Chuyên đề quản lý tài nguyên và môi trường đất

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP. HCM
ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC TỰ NHIÊN
Tiểu luận Quản lý môi trường
QUẢN LÝ TÀI NGUYÊN
VÀ MÔI TRƯỜNG ĐẤT
GVHD: PGS. TS. TRƯƠNG THANH
CẢNH
THỰC HIỆN: NHÓM 2
Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh – năm 2014
DANH SÁCH NHÓM 2
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
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 
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 
 
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"#$ $%
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( )
2
MỤC LỤC
3
DANH MỤC BẢNG

4
DANH MỤC HÌNH
5
Giới thiệu
*+, /,,.,,0,12 34,5,6.7,
,89(:.;<3,,=>3,-3?7,
,8@(:AB@A6.3C1,,.A+,A8,DB EA
9F=@G/,-HI,.A+,G,1
9(:6,.A+,,F62="<,J3?KEA+,ABK%A0
 <L12AA!I3M+,2<7@3,6+,
-(!6.3-(!A+,@&( MA/,6A+,=4,0AGN/(:
7(O,O6<L-H6.3?KE,.A+,/,!7-H=*AG&
GP (:12Q,<6OF@.;7
,<6O,0<,(R-6.6O23,.=
2,(:,4@,.A+,12,5,N<,-S7="O,(
/,!779/,Q,8@,.A+,G-<T,C6OK
,.1=U6S@L-H,.A+,12QAR, L-HA+,@
. L-HA+,N6 =VW.0OXYZZ[\@L-HA+,N6 
/,,9,EK4,,,]^,_!7L-HA+,A@(O@AK36.
,.2,(:1A8A7]9(:A5,:K,F
K6E<3,6.310=
^,1(OAGX,J3?KEA+,6.M+,<
 6+AO\@"<,..`,R6.2,L-HA+,
(O,OEA7,,8N6 =^,1(O(
6<L-HA+,,"<,GATA8=8-S.A(!,4<
6OE,,F86L-H,.6.2,(:A+,,"<,=
6
1. Tổng quan về đất
1.1. Khái niệm
aA0<,,FG+,AP6A+,@(AP9

b,V7Xcdef\@/,.,_(g(:A(!,hS/B+,=V
2i*+, 6S,,8,jA(!F,.L/,,:K.K10,L,
A/,_!79k0,I*l@A/,46S,@1S@AF6.,:=*W
APA,6.& AP7M,45F,.
A+,=a-A6.1+,6D,A+,K(O,A/91S@36S,@
AF@,L/,,:+,AKKN6E,6.'6OM R
53A+,=m..]^N_3,/,0,
1ATN<,L,AG (:=a(:AB,A/6.A+, 
,A_,+,9A+,6.1AB,n/,-A+,O(,h
G,,4X6KE(A+,,5-`(Oo\=
8,APK(OK2,],IA+,A(! /,.3
,V,:9N03@.pN03 /,0,F,.A+,I
Đ = f(Đa, Sv, Kh, Đh, Nc, Ng)t
AGI
*IA+, *IAF
*IAl I(O,A+,6.(O
m6I36S, I1S
,I,: I,A/9(:
.;G1<1=VV,,@/,,0,(:$B
Uqa@iA+, l92-.@12GF12,h-;lA+,.j=
VS,A+,AJYZZr9"<,iA+, ,.62'LH@ ,(
-<3M+,ATN<,@ ,.7L,.A92,(:3@ A
N.91KW(@MWK4R3U1,0@6JG@MB/@L7;=j
7
1.2. Vai trò và chức năng của đất
1.2.1. Vai trò
=4,07
.R339(:6.36S,U@ G@AN.
,A/3@ R,0,AT,<,2-W<7A83M+,
-(R,4@,47s23(:6.2-.=

