally,
V.V.).
Nhan ra ducvc
ciic
phuong lien lien kcl
ngc)n
biin;
thi
du,

such
as,
which,
quy
chieu.
lha\'
[he. \ .\.
Hieu ducTc
ciic
mau ihirc ngu dieu va sir dung trgng am
liim
dau moi cho y nghia
\'a
hb\ canh \a hg\.
-
1 licm ducYc
thone tin suv dien. thi du, thai do hav
nhunu
du dinh
ciia
nguoi noi.
7.3.3.
Hai
(luan
diem nghe hieu: quan diem
n<;he
tir duoi Ien va quan
aiem
u'^he
lir tren

\in">n^
Dieu
gi
xin
ra khi chimg ta mucm hieu nhung thong diep bang khau
ng&
NiZUcVi nehc ihuono lam ^i
de
h\\
m:hTa
lir
ciic mion
ban hg nghe?
Mpl
irong
nhirng cau tra
Kri
kha
di
co the la ho phan chia
hiong
loi noi ra thanh cac am cau
thanh.
n6i
cac
;im
na\
lai \
(Vj
nhau

dC
tao thanh cac tir.
ket
hop cac tir lai
vori
nhau
260
thanh cac cu, cac cau. cac doan van. v.v. Trong giao hoc phap ngoai
ngCr.
quan
diem nghe nay
dugc
goi la nghe
tu-
diroi
Ien (nghia la, nguoi nghe quan tam
d^n
thong diep tir nhirng don vi nho nhat - am
din
don vi
Ion
nhk - neon ban). Tuv
nhien.
each
ticp can nghe
hilu
theo kilu nay hoc 16 mot s6
nhugc
dilm dugc minh
hga bang

thi
du duoi day:
Text 1
-
'Whatever
are you doing up here?
'
- 'Tm trying to repair the bell, '
'Tve
been coming up here night after night for weeks
now\
You
see,
I was hoping to give you a
surprise.
'
-
'You
certainly did give me
a
surprise. 'You've probably woken up everyone in the
village as
w>ell.
Still, I
'm
glad
the
hell is working
again.
'

-
That\s
the trouble. '
'It\s
working all right, hut Tm afraid that at one o'clock it
wnll
strike thirteen times and there
\s
nothing I
can
do about
it.
'
-
'We 'II
get used to
that
'Thirteen is not as good as one but it s better than
nothing,
^ow^
let's
go downstairs and have
a
cup of tea. '
Ilciu
bet nhung nguoi hoc licng Anh nhu la
mc)t
ngoai
ngir
o trinh

dc>
trung cap
(B hoiic
C) theo tieu ciuian Vicjl
Nam dcu thay it gap khci khim trong \ iec
hieu biet
cac am thanh. tir.
vii
ciiu trong doan
ihoai
tren. Sau khi nghe xong
nuit
\
iii
liin hg
CO
the
viet
duoc tcim tat. tni Icri cau hoi hoac cci
the:
kc lai
dircTc
doan thoai. Tuv
• . . . .
^
nhien.
neu
hg ducrc cho
inert "ngcMi canli
linh

huc)ng"
(Halliday 1978) nao do thi
Vxee
giai
ngliTa biii nghe
cc^
the
sc dc dang hon nhicu.
Ihi
du.
nc^u
nguiri nghe ducrc
cho
biet
rang Text 1 hi mcrt doan thoai
gifra m<3t
vi cha xu
\cVi
mgl con
chien.
\a
duoc cho
biet thcMii
doi
cbiit
ve tien
ciinh
dan den doan thoai
na\
chfum

han nhu:
"Chiec dcmg
hb
ciia nbii
tbcr da bi hong tir
liiu
va mgt con
chien ten lii
Bill da co
gang am
iham
chua chicc
chiuMig dcMig
hc^
cho nha thir. doan
inch
ma anh chi se
nghe hi doan thoai giua Hill
vii
vi cha xir
/\
thi ngucri
nghe
chac se thay de hieu
hon riit
nhicu.
261