N=t,07
.R,2,(:3(:6.36S,,,A+,@A5
,:,2LR0A;9A+,@(O@h6.1L8=*+,12QG
 6,;L,(ABU,.G;GHP6T,,=.
3LH.AB7,N^22M(R9KW,/6.6A+,&,8
<3]9LAG@O,8<9L9/,L*+,;
59@L3?KEA+, -<9,,(:.A+,@G ,.3
AN34,.6,.@G,88(!L,0<===
1.2.2. Chức năng của đất
• .2,(:A8(:6.36S,,3,(U6.7,,8
• .RKL,FN0A_6.7W9+,70,@16.
 R
• R(,`-.A/6.,46S,A+,
• *N.2,FMWK4
• *N.A8-(O6.+7(O=
1.3. Tính chất
1.3.1. Tính chất vật lý
a,+,6S,-H9A+, ,+,G-LA034F,.@N
+,6.1J3?KE9A+,=a`1,',/6.,h-A+,@A
1<F,.6.3?KEA+,=a,+,6S,-HL,+,9A+, K
,@,u,@A/M7@+,`6.,.7ROA+,=a,+,.GH
P+,L,,1,MVMv,L0,AEA3?KEA+,=
=%K<A+,X,wK<A+,\
8
%K<A+, /,,0,K<,nA],hNT,A+,M,AlN
5 -O7X-V\,-,07=a-A+,1GA/K.6.
AT,(7%K<1XHình 1\=%K<A+, F,N8<N
.7L,FF,.@7,,86.,+,9A+,=
%K<A+,A(!,.,7,31,VAT,(9
`=L3,/,T,w,,n9N+,1x-A+,.,,4@,&

G,8,+34<K<9,-O7A+,G,87WN<,A(!6O=
• O7A+,T,y,T,X,73-\I,(:A(!1H< ,z@,(:]
+, R@W@61s@+@A/6S,DX6KE(,'@K0@
o\6.G.,K34,S7,+, R=*+,,RM7@,1={W7,
,890,,A+,.@+,  WGN/=A(!.6.
,@-O7.A(! ,,=
• O7A+,NK(OX3N3-\I,(:A(!1H< ,@,(:]R,
T,@]3v,6.,+, RR=|6'1S<,AOs@-O7.
,(: IX\,8,07^7,@N?,21
6.,S7,,+, R@6.XN\,,,E^7NK(O@G34,S7,
MK3w,6.2@3v,@oA+,1]w=
• O7%+,AlABN7WG7.@A(!1H< ,a=
• O7AlXNVK1\I]@(7WG@A(!1H< ,b=
Hình 1. Sơ đồ phẫu diện đất
aK.97%K<X,h,T,A0-O7Aly%+,7WNG\
7v7MAW,5,!7I1J7,,83W9N/@+,
9
A6OW-WJ=.7%K<&;A(!3?KE,6<A
K@7W-A+,=
N=.79A+,
*+, /,6S,M7@N5r,.7X; 7\Iw@-D6.
1=a,.7wA(!10,K-6OF,.,@1VA+,=t 
` -p_X; ,01_}37V\]1216.(O=.
7wN5,+,6S,-<62RX13v,\6. RX'\=.7
.,(:0kZ~,8,A+,=.7-DN5(O,A+,T
KKA+,@,/,2,(:-H,(U@,.7(O3C0Yk~,8
,=.7R101Yk~,8,;-@N5,+,
-190(N@MV6.,R@,A+,N'G,1V,
6.K3-•,=21,A+,]a€
Y

XK347W+, R@
342+79W,\6.,€
Y
=
(!a€
Y
 ,A+,7E,/6.,,9A+,=*+,T,-(!a€
Y
RA+,,RM7=a.M3W-(!a€
Y
.,J-=*+,a€
Y
6.,
€
Y
 ,FN+,-!349,@342+76.3,(UNF
,(:9W,56.636S,=
=m+A+,X3-,VM,V\
m+A+,;A(! ,.7ROA+,X ,.7
6S,,8w62R\@3+A+,AS7A0,u-<19N-,I,@
,,6.3v,,/,-A+,.AG=
.7,3CMA1,(O6.3-(!-p_ ,@
.3C RA(!(OT1210 =*+,,G,u-<-p_6.
1Yk~@,1UA+,3v,1[Z~=NFA+,,G,u-<rk•
‚k~@A+,,,(A+,WADA,A0[k~=a,A(!7WAK4,VA(:
1Xb\,(3I
• a,IZ@YƒbƒZ@ZY
• ,IZ@ZYƒbƒZ@ZZY
• mv,IZ@ZZYƒb
10

*8MA/,-A+,E,8,/G3+.@(:,3?KE/,
,AK(Hình 2=F@G,8-(3I
• *+,,X3K3-\]1dk~ ,=
• *+,,7,,X3K-\]‚Z•dk~,@Z•kZ~,,@6.Z•YZ~3v,=
• *+,,,7X3-,-\]Z•Yk~,@kZ•dd~,,@6.Ye~3v,=
• *+,,,X-\]Yr•kY~,@YZ•kZ~,,6.k•Ye~3v,=
• *+,3v,7,,X--\]YZ•‚Y~,@cd•Yk~,,@6.Ye•‚Z~3v,=
• *+,3v,TX-\],R‚Y~,@,R‚Z~,,@6.,R‚Z~3v,=
Hình 2. Tam giác định danh các loại sa cấu đất
.@3+A+,;A(!7W,.IX\3+,2@XN\3+,NF@
X\3+=m+A+,GHPL,,3M+,2<7=a-
AT,A+,-LA03+A+,A(!,FN.,Bảng 1=*+,G3+l
G-(!,@K.@,,J-(!,6<sNA+,R-(!A+,G
-(!3v,=F@A+,,G,-__R(-__--ORA+,
11
3v,@K1,(O9,-O=bAG@3R(-O@A+,3v, -
A(!(ORA+,,=
Bảng 1. Một số đặc tính đất có liên quan đến sa cấu đất
Đặc tính đất
Loại sa cấu
Cát Thịt Sét
1
A_
,
,(O
JN
(OMG;
J
,+(O
a.A+,

J 
(O
J 
K(gA+,
+,,,
,+7
+,,,
K
K.

K
K.
,+7
,+7
,,
,
NF
,,
,
NF
,
NF
,
NF
,
NF
,
NF
1v


1v
1G
1J
S

1G
1J


K=aR+A+,X3-3,,V\
aR+A+,X+,`A+,\AS7A0343w7M07T,S7!7-A+,1
=a,A+,.A(!K10,:1V3v,6. R@,,.,S7
!7A+,GR+-O@D1=*+,G,8GKR+(3I
12GR+X,AR:(A+,,6VN8\6.GR+X(
E6@,@70Kl7@1\=
m43,(UW,5A;DA+,GR+,,@6FG (UA0I
12
• "<,+6.,,(O=
• "<+7(OW,5=
• "<`,K(g+,9W=
• */,1=
• "<7,,89W=
• "<.Nh6.sNA+,=
• "<s6.9,31V=
$/,-A+,GR+-H,(U GR+66.G-p_=
A1<.@A+,K,X.Nh@sNA+,\@7v7WJ3W6.A+,
,,R@6.,1=
1.3.2. Tính chất hóa học
a,]90,71@ R9A+,=
59`G,hA6.1,,.A+,=A/,? M

X‚e@Y~\@,_3w,2 cr@Z~6.,a@@@$p-Y•r~=a
,;-U,A0c~=A+,,.7,NF
,16OA=€M@KX,.7
Y
€\-ORNYZ-@
-OR,RcZ-@-ORA6.],+, R=*5,:z-@„V@a@@6.
$,R,AKAT,(,.,L,F7W6.,
,.A+,=.7,U,A+,6.AB-LT,C6O
@+, UAA9L,FF,.A+,=aA39L
,F7,,8-3479L,F-H36.,A/3
M+,9(:,A/-2,(:A+,=
=*/9A+,X7A+,\
7A+,7]A/A+,XK\1=1K9/,
KKA(!MANU5A/KV9G=
$]A/7X5A/
…
\9A+,,1G(U,4,07,3
,(UW,5@(L,6FGMA34 KE9KK(g
1W=7,+7G(UM+A034 KE9@@a@$=
@34 KE9,„V@$@@a6.†,,R,A1<
7,+7=*/G,8GSL WA/2Xz-\=
13
7A(!K'(/,Q,34M+,<6+A9A+,XHình 3\=
Hình 3. Ảnh hưởng của pH đến các chất có trong đất
N=J,A_,Xa,‡MVa7,}a‡a\
a,<K<,A+,UKK10,!76O,
1=aKK(gGA<,WTK(R=a`G,8A(!,1V
A+,X7w\ -6.7G,,h,hW3?KE@TN?,2A=a
GA<,WA(! Xn(€
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,1VA+,+7,E@KAGKK.+,AK(O?,2=aGA<,
K(RA(! ,Xn(
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6.
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,A(!,`,+7,E,NT,9,1VA+,GA<,W=_
3,,A_,/,,-(!A+,+,AA(! 1J,
A_,Xa‡a\ˆ;A(! 1J,A_N3V‰6.A(!K,N^
 VL6-V,ycZZA+,XVLycZZ\=
*6O/,,.AG@-(!-VL6-V,cZZA+,G,8A(!K
,N^2,]3I
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--(!, c@YZ6.cY=
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W,5\=$/,-,A+,.3v,6.+, R3CGa‡a@G1 i.
KK(gj@GA/7F,JXBảng 2\=W K-A+,.
3v,6.+, R3CG,1V3v,GK<,NT,-O@1J+7
,,-OR=
Bảng 2. Giá trị khả năng trao đổi cation của một số loại đất (J.Janick,1972)
3,@
…
A(!ATN<,-(H6FAG 5WA+,
X 7\=q
…
,A+,A(!,,.,h53AWI
• m47W9KNX
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a€
r
\A(!F,.,h34.,a€
Y
A(!7G,NU,A/9W=
• m47W9KNA(!F,.,h347WBMNB 
RXA.,A+,,N'+,. R@A/7F(+,
\=
• m4,  -Š  
…
 < L  96<  3?KE - ,E7W AK
X
‚
…

\=$/,7912A(!W+7,E3CN
M@,,.,,VX€
r
•
\6.
…
=SL  A+,,=
15
1.3.3. Các tính chất hóa lý khác của đất
=VA+,
A+,Gr,.7Iw-D6.1=8w6.-D+,7],7N
5+,7,?G1,(O1=b46.A/-O6.]A/7W
,,KK(O9,8w(:, r-I
•  ,G1,(OcZ
•[
 <7W,7W,?=
•  ,G1gcZ
•[
•cZ
•‚
 KK1V<7W,1V=
•  ,G1,(O-ORcZ•‚ <7W,,2=
N=J+7,E9A+,
b,A+,G] 1VA<,@G1J+7,E=0
M?-HA+,N^/,7W-,,Xa-\,F
…
9.NA+,+77E
6.,KKA+,-M+,</,,1=J - +,U
,,;,T/,71+,7W,UK1V ,+,
D@636S,6. ,87',21 1J+77E9A+,=

=bKA+,
bKA+,A(!MV ,8-D9A+,@,AG];,@
!7+, R1@ R;,6.3-1V=bKA+,,KE,4
,076O,8w@121A+,@<,,46S,6O36S,-O@D3
,A+,=G,A_-,EK(O,A/90,A-H@,96J6.
',J=
K=A<9KKA+,
]9KKA+,K(:(12,A_K(O,KE9
 KKN.@ ,A<9KKA+,=A<9K
K 1J 7,A_,1,A/0,G6.3 
,J(:
…
6.€
•
,A+,=A<9A+,,(O0,-LA0L,F
,A_6.1J-TM,GT1GKK=
16
V=*/K%A<X‡a\9KKA+,
*/K%A<‡a9KKA+,G-L6O.-(!.
,,KK=(:,F15A/,,KK,J-,FA/
K%A<9KKA+,&,J=‡a,(:A(!,N^3y@,(:
‡a9KKA+,,(:D6F6S(:,K'AR6 -3y=
1.3.4. Thành phần sinh vật đất
A+,<K<G36S,1N5IA/6S,D@
,46S,6.636S,G,8GG2<7=aA/6S,DN
5I/,@/,&@,'A+,@-2,'@@A/6S,W(
0,@0@,0,'@3@@,L,F3@`G77K8
,.K(,46S,,hR.AR1@,/-%`6OA+,o(,,(:
!7,'A+,6.A/6S,A.NO=
$/,336S,(,V,V3@,@61s6.+&<K<,

A+,=a,A/9636S,.GHPL,6V,<R+
A+,@A/,1@A/s`,(O6. ,KK(g,U 
KEW,5=$TK'636S,&K(g+,6.MV
L,FN0K(g9G@6.(,0,6OW,5@-!K`
--OR=
G636S,(,`,A+,@61s0+,
63-(!=(:,-A+,61s0,u-<,NF,hdZ•fZ~
,_3636S,=-61s1@61s1‹1@61s,4
K(g@61sKK(goM1s6.6+0d•cZ~=a;- G
,ARN.6.3A/6S,=u-<.,A_,',V-A+,@,A+,0
A/,@,:6E164A-H@o
,8636S,,(:7WNU,Z•YZ=A+,. RG
A1<2,(:,!7+,636S,7,,8(IA/s@<,A/@
3@A/,2,=
17
1.4. Phân loại
h1_(gA:A0@,,0OABF,.
7(R777W-A+,1@_NS, r7(R77=
• W-A+,,V7,3X; ,(:77W-A+,9\K4
6.A1<F,.@L,FF,.A(!,8<#UF,A+,
A87W-A+,@7(R7790T,A,=
• W-A+,9F}m-MIR3U97(R77 K46.
L,FF,.6. ,+,<,9A+,=a,+,A+,A(!
A-(!,V<,,sT,CA5,:J]A87W-A+,@
7(R777W-A+,9F 7W-A+,,VA-(!=
• W-A+,9„z€•Œ‡ma€A(!MWK4K4,,0,7,
3A+,9"="bV66. AT,@,+,<,9A+,=
aR3U17W-A+,9„z€•Œ‡ma€6JN&6O
7(R777W-9m-MAG <,7W-„z€•Œ‡ma€=
a,+,<,9A+, 37s9L,F7,3TN0A_K

,A+,A(!,8<,2LF,@-H,@,  Q,K'A8
A-(!,sA@AT,s6.6S,-<sA=0,LA-(!
,sA@AT,sAT6S,-<sA7v7MAA`
,A+,=(R777W-A+,„z€•Œ‡ma€AA`N+,9
L,FF,.6.,+,<,9A+,6.` R3UA8N,W
,56.,4<N<77N6<@,A+,=b6S@AW 7(R777W
-A+,G,16.HP,4,=
Jcfdd@W-A+,9„z€}Œ‡ma€A(!2N=.
A+,,0O,.YdG6OckrAR6A+,=
18
2. Hiện trạng sử dụng tài nguyên đất
2.1. Trên thế giới
b<,A+,,.9W-E1c‚=fZZ,<X$\6.A(!
34KE<,1XHình 4\="<,A_3?KEA+,,.9
0A(!AT,(NU34U/1A2,6.R3U,N^6<AA_
A+,2<76.34U/A+,2<7N^6<AA_A5D@,
6.hX-VYZZ[\=
Hình 4. Các hệ thống sử dụng đất trên thế giới (LADA, 2008)
',/6.AP6.7(R77A-(:@1JYZZk@K<
,MWK491A(6.R3U,0/,-(!A+,,(RA
DXc•r~,_3\=012GN<77,<73@1A(6.
R3U,3CU/1Y[Z•‚YZ$,(OJYZkZXV7•VVK,6.
19
/34@YZZY•‡-V,36./34@YZZf\6.01‚•k~K<,A+,,.
XHình 5\@,1G3,<7,FK<,,Q,JfZ$
XTr~\X‡-V,36./34@YZZf\=1N@34U/3CM
,A+,2<7=VmV,6./34XYZcZ\@Q1A2,G,8U
/.,.,h‚ZA0c‚r$,AYZZe•YZkZ=-VXYZZ[\
A^dZ~96<U/A2,M,A+,2<7=
Hình 5. Xu hướng sử dụng đất và độ che phủ toàn cầu (Mha) X5IVŽ6.

-V3•,ŽYZZf\
‚ZA0kZJL@A+,2<7ABA(!U/N^6<A
A_h@ATN<, U6'<,AOXtNN36./34@YZcZ\=$/,]
6M(O,L1]6.7(R7,,8,,(R-K4,
1N1XN6.tV3,@YZZ[\,+34+,,hG,83C
,07,EU6'<,AO@,1U6'2AOh,5G,80(,0=
,,6./34XYZcc\AB7,,81N3?KEA+,N^-10,K
-<-3?6OK4,(R-$2F<,A+,A8K4A 
,A_N1S=2FA,_!7,AckZZ•YcZZ
,+343E,9h3&(16412Gh=
20
*+,,5,,<01cZ~X1c=kZZ,<\K<,A+,
,,0O@,1AGA+,2<701rr~36O,_3X1
‚=fZZ$\=hcf[c•YZZeK<,3?KEA+,W,5,J1cc~@
,(RA(R1ckZ$,,.@6O1N<,-O 164=
‡Œ•ckXATN<, )6.W\@*2•X@-@{\6.
w$Š X$Š\K< , A+,,5 ,, @ ,1AG , $ŠXŽ-@
zV,@\@aWXV@mK\6.W‘X@qKV3\
A+,,5,,-,JXHình 6\=
Hình 6. Thay đổi về sử dụng đất nông nghiệp (chỉ số 1961 bằng 100)
m41N<, L6.6'-B,_A(!,,N
9M(O,.&(34,J,(RL,0="KE@343
A+,,5,,UW• <L96<,,03M+,,]J,(O
N^AS,(RS71s,h$Š,Xb-K6./34@YZZd\=
"M(O@€‡abXYZZdN\(O,A+,2<7,.•A+,,5
,,6.A5D6P6•U/N^1cZ~A0JYZrZX,(R]
c‚~,(OJYZkZT1[fZ$\=<7X$‡zYZZk•Œ‡
YZZe\7,,J,JA0JYZkZ,he~A0rc~@T1,h
rkZA0c=kZZ$@,',/6.A1<N6.A1=<,
21

hAA26O6<U/A5D6.A+,,5,,&(6<U/A5D
6.A+,,5,,3C7AA_6O,6.A5D6P6=
a1N3?KEA+,,.A(!7,,8NUaRL*$2
,(:.X""V6.„NV@YZZf\K4AK<,U/,9A+,
,5,,,h1c=kZZ$A0Rc=[ZZ$,(OJYZkZ="<U/
903CMUW@$Š,6.*2‘=1,:AG@
3CG343E,,1642<7U6'2AO=„z€XYZZ[N„z€\
&,+/,M(O,(R,4=
J,S71uL@6<7hM6O,A/,NF1cr
$pJ@W 6<U/K<,,,,.,0O
XtNN36./34@YZcZ\=hJYZZZ@K<,h3AB1
‚Z,<@,1h,5,J-1k,<pJ18,hJYZZk=
,4,0@K<,h,5Q0[•e~K<,h,4N,<,
U(O<,AO@M(O.ATN<,7_N0UqKV3Xa33-,V6.V•
m,@YZZr\=W•@K<,hAB,J-18,hJcffZ@,1,
$Š@W6.*2‘,u-<+,h;,07,E,J=*.AT
N<,G6+A6FA8GAK3,5,U(O.=G&G
P 6,;L,9hAG,6<-(, 6.+7,EN@&
(,6<A,0,6.-(OA..3XŒ‡@YZZf\=
2.2. Tại Việt Nam
VN,_!710,L,4<ia(R,FW-A+,"<,
,V7(R77,0„z€•Œ‡ma€j@"<,GYcGA+,
6O[cAR6A+,XPhụ lục 1\=
V3-<AB<Q@,_K<,-A+,1819(O
rr=Zee@‚,<XBảng 3\=VEA3?KE@A+,A(!7W,.rG
IA+,2<7@A+,72<76.A+,(3?KE=AG@6<3?
KEA+,2<76.A+,72<7.G1(O,J@<L 
A+,(3?KEG1(OXHình 7\=
22
23

Bảng 3. Xu hướng thay đổi sử dụng đất qua các năm XF\
Năm Đất nông nghiệp Đất phi nông nghiệp Đất chưa sử dụng
YZZZ Yc=ZYc@r c=fd‚@e cZ=Zec@k
YZZk Y‚=edf@d r=YYd@‚ k=Zkf@Y
YZZe Y‚=f[d@d r=rdY@Z ‚=eY[@e
YZZd Yk=cZ[@r r=‚[[@r ‚=kZ‚@d
YZcZ Y[=Ycc@f r=eZr@Z r=c[Y@[
YZcc Y[=Y[[@k r=erd@[ r=ZeY@‚
Nguồn: Tổng cục Thống kê (số liệu đã hiệu chỉnh, xem Phụ lục 2)
Hình 7. Xu hướng thay đổi diện tích đất Việt Nam giai đoạn 2000-2011
_K<,GA+,2<79(OJYZcZ Y[=cZZ=c[Z@
,Jk=cef=rdkX+7c@Yk-\36OJYZZZ=AG@-(!,J90U
-A+,-W<7X,J r=[er=ffd\6.-A+,3M+,2 <7 X,J
c=c‚Z=rfr\=
b<,A+,72<7,(OG],J,(U,(RA
6.,0,,6;/,,S7L=NFpJ@K<,A+,
72<7,J,1dY=ZZZ6.,A/,J,(UNFLW
^JU]M+7MQYf~=
24
4,0@K<,A+,(3?KEAB@6.A183/,
,S7=aQ3kJ,hJYZZZ•YZZk@K<,A+,(3?KEAB/,
?,hcZ=ZYe=Y[kM;k=Z[k=dd‚=JYZZZ@K<,A+,(3?KE
0,OrZ@k~,,_R+A+,AXYyrK<,(O\@,FJYZZk
3.Q;ck@r~@A0JYZcZ3. cZ~= 3.
,+@LŠA+,A(3?KE12;= h
3&ABN,.7A87E6EEA(39(:=
2K<,A+,3?KEEA2<7..
K/,7K<,A+,3M+,2<7ABA(!833?KE
EA72<76.EA1@(IMWK42,F2
<7@2,F,9-!@,2@.U@2,F,MB/===

1AG@LŠA+,2<712;1JU/=*W3C ,,]
A6O.L-H@LA+,A6..A3=
$/,M,07,,8,,(R-AG M(O,J6
LŠA+,7E6EEA72<7@ATN<, 7-4,J6K<,
A+,K'7E6EEA7,,81,0•MB/=K<,A+,
(3?KEABA(!,SK'@,FA8GA(!LŠA+,7E6EEA7
2<7@3M+,@1KQG,88/,7,hLŠA+,2
<7=*.3C(UA18,O3-(!3M+,,1642
<7&( (:2KWGL3?KELŠA+,.,(OAG@ 
,A_6R+-A/,6'@A7(R.=
"F6S@6<L3?KEA+,AG A,A/,.
K<6-!6.796<8A_EA3?KEA+,6.EA
72<7@ATN<,,6'@A7(RG343LŠA+,3M+,
2<7@A8G,8A(AM+,L3?KEA+,,6'@A
7(R/,<L=
25